北师大版高中英语必修第一册UNIT 3 CELEBRATIONS课件（共83张）

(共83张PPT)
UNIT 3　CELEBRATIONS
Choose a festival or a special occasion that you like.选择一个你喜欢的节日或特殊的时刻。
occasion n. 重要的社交活动；时刻，时候
·This is not an occasion for laughter,where you must take things seriously.这种场合不适合笑，你必须严肃对待。
on occasion(s) 有时；间或；偶尔
on this occasion 在这种情况下；这次
occasional adj. 偶尔的
occasionally adv. 偶尔；间或　
1. occasion表示“时机，时刻”时，后面常用when引导定语从句。
2. occasion表示“场合”时，后面常用where引导定语从句。
·I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel his plans because of ill health.我记得他因为健康不佳而被迫取消计划的情况绝无仅有。
·Please describe an occasion where you met with real difficulties. 请描述一个你遇到真正困难的情景。
graduation n. 毕业
graduations 毕业典礼
·The party is for students to celebrate their graduation with family and friends.这场聚会是为学生与家人和朋友一起庆祝他们毕业而举办的。
on/upon graduation一毕业(就……)
·On graduation from college,she got a good job.她大学一毕业就找到了一份好工作。
graduate vi.大学毕业，获得(学士)学位　vt.向(毕业生)授予学位　n.毕业生
graduate from从……毕业
graduate in毕业于……专业　
congratulation n. 恭喜，祝贺
offering congratulations/good wishes 表示祝贺/美好的祝愿
·Congratulations！祝贺你！(口语)
congratulations (to sb) on sth 就某事(向某人)祝贺
·Congratulations to you on your success！ 祝贺你成功！
congratulate v. 祝贺
congratulate sb on sth 为某事向某人祝贺
1. congratulation用作祝贺语时，通常用复数形式；作为“祝贺”这一抽象意义时，通常用单数形式。
2. congratulate的宾语是sb 而不是sth,且该动词后不接带不定式的复合结构或that
从句。
decorate vi.& vt. 装饰，布置，美化
A lot of places were decorated with lanterns.许多地方都用灯笼装饰。
·They were decorating the house when the accident happened. 事故发生时，他们正在装饰房子。
decorate sth with sth 用某物装饰某物
be decorated with... 装饰着……
decoration n. 装饰物　
tradition n. 传统
Yes. They’re part of our tradition.是的。它们是我们传统的一部分。
·The tradition of Dragon-Boat Festival started more than 2，000 years ago.端午节的传统开始于两千多年前。
by tradition 按照传统
·The young should look after the old in their family by tradition.按照传统，他们家的年轻人应该照顾老年人。
traditional adj. 传统的　
traditionally adv. 传统地　
play with 玩弄……；同……一起玩
Usually children play with lanterns while adults
sit together,chatting and enjoying the moon.通常孩子们玩灯笼，而大人们坐在一起闲聊、赏月。
·The boy is playing with his new toy.男孩正在玩他的新玩具。
play a part/role in 在某方面起作用/扮演角色
put on/perform a play演戏　
How about holding a surprise party for her？为她举办一个惊喜派对怎么样？
how about/what about 是固定搭配，about后接名词或动名词，意为“……怎么样？”，口语中常表示征求对方的意见或建议。
·How/What about a drink？喝杯酒怎么样？
·How/What about meeting at the nearby restaurant？
在附近的饭店见面怎么样？
Next,the Chinese character Fu was attached upside down to our front door.接下来，汉字“福”就倒着贴在了我们的前门上。
character n.字，字体；人物，角色
·Her behaviour last night was quite out of character.她昨晚的举止与她的性格很不相符。
in character 符合某人的性格
out of character 不符合某人的性格
characteristic adj. 典型的　n.特征，特性
·The need to communicate is a key characteristic of human society.需要交流是人类社会一个重要的特征。
attach vt. 贴；固定；附上
Next,the Chinese character Fu was attached upside down to our front door.接下来，汉字“福”就倒着贴在了我们的前门上。
·At first,we didn’t feel we belong here,but now we are attached to the land we live on.起初，我们感觉自己并不属于这里，但是现在，我们已与我们所居住的这片土地联系在一起了。
attach... to... 把……固定到/附/贴在……上
attach importance/significance/value to 认为……重要/有意义/有价值
attach oneself to sb 与某人在一起，缠着某人
·Many of us teenagers attach much more importance to our phones than to our friends.我们很多青少年认为手机要比朋友重要得多。
attached adj. 依恋的；附加的
(be) attached to 附属于；依恋　
scare vt. 吓唬；使(某人)惊恐
Mrs Chen said that it was to scare away the monster Nian.陈太太说那是为了吓跑
年兽。
·Some parents try to scare their children into behaving well.有些父母尽力用恐吓的办法使孩子守规矩。
scare sb into doing sth 恐吓某人做某事
scare ... away/off 把……吓跑
scare sb to death 使某人大受惊吓/吓得要死
surround vt. 环绕，围绕
Every year,the moment I get on the train,I am surrounded by Shanxi accents ...每年，一坐上火车，我就会被山西口音包围……
·Surrounded by fields,mountains and rivers,the Old Town of Lijiang looks like a jade ink stone in spring and summer.春夏时节被田野、山脉、河流环绕着的丽江古城看起来就像墨绿色的宝石。
surround sb/sth with sb/sth 用某人/某物包围某人/某物
be surrounded by/with sb/sth 被某人/某物包围
surrounding adj. 周围的，附近的
surroundings n. 周围的事物；环境　
·Only if we take good care of the surrounding trees and rivers can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings. 只有好好爱护周围的树木和河流，我们才能生活在更加舒适、优美的环境中。
put up 张贴；建造
to put up decorations张贴饰品
·They are putting up several new office blocks in the centre of town.他们正在市中心建造几个新的办公区。
put down 记下；放下；镇压
put away 放好，收起　
put aside 储存，保留；把……放到一边
put off 推迟，延期　　put out 扑灭
put through 接通；完成
put on 穿上；上演
put up with忍受　
·She called this afternoon to put off the meeting to next week.她今天下午打电话说把会议推迟到下周。
let off 使某物爆炸；不惩罚
Fireworks were being let off across the city,suddenly lighting up the night sky.烟火在整个城市燃放，瞬间照亮了夜空。
·The headmaster decided to let the naughty boy off.校长决定不惩罚那个淘气的男孩。
let sb in 让某人进来　
let sb down使某人失望
let go of 放手，放开
let out 发出(叫声)；散场；下课
let alone 更不用说，更不必说　
们跑来跑去，嬉戏玩耍，
大人们围坐在桌旁，畅谈过去的一年。
shouting and playing是现在分词作伴随状语。现在分词(短语)作状语时，句子的主语是现在分词(短语)动作的执行者，主语与现在分词(短语)是主动关系，表示主动和进行两种含义。
·Working as a volunteer teacher in the west,the girl took up growing vegetables.作为在西部地区的一名志愿者老师，这个女孩开始种起了菜。
·She stood there,reading a newspaper.她站在那里，读着报纸。
Wear a neat black suit and a tie,for example.比如，穿一套整洁的黑色西装，打一条领带。
suit n.套装　v.适合
·Lighter shades suit you best. 较浅色的衣服对你最合适。
suit sb适合某人
suit one’s needs适合某人的需要
a suit of ... 一套……
suitable adj.合适的，适宜的
be suitable for适合于……
be suitable to do sth适合做某事　
·It was really difficult to find a suitable job,but I was lucky to get one because the manager thought I was suitable for the work. I went to buy a black suit to wear in the office.But when I arrived at the office,the manager said the colour didn’t suit me. How disappointed I was！ 找到一份合适的工作的确很难，但我很幸运地找到了，因为经理认为我适合这份工作。我去买了一套在办公室里穿的黑色西装。但当我到办公室的时候，经理说这个颜色不适合我。我好失望呀！
suit/match/fit
词语 意义
suit 多指合乎需要、口味、性格、条件、地位、场合等。
match 多指色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配。
fit 多指大小、尺寸适合。
effort n. 努力；力气
It’s also important to make an effort to talk to other people.努力和其他人交谈也很
重要。
·It takes a lot of time and effort to get an exhibition ready.准备一次展览要花费许多时间和精力。
make an effort to do sth 尽力做某事
it takes effort to do sth 花费精力去做某事
without effort 毫不费力地
represent vt. 代表；作为……的代言人
...I would like to represent all the students of Grade Three and say a few words.……我想代表三年级的所有学生说几句话。
represent sth to sb 向某人说明/传达某事
represent＝stand for代表；象征
representative n.代表；代理人 adj.典型的；有代表性的　
·The other day,I represented our university to attend a meeting. I made several friends with representatives from different universities,among whom there were two representing themselves to be/as experts in medicine. 几天前，我代表我们大学参加了一个会议。我和几位来自不同大学的代表成了朋友，他们中有两个人自称是医药界的专家。
fortunate adj. 幸运的
We are so fortunate to have your love and support.我们很幸运拥有你们的爱和支持。
·I was fortunate enough to meet the professor who appreciated my paintings very much.我很幸运遇到一位非常欣赏我的画的教授。
be fortunate in doing sth 因做某事感到幸运
be fortunate to do sth有幸做某事
be fortunate that ...很幸运……
fortune n. 财富；运气，机遇
fortunately adv. 幸运地，多亏
unfortunately adv. 不幸地　
as far as 就……而言
As far as I know,young people in the UK like to go to parties.据我所知，英国的年轻人喜欢参加聚会。
·As far as I’m concerned,what others think is not the most important.在我看来，别人的想法不是最重要的。
as/so far as 达到……的程度，就……而言
as far as sb/sth is concerned 就某人/某物而言
as far as I know据我所知
as far as I can see依我看
as far as the eye can see/reach就视线所能及
as/so far as it goes就现状来看　
in general 通常；大体上
And are there any rules for attending parties in general？一般来说，参加聚会有什么规则吗？
·In general,these cars are very reliable and breakdowns are rare.一般来说，这些汽车是很可靠的，发生故障的情况很少。
in general＝generally总的来说
generally speaking 一般来说
as a general rule 一般来说，大致上　
take up 占用；从事；开始做；继续；拿起
Well,we don’t want to take up too much of your time.嗯，我们不想占用您太多时间。
·After he retired,he took up painting for a while,but soon lost interest.他退休之后，画了一段时间的画，但是很快就失去了兴趣。
take over 接管　
take in 吸收；领会
take on 雇用；承担(工作、责任)；呈现
take off 去掉；脱掉；起飞
take sth for granted认为某事理所当然　
该句式是“It is＋adj.＋(for/of sb) to do sth”结构，it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式短语。
.
而且，当你到达的时候，有礼貌的做法是问候主人并感谢主人的邀请。
1. “It is＋adj.＋for sb to do sth”句型中，for前面的形容词是指“事物怎么样”，如impossible,important等。
2. “It is＋adj.＋of sb to do sth”句型中，of前面的形容词是指“人的品质或特征是什么样的”，如nice,kind等。　
·It is important for us to learn English well.对我们来说学好英语很重要。
·It is very kind of you to help me with my English.你真好，帮我学英语。
Somehow,at the time,I didn’t know she was sick.不知怎的，我当时不知道她生病了。
somehow adv. 不知怎的；不知为什么
·Somehow,we became good friends.不知为什么，我们成了好朋友。
·Somehow,I don’t feel I can trust him.不知为什么，我觉得不能信任他。
·She looked different somehow.不知怎么地，她看上去变了。
behaviour n.行为，举止
I was on my best behaviour as we opened the presents.我们打开礼物的时候是我表现最好的时候。
·I am by no means pleased with this behaviour.我对这种行为一点也不满意。
behave v. 表现；举止规范
behave oneself行为规矩，检点　
·Behave yourself；do not make a fool of yourself.守规矩点，别闹出笑话来。
over and over 再三地，重复地
Granny had the patience to sing it over and over again.奶奶耐心地反复吟唱着。
·Although she begged her father over and over,he still didn’t approve of her marriage.虽然她再三乞求她的父亲，但他仍然不同意她的婚事。
表达“一次又一次”可以用：
over and over again,once and again,again and again,time and again　
pass away 去世
A few weeks after that Christmas,Granny passed away.那个圣诞节几周以后，奶奶去世了。
·He unfortunately passed away this year due to cancer. 他今年因癌症不幸去世。
pass down流传
pass through 通过，穿过
pass by 经过　
pass...on to把……传递给　
When引导时间状语从句；“It’s...that”为强调句式，这里强调主语“not just gifts and Father Christmas”。
1. 强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分(若被强调的是人，可用that或who；若被强调的部分是其他内容时，一律用that)。
2. 强调句型的一般疑问句结构为：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who ...？
3. 强调句型的特殊疑问句结构为：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that/who ...？
4. 对not ...until ...句型中的时间状语(从句)进行强调时的结构为：It is/was not until＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分。
注意：本句型不能用于强调原句的谓语动词，如要强调谓语动词，可在动词前加do、does或did。
·It was I that/who saw her in the park yesterday.昨天在公园里看见她的是我。
·It was yesterday that I saw her in the park.我是昨天在公园里看到她的。
·Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century that his musical gift was fully recognised.巴赫于1750年去世，但是他的音乐才能一直到19世纪早期才被完全认可。
·I did lock the door. 我的确锁了门。
You are going to write about a celebration event that you have had before.你将描写一件你以前参加过的庆祝活动。
event n.事件；活动；(体育运动的)比赛项目
·The first time Venus played in a big event was in 1996.维纳斯第一次参加大型比赛是在1996年。
event/matter/affair/thing[WT][WT]
1. event通常指具有很大影响、意义重大的事件或运动会的比赛项目。
2. matter意为“事情，问题”，通常指遇到的意外麻烦或令人烦恼的问题。
3. affair指已经发生或必须去做的事情，通常用复数形式表示“事务，事态”。
4. thing意为“事情，东西”，指大事、小事、好事、坏事，但一般不用来指专门的事务。
description n. 描述，描写
Read the description. Answer the questions.阅读下文。回答问题。
·He gave us a brief description of the accident.他向我们简单描述了那次事故的经过。
beyond description无法形容
·Her beauty is beyond description. 她的美貌无法形容。
describe vt.描述，描绘
describe ...as ...把……描述成……
describe sth to sb 向某人描述某事
nowhere adv. 哪里都不
Dad was nowhere to be seen.哪里也见不到爸爸的人影。
·It is lucky we booked a room,or we would have nowhere to stay now.很幸运我们订了一个房间，否则我们现在将无处可待。
nowhere else没有别的地方
nowhere near远非，绝不是
get nowhere毫无进展　
nowhere是否定副词，位于句首时，句子要用部分倒装。
·Nowhere does it say that we cannot have guests in our rooms.没地方规定我们房间里不能接待客人。
select vt.挑选，选拔
For weeks I had been working on this,listening to Grandpa’s stories,selecting his favourite music and collecting photos from the family album.几个星期以来，我一直在忙活这事儿，倾听爷爷的故事，挑选他最喜欢的音乐，从家庭相册里收集照片。
·We selected him to make a speech at the opening ceremony.我们选择他在开幕式上致辞。
select sb to do sth挑选某人做某事
select sb/sth from从……挑选出某人/某物
select sb as ...挑选某人作为……
·She selected a diamond ring from the mall.她从商场挑选了一枚钻戒。
·All you have to do is to select the phrases from the different categories.所有你需要做的是从不同类别中把这些短语选出来。
selection n.挑选，选择，选拔　
select/choose/elect/pick
词语 意义
select 强调在广泛的范围内进行“精选或淘汰”，侧重以客观的标准进行选择。
choose 普通用词，侧重根据个人意志或判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重指被选者的优点。
elect 指按照一定的规章和法律，用投票的方式进行的慎重选择。
pick 口语用词，强调“从个人角度在众多事物之中进行挑选”，有时含有“任意选择”的意思。
calm vi. & vt.(使)平静，(使)镇定
Grandpa couldn’t believe his eyes and it took quite a long time for them to calm down.爷爷简直不敢相信自己的眼睛，他们过了很长时间才冷静下来。
·In my opinion,such wonderful things will calm you down easily and give you the courage to move on.在我看来，这么好的事情会让你很容易平静下来，并且会给你继续前进的勇气。
be/keep/stay/remain calm 冷静，保持镇静
calm sb/oneself down 使某人/自己镇静下来
calm down 平息，平静下来，镇静下来
calm/silent/quiet/still
词语 意义
calm 意为“镇静的，平静的”，主要指人“沉着镇定”，也可指自然界“无风
无浪”。
silent 主要指人“沉默的，不出声的”，但不一定无活动。
quiet 意为“安静的，宁静的”，指人时，表示生性安静，不易激动；指自然环境时，表示没有干扰活动、没有喧闹声的寂静状态。
still 意为“安静的，不动的”，指没有运动或动作的状态。
·When facing danger,one should keep calm； when taken photos of,one should keep still； when someone else is asleep,one should keep quiet； in class,one shouldn’t keep silent about the teacher’s questions.当面临危险时，人们应该保持镇定；当拍照时，人们应该保持不动；当有人睡觉时，人们应该保持安静；在课堂上，对老师提出的问题人们不应该保持沉默。
in one’s seventies 某人七十多岁的时候
Surprisingly,they were Grandpa’s best friends from secondary school,all in their seventies.让人惊讶的是，他们都是爷爷中学时最好的朋友，都七十多岁了。
“in one’s＋逢十基数词的复数”表示“在某人几十多岁的时候”。
·The writer became famous in his forties. 那位作家四十几岁就出名了。
·Marx began to learn Russian in his fifties.马克思五十多岁时开始学俄语。
表示“某人十几岁”时为in one’s teens而不是in one’s tens。
as soon as是连词词组，引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就……”。
·As soon as the bell rang,the students rushed to the classroom.上课铃声一响，学生们就冲进了教室。
the room with memories of the old days.客人们一入座，房间里便响起了爷爷最喜欢的音乐，诉说着往昔的回忆。
被动语态
一、 被动语态的基本知识
1. 被动语态的构成：be动词＋及物动词的过去分词
2. 被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说出动作的执行者。
These books are written for children.这些书是为孩子们写的。
In the future, all shopping will be done online.将来所有的购物都会在网上进行。
(2)借助被动的动作突出动作的承受者。
He was shocked by the bad news.他对这个坏消息感到非常震惊。
(3)为使句子结构简练、紧凑。
He went to the country and was warmly welcomed.他去了那个国家并受到热烈欢迎。
3. 八种时态的被动语态
时态名称 被动形式(以do为例)
一般现在时 am/is/are done
一般过去时 was/were done
一般将来时 shall/will be done
过去将来时 would be done
现在进行时 am/is/are being done
过去进行时 was/were being done
现在完成时 has/have been done
过去完成时 had been done
English is taught in our school.我们学校教英语。
It is reported that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come.据报道，在未来的几年里月球上将建立一个空间站。
We can’t use the reading room because it is being repaired.我们不能使用阅览室，因为它正在修缮中。
His book has been finished and will come out soon.他的书已经写完，很快就要出版了。
4. 含情态动词的被动语态
构成形式：情态动词＋be＋及物动词的过去分词
You should be praised by the teacher.你应当受到老师的表扬。
Your homework must be handed in this afternoon.你的作业必须在今天下午交。
5. 动词短语的被动语态
有些动词短语相当于及物动词，可用于被动语态。注意，含有动词短语的主动句变为被动句时，其中的介词和副词不可漏掉。
Children are taken good care of in our village.在我们村，孩子们被照顾得很好。
She was taken to the nearby hospital and was operated on immediately.她被带到附近的医院，并立即进行了手术。
二、 被动语态的注意事项
1. 以主动形式表被动意义的动词
(1)表示状态特征的系动词，如look,sound,taste,feel,smell,prove,remain等，不用于被动语态，其后接形容词或名词构成系表结构，表示被动含义。
The food tastes delicious.这食物味道鲜美。
The cotton feels soft.这棉花摸起来很柔软。
(2)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,wash,write等，常用其主动形式表示被动意义，且主语通常是物。这类动词一般不单独使用，常有副词修饰语。
This kind of cloth washes well.这种布料好清洗。
The pen he bought yesterday writes smoothly.他昨天买的这支钢笔书写流畅。
2. 不用被动语态的几种情况
(1)不及物动词(短语)无被动语态。常见的有：die,disappear,rise,happen,last,lie,sit,
break out,come true,fall asleep,lose heart,take place等。
要想正确地使用被动语态，就需注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些动词是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意，多积累。
(2)一部分及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：fit,have,hold,marry,wish,
cost,enter,reach,benefit,lack,agree with,arrive at,shake hands with,succeed in,suffer from,happen to,take part in,belong to等。
The computer cost 1，000 dollars.这台电脑花了1000美元。
The toy car belongs to him.这个玩具车属于他。
(3)在need,want,require,bear等词作谓语，其主语是物时，后面常跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.房子需要修缮。
These flowers need watering/to be watered.这些花需要浇水了。
(4)某些“adj.＋to do”结构中，不定式与句子的主语有动宾关系时，多用主动表被动。
The picture is pleasant to look at.这幅画看着很舒服。
三、 “get＋过去分词”构成的被动语态
被动语态中的be动词有时可换成get,构成“get＋过去分词”，常表示动作或状态。
Sarah,hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to get changed before the party.萨拉，快点。恐怕在派对开始前你没有时间换衣服了。
About 30 passengers got killed in that traffic accident.在那次交通事故中约有30名乘客丧生。
四、 “be＋过去分词”构成的被动语态
“be＋过去分词”构成被动语态，其后常跟有by短语，表示动作的执行者。
All these jobs can now be done by one single machine. 所有这些工作现在只用一台机器就可以完成。
2017年版《普通高中课程标准》首次提出“学科核心素养”。英语学科核心素养由语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力构成。因此，以后的英语考试将更加坚持能力立意，突出核心素养的考查。
下面文段就是围绕“语言能力”这一学科素养展开的，旨在提高学生分析和解决问题的能力。
主题：人与自然
学科素养：语言能力
难度系数：★★★★
Plastic pollution has long been a problem,but now it’s gotten to a new height literally. Microplastics,referring to plastic fragments and particles less than 5 millimetres in diametre,have been found on Mount Qomolangma as high as 8，440 metres above sea level,just 408.86 metres below the peak of the mountain,according to a recent study published in the journal One Earth.
“These are the highest microplastics ever discovered so far,” lead author Imogen Napper from the University of Plymouth,UK,said in a statement. Scientists collected snow and water samples from 19 different locations from 4，200 metres above sea level all the way up to the summit of Mount Qomolangma. They found microplastics in all the water samples and part of the snow samples. The most polluted sample was from the Base Camp in Nepal,where most human activities on the mountain are concentrated. It had 79 particles of microplastics per litre of snow.
But how have these fragments made it all this way and in such a great abundance？ The answer is apparent—human activities. It is climbers who bring plastic products to the mountain. Even if they don’t litter,just walking for 20 minutes or opening a bottle of water can release microplastics into the environment.
The harsh fact is that plastic pollution has reached even the most remote places on Earth. Researchers even found a plastic bag at the deepest point in the world’s oceans—in the Mariana Trench,located in the Pacific Ocean. The bag is the same as the ones commonly used in grocery stores. Even covered in ice,the Arctic is still a victim of plastic pollution. A 2020 report published in Nature suggests that there are 2，000 to 17，000 plastic particles per cubic metre in Arctic ice cores,and between 0 to 18 microplastic particles per cubic metre from the water beneath ice floes. Experts think microplastics may be transported by air and then reach the North Pole in snowfall.
“What we don’t yet fully know is the potential problems these tiny pieces of plastic could be having to ecosystems,to organisms and even to our own health as well,” said Christian Dunn of Bangor University,UK. Then what can we do？ “We need to start focusing on deeper technological solutions that focus on microplastics,like changing fabric design and including natural fibres instead of plastic when possible.”
污染最严重的样本来自尼泊尔的大本营，那里是珠峰上人类活动最集中的
地方。
refer to参考；所指的是　
according to根据
so far 到目前为止
statement n. 阐述
sample n. 样本
apparent adj. 明显的
concentrate v. 集中于，专注于
focus on集中于，专注于
including prep. 包括
instead of 代替，而不是