北师大版（2019）必修第二册UNIT 5 HUMANS AND NATURE词汇课件（共110张PPT)

(共110张PPT)
UNIT 5　HUMANS AND NATURE
comment n. 评论；意见
Comments评论
·The director was not available for comment. 经理抽不出时间来评论。
make a comment/comments on/about对……作出评论
comment on/upon对……作出评论
no comment无可奉告
·She made helpful comments on my work. 她对我的工作提出了有益的意见。
·I don’t feel I can comment on their decision. 我觉得我无法对他们的决定作出评论。
·No comment. I don’t know anything. 无可奉告。我什么都不知道。
shock vt. 使震惊；使难以置信
The two students were shocked at the lecture on nature. 这两个学生对那个有关自然的讲座感到震惊。
·The news shocked the public,leading to great concern about students’ safety at school. 这则新闻令公众震惊，人们也因此更加关注学生的在校安全。
in shock震惊地；休克
·He isn’t seriously injured but he is in shock. 他伤得不重，但处于休克状态。
be shocked by/at... 对……感到震惊
be shocked to do... 因做……而震惊　
·We were all shocked at the news of his death. 听到他的死讯，我们都感到震惊。
·Visitors to the slums were clearly shocked to see so many families living in want. 到访贫民窟的人看到有这么多的家庭生活在贫苦之中显然震惊不已。
shocked&shocking
shocked adj. 惊愕的，(感到)震惊的，常用来修饰人。
shocking adj. 令人震惊的，常用来修饰事或物。
·This was a nasty attack and the woman is still very shocked. 这是一次恶意袭击，那个女人仍然惊骇不已。
·It is shocking that they involved children in the crime. 令人发指的是，他们教唆儿童参与犯罪活动。
million n. 百万
Amazing,isn’t it？ And there are three million private gardens. 很神奇，不是吗？(这座城市里)有三百万座私人花园。
·Millions of people all over China were watching TV when the spaceship landed safely. 当宇宙飞船安全着陆时，全中国数百万人都在看电视。
million&millions of
1. 当million前带有具体的数词，表示具体的数目时，用单数形式。
2. 当million后接of表示笼统数目时，用复数形式。
·Last year the company returned a loss of ￡157 million. 去年，公司的亏损达1.57亿英镑。
·The programme attracted millions of viewers. 这个节目吸引了数百万电视观众。
turn one’s back (on sb/sth) 对……置之不理，对……撒手不管
Nature got hurt,felt pain,and finally turned its back on us.大自然受到伤害，感到痛苦，最终抛弃了我们。
·How can you turn your back on your own mother？ 你怎么能够不管你的妈妈呢？
turn off 关掉
turn down 调低(音量)；拒绝(建议、要求等)
turn out 结果是；证明是　　turn to 求助于；转向
in turn 依次
by turns 轮流；交替地　
·The light’s a bit too harsh. You can turn it off. 灯光有点太刺眼了。你可以把灯关掉。
·Before this I’d have smiled and turned her down. 在这之前，我本该笑着拒绝她。
·They think it’ll turn out for the best. 他们觉得结果会是最好的。
·In times of crisis I know which friends I can turn to.在危难关头我知道能投靠哪些朋友。
·The girls took it in turn to wipe down the tables after meals.女孩子们饭后轮流擦桌子。
·The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is very good.我们轮流打扫教室的这个建议很好。
have learnt from a lecture about nature.
两个学生正在谈论他们从一场关于自然的讲座中学到的东西。
本句中what引导宾语从句，在从句中作learnt的宾语。what引导的名词性从句相当于名词的作用，可作主语、宾语或表语。
·What you have done might do harm to others. 你所做的事情可能会伤害别人。
·Reading her biography,I was lost in admiration for what Doris Lessing had achieved in literature. 读了多丽丝·莱辛的传记，我对她在文学上获得的成就钦佩不已。
·He isn’t what he used to be. 他不再是以前的他了。
escape vi. & vt. 逃离；逃避
Without waiting,I jumped into the sea to try and escape. 我没有等下去，而是跳入海中试图逃生。
·He escaped being killed in the explosion because he had not gone to work. 他因没有去上班而在那次爆炸中幸免于难。
escape from/out of... 从……中逃脱
escape (doing) sth避免/逃脱(做)某事
make one’s escape逃走
·He escaped from prison this morning. 他今天早上从监狱里逃跑了。
·He narrowly escaped being killed. 他险些丧命。
·The man made his escape. 那个男人逃跑了。
survive vi. & vt. 活下来；幸存
A fisherman is trying to survive a storm. 一个渔民正试着在暴风雨中挣扎求生。
·Life isn’t about how to survive the storm； it’s about learning to dance in the rain. 生活不在于如何在暴风雨中幸存，而在于学会在雨中起舞。
survive sb (by...) 比……活得长(多长时间)
survive on...靠……存活下来
survive from...从……存活下来/流传下来
·She survived her husband by ten years. 她丈夫死后她又活了十年。
·I can’t survive on ￡40 a week (＝ it is not enough for my basic needs). 一星期40英镑，我无法维持生活。
·Some strange customs have survived from earlier times. 有些奇怪的风俗是早年留存下来的。
survivor n. 幸存者
survival n. 幸存；生存　
·There are only a few survivors from the original team. 最初的队员只剩下几名了。
·His only chance of survival was a heart transplant. 只有进行心脏移植，他才有望活下去。
frightened adj. 受惊的，害怕的
The moment I heard the word I became very frightened. 一听到这个词，我感到十分害怕。
·I was so frightened that I closed my eyes. 我是如此的害怕以至于我闭上了眼睛。
be frightened to do... 吓得不敢做……
be frightened of/that... 害怕……
·She was frightened that the plane would crash. 她害怕飞机会坠毁。
frightening adj. 令人惊恐的，骇人的
frighten v. 使惊恐，使害怕　
·It’s frightening to think it could happen again. 想到此事可能再次发生就使人不寒而栗。
curious adj. 好奇的
After a while,I became curious about the whirlpool itself. 过了一会儿，我开始对漩涡本身感到好奇。
·“Why do you want to know that？” he demanded. “Just curious. That’s all. ” “你为什么想了解它？”他质问道。“只是好奇。仅此而已。”
be curious about... 对……感到好奇
be curious to do sth 很想做某事
·They were very curious about the people who lived upstairs. 他们对住在楼上的人感到很好奇。
·I was curious to find out what she had said. 我很想弄清楚她说了些什么。
curiously adv. 好奇地
curiosity n. 好奇心
out of curiosity出于好奇
show curiosity about... 对……显示出好奇心　
·His clothes were curiously old-fashioned. 他的衣服式样陈旧古怪。
·Sophie’s curiosity was aroused by the mysterious phone call. 那通神秘的电话引起了索菲的好奇心。
·I asked out of curiosity.我出于好奇问了问。
·Children show curiosity about everything. 儿童对一切事物都显露出好奇心。
observation n. 观察；观察结果
I then made three important observations. 之后，我得出了三个重要的观察结果。
·He has good powers of observation. 他有很强的观察力。
observe v. 看到，注意到；观察，注视，监视；遵守(规则、法律等)；庆祝，庆贺；说话，评论
observe sb do/doing sth看到某人做/正在做某事
observe that... 注意到……
observer n. 观察者；目击者　
·The police observed a man enter the bank. 警察注意到一个男人走进了银行。
·She observed that all the chairs were already occupied. 她注意到所有的椅子都已经有人坐了。
·According to observers,the plane exploded shortly after take-off. 据目击者说，飞机起飞后不久就爆炸了。
equal adj. 相等的；相同的
... the second,between two objects of equal extent,round objects fell down more rapidly... ……第二，在两个同等面积的物体之间，圆形物体下落得更快……
·He is equal to Tom in ability.他和汤姆能力相当。
be equal in在……方面相等/比得上
be equal to sth/doing sth 等于……；与……相等；胜任……
be the equal of... 与……相等/不相上下
·We are equal in every way. 我们在各个方面都是平等的。
·I hope that he proves equal to the challenge. 我希望他最后能应对这一挑战。
·Our cars are the equal of those produced anywhere in the world. 我们的汽车可与世界上任何地方生产的汽车媲美。
equally adv. 相等地；同样地　equality n. 平等　
·Diet and exercise are equally important. 饮食和锻炼同样重要。
·Don’t you believe in equality between men and women？ 难道你不相信男女平等吗？
on the edge of在……边缘；某事快要发生(尤指不好的事)
... when we were on the edge of the whirlpool,I felt calmer than when we were moving towards it. ……当我们在漩涡边缘的时候，我觉得自己比向它移动时更平静。
·Although the old man was on the edge of death,he still fought with the disease bravely. 虽然这个老人生命垂危，但他仍然勇敢地与疾病斗争。
on the edge of&at the edge of
1. on the edge of 在……的边缘；某事快要发生(尤指不好的事)，可以指抽象事物的边缘。
2. at the edge of 在……边上，只能指现实事物的边缘。
·Lang Ping’s team was on the edge of falling apart,but she never lost heart and led her team to victory one after another.郎平的队伍处于崩溃的边缘，但她从不灰心，带领她的队伍赢得了一个又一个的胜利。
·He came to a halt at the edge of a steep incline.他在一个陡坡边上停住了。
pick up拾起，捡起；开车接人；学会；接收；好转；营救，搭救
In the end,a boat picked me up. 最后，一条船上的人把我救了起来。
·It is surprising that your brother picked up Russian so quickly. 你弟弟学习俄语很快，真是令人惊奇。
pick on 挑选；故意挑刺；欺负
pick out 选出；辨别出　
·It’s time you pick on someone your own size！ 你是时候挑个跟你差不多大的人了！
·He could pick out a good cook in a crowd.他能在一群人中选出一个好厨师来。
　“It takes sb some time to do sth”句型中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
·It takes about half an hour to get to the airport. 到机场大概花了半小时。
take/pay/spend/cost
词语 主语 宾语 常用结构
take 事 时间 It takes sb some time to do sth
pay 人 金钱 sb pays money for sth
spend 人 时间/金钱 sb spends money/time (in) doing sth/on sth
cost 物 金钱 sth costs sb some money
·It took the expert 3 years to build the bridge. 那位专家花了3年时间建造这座桥。
·He paid his workers a 200 yuan bonus for the recent national holiday. 在过去的这个国庆假期里，他付给他的工人们200元的奖金。
·He spent all his savings on a new car. 他把全部积蓄都花在一辆新车上了。
·Books on computers cost me ￥100 each month. 我每月花100元购买电脑方面的书。

　本句含有句式“the reason why... is that...”，意为“……的原因是……”，reason是定语从句的先行词，why引导定语从句，在从句中作状语，that引导表语从句。
·The only reason why I came was that I wanted to meet your friends. 我来这里的唯一理由是我想见你的朋友们。
reason常用句式：
　
the reason后面用why或for which还是用that或which,取决于其在定语从句中所作的句子成分。缺少主语、宾语或表语时用that或which,不缺少主语、宾语或表语时用why或for which。　
·There are various reasons why people write poetry. 人们写诗的原因是多种多样的。
·There are various reasons that impel me to that conclusion.有各种原因促使我得出那个结论。
rescue n. & vt. 营救；救援
Search and rescue vehicles are brought into destroyed areas. 搜索和救援车辆开到了破坏严重的地区。
·The car was buried by the landslide,and then the rescue team came to its rescue. 这辆车因滑坡被埋，随后救援队前来救援。
come/go to one’s rescue 来/去营救某人
rescue sb from 将某人从……中解救出来
·A wealthy benefactor came to their rescue with a generous donation. 一位富有的赞助人慷慨解囊挽救了他们。
·He rescued a child from drowning. 他救起了一名落水儿童。
rescuer n. 营救人员　
·Rescuers found victims trapped several feet underground.营救人员发现有受害者被困在地下几英尺处。
attempt n. & vt. 努力，尝试，企图
Then decide if the sentences contain a main idea(MI) about rescue attempts or a detail(D). 然后判断句子中是否包含关于救援尝试的主旨或细节。
·Two factories were closed in an attempt to cut costs. 为削减费用，关闭了两家工厂。
Mattempt to do... 尝试(试图)做……
make an attempt to do/at doing... 尝试做……
·They attempted to climb that hill./They made an attempt to climb/at climbing that hill. 他们试图攀登那座小山。
·The couple made an unsuccessful attempt at a compromise. 这对夫妇试图和解但未成功。
attempted adj. 未遂的　
·Part Three is on the investigated duty of unit attempted crime.第三部分是有关单位犯罪未遂的调查责任。
damage n. 伤害，损伤，损害 v. 损害，伤害；损坏，破坏
... can cause death and other loss and damage that is hard to measure. ……可以造成死亡以及其他难以估量的损失和破坏。
·The accident did great damage to the environment. 这起事故对环境造成了很大的破坏。
·Smoking seriously damages your health. 吸烟严重危害你的健康。
be badly damaged遭受严重损害
do/cause damage to...给……带来伤害/造成毁坏
·He called in and told us that the machine had been badly damaged.他打电话来告诉我们机器受到了严重损坏。
·The earthquake caused damage to property estimated at $6 million. 地震造成大约600万美元的财产损失。
measure vt. 估量，衡量；测量 n. 措施，办法；衡量
... floods and landslides can cause death and other loss and damage that is hard to measure. ……洪水和滑坡可以造成死亡以及其他难以估量的损失和破坏。
·It’s difficult to measure the success of the campaign. 难以估量这场运动的成败。
measure... in... 以……测量……
take measures/steps/action to do sth 采取措施做某事
·A ship’s speed is measured in knots. 船速以节测量。
·A number of measures were taken to alleviate the problem.采取了很多措施缓解这个问题。
measurement n. 尺寸；度量　
·Do you know your measurements (＝ the size of parts of your body)？ 你知道自己的尺寸吗？
process n. 过程，进程
Sounds like a very challenging process. 听起来是一个很有挑战性的过程。
·The museum is in the process of being restored these days. 这几天博物馆正在修复中。
in the process在进行中
in the process of 在……过程中
·I was moving some furniture and I twisted my ankle in the process.我在挪动家具时崴了脚。
·We’re in the process of selling our house. 我们正在出售自家的住宅。
1. 表示做某事的方法或程序时，process后可以接of/for doing sth,但一般不接动词不定式。
2. process作先行词，引导词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where。　
·He was in a continual process of rewriting his material.他一直在不断地改写他的
材料。
·It’s a painful process where we can learn a lot. 这个过程很痛苦，我们可以学到很多东西。
suffering n. (肉体或精神上的)痛苦；折磨
But it’s our duty to try our best to reduce suffering and the loss of life. 但是尽我们所能减少痛苦和生命损失是我们的职责。
·Many of his novels have described the suffering of his race. 他的许多小说都描述了他的种族遭受的苦难。
suffer v. (因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦；遭受，蒙受
suffer from遭受……之苦；患……病
suffer loss/pain/hardship/defeat... 遭受损失/痛苦/困境/失败……　
·I hate to see animals suffering. 我不忍心看动物受苦。
·Many companies are suffering from a shortage of skilled staff. 许多公司正苦于缺乏熟练员工。
·The company suffered huge losses in the last financial year. 公司在上一财政年度出现巨额亏损。
conduct vt. 实施；进行；执行 vi. & vt. 指挥
You’ve told us a lot about how you conduct rescue attempts... 你已经告诉我们很多关于你如何进行营救的事情了……
·So far we have conducted a variety of activities on English learning. 目前我们已经开展了各种各样的英语学习活动。
·My friend went home,leaving me to conduct the band. 我朋友回家了，留下我指挥乐队。
conduct oneself 举止，表现
conduct sb to sp 带领某人去某地
·The easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbour should. 完成这件事最容易的方法就是确保你表现得像好邻居应该表现的那样。
·He asked if he might conduct us to the ball which was to bring the proceedings to an end. 他问是否可以带我们去舞会现场，所有活动将在那儿结束。
as well as既……又……；除……之外(也)；此外
Mr Wang,I know you have been part of many rescue operations overseas,as well as in China... 王先生，我知道你在海外和中国都参加过许多救援行动……
·He as well as his brothers is coming to see you.他和他的兄弟们要来看你。
1. 当as well as连接两个主语时，谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致。用法类似的有：with,together with,along with等。
2. as well as在意义上通常强调前者，而 not only... but also... 在意义上强调后者。
3. as well as也可表示比较，意为“和……一样好”。
4. as well as有时相当于一个介词短语，意为“除……之外(也)”，后面跟动名词、名词或代词作宾语。　
·The mind needs exercise as well as the body.大脑同身体一样需要锻炼。
·She doesn’t play as well as her sister. 她演奏得不如她姐姐。
·The outcome depends on conditions as well as how events unfold. 结果取决于条件，还取决于事件的进展。
run out用完；耗尽
Well,I’d love to know more,but,unfortunately,we’ve run out of time. 好吧，我很想知道更多，但是，可惜的是，我们已经没有时间了。
·We have run out of milk and juice. 我们的牛奶和果汁都喝完了。
词组 run out of&run out用法
run out of 是及物动词短语，表示主动含义，其主语一般是人。
run out 是不及物动词短语，其主语通常为时间、食物、金钱等名词。
·They have run out of ideas. 他们已经想不出任何办法了。
·Conditions are getting worse and supplies are running out. 情况越来越糟糕，储备物资也快用完了。
　本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式to try our best to reduce suffering and the loss of life。try one’s best to do sth意为“尽某人最大努力做某事”。
·It is important for us to learn English well. 对我们来说，学好英语很重要。
·It is necessary for us to study hard at this important stage. 我们有必要在这个重要的阶段努力学习。
·It is a pleasure to write to you. 我很高兴能给你写信。
preparation n. 预备，准备
During the polar summer of 1910—1911，both teams organised food bases in preparation for their journeys the next year. 在1910至1911年的极地夏天，两支队伍都组建了食品储备点，为来年的旅程做准备。
·They’ve sold their house and car in preparation for leaving the country. 他们已经卖掉了房子和汽车准备出国。
·As the final exam is coming,students are making preparations for it. 期末考试快要到了，学生们正在为之准备。
in preparation for...＝make preparations for... 为……做准备
make preparations to do sth 准备做某事
·Rub the surface of the wood in preparation for the varnish. 打磨木头的表面，为刷清漆做准备。
·The United States is making preparations for a large-scale airlift of 1，200 American citizens. 美国正在为运送1200名美国公民的大规模空运做准备。
·We made preparations to move to new offices. 我们已准备好要搬到新办公室。
prepare v. 准备　prepare sth 准备某物/事
prepare for... 为……做准备(强调动作)
prepare sb for sth 使某人为某事做好准备
be prepared for sth 为某事做好准备(强调状态)
be prepared to do sth 愿意做某事　
·I had no time to prepare at that time. 我当时没时间准备。
·He was in the kitchen preparing lunch. 他在厨房做午饭。
·The college prepares students for a career in business. 这个学院是培养商务人才的。
·The police are preparing themselves for trouble at the demonstration. 警察正在准备防范示威时可能出现的骚乱。
·I was not prepared for all the problems it caused.我对这事引起的诸多麻烦毫无防备。
·They are not prepared to give ground on tax cuts. 他们不准备在减税方面让步。
base n. 基地，大本营；基础 vt. 以……为基地
... both teams organised food bases in preparation for their journeys the next year. ……两支队伍都组建了食品储备点，为来年的旅程做准备。
·The family base was crucial to my development.家庭基础对我的发展至关重要。
at the base of在……的底部
base...on/upon... 以……为基础；把……建立在……的基础之上
base...in... 以……为据点；把总部设在……
·The squirrel disappeared into a hollow at the base of the tree.松鼠钻进了树根处的一个洞。
·They often base their estimate on the figures for the last three years. 他们经常以过去三年的数字为基础进行估算。
·They decided to base the new company in York.他们决定将新成立的公司总部设在约克郡。
prove vt. 证明；证实
Later,these rocks proved that at one time in the distant past,the continent of Antarctica was covered by plants. 后来，通过这些石块可以证实，在遥远的过去，南极洲曾经被植被覆盖。
·He proved himself to be a better driver than the world champion. 他证明了自己的驾驶技术胜过世界冠军。
It is proved that... 已经证实……
prove (to be)＋n./adj. 证明是(此处prove是系动词)
prove sb/sth (to be)＋n./adj. 证明某人/某物……
·Can it be proved that he did commit these offences？ 能证明他确实犯了这些罪吗？
·The promotion proved to be a turning point in his career. 这次晋升最后证明是他职业生涯的一个转折点。
·They hope this new evidence will prove her innocence. 他们希望这项新证据会证明她无罪。
break down停止运转，出故障；身体垮掉；失败；崩溃；拆除；分解
First,his two sledges broke down and then the horses began to have serious difficulties with the snow and the cold. 先是他的两辆雪橇坏了，后来马匹开始在大雪和严寒的天气下出现严重问题。
·His health broke down under the pressure of work. 他的身体在工作压力下垮掉了。
break up 分手；粉碎，破碎；解散
break away from 从……中突然挣脱/摆脱
break into 破门而入，强行闯入(后接宾语)
break out (坏事)突然发生，爆发　
·The ice will break up when the warm weather comes. 天气转暖，冰层就会破裂。
·I luckily managed to break away from my awful marriage. 我幸运地从糟糕的婚姻中解脱了出来。
·There was no one nearby who might see him trying to break into the house. 附近没有人可能看见他试图闯入房子里。
·He was 29 when the war broke out. 那场战争爆发时他才29岁。
carry on继续，坚持；开展，参与
Scott and two of his team members carried on and got within eleven miles of one of their food bases. 斯科特上校和两名队员继续向前，到达距离食品储备处不足11英里的地方。
·Although faced with so many difficulties,they still carried on with their research. 尽管面临许多困难，他们仍然继续进行他们的研究。
carry on with继续做　carry away强行拿走
carry back将……送/带回原地；使某人记起
carry out执行；实施；履行；完成
carry through顺利完成；使渡过难关　
·Her bravery has given him the will to carry on with his life and his work. 她的勇气激发了他继续生活和工作的意愿。
·The first thing to be done is to carry away the earth.第一件要做的事是搬走泥土。
·I have only been here for a few days,but I really like London and will carry back many good memories of it.我在此地只有几天，但我真的很喜欢伦敦，我会带回许多美好的回忆。
·The company’s doctor found that she was unfit to carry out her normal work. 公司的医生认为，她不宜从事正常工作。
·We are determined to carry through all our plans.我们下定决心完成我们所有的
计划。
极地的冬季来临，四处一片漆黑。

这是一个完全倒装句，时间状语then位于句首，构成完全倒装。
·Here comes the bus.公交车来了。
完全倒装的几种情形：
1. 表示地点的介词短语位于句首且谓语为be,lie,stand,come 等不及物动词时。
2. 地点副词(here,there)、方向性副词(out,in,down)及时间副词(now,then)等位于句首且谓语为be,go,come等不及物动词时。
3. 在一些表示祝愿的句子中，主谓也经常完全倒装。
4. 为强调表语或保持句子平衡，形容词短语/分词短语提至句首时，句子的主谓经常完全倒装。
注意：当主语是代词时，句子不需要完全倒装。　
·There rings the bell. 铃声响了。
·In came Peter’s wife with a wallet in her hand. 彼得的妻子手里拿着一个钱包进来了。
·Away she ran,crying. 她哭着跑开了。

本句中出现了have sb/sth doing sth的用法，宾语sb/sth后面用现在分词作宾语补足语，宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主谓关系，且动作正在进行。
·My mum has me reading the poem. 我妈妈让我一直读那首诗。
1. have sth done过去分词作宾补，意为“使某事被做”“请人做某事”或“遭遇到某事”。
2. have sb do sth让某人做某事，动词不定式必须省略to,宾语是动作的执行者。
3. have sb/sth doing sth让某人一直做某事或让某事处于某种状态；用于否定句时，have表示“容忍，容许”。
4. have sth to do有某事要做，have意为“有”，动词不定式在句中作后置定语。　
·We had the machine mended just now.我们刚才请人把机器修好了。
·She had her daughter dance.
她让她的女儿跳舞。
·We shouldn’t have the water running. 我们不应该一直开着水龙头。
·I have something important to do tomorrow.明天我有重要的事情要做。
shelter n. 避难所
If possible,find a strong shelter nearby which will cover your whole body. 如果可能的话，在附近找一个可以覆盖住全身的坚固的遮蔽物。
·The sand dunes provided shelter from the wind. 这些沙丘可挡风。
under the shelter of 在……的庇护下
take/seek shelter from... 躲避……
·Under the shelter of a tent,a crowd gathered for a brunch. 在帐篷的庇护下，一群人聚在一起吃早午餐。
·People were desperately seeking shelter from the gunfire. 人们正拼命地找地方躲避炮火。
observe vt. 观察，注意
Observe carefully before you move away. 在你离开之前要仔细观察。
·Have you observed any changes lately？ 最近你注意到什么变化没有？
observe sb do/doing sth 观察某人做了/正在做某事
observe sth done 观察某事被做
·He observed a stranger hanging around the store. 他观察到一个陌生人正在商店附近闲逛。
observation n. 观察；评论
be under observation 在观察中，在监视下　
·We managed to escape observation. 我们设法避开了人们的注意。
·The suspect is under observation.嫌疑人正受到监视。
be home to＝be the home of是……的栖息地/产地/发祥地
New Zealand is home to nearly 5 million people,31 million sheep and 10 million cows. 新西兰有将近500万人口，3100万只绵羊和1000万头奶牛。
·This region is home to/the home of many species of wild flowers. 这个地区是很多种野花的家园。
·The Rockies are home to bears and mountain lions. 落基山脉是熊和美洲狮的栖息地。
at home 在家；在国内
at home and abroad 国内外
be/feel at home 感觉舒适；不拘束　
·They had got too used to the soft life at home.他们实在是过惯了家里的安逸生活。
·She gives frequent performances of her work,both at home and abroad. 她经常在国内外演出自己的作品。
·He had a genius for making people feel at home.他有一种能够使人感觉轻松自在的本领。
protect... from/against...保护……不受(危害)
If you are near objects that can fall,find a shelter to protect yourself from them. 如果你离可能坠落的物体很近，找个地方躲避它们。
·They set up a wildlife reserve to protect animals from being hunted. 他们建立了一个野生动物保护区以保护动物不被猎杀。
“阻止某人做某事”的多种表达法：
keep sb from doing sth
stop sb (from) doing sth
prevent sb (from) doing sth
discourage sb from doing sth　
·I hope you will keep yourself from doing anything
rash.我希望你克制自己不去做任何鲁莽的事。
·There’s nothing to stop you from doing a bit of exploring further afield. 没有什么会阻止你到更远的地方探险。
·No one can prevent us from doing the experiment.谁也不能阻止我们做实验。
·I think we should discourage people from using their cars. 我认为我们应该阻止人们使用他们的汽车。
关系副词引导的定语从句
　　本单元学习关系副词引导的定语从句，现将有关要点归纳如下：
1. 当先行词为表示地点的名词且在定语从句中充当地点状语时，该定语从句使用关系副词where引导。例如：
·A classroom is a place where we have classes. 教室是我们上课的地方。
·After he finished college,he went to work in the town where he had grown up. 大学毕业后，他去了他长大的镇上工作。
常见的地点名词有：place,room,city,village,school,factory,station,country,library等。
2. 当先行词为表示时间的名词且在定语从句中充当时间状语时，该定语从句使用关系副词when引导。例如：
·It happened in the year when our village was liberated. 这件事发生在我们村解放的那一年。
·She was still afraid of mentioning that terrible day when she had an accident. 她仍然害怕提及她出事故的那个可怕日子。
常见的时间名词有：day,hour,morning,night,week,year,term等。
3. where和when引导的定语从句一般可用“介词＋which”结构来替换。例如：
·This is the room where he has lived for 5 years. ＝This is the room in which he has lived for 5 years.这是他住了5年的房间。
·He will never forget the day when his father passed away. ＝He will never forget the day on which his father passed away.他永远也不会忘记他父亲去世的那一天。
4. 先行词虽为地点或时间名词，但其在定语从句中不是充当(地点/时间)状语，而是充当宾语时，不能使用where/when,而应使用that/which。例如：
·Is this the factory (that/which) you visited last year？ 这是你去年参观的那个工厂吗？
·I still remember the days (which/that) we spent together. 我仍然记得我们一起度过的那些日子。
此时，关键是看从句中谓语动词是否为及物动词，若为及物动词，其后应接宾语，若为不及物动词，其后应接状语。试比较以下句子：
·This is the room where we lived last week. 这是我们上周住过的房间。
·This is the room (which/that) we cleaned yesterday. 这是我们昨天打扫过的房间。
第一个句子中live为不及物动词，先行词在从句中作地点状语，即live in the room。第二个句子中clean为及物动词，先行词作其宾语，即clean the room。
·She has forgotten the afternoon when her friend came to borrow a necklace from her. 她忘了她的朋友来向她借项链的那个下午。
·She has forgotten all about that afternoon (which) I mentioned. 她完全忘了我提到的那个下午。
第一个句子中come为不及物动词，先行词在从句中作时间状语，即come in the afternoon。第二个句子中mention为及物动词，先行词作其宾语，即mention that afternoon。
5. (1)注意where和when引导的定语从句与其引导的状语从句的区别。例如：
·She went to work in Hainan where nobody else would like to go.(定语从句)她去没有其他人愿意去的海南工作了。
·She makes it a rule to put things where she has found them.(地点状语从句)她制定了一条规则：哪里找到的东西就放在哪里。
·He left the factory in the year when its products sold well.(定语从句)他在工厂产品畅销的那一年离开了工厂。
·He left the factory when its products sold well.(时间状语从句)他在工厂产品畅销的时候离开了工厂。
(2)where和when引导的状语从句通常可转换成定语从句。例如：
·Why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already？ 你已经有了这么好的工作，为什么还想要一份新的工作？
·Why do you want a new job at the time when you’ve got such a good one already？ 你为什么要在自己已经有如此好的工作时再找一份新工作？
·After the war,a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre. 战后，一座新校舍被建在了剧院曾经所在的位置。
·After the war,a new school building was put up at the place where there had once been a theatre. 战后，一座新校舍被建在那个曾经是剧院的位置。
6. 当先行词为reason时，应视其在从句中的作用而确定使用关系代词还是关系副词。若其在从句中作原因状语，应使用关系副词why或for which；若其在从句中作动词或介词的宾语，则应使用which/that。例如：
·The reason why/for which he didn’t come to school was that he was ill.他没有来学校的原因是他病了。
·The teacher didn’t believe the reason (which/that) Jim had given for his being late.老师不相信吉姆所给的迟到理由。
　　2017年版《普通高中英语课程标准》首次提出“学科核心素养”。英语学科核心素养由语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力构成。
　　人与自然的关系，自古就是一个宏大的命题。大自然在给我们人类提供生存资源和条件的同时，也会给人类带来各种灾难和挑战。如何正确应对自然灾难，应成为每个人必上的人生课。
下面的文段就是围绕“自然灾害”而展开的，旨在让青少年读者加强相关的知识储备，以便未来更好地应对自然灾害。
主题：人与自然
学科素养：思维品质
难度系数：★★☆
Disasters
There are natural disasters,such as a hurricane,earthquake,tornado,or tsunami (a big surge of water from the ocean)，these happen because of the weather or other natural conditions. People can also cause disasters,like causing an oil spill that pollutes the environment or starting a forest fire.
You might wonder： What if that happened in my town？ Depending on where a person lives,some kinds of natural disasters are more likely to happen than in other places. For instance,hurricanes happen in areas along coasts.
Be prepared.
Wherever you live,it’s good to be prepared for an emergency. You’ve probably already experienced something like this—maybe the power went out for a long time or there was a big snowstorm.
Families can take simple steps to be prepared for an emergency,like having a battery-powered radio,flashlights,bottled water,and extra food on hand.
Knowing your family has a plan can help you feel more safe and secure. Grown-ups are in charge of these plans,but you can ask your parents if they have a plan and an emergency kit.
Some preparations are the same for everyone (flashlights,etc.)，but other plans will be different depending on which kind of problem might affect your area. For instance,if you live where there are tornadoes sometimes,the plan means knowing to listen to the radio for tornado warnings and to go to the safest part of the house until it passes.
If your family wants to know more about being prepared,organisations like the American Red Cross can help.
In a bad storm or serious disaster,it’s important to remember that lots of people are looking out for you,including parents,police officers,firefighters,doctors,nurses,and other people who are trained to handle emergencies. When a disaster happens,you’ll see these people on the news helping people.
What you can do.
Seeing that people in a disaster are being taken care of can make us feel a little better. But what else could you do if you’re feeling worried,upset,or just curious？
Here are some ideas：
Talk about your feelings.
It’s good to share what you’re feeling with a parent or another trusted adult. It’s OK to ask questions and wonder about why this happened. It’s also OK to feel sad,even if you don’t live near where the disaster happened.
Be creative.
It may sound funny,but drawing a picture or writing a poem can be helpful in sad times. Why？ Because you get to express how you’re feeling.
Limit radio,Internet,and TV reports.
It can be hard to avoid news about what’s happening. But too much of it isn’t good for kids or grown-ups. Remind your mum and dad about this,too.
What can you do instead？ Anything that makes you feel good—going outside,
reading a book and making a craft.
Help others.
It’s a great idea to find a way to get involved. Not only will you help people who need food,clothes,and shelter,but you’ll feel better because you’re lending a hand. You might raise money or gather supplies through your church or school.
Know that healing will happen.
Now you know it’s normal to feel sad about disasters,even if you’re fine and live far away. You should also know that the sad feelings you have will get better over time.
And hard as it is to believe,even people who lost the most in a disaster will feel better someday. It will take a long time,but they will slowly heal thanks to the people who help and care for them.
pollute v. 污染
emergency n. 紧急情况
flashlight n. 手电筒
extra adj. 额外的
handle v. 应对，处理 n. 柄，把手
curious adj. 好奇的
natural disasters 自然灾害
in charge of 负责，掌管
preparation n. 准备；准备工作
make a craft 做手工艺品
get involved 参与
supply n. 供给，补给
这是一个主从复合句。Depending on where a person lives为现在分词作状语，其中where引导的是宾语从句，作depend on的宾语。some kinds of natural disasters are more likely to happen than in other places为主句，其中than引导的是省略了they do的比较状语从句。
根据一个人居住的地方不同，某些自然灾害发生的可能性比其他地方更高。