外研版高中英语必修第二册UNIT 6 Earth first课件（共83张）

(共83张PPT)
UNIT 6　Earth first
scare v. 使(某人)惊恐，吓唬
People have always been scared of sharks, but Jaws made things worse. 人们一直害怕鲨鱼，但《大白鲨》这部电影让事情变得更糟。
·Don’t you realise what a scare you’ve given us all？ 你难道不知道你把我们大家都吓得不轻吗？
scare... away/off 把……吓跑
It scares sb to do sth 做某事使某人感到害怕
scare sb into doing sth 威胁/恐吓某人做某事
scare sb to death 把某人吓得要死
·Some parents try to scare their children into behaving well.有些父母试图用吓唬的法子使孩子守规矩。
1. scared adj.害怕的，恐惧的，担心的(指人或动物受到突然刺激所产生的恐惧
心理)
be scared of doing sth 害怕做某事
be scared of sth 害怕某物
be scared to do sth 害怕做某事
be scared that... 害怕……
2. scary adj.引起惊慌的；吓人的(多用于指事物令人惊恐害怕的特征)　
·He was scared of being bitten by the big dog lying at the gate. 他害怕被躺在门口的大狗咬。
target v. 把……作为目标n. 目标；对象；靶子
“Sharks don’t target humans,” he said.
“鲨鱼不以人类为目标，”他说。
·We threw knives at targets. 我们往靶子上掷飞刀。
be targeted at 以……为目标
target sth on/at sb/sth 把某物瞄准某人/某物
aim at a target 瞄准目标
hit/miss the target 中/脱靶
meet/achieve/reach a target 完成/达到目标
become the target for/of a lot of criticism 成为众矢之的
现在分词： targeting
过去式： targeted
过去分词： targeted　
fortunately adv. 幸运地
Fortunately, not everyone who watched the film Jaws became afraid of sharks...幸运的是，并不是所有看过电影《大白鲨》的人都害怕鲨鱼……
fortune n. 运气；财富
make a fortune 发大财
fortunate adj.幸运的
be fortunate to do sth做某事很幸运
be fortunate in (doing) sth 在(做)某事方面很幸运
unfortunate adj.不幸的
unfortunately adv.不幸地　
·She is in the fortunate position of having plenty of choices.好在她有很多选择。
attitude n. (尤指通过行为表现出的对某事的一般)看法，态度
...showing how attitudes towards sharks have changed... ……展示人们对鲨鱼的态度是如何变化的……
an attitude to/towards 对……的态度
have/take a good/bad/positive/negative attitude to/towards对……持好的/坏的/肯定的/否定的态度
an attitude of mind 心态问题
change one’s attitude 改变某人的态度
· If you want to pass your exams, you’d better change your attitude. 如果你想通过考试，最好改变态度。
refer to 提到，谈到；查阅，参考
What environmental problem does each cartoon refer to？ 每幅漫画都提到了什么环境问题？
·When reading, you’d better avoid referring to your dictionary too often. 在读书时，尽量避免查字典太勤。
refer to the dictionary 查字典
refer to sb/sth as... 称某人/某物是……；认为某人/某物是……；提到……；谈及……
reference n. 参考；推荐
for future reference 供日后参考　
cut off 切掉，砍掉，剪掉；停止，中断(供给)；使……与外界隔绝
Finning is a type of fishing where sharks are caught and their fins cut off. 割鳍是一种捕鱼方式，在这种捕鱼方式中，鲨鱼被捕获后，它们的鳍会被割掉。
·The tide came in and cut off his route to dry land. 潮水涌进来，切断了他前往陆地的路。
·The populations are cut off from each other and evolve independently.那些种群被相互隔绝了起来并任其独立进化。
cut off one’s long hair 剪掉某人的长发
cut off the gas/electricity/water 断气/断电/断水
cut down 砍倒；减少，缩减
cut away 去掉；切掉；砍掉
cut out 裁剪；删去　　　cut up 切碎，剁碎　
cut in 插嘴，打断别人说话
cut across 抄近路穿过
cut through 开辟(通道)　
·He cut down on coffee and cigarettes, and ate a balanced diet.他喝咖啡和吸烟都比以前少了，饮食也均衡了。
·He cut away the material which he didn’t need.
他切掉了不需要的那块材料。
·Immediately, Daniel cut in on Joanne’s attempts at reassurance.乔安妮刚要做保证，丹尼尔就把她打断了。
as 表示“随着”，在句中引导时间状语从句。
as 的含义及其引导的从句：
1. 当……时，随着(引导时间状语从句)
2. 由于，因为(引导原因状语从句)
3. 正如……，依照……(引导方式状语从句)
4. 尽管，虽然，即使(引导让步状语从句)
5. 和……一样……(as...as...比较状语从句)
6. as 作关系代词(引导定语从句)　
·As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.天色渐晚之时，我转身准备回家。(时间状语从句)
·When in Rome, do as Romans do. 入乡随俗。(方式状语从句)
·Hot as the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey. 尽管夜晚的空气十分炎热，我们还是由于长途跋涉深感疲惫而睡得很沉。(让步状语从句)
·That’s not as simple as it sounds.那不像听起来那样简单。(比较状语从句)
·As the weather was getting worse and worse, we had to go back. 由于天气状况越来越差，我们只好返回。(原因状语从句)
·As we know, China is becoming more and more powerful in the world.众所周知，中国在世界上正变得越来越强大。(定语从句；as在从句中作know的宾语，指代整个主句的内容)
·I have never seen such a smart girl as she is.我从来没有见过像她这样聪明的女孩。(定语从句；as指代girl,作is的表语。as she is＝like her)
devote v. 致力，献身，倾注
Now, she is a model and performance artist devoted to ocean conservation. 现在，她是一名致力于海洋保护的模特和行为艺术家。
·Only the person of the real understanding other people’s pain and sufferings, then can devote to do a fine matter for the other people.只有真正了解别人痛苦的人，才能尽心为别人做好事。
devote oneself to＝be devoted to 献身于，致力于
devote one’s life/time/energy/attention to 把某人的生命/时间/精力/注意力奉献于……
devoted adj.挚爱的；忠实的；致力于……的
devotion n. 挚爱；奉献　
reserve n. (野生生物)保护区；储藏(量)
vt. 预订；预留；保留
Hello from Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve(SNNR). 你好，这里是三江源国家自然保护区。
in reserve 储备，备用
reserve sth for sb/sth 为……预订/保留某物
reserve one’s judgement/opinion (on sth) 保留某人(对某事)的看法
·I have reserved a room for you at the hotel.
我已在酒店为你预定了一个房间。
· I’d prefer to reserve my judgement until I find all the evidence.在找到所有证据之前我保留我的看法。
damage v. & n. 破损，损害，损伤
In recent years, we have seen large areas of wetland that were damaged by human activity. 近年来，我们看到大片湿地被人类活动破坏。
·This represents how much damage the ship can take before it sinks.这显示了该船在沉没前所能承受的最大损伤。
do/cause damage to... 对……造成损害
damage one’s health 损害健康
damage/destroy/ruin
damage：指部分性破坏、损坏，一般还可修复。侧重指经济价值的损失。
destroy：指彻底地破坏、毁坏，一般不能或很难再修复。
ruin：指严重地“毁坏”，侧重于破坏事物的内在价值。
affect v. 影响；感动
We’ve also seen droughts and floods caused by these changes, which affect the water supply downstream. 我们还看到了这些变化导致的干旱和洪水，进而影响了下游的水源供应。
be deeply affected by 被……深深打动
effect n. 影响，效果，作用
effective adj.有效的，生效的
greenhouse effect 温室效应
have a great effect on 对……有重大影响
in effect 在实施中，有效
take effect 生效，起作用　
affect/effect/influence
affect ：vt.指一时的影响，强调影响的动作，可指一般意义的影响，也可指不良
影响。
effect ：n.某种行为产生的某种特殊的后果。
influence ：n.& vt.表示“影响”，主要指对其他人的行为、性格、观点等产生潜移默化的影响。
·We were deeply affected by the news of her death.
她死亡的噩耗使我们深为感伤.
·Some ancient laws are still in effect.有些古时的法律现在仍然有效。
·Don’t let me influence your decision.不要让我影响你的决定。
supply n. (煤气、电力、自来水等)供应(系统)；[pl.]补给品；供应(量)；补给 vt. 供应；供给
We’ve also seen droughts and floods caused by these changes,which affect the water supply downstream.我们还看到了这些变化导致的干旱和洪水，进而影响了下游的水源供应。
supply and demand 供求关系
a supply of 一批；许多
supply sb/sth with sth＝supply sth to sb/sth 为某人/某物提供某物
·Since we’ll be walking for almost two weeks,I’ll need to buy a large backpack in advance to carry my supplies of food and water. 因为我们要徒步将近两周的时间，所以我需要提前买一个大容量的旅行背包来装我的补给品——食物和水。
supply/provide/offer
词语 意义 搭配
supply 尤指大量供应、供给 supply sb with sth supply sth to sb
provide 强调提供所需之物 provide sb with sth
provide sth for sb
offer 强调主动提供 offer sb sth offer sth to sb
adopt v. 采取(某种方法)；收养，领养
This includes keeping the original environment from being touched, as well as adopting new, sustainable ways of feeding farm animals. 这包括保护原始环境不被破坏，以及采用新的、可持续的方式喂养农场动物。
adopt a new technique 采用一项新技术
adopt an approach/a policy/an attitude 采用一种方法/政策/态度
adopt a suggestion 采纳一个建议
adopt a child 收养一个孩子
·The only way to come out on top is to adopt a different approach.脱颖而出的唯一途径就是采用一种不同的方法。
adopted adj.收养的，领养的
adoption n. 收养；采纳　
·Jimmy is adopted and thus unrelated to Beth by blood.吉米是收养的，因此和贝丝无血缘关系。
·We argued her into the adoption of the plan.我们说服他采纳这项计划。
reduce v. 减少，降低
Reduce waste by choosing reusable products...通过选择可重复使用的产品来减少
浪费……
reduce...by... 减少了……(by 表示减少的幅度)
reduce... to... 减少到……(to 表示减少的结果)
[近]decrease v. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
[反]increase v.(使)增长；增多；增加　
permission n. 允许，许可
A polite interruption is usually framed as a request for permission to interrupt someone, often starting with If...，May I...？ or Can I ...？ 礼貌地打断通常被理解为请求允许打断某人，通常以“如果……，我可以……吗？”或者“我能够……吗？”开始。
ask for permission 请求许可
have permission to do sth 获得许可做某事
get permission (from sb) 得到(某人的)许可
gain permission to do... 获得做……的许可
with one’s permission/with the permission of sb 在某人的许可/准许下
without permission 未经许可
·They have permission to build 200 new houses.他们得到建200座新房的许可。
·No one may leave his post without permission.未经允许，任何人不可以离开岗位.
permit v. 许可，允许；(使)成为可能
n.[C] 许可证；执照　
·We hope to visit the cathedral, if time permits.如果时间允许，我们希望能参观一下主教座堂。
·I’ll come tomorrow, weather permitting.天气允许的话，我明天过来。
·The permit runs for three months.许可证的有效期为三个月。
instead of 代替；而不是
Walk or ride a bike instead of taking a car. 步行或骑自行车而不是开车。
instead of & instead
instead of：短语介词，意为“代替，而不是”，后跟名词、代词、动名词、介词短语等。
instead：副词，意为“(不是……)而是，反而”，可单独使用。
·You probably picked up my keys instead of yours. 你可能拿的是我的钥匙而不是
你的。
·If Joe can’t attend the meeting, I could go instead. 如果乔不能去开会，我可以代替他去。
The less energy you use, the less carbon dioxide is released. 你用的能源越少，释放的二氧化碳就越少。
“the＋比较级(＋主谓)，the＋比较级(＋主谓)”表示“越……，就越……”。前者表示条件，后者表示结果。
·The more you know about Internet research, the faster you will find what you are looking for, and the better your information will be.你对网上搜索了解得越多，你会越快找到你要找的信息，而且信息质量也越高。
比较级＋and＋比较级
stronger and stronger 越来越强大
more and more important 越来越重要　
majority n. 多数，大多数(人或物)
...and the majority of us take steps to save energy and reduce waste and pollution.……并且我们大多数人都在采取措施来节约能源，减少浪费和污染。
·That could be enough to leave Mr Rajoy as many as six seats short of an absolute majority.
这样足以使得拉霍伊先生因为缺少六票而无法获得绝大多数票。
in a/the majority 占大多数
a/the majority of... 大多数……
The majority of＋复数名词＋复数谓语动词＋其他
The majority of＋集合名词＋单数/复数谓语动词＋其他
A majority of＋复数名词＋复数谓语动词＋其他
major adj.主要的；主修的(反义词：minor) n. 主修科目，专业 vi.主修
major in 主修……
[反]minority n. 少数；少数民族　
amount n. 数量，数额
However, making a paper bag uses four times as much energy as making a plastic bag and up to three times the amount of water. 然而，制造一个纸袋所消耗的能量是制造一个塑料袋的四倍，用水量是制造塑料袋的三倍。
·A good amount of sleep every night is also important for your health. 每晚充足的睡眠对你的健康也很重要。
a large amount of＝large amounts of 许多，大量
·A large amount of damage has been done by the earthquake. 地震造成了巨大的
破坏。
·Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge. 大量的钱被花在这座桥上。
“a large/good/huge amount of＋不可数名词”表示“大量的……”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“large/good/huge amounts of＋不可数名词”表示“大量的……”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
表示“许多”的短语归纳
1. 接可数名词复数：a large/great/good number of；a great/good many；a good few/quite a few等。
2. 接可数名词单数：many a＋可数名词单数(作主语时谓语动词用单数)等。
3. 接不可数名词：a great/good deal of；a great/large amount of；quite a little 等。
4. 接可数名词复数/不可数名词均可：a lot of/lots of；a great/large quantity of；large quantities of；plenty of等。　
remove v. 移走，搬走；去掉；脱去；免除……的职务，开除
To make sure your appliance is in fact off, remove the plug from its power supply. 为了确保你的家用电器确实关了，请拔掉电源插头。
remove sth from sp 把某物从某地搬走
remove sb from sth 把某人从……职位免职
remove sb from school 勒令某人退学
remove one’s doubt/trouble 消除某人的疑虑/烦恼
remove sth (from the body)脱掉衣服，摘掉眼镜等
urge v. 竭力主张，强烈要求，敦促 n. 强烈的欲望，冲动
It urges people to save food by not wasting anything on the dining table. 它敦促人们通过在餐桌上不浪费食物来节约粮食。
urge sb to do sth 力劝/敦促某人做某事
urge sth on/upon sb 把某事物强加给某人
urge that... 力劝/敦促……
It is urged that... 坚决主张……
an urge to do sth 做某事的冲动
·Let me urge you now not to test me on this point. 现在我奉劝各位别在这点上试
验我。
1. urge that/It is urged that后跟从句时，从句常用虚拟语气，从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should 可以省略。
2. urgent adj.紧急的；急切的
urgently adv. 紧急地；迫切地
urgency n. 紧急，紧迫　
·The report urged that all children be taught to swim.这份报告竭力主张所有的儿童都该被教会游泳。
concerned adj. 焦急的，担忧的
We are concerned that... 我们担心……
be concerned about 关心，挂念
as far as sb/sth concerned 就……而言
be concerned with 与……有关；涉及
·As far as I am concerned, educators should be concerned about the problems that are concerned with the healthy growth of the children. 依我之见，教育工作者应该关心与儿童健康成长有关的问题。
concern vt.(使)担忧；涉及；关系到
n. 担心，忧虑；关注；利害关系
with concern 关切地
show concern about/for 对……表示担心/关心　
contribute v. 促成，造成(某事发生)；捐助，捐赠，贡献；投稿，撰稿
Look at the three items that contribute to a carbon footprint. 看看造成碳足迹的三个因素。
contribute (...) to/towards (把……)捐献/贡献给……
contribute to... 有助于……；是……的原因之一；导致……
·Many people contributed money to the poor boy, which contributed to his return to school. A writer wrote a story about this and contributed it to a press. 许多人给那个贫穷的男孩捐款，这使他重返校园。一位作家据此写了一个故事，并投给了一家出版社。
contribution n. 捐款；贡献
contributor n. 捐款人；撰稿人
make a contribution/contributions towards/ to... 为……作贡献
take steps to do sth 采取措施做某事
...and the majority of us take steps to save energy and reduce waste and pollution.
……并且我们大多数人都在采取措施来节约能源，减少浪费和污染。
·He said he would take steps to tighten up the law. 他说他将采取措施完善法律。
表示“采取措施/行动”的短语还有：
take measures to do sth 采取措施做某事
take action to do sth 采取行动做某事
step相关短语：
step up 加紧，加强，促进；走上前去
step aside 让位，退位
step by step 逐步地
out of step 不合拍，不一致
mind/watch your step 走路小心；注意脚下
mistake...for... 把……错当成……
Plastic bags cause litter and are a danger to wild animals, which mistake them for food. 塑料袋造成垃圾污染，而且对野生动物来说是一种危险，它们会把塑料袋误认为是食物。
·I think you must be mistaking me for someone else. 我想你准是认错人了(把我错认成别人了)。
by mistake 错误地；弄错
make a mistake 犯错误
mistaken adj.(见解或判断上)错误的；不正确的
·It’s embarrassing that I took your bag instead of mine by mistake. 不好意思，我不小心错拿了你的包。
break down分解；(机器)发生故障；(计划、谈判等)失败；垮掉
It takes hundreds of years for plastic to break down, but much less time for paper. 塑料需要几百年才能分解，而纸分解的时间则要短得多。
·He had to break down the bell into parts before he was able to carry them back to his home.
他不得不把钟拆开之后才能搬回家。
·Their car broke down.他们的车子出故障了。
·Talks with business leaders broke down last night.
昨晚与商界领导人的谈判失败了。
break up 破碎；解散　break into 强行闯入
break in 强行进入；打断，搅扰
break away from 脱离；逃脱
break out (战争、火灾等)突然发生，爆发
break through 突破　break off 中断；折断
take (...) into account 把……考虑进去(＝take account of)
...even taking into account its transport. ……即使考虑到运输。
·We take into account every factor on the judgment of defects.要综合考虑各方面因素对缺陷进行评判。
account for 是……的原因，解释；(在数量或比例上)占
give sb a (full) account of (详细)描述……
on all accounts 无论如何
on account of 因为，由于
on no account 决不(在句首时，句子用部分倒装语序)　
However, making a paper bag uses four times as much energy as making a plastic bag and up to three times the amount of water. 然而，制造一个纸袋所消耗的能量是制造一个塑料袋的四倍，用水量是制造塑料袋的三倍。
1. 动名词作主语
(1)单个动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
(2)动名词和动词不定式都可以作主语。动名词作主语，表示一般或抽象的多次性的行为；动词不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
动名词短语作主语，常用it 作形式主语。常用于以下固定句型：
It is no use/good doing sth
It is a waste of time doing sth
It’s useless/fun/worthwhile doing sth
·It’s a waste of time playing video games every day.
每天玩电脑游戏简直就是浪费时间。
·It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。
2. 表达倍数常用的几种形式：
(1)倍数＋as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as＋其他
(2)倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than＋其他
(3)倍数＋the＋size/height/weight/length/width/depth...＋of＋其他
(4)倍数＋what 从句
1. 上述结构中的“倍数”部分也可用分数、百分数代替。
2. 表示两倍时，一般用 twice/double；表示三倍或三倍以上时用“基数词＋times”。　
这条路的长度是三年前的四倍。
·The road is four times as long as it was three years ago.
＝The road is four times the length of what it was three years ago.
＝The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago.
It is the production of food, not its transport, that uses most of the energy and produces most of the greenhouse gases. 消耗最多能源和产生最多温室气体的是食品生产，而不是食品运输。
本句是强调句型，句型结构为It is...that...。
该句型可强调主语、宾语、状语等，但不能强调谓语。
1. 陈述句：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分。
2. 一般疑问句：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分？
3. 特殊疑问句：疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that＋其他部分？
4. not...until... 的强调句型：It is/was not until...that＋其他部分。
1. 强调句型中的 it 不能用其他词代替。
2. 用is 还是was 要根据原句的时态而定： 属于现在或将来时间范畴的所有时态用is；属于过去时间范畴的所有时态用was。
3. 被强调部分指人时，可以用 who 代 替that, 其他情况一律用that。
4. 判断句子是否为强调句型的方法：去掉it is/was 与that/who, 剩余部分若结构完整、句意明确，则为强调句型，否则就不是。
·I met an old deskmate at the railway station yesterday.
强调主语：It was I that/who met an old deskmate at the railway station yesterday.
强调宾语：It was an old deskmate that/who I met at the railway station yesterday.
强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met an old deskmate yesterday.
强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met an old deskmate at the railway station.
非谓语动词作宾语补足语
一、 现在分词作宾语补足语
　　宾语与宾补是主动关系，主要用于以下两类动词后作宾语补足语：
1. 位于感官动词后，如：see, hear, feel, smell, watch, catch(当场发现)，find, listen to, look at, notice, observe 等。
感官动词see, hear, watch, observe 等后跟doing 作宾补，表示动作正在进行；后跟do 作宾补，表示动作的全过程。
·On the bank of the river,we found him sitting on a bench,with his eyes fixed on a kite in the sky.
在河岸，我们发现他坐在长凳上，眼睛盯着天上的一个风筝。
·I saw her leave a few minutes ago. 我看见她几分钟前离开了。
2. 位于使役动词后， 如set, keep, have, get, leave 等。
·The boss kept them working twelve hours a day. 老板让他们一天不停地干十二小时的工作。
·Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain.别让她在外面雨中等候。
在有些动词(短语)，如regard, describe, accept, think of, look on 等之后，可由as 引出动词-ing 形式作宾补。
·They regarded his silence as agreeing with the plan.他们将他的沉默视为同意该
计划。
·She is regarded as being one of the best writers.她被认为是最优秀的作家之一。
·The poet described the river as flowing gently through the valley. 诗人描绘了那条河流缓缓地流过山谷。
二、 过去分词作宾语补足语
1. 作用：过去分词作宾语补足语说明宾语的性质或状态，宾语与过去分词之间为被动关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的承受者。
2. 能用过去分词作宾补的几类动词
(1)表示感觉和心理状态的感官动词或短语，常见的有see,hear,find,notice,observe,
look at,listen to等。感官动词后加过去分词作宾补，表示被动和完成，也可表示状态。
·Back from his two-year medical service in Africa,Dr Liu was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
在非洲援助两年回来后，刘医生很高兴看到他的妈妈在家得到了很好的照顾。
·We are all hoping to see the building done by the end of this year.
我们都希望今年年底能看到大楼的建成。
(2)表示“使、令、让”等意义的使役动词，常见的有have,make,get,keep等。
①have sth done 可表示四种含义：(主语)请/派别人完成某事；(主语)完成某事(可能参与)；(主语)遭受某种不幸的情况；用于否定句中，表示“不允许……；不让……”。
·I had all his spelling mistakes corrected.
我纠正了他所有的拼写错误。
·He had his leg broken in the race yesterday.
他在昨天的比赛中摔断了腿。
②make 常用于make oneself heard/understood/known,意为“让人听到/理解/知道自己说的话”。
·Being poor at English,I’m afraid I can’t make myself understood in the English speech competition.
由于英语很差劲，我怕在参加英语演讲比赛时无法让别人理解我的意思。
③keep可用于keep sb/sth done结构，意为“使某人/某事一直处于某种状态”。
·Linda put up a picture of Taylor Swift beside the bed to keep herself reminded of her own dream.
琳达在她的床头贴了泰勒·斯威夫特的照片提醒自己不要忘了自己的梦想。
(3)表示“希望；愿望；命令”的动词，如want,wish,like,expect,order等。
·The boss wouldn’t like the problem discussed at the moment.
老板不希望现在讨论这个问题。
3. 过去分词用在“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构中
·You have no idea how she finished the relay race with her foot wounded so much.
你不知道她是怎样在脚受伤如此严重的情况下完成接力赛的。
　　学科核心素养是学科育人价值的集中体现，是学生通过学科学习而逐步形成的正确价值观念、必备品格和关键能力。英语学科的核心素养包括语言能力、思维品质、文化意识和学习能力。
独角鲸是一种头上长有长牙的海洋哺乳动物。专家表示，随着气候变暖，海冰融化，船舶航线增多，海洋噪声增加，到2025年，独角鲸有可能会因海洋噪声污染而灭绝。
主题：鲸鱼数量下降
学科素养：文化意识
难度系数：★★★
Narwhal population affected by underwater noise pollution
Of all the creatures on the planet, the narwhal(独角鲸) is one of the strangest looking. It’s a whale which has a large protruding tusk(突出的牙) coming out of its head； that’s how it got its nickname, the unicorn(独角兽) of the sea. They live in the Arctic Ocean off the coast of Canada, Russia and East Greenland. However, experts say some populations of narwhal could be extinct by 2025， and it’s all because of noise pollution.
Narwhals rely on echolocation(回声定位)， which they use to find food and navigate their surroundings. The animal produces a sound wave which bounces off an object. They pick this reflected sound up through their lower jaw, and information on features like size and speed passes to their ears.
However, increase in human marine activity, as well as climate change, has resulted in the Arctic Ocean becoming noisier, which means it’s more difficult for narwhals to rely on sound. Susanna Blackwell, who studies the effects of underwater noise on marine animals, said that there is noisier activity in the Arctic Ocean than ever because, as sea ice melts, new navigation routes are opening. And while icebergs, breaking and creaking have been part of the ocean soundscape for hundreds of years, man-made noise is much harder for animals to adapt to, particularly as these changes are so sudden.
Research published in Science Advances in 2023 recorded the reactions of narwhals to the simulated(模拟的) noises of oil expeditions made by a patrol vessel(巡逻船). The scientists tagged and tracked the creatures and found that, on hearing these sounds, they ended deepdives and stopped clicking, the echolocation signal they use for finding food underwater. This is the same reaction narwhals have to orcas(虎鲸)， who hunt them, meaning human-made noise could trigger the creature’s “threat button”.
So, what can we do？ Charlotte Findlay, a postdoctoral fellow at Aarhus University,
says “noise is actually quite easy to solve. We need to either turn it off or turn it down.”
However, increase in human marine activity, as well as climate change, has resulted in the Arctic Ocean becoming noisier, which means it’s more difficult for narwhals to
　　　　　　　　　　　　 非限制性定语从句
rely on sound.
然而，人类海洋活动的增加以及气候变化导致北冰洋变得更加嘈杂，这意味着独角鲸更难依赖声音。
And while icebergs, breaking and creaking have been part of the ocean soundscape
　　　　　　　　　 让步状语从句
for hundreds of years, man-made noise is much harder for animals to adapt to, particularlyas these changes are sosudden.
　 原因状语从句
尽管数百年来，冰山破碎和吱吱作响已经是海洋声音景观的一部分了，但人造噪声对动物来说更难适应，尤其是这些变化来得如此突然的情况下。
extinct adj. 灭绝的　　　 adapt to 适应
track v. 跟踪 hunt v. 捕猎
bounce off 从……反弹
navigation route 航线
soundscape n. 声音景观
tag v. 标记，给……加上标签