2021-2022学年牛津版高中英语选修八：Unit3 The world of colours and light知识点学案 （Word版含答案）

Module 8 Unit 3 The world of colours and light
一、重点单词与短语：
1. abstract adj. 抽象的；抽象派的；理论上的；难解的，深奥的 (反：concrete)
n. 摘要，概要；抽象，抽象物；抽象派艺术作品 [c/u]
vt. 提取，抽取；转移（注意等）；概括，摘录
abstract noun 抽象名词 abstract art 抽象艺术
①in the abstract 抽象地；理论上；就大体而言
▲abstraction n. 抽象，抽象概念
▲abstractly adv. 抽象地
典题赏析：
1) I am talking about it _________（从理论上）now.
2) He didn’t _______ his research for improving his understanding of these puzzles.
A. abandon B. advocate C. abstract D. adore
3) We’ve got a general idea of what we want, but nothing _______ at the moment.
A. concrete B. ordinary C. abstract D. standard
2. consensus n. 共识，一致同意 [c/u]
①a consensus of opinion 意见的一致
②reach a consensus on sth. 在某事上取得一致意见
③build a consensus with sb. 和某人达成一致意见
典题赏析：
1) The government is also undertaking important educational work based on the _______ of the members that the best form of conservation is the prevention of damage.
A. consequence B. scene C. scenery D. consensus
2) There seems to be a _______ that the plan should be given up.
A. prevention B. measure C. consensus D. recognition
3) The scientists must have made many trials before reaching a _______.
A. consensus B. connection C. contribution D. conclusion
3. calculate vt. & vi. 计算；估计，推测；打算，有……企图
①calculate on/upon 指望；依靠，依赖
②calculate on/upon sb doing sth 料到某人会做某事
③be calculated to do sth. 打算做某事；故意做某事
④It is calculated that… 据估算……
▲calculation n. 计算 [c]；计算的结果 [u]
▲calculator n. 计算者；计算机 [c]
▲calculating adj. 计算用的；精明的，有心计的 calculating machine 计算机
典题赏析：
1) The loss has not yet been ____ accurately, but it is believed to be well beyond a hundred million dollars.
A. calculated B. considered C. completed D. controlled
2) We’re calculating _______ an early start.
A. at B. on C. for D. in
4. shadow n. 阴影，影子；阴暗处 [c/u]
①cast/throw a shadow on 给……投下阴影
②catch at shadows 捕风捉影
③have shadows under the eyes 眼圈发黑
④in shadow 在阴暗处
⑤under the shadow of 在……的庇护下，因……的影响
▲shadowy adj. 有影的；多荫的；朦胧的
注：shade n. 荫，阴凉处 [u]；（图画、照相等的）阴影部分 [u]
典题赏析：
1) We took a nap in the _______ of a big tree.
A. show B. shadow　　 C. shallow D. shade
2) It is ridiculous of you to be afraid of your own ___ which follows everywhere you go when there is light.
A. shade B. shadow C. figure D. sculpture
3) The umbrella was not invented as a protection against rain. It was used as a ______ against the sun.
A. block B. shadow C. cushion D. shade
4) The sunlight is white and blinding, ______hard-edged shadows on the ground. 【全国卷】
A. throwing B. being thrown C. to throw D. to be thrown
5. commit vt. 犯（错误、罪行），干（坏事、傻事）；
把……交付给/押给……；承诺，保证
①commit an error/a crime 犯错误/犯罪
②commit suicide自杀
③commit…to… 把……投入到/交付给/押给……；使……承担……的义务，使……作出……的保证
▲committed adj. 尽心尽力的；坚信的；坚定的
④be committed to 坚信……；忠诚于……
▲commitment n. 承诺，保证 [c]；责任，义务 [c]；投入，奉献 [u]
⑤make a commitment to (doing) sth. 承诺/保证（干）某事
典题赏析：
1) He has _______ himself to supporting the abandoned baby.
A. promised B. committed C. recognized D. admitted
2) By signing the lease（租约）we made a _______ to paying a rent of $150 a week.
A. comment B. commitment C. conception D. consensus
3) Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big _______, but now I know it was the best decision I ever made. 【湖北卷】
A. project B. commitment C. competition D. ambition
6. being n. 身心 [u]；生存，存在 [u]；生物，存在物 [c]
①the whole being 整个身心，全部身心
②a human being 人
③come into being 形成，产生，成立
④bring into being 使形成，使产生
⑤for the time being 眼下，暂时
典题赏析：
1) All sorts of spare-time schools _______ in our city during the past few years.
A. have come into being B. came into being C. come into being D. were set up
2) Can you share a book with him _______？We’ll let you have a new one next Monday.
A. at a time B. all the time C. for the time being D. at one time
7. reward n. 奖赏，奖金 [c]；报酬，报答 [c/u]
vt. 奖赏，酬劳，报答
①a reward of＄500 五百美元的悬赏
②in reward for 作为……的奖赏
③a reward for 对……的奖赏
④reward sb. for (doing) sth. 因（干）某事而奖赏某人
⑤reward sb. with sth. 用……奖励/报答某人
典题赏析：
1) What a pity! He got nothing in _______ for his hard work.
A. award B. prize C. reward D. result
2) The foreign guests gave us some jewels like precious stones, gold rings and so on as gifts, but we didn’t know what to give them _______.
　A. in turn B. in return C. in reward D. in honor
3) You deserve a day off as a(n) _______ for working so hard.
A. reward B. award C. return D. holiday
8. upwards of 在……以上，大于，超过 (= over/more than)
典题赏析：
1) He found it difficult to support a family, for ______＄40 was spent on food every day.
A. instead of B. upwards of C. above all D. as well
9. be off to 动身去……
典题赏析：
1) All his hard work _______; he became a success as expected.
A. turned out B. picked out C. paid off D. was off
2) They will be _______ to Beijing tomorrow.
A. leaving B. leave C. of D. off
10. passer-by 过路者，行人
复合名词复数的构成：
1) 一般将主体名词变为复数：
passer-by — passers-by 过路人
looker-on — lookers-on 旁观者
father-in-law — fathers-in-law 岳父
comrade-in-arms — comrades-in-arms 战友
place of interest — places of interest 名胜
vice-president — vice-presidents 副总统
dining-room — dining-rooms 餐厅
2) 无主体名词，在词尾变复数：
grown-up — grown-ups 成年人
go-between — go-betweens 中间人
look-out — look-outs 守望者
good-for-nothing — good-for-nothings 无用的人
forget-me-not — forget-me-nots 勿忘草
典题赏析：
1) The Germans kept those _______ in a secret place.
A. prisoners-of-war B. prisoner-of-wars C. prisoner-ofs-war D. prisoners-of-wars
2) A boy blind in both eyes lay on the ground, with many _______ standing there.
A. looker-ons B. lookers-on C. lookers-ons D. looker-on
3) After ten years, all these youngsters became _______.
A. growns-ups B. growns-up C. grown-up D. grown-ups
11. cloth n. 布，织物 [u]；（一块）布，台布，揩布 [c]
①a piece of cloth 一块布
②a table cloth 一块桌布
③lay the cloth 预备开席
④remove the cloth 饭后撤席
⑤cut from the same cloth 从同一块布上裁出；一路货色
⑥make out of whole cloth 纯属虚构；凭空捏造
辨析：与clothes，clothing和dress的区别
1) clothes n.“衣服”，是最常用词，统指身上的各种衣服，是复数名词，不能直接与数词连用，后接复数动词。
a suit of clothes 一套衣服
She often wears beautiful?clothes. 她经常穿着漂亮的衣服。
2) clothing n. “衣服，服装 [u]”，是服装的总称，没有复数形式，后接单数动词。
a piece of clothing/an item of clothing/an article of clothing 一件衣服
food and clothing 衣食 children’s clothing 儿童服 winter clothing冬装
clothing manufacturer服装厂 protective clothing防护服
3) dress n. 女服，连衣裙 [c]；礼服 [u]；服装 [u]（尤指外衣）
She often wears a beautiful dress. 她经常穿着漂亮的连衣裙。
full/evening dress 大礼服/晚礼服
He?doesn’t care much about dress. 他不太注意衣着。
典题赏析：
1) Food and _______ are very important to us all.
A. clothes B. cloth C. clothing D. dress
2) How _______ dose it take to make a dress for the girl?
A. many cloth B. many clothes C. much cloth D. much clothes
3) Being poor, she had to borrow a new _______ so as to attend the party.
A. cloth B. clothes C. clothing D. dress
12. cut up 切碎，切掉；使丧气，使痛心
①cut in 插嘴；突然插入；超车抢道
②cut down 砍倒；（疾病等）夺去生命；削减，缩短
③cut off 切掉，剪下，删去；切断，断绝
④cut out 切掉，删掉；使适合 (cut…out of… 从……切下……)
⑤cut back on 削减，缩减，减少
⑥cut through 抄近路穿过；刺穿，剪断
⑦cut across 抄近路穿过，对直通过；违反，和……相反；超越
典题赏析：
1) _______ from the outside by the flood for months, the villagers are short of everything.
A. Cut away B. Cut down C. Cut off D. Cut out
2) Mary was in hospital for three days. She felt as if she was _____ from the outside world for a long time.
A. cut off B. cut down C. cut up D. cut in
3) After the big job was finished, the builder _______ the number of men working for him.
A. cut off B. cut down on C. cut up D. cut in
4) If you don’t _______ your smoking, I will _______ your supply.
A. cut up; cut down B. cut down; cut off C. cut in; cut off D. cut in; cut up
13. lay out 布置，设计；铺开，展开
①lay aside 搁在一边；存，积蓄
②lay down 放下，交出；规定，制定，主张
③lay on 安装；安排；准备，提供
④lay…on…把……加于……上 (lay the blame on 责怪，责备； lay stress/emphasis on 强调)
⑤lay…to… 把……归罪于……
⑥lay off 解雇
典题赏析：
1) The city was _______ with the town hall on a hill in the centre.
A. made out B. got out C. set out D. laid out
2) Why don’t you _______ that problem _______ for a while and think about it later.
A. lay; aside B. lay; down C. lay; out D. lay; off
3) The store had to _______ a number of clerks because sales were down.
A. lay out B. lay off C. lay aside D. lay down
14. have/want a go (at) 试一试
①have/want a go at (doing) sth. 尝试（干）某事
②make a go of 在……方面成功；相处得好
③on the go 来来回回，忙个不停，四处奔走
典题赏析：
1) Hi, Jane, can I have a _______ on your new bike?
A. come B. go C. stay D. walk
二、重点句型：
1. Besides the works of da Vinci, the Louvre Museum has more than 6,000 other European paintings, ranging from the 13th century to the 19th century.
除了达芬奇的作品，卢浮宫还藏有六千余件其他欧洲画家的画作，时间跨度从13世纪到19世纪。
分析：1) 句中“ranging from the 13th century to the 19th century”是现在分词短语在句中作定语，修饰European paintings。其中range from… to…意为“从……到……不等，在……范围内变化”。注意：单个现在分词作定语时放在所修饰的词前，即作前置定语；现在分词短语作定语时放在所修饰的词后，即作后置定语。它们在意思上都相当于一个定语从句。
a sleeping boy 一个正在熟睡的男孩（= a boy who is sleeping.）
the rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳（= the sun which is rising.）
I like the girl sitting on the right. (= I like the girl who is sitting on the right.)
我喜欢坐在右边的那个女孩。
The child standing over there is my brother. (The child who is standing over there is my brother.)
站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
2) 现在分词和过去分词作定语时的区别：
现在分词表示动作正在进行或主动意义；过去分词表示动作已经完成或被动意义。
He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
There are some old traditions in the village, dating back to the Tang Dynasty.
这个村子里有很多古老的传统，可以追溯到唐朝。
a broken cup 一个被打碎的杯子
The road built last year leads to my hometown. 去年建成的那条马路通往我的家乡。
She is seeing a film directed by Zhang Yimou. 她正在看一部张艺谋导演的电影。
典题赏析：
1) People _______ in the city do not know the pleasure of country life.
A. live B. to live C. lived D. living
2) The ________ boy was last seen ________ near the East Lake.
A. missing; playing B. missing; play C. missed; played D. missed; to play
3) She was the only girl _______ to go to the party yesterday.
A. to invite B. inviting C. to be invited D. invited
4) The first textbooks _______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
5) Recently a survey _______ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.
A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared
6) Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases _______ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. known C. to be known D. having been known
7) The number of students in each class _______ from 65 to 70, their ages _______ from 14 to 17.
A. ranges; ranges B. is ranged; range C. ranges; ranging D. is ranged; ranges
参考答案：
一、重点单词与短语：
1. in the abstract AA 2. DCD 3. AB 4. DBDA 5. BBB 6. AC 7. CBA 8. B 9. CD 10. ABD 11. CCD 12. CABB 13. DAB 14. B
二、重点句型：
1. DADDBBC