2021-2022学年上教版（2020）高中英语：必修一 Unit 4 My space.单元知识点讲解 学案（含答案）
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2021-2022学年上教版（2020）高中英语：
必修一 Unit 4 My space.单元知识点讲解 学案
【词语和词组】
词汇部分：
1. experiment n.实验；试验
2. capable adj.有能力的
3. survive v.生存；存货；继续存在
4. unfortunately adv.不幸地；遗憾地；可惜地；可悲地
5. labour -saving 省力的；节省劳力的；降低劳动强度的
6. device n.装置；仪器；器具；设备
7. immediately adv.立即；马上；即刻
8. disappear v.消失；不见
9. regularly adv.有规律地
10. bomb n.炸弹
11. goods n.商品；货品
12. petrol n.汽油
13. boil v.（使）沸腾；煮沸；烧开
14. aim n.目的；目标
15. narrow adj.狭窄的；窄小的
16. suffer v.（因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦，受难，受折磨
17. argue v.论证；说理；争辩
18. decrease v.（使大小、数量等）减少，减小，降低
19. apartment n.（通常指在同一楼层的）公寓套房
20. definitely adv.肯定；当然；确实
. stuff n.东西，物品
22. downstairs adj.楼下的
23. piano n.钢琴
24. talent n.天才；天资；天赋
25. curtain n.窗帘
26. gather v.搜集，收集（情报）
27. data n.数据；资料；材料
28. download v.下载
29. software n.软件
30. company n.公司；商号；商行
31. load v.（把大量……）装上，装入
32. file n.文件
33. percentage n.百分率；百分比
34. recommend v.推荐
35. prefer v.较喜欢；喜欢……多于……
36. responsibility n.职责；义务；任务
37. arrange v.整理；排列；布置
38. poster n.海报
39. extremely adv.极其；极端；非常
40. slightly adv.略微；稍微
41. technique n.技术；技能
42. grab v.引人注意；吸引
43. brochure n.资料（或广告）手册
44. intended adj.意欲达到的；打算的；计划的
45. ceiling n.天花板；顶棚
46. occasion n.特别的事情（或仪式、庆典）
47. upper-class adj.上流社会的
48. adult n.成年人
49. soul n.灵魂
50. time-honoured adj.古老而受到尊重的；历史悠久的；由来已久的
51. style n.风格；体
短语部分：
52. hang on 等等（好像有什么不对或新的情况出现）
53. take cover 躲避；隐蔽
54. domestic chore 家务琐事
55. to somebody’s credit 使值得表扬；使受尊重
56. science fiction 科幻小说（或影片等）
57. be attractive to 对……有吸引力的
【重点单词】
1. capable adj.有能力的
The kitchen is capable of catering for several hundred people.
这间厨房可为数百人提供饮食。
She's a very capable speaker.
她是一个非常有能力的演说者。
【固定搭配】
be capable of doing sth. 能够做某事
【近义词辨析】
competent 指“胜任”，“合格”，或受过专业技术等训练的，但不是超群的能力。如：A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。)
able 为常用词，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，一般下效率无关，用作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如：A cat is able to see in the dark. (猫在黑暗中能看见东西。)
capable 指满足一般要求的能力，可以是表现出来的，也可是潜在的，搭配是be capable of +doing。用作定语，表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如：He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He is a very capable doctor. (他是一位很好的大夫。)
survive v.生存；存货；继续存在
2. goods n.商品；货品
Money can be exchanged for goods or services.
钱可以用来换取商品或服务。
【近义词辨析】
commodity 作“商品”解时系经济学名词，也可指日用品。
merchandise 正式用词，指商业上销售或商家拥有货物的总称。
ware 指上市待卖的商品或货物。多用复数形式。
freight 指“货物”时，可与goods互换，此系美国英语。在英国，freight志指船装货物。
goods 一般生活或商业用词，指销售或购入的商品。
3. aim n.目的；目标
The aim of the festival is to increase awareness of culture and traditions.
这个庆祝活动的目的是增强人们对文化和传统的认识。
【拓展】
aim也可以做动词：
1）以…为目标；常用搭配为：aim for/at sth. aim to do sth.
He said he would aim for the 100 metre world record at the world championships in August.
他说他将以在8月举行的世界锦标赛上打破100米世界纪录为目标。
Businesses will have to aim at long-term growth.
企业必须以长期增长为目标。
The programme aims to educate and prepare students for a challenging career.
这个项目旨在教育学生使其为一个具有挑战性的职业做好准备。
2) 瞄准 aim sth at…
The hunter aimed his gun at the wolf.
猎人用枪瞄准了狼。
3）旨在做某事 be aimed at…
The new measures are aimed at tightening existing sanctions.
这些新措施旨在加强现行的制裁。
n. 瞄准
He stood with the gun gripped in his right hand and his left hand steadying his aim.
他站着用右手紧握住枪，用左手把稳瞄准。
4. suffer v.（因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦，受难，受折磨
Within a few days she had become seriously ill, suffering great pain and discomfort.
在几天时间里她已病得很重，经受了极大的痛苦和不适。
He was eventually diagnosed as suffering from terminal cancer.
他最后被诊断为癌症晚期。
注意：suffer from 后面多跟疾病。
The peace process has suffered a serious blow now.
该和平进程现已受到一次沉重的打击。
suffering n. 受苦，痛苦
5. argue v. 争吵，论证；说理；争辩；
The committee is concerned about players' behaviour, especially arguing with referees.
该委员会担心运动员的表现，尤其担心他们与裁判争吵。
Don't argue with me.
不要和我争辩。
【固定搭配】
argue with sb. 与…争论；
argue about sth. 争论某事；
argue over sth. 争论某事。
【近义词辨析】
argue 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
reason 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
discuss 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
dispute 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
debate 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
quarrel 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
6. decrease v.（使大小、数量等）减少，减小，降低
Population growth is decreasing by 1.4% each year.
人口增长每年下降1.4%。
The number of independent firms decreased from 198 to 96.
独立公司的数量从198家减到了96家。
In Spain and Portugal there has been a decrease in the number of young people out of work.
在西班牙和葡萄牙，失业青年人数已经有所下降。
反义词：increase 增加，增长。
注意：
后常跟介词by和to,注意其意义差别：
increase/decrease by… 增加了/减少了…
increase/decrease to… 增加到/减少到…
【近义词辨析】
diminish, decline, alleviate, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，减轻”的意思，其区别是：
diminish v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。
The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.由于战争石油的供应减少了。
decline v. (数目、价格、比率)下降；谢绝，婉言推辞；衰退，衰落。
Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
He declined our invitation to dinner.他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。
alleviate v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和
The painkiller alleviated the pain.止疼药减缓了疼痛。
decrease v.指数量上的减少；力量或者强度的减弱。
The population decreased a lot last year.去年人口数量急剧下降。
reduce v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。
He reduced the amount of money they could spend.他缩减了他们的开销。
7. definitely adv.肯定；当然；确实
I'm definitely going to get in touch with these people.
我一定要联系上这些人。
【拓展】
definite adj. 明确的，确切的
It's too soon to give a definite answer.
现在给予明确答复还为时尚早。
She made no definite plans for her future.
她对自己的未来没有明确的计划。
We didn't have any definite proof.
我们没有任何确凿的证据。
【形近词】
define /d??fa?n/ vt. 给…下定义; 解释
We need to define the task ahead very clearly.
我们需要明确今后的任务。
【常用搭配】
define sth as… 把…定义为…
sth. be defined as… …被定义为…
8. stuff n.东西，物品
This is high quality stuff.
这是高品质的东西。
【拓展】
vt. 把…塞进
I stuffed my hands in my pockets.
我把双手塞进了我的口袋里。
把…装满
He grabbed my purse, opened it and stuffed it full, then gave it back to me.
他抢走我的钱包，打开并把它装得满满的，然后还给了我。
9. download v.下载
Users can download their material to a desktop PC back in the office.
用户们可以将他们的资料下载到办公室的台式计算机上。
反义词：upload vt. 上传
All you need to do is upload the files on to your web space.
你所需要做的只是把文件上传到你的网络空间。
10. company n.公司；商号；商行
Sheila found some work as a secretary in an insurance company.
希拉在一家保险公司找到了一份做秘书的工作。
【拓展】
company还有”陪伴”的意思:
Why don't you stay here and keep Emma company?
你为什么不留在这儿陪埃玛做伴？
【近义词辨析】
firm 含义广泛，可指公司、商行或商号。规模可大可小，经营、管理的人员可多可少。
company 多指生产或销售产品的公司、商号，也可指经办服务性项目的公司。
corporation 多指一个人拥有或多人联办的大公司，也指在其它地区或国家拥有分公司的公司。
11. load v.（把大量……）装上，装入
The three men seemed to have finished loading the truck.
这3个人好像已经装好了那辆卡车。
n. 装载物
He drove by with a big load of hay.
他开着装满干草的车过去了。
n. 许多
I've got loads of money.
我有许多钱。
12. file n.文件
Be sure to save the revised version of the file under a new filename.
确保将改过的文件版本另存在一个新的文件名下。
vt. 使归档
They are all filed alphabetically under author.
它们都是在作者一栏下面按字母顺序来归档的。
13. recommend v.推荐; 建议(后常跟宾语从句的虚拟语气)
I just spent a holiday there and would recommend it to anyone.
我刚在那儿度过一个假期，愿意向任何人推荐那里。
I recommend (that) he should see a lawyer. （虚拟语气，should可以省略）
我建议他去找个律师。
n. recommendation n. 推荐
【近义词辨析】
propose, prescribe, suggest, advocate, recommend
这组词都有“劝告、主张、建议”的意思，其区别是：
propose 多指较正式地提出建议。
prescribe 多指医生对病人在用药或饮食等方面的建议。
suggest 语气较委婉，指提出不成熟的建议或参见意见。
advocate 指公开表明对某事或某行为的完全赞同，语气强于recommend。
recommend 指向对方提出公开的建议或规劝。
14. responsibility n.职责；义务；任务
No one admitted responsibility for the attacks.
没有人对这些袭击负责。
The court feels it has a responsibility to ensure that customers are not misled.
该法院觉得其有责任确保消费者们不被误导。
【拓展】 adj responsible 负责的
【搭配】 be responsible for… 对…负责；
He still felt responsible for her death.
他依然觉得对她的死负有责任。
15. arrange v.整理；排列；布置
She arranged an appointment for Friday afternoon at four-fifteen.
她安排了一个星期五下午四点一刻的约会。
I've arranged to see him on Friday morning.
我已经安排了星期五早上见他。
I will arrange for someone to take you around.
我会安排好人领你转转。
When she has a little spare time she enjoys arranging dried flowers.
她有一点闲暇时间就喜欢插干花。
【固定搭配】
arrange for 安排…
arrange to do sth . 安排做某事。
16. intended adj.意欲达到的；打算的；计划的
1）vt. 打算
Maybe he intends to leave her.
也许他打算离开她。
What do you intend doing when you get to this place?
你打算到这里干什么？
2）. 被用于 (某目的或某人) ，常用被动；
This money is intended for the development of the tourist industry.
这笔钱是准备用于发展旅游业的。
Columns are usually intended in architecture to add grandeur and status.
柱子被用于建筑通常是为了增添宏伟和高贵。
17. take cover 躲避；隐蔽
But it appears that warmer spring temperatures drive lizards to take cover and rest-rather than gather the food necessary to spur reproduction.
而事实却是，春季的高温让蜥蜴在这时节早早躲起来休息，将收集食物和繁衍后代的工作抛在了一边。
18. domestic chore 家务琐事
domestic adj. 国内的；家庭的；驯养的
domestic market 国内市场
domestic demand 国内需求；本地内部需求
domestic product 国内产品；本地生产
gross domestic product (gdp) 国内生产总值
gross domestic product (GDP) 国内生产总值
【课堂练习】
I. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box below. Change the form where necessary.
intends store company escape stuff arrange
file recommend load definite capable
1. The company has overspent on marketing.
这个公司在市场推广方面开支过多。
2. I could arrange to meet with you any day next week.
我可以安排在下周的任何一天和你见一面。
3. I selected a file and pressed the delete key.
我选定了一份文件，然后按下了删除键。
4. Joseph is the right man for the job. You should recommend him.
约瑟夫是这份工作的合适人选。你该推荐他。
5. We didn't have any definite proof.
我们没有任何确凿的证据。
6. Carrying more than a light load on your bicycle makes it more difficult to control.
自行车上携带超额负载会使自行车更难以控制。
7. Be very careful with this stuff, it can be dangerous if it isn't handled properly.
对这东西要小心，处理得不好可能会发生危险。
8. He intends to get rid of the tipping practice.
他打算取消给小费的做法。
9. Two police officers had a narrow escape when rioters attacked their vehicles.
暴徒们攻击他们的车辆时，两名警官死里逃生。
10. You are capable of better work than this.
你有能力做得比这更好。
company arrange file recommend definite
load stuff intends escape capable store
II. Grammar
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks,?use one word that best fits each blank.
Asleep on a plane: a case for window seats
I love to sleep on planes, and I have an unusual ability to sleep well on them. There have even been one or two occasions () __________ I have fallen asleep before takeoff and awakened upon the impact of landing, not having realized we had even left the ground. So when (22) __________ (book) my flights, I always choose the window seat whenever possible. This allows me to lean my sleepy head against the wall of the plane for a bit (23) __________ (much) comfort.
Some (24) __________ argue that the aisle (走廊) seat is superior for the leg space and the ability to get off swiftly and eye the snack cart. But in reality, we’re all getting our drinks and snacks (25) __________ seconds. Also, I find that if a person knows he’s in a window seat, he’ll choose to use the bathroom before boarding so that he (26) __________ (not need) to disturb his neighbor, which is just considerate. And he’ll seize the opportunity to get up when another seatmate gets up so that the seatmate needn’t (27) __________ (bother) more than once.
As a photographer and visually oriented person, the window seat gives me the best views of cottony clouds, or a great sunset, or golden sunrise, etc. Most of all, (28) __________ __________ I’ve been flying for years, I still get pleasure of seeing my departing city or country (29) __________ (shrink) into the distance, and the butterflies in my stomach when I see the horizon of my destination come into view. And those feelings of adventure and excitement are (30) __________ keep me coming back, flight after flight, to my window seat.
. when / where 22. booking 23. more 24. may / do 25. within / in
26. won’t need 27. be bothered 28. even though 29. shrink / shrinking 30. what
定语关系副词的用法
关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用：在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
先行词
关系副词
关系副词在从句中充当的句子成分
指地点
where
地点状语
指时间
when
时间状语
指原因
why
原因状语
1.关系副词where的用法
由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building，city，room等，where在从句中作地点状语。
①The hotel was very clean.那家旅馆很干净。
②We stayed there/at the hotel.我呆在那儿/那家旅馆。
③=①+②The hotel where we stayed was very clean.我们呆过的那家旅馆很干净。
先行词 定语从句
（where在从句中代替there或at the hotel，作地点状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述
The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.
=The hotel at which we stayed was very clean.
I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more.
=I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more.
=I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.我已经到了无法应付的阶段。
This is the house where I was born.这就是我出生的那所房子。
2.关系副词when的用法
由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time，day，date等，when在从句中作时间状语。
I’ll never forget the time when we first met.我永远不会忘记我们第一次相遇时的情景。
先行词 定语从句
（when在从句中代替during the time，作时间状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述：I’ll never forget the time during which we first met.
The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th.
他加入南非国民议会青年同盟的日期是8月5日。
注意：从语法来讲，这个句子中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。
3.关系副词why的用法
由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。
The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.我获得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。
先行词 定语从句
（why在从句中代替reason，作原因状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述：The reason (that/for) which I got a job was that I worked hard.
The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane.
=The reason (that) she was late was that she missed her plane.
注意：一般来讲，在定语从句中，只要先行词是the reason，它的关系副词就是why；和when一样，在口语中，关系副词why常被that代替，也可以省略。
=The reason for which she was late was that she missed her plane.
她迟到的原因是她错过了班机。
Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason why she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason (that) she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason for which she left.
艾米没有获得加薪，但是这并不是她离开的主要原因。
The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
=The reason (that) I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
=The reason for which I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
我给你打电话的原因是想邀请你参加一个聚会。
补充：带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型
定语从句“The reason why/that...”或“...the reason why/that...”
I know the reason why she studies so well.我知道她学习好的原因。
表语从句“The reason is that...”（不能用why，否则就重复了）
The reason is that he is always careless in his work.原因是他在工作中总是粗心大意。
4.关系代词和关系副词的选用
对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是用关系副词，关键是要弄清楚关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词作状语，就是关系副词，口语用法除外。
①This is the college (that/which) I visited.这就是我参观过的学院。
②This is the college where I studied three years ago.这就是我3年前在那儿学习过的学院。
说明：两句中的先行词都是the college，但关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。②用关系副词where，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the college。
①I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.
我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。
②I’ll never forget the day when I got married.我永远忘不了我结婚的那一天。
说明：两句中的先行词都是the day，但是它们的关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词spent的宾语。②用关系副词when，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于介词短语on the way。
4.as引导的定语从句
as作为关系代词既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。
1.as引导的限定性定语从句
1.such...as...和the same...as...的用法
such...as...意为“像……一样的，像……之类”；the same...as...意为“和……同样的”。在这两个句型中，as是关系代词，such和same作定语，修饰主句里的某个名词（或代词），这个名词（或代词）是由as引导的定语从句的先行词，as在从句中可担任主语、宾语或表语。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.（as在从句中作主语）
我们找到了（像）他们厂里用的那种材料。
I seldom give my students such a difficult problem as they cannot work out.
我从来不会给我的学生出这样一道他们不能解决的难题。（as在从句中作宾语）
The result is not the same as they had expected.（as在从句中作宾语）
结果和他们预想的不一样。
比较：the same...that...和the same...as...
两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个，as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。
He is reading the same book that you bought yesterday.他看的书就是你昨天买的那本。
He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday.他看的书和你昨天买的书是一样的。
（指同一本书；指同一种书，但并不是你买的那一本）
This is the same pen that I lost.这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。
This is the same (kind/type/sort of) pen as I lost.这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。
（指同一支笔；指同类型的笔，但并不是我丢失的那一支）
2.such as...的用法
such as...中的such为代词，意思为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词such。
This book is not such as I expect.这不是一本我所盼望的书。
He told me of his experience such as I had never had before.
他给我讲了他的经验，我从来没有那种经验。
I have not many,but I will send you such as I have.我有的不多，但我愿把我所有的都送给你。
补充：such as还可以表示“诸如，例如，像……那样的”的意思，此时其后跟名词或名词短语等，如：They bought a lot of fruit,such as apples,oranges,etc.
他们买了许多水果，如苹果、橘子等。
2.as引导的非限定性定语从句
as可以像which一样引导非限定性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。此外，有些as引导的定语从句已成为固定用法。
as we know正如我们所知
as is often the case像通常那样
as has been said before如上所述
as is reported正如报道的那样
as is well known众所周知
as was expected正如预料的那样
She is very careful,as her work shows.正如她的工作所展现的那样，她是个细心的人。
As we know,smoking is harmful to one’s health.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
As is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.
像通常那样，我们已经制定出了生产计划。
比较：as和which引导的非限定性定语从句的联系和区别
as和which都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句至于主句之后时，as和which可以互换使用。
He didn’t tell me any news,as/which upset me.他没有告诉我任何消息，这使我很不安。
which引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时不能放在主句之前。as引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时可放在主句之前或之后，有时也可放在主语与谓语之间。
As is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.
=Talks between the two countries,as is reported in the newspapers,are making progress.
正如报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在进展中。
5.使用定语从句需注意的事项
1.定语从句中的主谓一致
A.定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的那个人吗？
B.as，which作主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语用单数。
As is usual,he came to school late this morning.像往常一样，他今天早晨上学又迟到了。
Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸气，这叫做蒸发。
C.先行词为“one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。
Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class.
弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一。
D.先行词为“the only one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。
He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.
他是惟一一个连续三年获得奖学金的学生。
2.what和how不能用于定语从句中
A.what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句互换。
（正）Tell me anything (that) you know.
（正）Tell me what you know.告诉我你所知道的一切。
说明：what引导的宾语从句相当于“anything/all+that”引导的定语从句。
（误）Tell me anything what you know.
B.how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。
（正）This is the way (that/in which) that boy worked out the problem.
（正）This is how that boy worked out the problem.（how引导表语从句）
（误）This is the way how that boy worked out the problem.
这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。
3.介词+关系代词
句型：名词/代词+介词+关系代词
简单句①The professor gave a lecture to us yesterday.那位教师昨天给我们上了一堂课。
简单句②I couldn’t understand the meaning of the lecture completely.
我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
合成为定语从句③=①+②The professor gave us a lecture yesterday,the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely. 名词+介词+关系代词
那位教授昨天给我们上了一堂课，我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
简单句①There are around 400 students in our grade.我们年级大约有400名学生。
简单句②Most of us are from the Xicheng District.我们中的大多数人都来自西城区。
合成为定语从句③=①+②There are around 400 students in our grade,most of whom are from the Xicheng District. 代词+介词+关系代词
我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数都来自西城区。
4.关系代词和关系副词的省略
1.关系代词的省略
A.在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。
Jane Hasek,who was my former English teacher,retired last year.
简·哈塞克今天退休了，他曾经是我的英语老师。
B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可以省略。
Sorry,I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want.对不起，我忘了把你要的杂志带过来。（which和that代替magazine，作动词want的宾语，可以省略）
C.关系代词作介词宾语，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句的句末，关系代词可以省略。
（正）This is the government building in which my father works.
（正）This is the government building (which/that) my father works in.
（误）This is the government building in my father works.这是我父亲工作的政府大楼。
D.there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词常可以省略。
There’s nothing (that) I can do about it.对此我毫无办法。
2.关系副词的省略
A.非限定性定语从句中关系副词不可以省略。
She lived in Nagoya for a couple of years,where she taught Chinese.
她在名古屋住了几年，在那儿教中文。
B.限定性定语从句中，若在口语和非正式语体中，某些表示地点、时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。先行词the reason后面的关系副词why也可以省略。
This is the plane (where) we first met two years ago.这就是我们两年前初次见面的地方。
He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.他还记得他在柏林学习的那些日子。
补充：可以省略关系副词when的时间名词有the time，every time，each time，the moment等。
Tell me the reason (why) your brother was absent yesterday.告诉我你哥哥昨天缺席的原因。
【课堂练习】
一、选择题
1. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，____________the weather may be better.
I know the girl ____________the teacher talked with yesterday.
He didn’t tell me the reason ____________he was so excited.
We visited the car factory ____________my uncle once worked three years ago.
Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ____________has been proved.
Though it is reasonable for the director to educate his staff，I don’t like the way ________he spoke to them.
This is the house ____________my grandfather lived three years ago.
The car ____________window got broken in the accident belongs to Mr. Brown.
The reason ____________he explained at the meeting was not sound.
..we were put into a position in ____________we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government.
翻译
他不能到那里去的原因是他卧病在床。
The reason ____________________________was that he was ill in bed.
我们生活在许多事情可以在电脑上做的时代。
We are living in an age ______________________________________.
毕业以后，他回到那个他长大的小镇上。
After graduation he returned to the small town ____________________________．
我不喜欢你跟你父母讲话的方式。
I don’t like the way ____________________________．
我永远也不会忘记和你一起工作的日子。
I’ll never forget the days ____________________________．
一、选择题
1. when 2. whom 3. why 4. where 5. which
6. that 7. where 8. whose 9. that/which 10. which
二、翻译
1. The reason why he could not go there
2. when many things are done on the computer
3. where/in which he grew up
4. (that/in which) you speak to your parents
5. when I worked together with you
必修一 Unit 4 My space.单元知识点讲解 学案
【词语和词组】
词汇部分：
1. experiment n.实验；试验
2. capable adj.有能力的
3. survive v.生存；存货；继续存在
4. unfortunately adv.不幸地；遗憾地；可惜地；可悲地
5. labour -saving 省力的；节省劳力的；降低劳动强度的
6. device n.装置；仪器；器具；设备
7. immediately adv.立即；马上；即刻
8. disappear v.消失；不见
9. regularly adv.有规律地
10. bomb n.炸弹
11. goods n.商品；货品
12. petrol n.汽油
13. boil v.（使）沸腾；煮沸；烧开
14. aim n.目的；目标
15. narrow adj.狭窄的；窄小的
16. suffer v.（因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦，受难，受折磨
17. argue v.论证；说理；争辩
18. decrease v.（使大小、数量等）减少，减小，降低
19. apartment n.（通常指在同一楼层的）公寓套房
20. definitely adv.肯定；当然；确实
. stuff n.东西，物品
22. downstairs adj.楼下的
23. piano n.钢琴
24. talent n.天才；天资；天赋
25. curtain n.窗帘
26. gather v.搜集，收集（情报）
27. data n.数据；资料；材料
28. download v.下载
29. software n.软件
30. company n.公司；商号；商行
31. load v.（把大量……）装上，装入
32. file n.文件
33. percentage n.百分率；百分比
34. recommend v.推荐
35. prefer v.较喜欢；喜欢……多于……
36. responsibility n.职责；义务；任务
37. arrange v.整理；排列；布置
38. poster n.海报
39. extremely adv.极其；极端；非常
40. slightly adv.略微；稍微
41. technique n.技术；技能
42. grab v.引人注意；吸引
43. brochure n.资料（或广告）手册
44. intended adj.意欲达到的；打算的；计划的
45. ceiling n.天花板；顶棚
46. occasion n.特别的事情（或仪式、庆典）
47. upper-class adj.上流社会的
48. adult n.成年人
49. soul n.灵魂
50. time-honoured adj.古老而受到尊重的；历史悠久的；由来已久的
51. style n.风格；体
短语部分：
52. hang on 等等（好像有什么不对或新的情况出现）
53. take cover 躲避；隐蔽
54. domestic chore 家务琐事
55. to somebody’s credit 使值得表扬；使受尊重
56. science fiction 科幻小说（或影片等）
57. be attractive to 对……有吸引力的
【重点单词】
1. capable adj.有能力的
The kitchen is capable of catering for several hundred people.
这间厨房可为数百人提供饮食。
She's a very capable speaker.
她是一个非常有能力的演说者。
【固定搭配】
be capable of doing sth. 能够做某事
【近义词辨析】
competent 指“胜任”，“合格”，或受过专业技术等训练的，但不是超群的能力。如：A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。)
able 为常用词，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，一般下效率无关，用作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如：A cat is able to see in the dark. (猫在黑暗中能看见东西。)
capable 指满足一般要求的能力，可以是表现出来的，也可是潜在的，搭配是be capable of +doing。用作定语，表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如：He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He is a very capable doctor. (他是一位很好的大夫。)
survive v.生存；存货；继续存在
2. goods n.商品；货品
Money can be exchanged for goods or services.
钱可以用来换取商品或服务。
【近义词辨析】
commodity 作“商品”解时系经济学名词，也可指日用品。
merchandise 正式用词，指商业上销售或商家拥有货物的总称。
ware 指上市待卖的商品或货物。多用复数形式。
freight 指“货物”时，可与goods互换，此系美国英语。在英国，freight志指船装货物。
goods 一般生活或商业用词，指销售或购入的商品。
3. aim n.目的；目标
The aim of the festival is to increase awareness of culture and traditions.
这个庆祝活动的目的是增强人们对文化和传统的认识。
【拓展】
aim也可以做动词：
1）以…为目标；常用搭配为：aim for/at sth. aim to do sth.
He said he would aim for the 100 metre world record at the world championships in August.
他说他将以在8月举行的世界锦标赛上打破100米世界纪录为目标。
Businesses will have to aim at long-term growth.
企业必须以长期增长为目标。
The programme aims to educate and prepare students for a challenging career.
这个项目旨在教育学生使其为一个具有挑战性的职业做好准备。
2) 瞄准 aim sth at…
The hunter aimed his gun at the wolf.
猎人用枪瞄准了狼。
3）旨在做某事 be aimed at…
The new measures are aimed at tightening existing sanctions.
这些新措施旨在加强现行的制裁。
n. 瞄准
He stood with the gun gripped in his right hand and his left hand steadying his aim.
他站着用右手紧握住枪，用左手把稳瞄准。
4. suffer v.（因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦，受难，受折磨
Within a few days she had become seriously ill, suffering great pain and discomfort.
在几天时间里她已病得很重，经受了极大的痛苦和不适。
He was eventually diagnosed as suffering from terminal cancer.
他最后被诊断为癌症晚期。
注意：suffer from 后面多跟疾病。
The peace process has suffered a serious blow now.
该和平进程现已受到一次沉重的打击。
suffering n. 受苦，痛苦
5. argue v. 争吵，论证；说理；争辩；
The committee is concerned about players' behaviour, especially arguing with referees.
该委员会担心运动员的表现，尤其担心他们与裁判争吵。
Don't argue with me.
不要和我争辩。
【固定搭配】
argue with sb. 与…争论；
argue about sth. 争论某事；
argue over sth. 争论某事。
【近义词辨析】
argue 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
reason 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
discuss 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
dispute 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
debate 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
quarrel 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
6. decrease v.（使大小、数量等）减少，减小，降低
Population growth is decreasing by 1.4% each year.
人口增长每年下降1.4%。
The number of independent firms decreased from 198 to 96.
独立公司的数量从198家减到了96家。
In Spain and Portugal there has been a decrease in the number of young people out of work.
在西班牙和葡萄牙，失业青年人数已经有所下降。
反义词：increase 增加，增长。
注意：
后常跟介词by和to,注意其意义差别：
increase/decrease by… 增加了/减少了…
increase/decrease to… 增加到/减少到…
【近义词辨析】
diminish, decline, alleviate, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，减轻”的意思，其区别是：
diminish v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。
The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.由于战争石油的供应减少了。
decline v. (数目、价格、比率)下降；谢绝，婉言推辞；衰退，衰落。
Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
He declined our invitation to dinner.他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。
alleviate v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和
The painkiller alleviated the pain.止疼药减缓了疼痛。
decrease v.指数量上的减少；力量或者强度的减弱。
The population decreased a lot last year.去年人口数量急剧下降。
reduce v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。
He reduced the amount of money they could spend.他缩减了他们的开销。
7. definitely adv.肯定；当然；确实
I'm definitely going to get in touch with these people.
我一定要联系上这些人。
【拓展】
definite adj. 明确的，确切的
It's too soon to give a definite answer.
现在给予明确答复还为时尚早。
She made no definite plans for her future.
她对自己的未来没有明确的计划。
We didn't have any definite proof.
我们没有任何确凿的证据。
【形近词】
define /d??fa?n/ vt. 给…下定义; 解释
We need to define the task ahead very clearly.
我们需要明确今后的任务。
【常用搭配】
define sth as… 把…定义为…
sth. be defined as… …被定义为…
8. stuff n.东西，物品
This is high quality stuff.
这是高品质的东西。
【拓展】
vt. 把…塞进
I stuffed my hands in my pockets.
我把双手塞进了我的口袋里。
把…装满
He grabbed my purse, opened it and stuffed it full, then gave it back to me.
他抢走我的钱包，打开并把它装得满满的，然后还给了我。
9. download v.下载
Users can download their material to a desktop PC back in the office.
用户们可以将他们的资料下载到办公室的台式计算机上。
反义词：upload vt. 上传
All you need to do is upload the files on to your web space.
你所需要做的只是把文件上传到你的网络空间。
10. company n.公司；商号；商行
Sheila found some work as a secretary in an insurance company.
希拉在一家保险公司找到了一份做秘书的工作。
【拓展】
company还有”陪伴”的意思:
Why don't you stay here and keep Emma company?
你为什么不留在这儿陪埃玛做伴？
【近义词辨析】
firm 含义广泛，可指公司、商行或商号。规模可大可小，经营、管理的人员可多可少。
company 多指生产或销售产品的公司、商号，也可指经办服务性项目的公司。
corporation 多指一个人拥有或多人联办的大公司，也指在其它地区或国家拥有分公司的公司。
11. load v.（把大量……）装上，装入
The three men seemed to have finished loading the truck.
这3个人好像已经装好了那辆卡车。
n. 装载物
He drove by with a big load of hay.
他开着装满干草的车过去了。
n. 许多
I've got loads of money.
我有许多钱。
12. file n.文件
Be sure to save the revised version of the file under a new filename.
确保将改过的文件版本另存在一个新的文件名下。
vt. 使归档
They are all filed alphabetically under author.
它们都是在作者一栏下面按字母顺序来归档的。
13. recommend v.推荐; 建议(后常跟宾语从句的虚拟语气)
I just spent a holiday there and would recommend it to anyone.
我刚在那儿度过一个假期，愿意向任何人推荐那里。
I recommend (that) he should see a lawyer. （虚拟语气，should可以省略）
我建议他去找个律师。
n. recommendation n. 推荐
【近义词辨析】
propose, prescribe, suggest, advocate, recommend
这组词都有“劝告、主张、建议”的意思，其区别是：
propose 多指较正式地提出建议。
prescribe 多指医生对病人在用药或饮食等方面的建议。
suggest 语气较委婉，指提出不成熟的建议或参见意见。
advocate 指公开表明对某事或某行为的完全赞同，语气强于recommend。
recommend 指向对方提出公开的建议或规劝。
14. responsibility n.职责；义务；任务
No one admitted responsibility for the attacks.
没有人对这些袭击负责。
The court feels it has a responsibility to ensure that customers are not misled.
该法院觉得其有责任确保消费者们不被误导。
【拓展】 adj responsible 负责的
【搭配】 be responsible for… 对…负责；
He still felt responsible for her death.
他依然觉得对她的死负有责任。
15. arrange v.整理；排列；布置
She arranged an appointment for Friday afternoon at four-fifteen.
她安排了一个星期五下午四点一刻的约会。
I've arranged to see him on Friday morning.
我已经安排了星期五早上见他。
I will arrange for someone to take you around.
我会安排好人领你转转。
When she has a little spare time she enjoys arranging dried flowers.
她有一点闲暇时间就喜欢插干花。
【固定搭配】
arrange for 安排…
arrange to do sth . 安排做某事。
16. intended adj.意欲达到的；打算的；计划的
1）vt. 打算
Maybe he intends to leave her.
也许他打算离开她。
What do you intend doing when you get to this place?
你打算到这里干什么？
2）. 被用于 (某目的或某人) ，常用被动；
This money is intended for the development of the tourist industry.
这笔钱是准备用于发展旅游业的。
Columns are usually intended in architecture to add grandeur and status.
柱子被用于建筑通常是为了增添宏伟和高贵。
17. take cover 躲避；隐蔽
But it appears that warmer spring temperatures drive lizards to take cover and rest-rather than gather the food necessary to spur reproduction.
而事实却是，春季的高温让蜥蜴在这时节早早躲起来休息，将收集食物和繁衍后代的工作抛在了一边。
18. domestic chore 家务琐事
domestic adj. 国内的；家庭的；驯养的
domestic market 国内市场
domestic demand 国内需求；本地内部需求
domestic product 国内产品；本地生产
gross domestic product (gdp) 国内生产总值
gross domestic product (GDP) 国内生产总值
【课堂练习】
I. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box below. Change the form where necessary.
intends store company escape stuff arrange
file recommend load definite capable
1. The company has overspent on marketing.
这个公司在市场推广方面开支过多。
2. I could arrange to meet with you any day next week.
我可以安排在下周的任何一天和你见一面。
3. I selected a file and pressed the delete key.
我选定了一份文件，然后按下了删除键。
4. Joseph is the right man for the job. You should recommend him.
约瑟夫是这份工作的合适人选。你该推荐他。
5. We didn't have any definite proof.
我们没有任何确凿的证据。
6. Carrying more than a light load on your bicycle makes it more difficult to control.
自行车上携带超额负载会使自行车更难以控制。
7. Be very careful with this stuff, it can be dangerous if it isn't handled properly.
对这东西要小心，处理得不好可能会发生危险。
8. He intends to get rid of the tipping practice.
他打算取消给小费的做法。
9. Two police officers had a narrow escape when rioters attacked their vehicles.
暴徒们攻击他们的车辆时，两名警官死里逃生。
10. You are capable of better work than this.
你有能力做得比这更好。
company arrange file recommend definite
load stuff intends escape capable store
II. Grammar
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks,?use one word that best fits each blank.
Asleep on a plane: a case for window seats
I love to sleep on planes, and I have an unusual ability to sleep well on them. There have even been one or two occasions () __________ I have fallen asleep before takeoff and awakened upon the impact of landing, not having realized we had even left the ground. So when (22) __________ (book) my flights, I always choose the window seat whenever possible. This allows me to lean my sleepy head against the wall of the plane for a bit (23) __________ (much) comfort.
Some (24) __________ argue that the aisle (走廊) seat is superior for the leg space and the ability to get off swiftly and eye the snack cart. But in reality, we’re all getting our drinks and snacks (25) __________ seconds. Also, I find that if a person knows he’s in a window seat, he’ll choose to use the bathroom before boarding so that he (26) __________ (not need) to disturb his neighbor, which is just considerate. And he’ll seize the opportunity to get up when another seatmate gets up so that the seatmate needn’t (27) __________ (bother) more than once.
As a photographer and visually oriented person, the window seat gives me the best views of cottony clouds, or a great sunset, or golden sunrise, etc. Most of all, (28) __________ __________ I’ve been flying for years, I still get pleasure of seeing my departing city or country (29) __________ (shrink) into the distance, and the butterflies in my stomach when I see the horizon of my destination come into view. And those feelings of adventure and excitement are (30) __________ keep me coming back, flight after flight, to my window seat.
. when / where 22. booking 23. more 24. may / do 25. within / in
26. won’t need 27. be bothered 28. even though 29. shrink / shrinking 30. what
定语关系副词的用法
关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用：在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
先行词
关系副词
关系副词在从句中充当的句子成分
指地点
where
地点状语
指时间
when
时间状语
指原因
why
原因状语
1.关系副词where的用法
由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building，city，room等，where在从句中作地点状语。
①The hotel was very clean.那家旅馆很干净。
②We stayed there/at the hotel.我呆在那儿/那家旅馆。
③=①+②The hotel where we stayed was very clean.我们呆过的那家旅馆很干净。
先行词 定语从句
（where在从句中代替there或at the hotel，作地点状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述
The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.
=The hotel at which we stayed was very clean.
I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more.
=I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more.
=I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.我已经到了无法应付的阶段。
This is the house where I was born.这就是我出生的那所房子。
2.关系副词when的用法
由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time，day，date等，when在从句中作时间状语。
I’ll never forget the time when we first met.我永远不会忘记我们第一次相遇时的情景。
先行词 定语从句
（when在从句中代替during the time，作时间状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述：I’ll never forget the time during which we first met.
The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th.
他加入南非国民议会青年同盟的日期是8月5日。
注意：从语法来讲，这个句子中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。
3.关系副词why的用法
由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。
The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.我获得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。
先行词 定语从句
（why在从句中代替reason，作原因状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述：The reason (that/for) which I got a job was that I worked hard.
The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane.
=The reason (that) she was late was that she missed her plane.
注意：一般来讲，在定语从句中，只要先行词是the reason，它的关系副词就是why；和when一样，在口语中，关系副词why常被that代替，也可以省略。
=The reason for which she was late was that she missed her plane.
她迟到的原因是她错过了班机。
Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason why she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason (that) she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason for which she left.
艾米没有获得加薪，但是这并不是她离开的主要原因。
The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
=The reason (that) I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
=The reason for which I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
我给你打电话的原因是想邀请你参加一个聚会。
补充：带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型
定语从句“The reason why/that...”或“...the reason why/that...”
I know the reason why she studies so well.我知道她学习好的原因。
表语从句“The reason is that...”（不能用why，否则就重复了）
The reason is that he is always careless in his work.原因是他在工作中总是粗心大意。
4.关系代词和关系副词的选用
对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是用关系副词，关键是要弄清楚关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词作状语，就是关系副词，口语用法除外。
①This is the college (that/which) I visited.这就是我参观过的学院。
②This is the college where I studied three years ago.这就是我3年前在那儿学习过的学院。
说明：两句中的先行词都是the college，但关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。②用关系副词where，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the college。
①I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.
我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。
②I’ll never forget the day when I got married.我永远忘不了我结婚的那一天。
说明：两句中的先行词都是the day，但是它们的关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词spent的宾语。②用关系副词when，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于介词短语on the way。
4.as引导的定语从句
as作为关系代词既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。
1.as引导的限定性定语从句
1.such...as...和the same...as...的用法
such...as...意为“像……一样的，像……之类”；the same...as...意为“和……同样的”。在这两个句型中，as是关系代词，such和same作定语，修饰主句里的某个名词（或代词），这个名词（或代词）是由as引导的定语从句的先行词，as在从句中可担任主语、宾语或表语。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.（as在从句中作主语）
我们找到了（像）他们厂里用的那种材料。
I seldom give my students such a difficult problem as they cannot work out.
我从来不会给我的学生出这样一道他们不能解决的难题。（as在从句中作宾语）
The result is not the same as they had expected.（as在从句中作宾语）
结果和他们预想的不一样。
比较：the same...that...和the same...as...
两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个，as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。
He is reading the same book that you bought yesterday.他看的书就是你昨天买的那本。
He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday.他看的书和你昨天买的书是一样的。
（指同一本书；指同一种书，但并不是你买的那一本）
This is the same pen that I lost.这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。
This is the same (kind/type/sort of) pen as I lost.这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。
（指同一支笔；指同类型的笔，但并不是我丢失的那一支）
2.such as...的用法
such as...中的such为代词，意思为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词such。
This book is not such as I expect.这不是一本我所盼望的书。
He told me of his experience such as I had never had before.
他给我讲了他的经验，我从来没有那种经验。
I have not many,but I will send you such as I have.我有的不多，但我愿把我所有的都送给你。
补充：such as还可以表示“诸如，例如，像……那样的”的意思，此时其后跟名词或名词短语等，如：They bought a lot of fruit,such as apples,oranges,etc.
他们买了许多水果，如苹果、橘子等。
2.as引导的非限定性定语从句
as可以像which一样引导非限定性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。此外，有些as引导的定语从句已成为固定用法。
as we know正如我们所知
as is often the case像通常那样
as has been said before如上所述
as is reported正如报道的那样
as is well known众所周知
as was expected正如预料的那样
She is very careful,as her work shows.正如她的工作所展现的那样，她是个细心的人。
As we know,smoking is harmful to one’s health.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
As is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.
像通常那样，我们已经制定出了生产计划。
比较：as和which引导的非限定性定语从句的联系和区别
as和which都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句至于主句之后时，as和which可以互换使用。
He didn’t tell me any news,as/which upset me.他没有告诉我任何消息，这使我很不安。
which引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时不能放在主句之前。as引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时可放在主句之前或之后，有时也可放在主语与谓语之间。
As is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.
=Talks between the two countries,as is reported in the newspapers,are making progress.
正如报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在进展中。
5.使用定语从句需注意的事项
1.定语从句中的主谓一致
A.定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的那个人吗？
B.as，which作主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语用单数。
As is usual,he came to school late this morning.像往常一样，他今天早晨上学又迟到了。
Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸气，这叫做蒸发。
C.先行词为“one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。
Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class.
弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一。
D.先行词为“the only one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。
He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.
他是惟一一个连续三年获得奖学金的学生。
2.what和how不能用于定语从句中
A.what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句互换。
（正）Tell me anything (that) you know.
（正）Tell me what you know.告诉我你所知道的一切。
说明：what引导的宾语从句相当于“anything/all+that”引导的定语从句。
（误）Tell me anything what you know.
B.how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。
（正）This is the way (that/in which) that boy worked out the problem.
（正）This is how that boy worked out the problem.（how引导表语从句）
（误）This is the way how that boy worked out the problem.
这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。
3.介词+关系代词
句型：名词/代词+介词+关系代词
简单句①The professor gave a lecture to us yesterday.那位教师昨天给我们上了一堂课。
简单句②I couldn’t understand the meaning of the lecture completely.
我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
合成为定语从句③=①+②The professor gave us a lecture yesterday,the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely. 名词+介词+关系代词
那位教授昨天给我们上了一堂课，我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
简单句①There are around 400 students in our grade.我们年级大约有400名学生。
简单句②Most of us are from the Xicheng District.我们中的大多数人都来自西城区。
合成为定语从句③=①+②There are around 400 students in our grade,most of whom are from the Xicheng District. 代词+介词+关系代词
我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数都来自西城区。
4.关系代词和关系副词的省略
1.关系代词的省略
A.在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。
Jane Hasek,who was my former English teacher,retired last year.
简·哈塞克今天退休了，他曾经是我的英语老师。
B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可以省略。
Sorry,I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want.对不起，我忘了把你要的杂志带过来。（which和that代替magazine，作动词want的宾语，可以省略）
C.关系代词作介词宾语，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句的句末，关系代词可以省略。
（正）This is the government building in which my father works.
（正）This is the government building (which/that) my father works in.
（误）This is the government building in my father works.这是我父亲工作的政府大楼。
D.there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词常可以省略。
There’s nothing (that) I can do about it.对此我毫无办法。
2.关系副词的省略
A.非限定性定语从句中关系副词不可以省略。
She lived in Nagoya for a couple of years,where she taught Chinese.
她在名古屋住了几年，在那儿教中文。
B.限定性定语从句中，若在口语和非正式语体中，某些表示地点、时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。先行词the reason后面的关系副词why也可以省略。
This is the plane (where) we first met two years ago.这就是我们两年前初次见面的地方。
He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.他还记得他在柏林学习的那些日子。
补充：可以省略关系副词when的时间名词有the time，every time，each time，the moment等。
Tell me the reason (why) your brother was absent yesterday.告诉我你哥哥昨天缺席的原因。
【课堂练习】
一、选择题
1. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，____________the weather may be better.
I know the girl ____________the teacher talked with yesterday.
He didn’t tell me the reason ____________he was so excited.
We visited the car factory ____________my uncle once worked three years ago.
Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ____________has been proved.
Though it is reasonable for the director to educate his staff，I don’t like the way ________he spoke to them.
This is the house ____________my grandfather lived three years ago.
The car ____________window got broken in the accident belongs to Mr. Brown.
The reason ____________he explained at the meeting was not sound.
..we were put into a position in ____________we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government.
翻译
他不能到那里去的原因是他卧病在床。
The reason ____________________________was that he was ill in bed.
我们生活在许多事情可以在电脑上做的时代。
We are living in an age ______________________________________.
毕业以后，他回到那个他长大的小镇上。
After graduation he returned to the small town ____________________________．
我不喜欢你跟你父母讲话的方式。
I don’t like the way ____________________________．
我永远也不会忘记和你一起工作的日子。
I’ll never forget the days ____________________________．
一、选择题
1. when 2. whom 3. why 4. where 5. which
6. that 7. where 8. whose 9. that/which 10. which
二、翻译
1. The reason why he could not go there
2. when many things are done on the computer
3. where/in which he grew up
4. (that/in which) you speak to your parents
5. when I worked together with you
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