动词用法详解
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动词用法详解
动词和动词短语是NMET考查的重点.通常考查:动词的辨异,动词的不规则变化,某些动词的习惯用法和动词短语等.
一, 动词的基本形式
1. 第三人称单数形式
2. 过去式
3. 过去分词
4. 现在分词
二, 形状相似的动词的误用
这类动词的误用主要是由于其拼法相同或相似,词根同或在不规则变化中因某些相似而引起.
1. lie与lay的区别
lie ---- lay ---- lain ---- lying lie ---- lied ---- lied ---- lying
lay ---- laid ---- laid ---- laying
2. hang(悬挂)与hang(绞死,吊死)的区别
hang ----hung ---- hung ---- hanging
hang ---- hanged ---- hanged ---- hanging
3. rise与raise
rise ---- rose ---- risen (vi.) raise ---- raised ---- raised (vt.)
4. experience(v. & n. 经历 n. 经验)与experiment(n. & v. 实验)
5. loose(松开,解开)与lose(丢失)
6. insist on(坚持)与stick to(坚持)
7. effect(n. 效果 v. 使有效)与affect(v. 影响),effort
三, 动词与其它词因词形相似而引起的误用
常见的词有:
accept ---- expert ---- except ---- expect
advise ---- advice / practice ---- practice
bath ---- bathe / breath ---- breathe
choose ---- choice
pass ---- passed ---- past
succeed ---- success ---- successful ---- successfully
四, 常用动词的词义与搭配
l HAVE
1. have sth. done
have sb. (sth.) doing
have sb. do
have sb. (sth.) done / doing … / do … 用在否定句中have可表示"允许,忍受,容忍".
e.g. We'll not have you tell him what to do.(不允许)
They can't have that sort of thing happening.(容忍)
I've never had anything said against her.(不容忍)
2. 表示"有"时带不定式做定语表"将来",带分词做定语表"正在进行"
【比较】He has a lot of work to do. (带to的不定式做定语,逻辑主语是句子主语,to do与work之间是动宾关系且不定式为及物动词或相当于及物动词(vi.+介)的主动式)
I'll go to the post office; do you have a letter to be posted (post不是由句子主语执行,故用及物或相当于及物动词的被动式)
l MAKE
1. 句型:make + 宾语,make + 双宾语,make + 宾语 + 名词,make + 宾语 + adj., make + it + adj. / n. +to do sth. / that-clause, make sb. / sth. do,
make sth. / oneself done
2. 短语:
make an apology to …;make a face; make a living; make a mistake; make a speech(作演讲);make friends with; make fun of; make room for; make use of; make the best of(尽量利用,善用);make preparations for; make sentences with; make repairs; make great / rapid progress; make trouble(引起麻烦);make one's way(前进,行进);make up one's mind; make up(构成,弥补,虚构,打扮);make sure / certain; make a bed(铺床);make a decision; make a discovery; make a journey; make a plan for; make an effort(努力);make difference(区别);make laws(制订法律);make tea(沏茶);make a record(录制唱片);make money; make a choice(进行选择);make a suggestion(提建议),make war(开战)
l DO
注意do和make:一般说来,"do"含有"进行某项活动"的意思,而"make"含有"造出新东西"的意思.
do business(做买卖),do sb. a favour,do some / much / my cooking,do wrong,do sb. good / harm / wrong(do good to sb.)(对……有益/有害/冤枉),do the room(整理房间),do away with(取消,废除),do copies(复制),do one's hair(做头发),do one's duty, do the opposite(做相反的事),do the deed(生效)
l GO
go upstairs,go to prison,go to sea (去航海),go to the sea(去海滨),go to the cinema / movie / pictures,go shopping,be gone((人)不在,走了;(物)丢失,用完了),go hungry,go by((时间)过去;经过(地点)),go down(下去;(船等的)下沉),go on((时间)过去,流逝(相当于go by);继续),go out(出去;(灯或火的)熄灭),go over,go on doing sth.,go on to do sth.,go on with sth.,go for a walk,go a visit to,go to college
l SUPPOSE
1. 表"认为,猜想"时否定,疑问,回答的方式.
e.g. I suppose he'll trouble you again, won't he
He doesn't suppose you are right, does he
简略答语常说:I suppose so / I don't suppose so (I suppose not.)
具备这种用法的词还有:think, imagine, believe
注意:常说I hope so (not), I'm afraid so (not), I fear so (not), I'm sure so (not).
2. 作插入语 e.g. Who do you suppose telephoned me yesterday
3. 接复合宾语用to be做补足语,不用to do结构,但有时可用完成式或进行式.
e.g. I suppose him to be fifty.
She was supposed to have left home / to be writing.
4. be (not) supposed to do "应当(不应该)"
e.g. He was supposed to arrive there an hour ago.(是否到不知道,表示按道理应该……)
He should have come an hour ago.(表责备,说明没有按时到)
比较:1)He is supposed to be a student.
2)He is supposed to come early.
5. 提出建议,请求
Suppose we go / went for a walk = What about us going for a walk (用went语气更婉转)
6. 假设
Suppose / Supposing that he comes, what shall we do
l CONSIDER
1. consider + 宾语(名词,代词,从句,动名词或不定式的疑问式) 考虑
2. consider + 宾语 + 宾补(名词,形容词,不定式to be或to have done)认为
3. consider it + 名词或形容词 + to do sth.
4. consider … as … 比较:take … as … 与take … for …
五,常用动词的词义与搭配
l CATCH
1. 抓住 catch sb. by the arm,catch sb. by surprise(乘其不备抓住……)
2. 钩住,挂住 She caught her dress on the nail. = Her dress got caught on the nail.
3. 染(患)上;搭(赶)上(交通工具);听(懂,清)
catch a cold,catch the bus,catch what you said,catch up with
4. 偶然(突然)撞见,发觉;偶然碰上(风雨等),常用被动结构.
catch sb. stealing money,be / get caught in / by the storm
l GIVE
give a concert,give lessons to,give a lecture,give sb. advice on …,give sb. a message,give sb. a ring,give a report to sb.(向……汇报),give birth to(产仔),give medical care to(对……进行治疗),give out(耗尽),give off(发出(光,热等)),give up,give away(泄露),give one's life for(为……而献身),give in
l TAKE
take pictures / photographs / photos,take a seat,take aim(瞄准),take an interest in(对……发生兴趣),take notes(记笔记),take notice(注意),take one's chance(抓住机会),take one's leave(告辞),take office,take pity on(怜悯),take steps(采取措施),take the chair(主持开会),take it easy(别着急),take sides in(站在……一边),take one's time(不急),take turns to do sth.,take one's temperature,take one's place,take … for example,take charge of,take pride in,take an action(采取行动),take off,take away,take up,take hold of,take a message for,take great trouble to do sth.,take examinations,take it for granted that …(认为……当然),take sth. by mistake(错拿某物)
l CALL
call at ( some place ),call on sb. / call on sb. to do sth.,call for,call in (a doctor),call out,call up,call for help,call / draw one's attention to(引起某人注意某事)
l COME
1. come to
e.g. When I came to cooking, he showed great interest. (谈到)
We came to know this. (get to know = begin to know)
He came to see you. (=came and saw)
Finally it came to (itself). (苏醒)
The book came to how to learn English. (涉及)
It comes to the same thing. (结果是)
The number comes to 1000. (达到)
2. 其它短语:
come after(跟着……,为找……而来),come out(出来,(花)开,出版),come at =jump upon(扑向),come up to sb.,come on / upon = come across,come down(下来,减少),come into power(上台),come into being(形成),come into use(使用起来),come true,come along(一起走,快点)
l GET
get out of = get away from = escape(躲避,逃避),get along / on (well / badly) with, get on the bus, get in(进来),get in the crops, get in touch with, get into trouble, get into the habit of, get off = start off(离去,动身),get off the boot, get off work(下班),get off a good start(起了个好头),get over the difficulties(克服困难),get over the river, get rid of, get round = get about(传开),get through the work(做完工作),get through the test, get sb. through to(给某人接通电话),get down on one's knees, get down = write down, get to doing sth.(开始做),get down to, get back to sth.(重新做……,重谈……),get sth. back, get sb. to do sth, get the car going
l TURN
turn against, turn over, turn in, turn up, turn to sb. for help, turn doctor, turn green
l LOOK
look through the book(浏览),look on the book(与某人同看),look into(看里面,调查),look up(查阅,仰视),look about(看四周),look down upon / on,look upon / on … as,look out,look over(看过一遍),look forward to
l PUT
put away(放好),put off(推迟),put on(穿上,上演),put out(发行,熄灭),put down(放下,记下,镇压),put up(张贴,举起,建立),put … into …(送入,输入,把……翻译成……),put sb. to bed(哄某人睡觉),put forward(提出),put one's heart into………, put up with(容忍,忍受)
六,需注意的常用动词的习惯搭配
1. 有些动词常跟双宾语.
bring, fetch, give, hand, leave, read, send, teach, offer, tell, wish
2. 有些动词常跟复合宾语.
1) 跟名词作宾补的动词有:call, name, make, elect, think, find, leave
2) 跟不定式作宾补的动词有:cause, force, intend, prefer, remind, hear
3) 跟形容词作宾补的动词有: make, paint, cut, keep, find, prove, leave
4) 跟分词作宾补的动词有:hear, feel, have, make
3. 有些动词本身的含义,避免添加意义重复的词,如:return, repeat等.
六, 常用动词辨析
1. 七穿:put on, wear, have on, dress, be in, pull on, try on
u dress作及物动词时,意思是"给……穿衣服",可跟别人,也可跟反身代词.
dress既可表示状态,也可表示动作.be dressed in和be in后常接颜色一类的名词或衣服名称.
u wear和have on都表示状态.Wear用于一般式时表示经常的穿戴情况,用于进行式时表示暂时的穿戴情况.have on不用于进行时态.put on表示动作,其反义词为take off. have on, wear, put on可广义地用于穿(戴)衣服,袜,鞋,手套,首饰,眼镜等.
u pull on表示动作迅速,其反义词为"pull off", try on, fit … on表示穿戴的动作,意为"试穿(衣服),试戴(帽子)".
2. 三建议:advise, persuade, suggest
u advise表示"劝说,建议",而persuade表示"说服"的结果和结论.
u 搭配:advise sb. (not) to do sth, advise doing sth., advise that-clause(虚拟语气),persuade sb. (not) to do sth., persuade / talk sb. into doing sth., persuade sb. out of doing sth., persuade sb. of sth.(使某人想起某事), suggest doing sth., suggest that-clause(虚拟语气或不用)
3. 三个看起来:seem, look, appear
以上三个词都可表示"好像",而且往往可以相互替换.但是look强调根据外部表象作出的判断;seem强调说话人的主观判断;appear表示根据外部表象作出判断时,等于look,但appear有时说明外部表象是一种假象.
u seem和appear后接形容词或名词时,动词可加to be,而look不能.
u seem和appear还可接其它的动词不定式作宾语,而look不能.
u seem和look均可接like + 名词或v.-ing形式.
u seem, look均可接as if + 从句.(虚拟语气或陈述语气)
u seem, appear可用在it作形式主语的句式中,而look不能.
u appear, seem, look作系动词时,常常只用一般现在时或一般过去时.
4. 四打击:beat, hit, strike, knock
u beat着重连续性地打,如殴打或体罚,也指在游戏,竞赛或战争中击败对方,与win,defeat同义.
u hit作"击中"或"打"解,并带有瞄准某物而击中之意,强调打一下,而且是直接接触某物.
u strike作"敲打,撞击"解,表示一次或多次有利地打一下,强调迅速性,突然性.
u knock撞倒,重敲:knock on / at the door, knock into sb.
5. 五输赢:win, defeat, beat, gain, fail
u beat用于比赛,游戏,搏斗,辩论等竞争性活动,后接"对手"表结果.
u win后接比赛,辩论,战斗,奖品,荣誉,胜利等名词,表"获得,争得,赢得".
u defeat sb.在战斗,战争,比赛等中击败对手,表暂时行为.
u gain获得,赢得所需之物,通过竞争所得时与win换用.
u fail失败,短语搭配有:fail (in) the examination, fail to do sth.(没能做……)
6. 四想要:hope, wish, want, expect
u hope表示对愿望的实现抱有一定信心,这种希望往往是可以实现的,其搭配有:hope to do sth., hope +宾语从句,hope for, hope for the best(作最好的打算).
u wish希望,但愿,往往用来表示"祝愿",后接宾语从句,从句中表示不可能实现或与事实相反的事情,从句中使用虚拟语气,其搭配有:wish (sb.) to do sth., wish sb. + n. & adj., wish + that-clause
u want想,普通用语,表示因缺乏而产生的欲望,其搭配有:want sth., want (sb.) to do sth., want sth. + p.p.,
want / need / require doing = want / need / require to be done
u expect期望,预期,料想,表示预期某事即将发生,与预计的必然性有关,其搭配有:expect a letter from sb.,expect (sb.) to do sth., expect that-clause.
总之,1)hope (want, wish, expect) to do sth.
2)hope( expect, wish) + that-clause,但want不能.
3)expect(wish, want) + sb. to do sth.,但hope不能.
4)wish后接双宾语,但其它词不能.
7. 七花费:spend,cost,pay,take,charge,buy,sell
u spend,cost和take都是"花费"的意思,但spend的动作执行者往往是人,cost和take则往往是事,而且,cost一般用于花钱,take一般用于花时间较多.
u pay和charge的区别在于pay意在"支出",charge却意在"收入",试比较:
e.g. I paid the owner 100 yuan for the coat.
The owner charged me 100 yuan for the coat.
u buy和sell的区别很明显,一个是"买",另一个是"卖",都可跟双宾语.
注意:1)与pay有关的习惯短语:pay back, pay off, pay attention to, pay one's respects to(向……表示敬意),pay a visit to
2)cost和pay都作名词:the production cost(生产成本)
3)cost与be worth的区别,cost是"花费",而be worth意在"价值".
8. 四收到:receive, accept, admit, get
u receive系被动地"收到","接到",与主观愿望,几乎没有任何联系.
u accept系主动地"接受",其动作是由主观愿望所决定的.
u admit强调准许,接纳,与accept相比较,程度更深刻,有认同之意.
u get在"接到","收到"之义上可与receive交换.
注意:1)在表示"接纳","接受"某人加入某一团体或组织时,既可用admit,也可用receive.如:admit / receive sb. into the Party吸收某人入党
2)receive是动词send(送)的结果,而accept是动词refuse(拒绝)的反义词.
3)在英语中,像receive与accept这样成对的词或短语很多,前者表示动作,后者表示结果.如:
look (at) / see, listen (to) / hear, look for / find, put on / wear,
get to know / know, try to do sth. / manage to do sth.,
advise / persuade, shoot at / shoot, build / complete
9. add up to,add up, add … to …,add to
add up to意为"加起来总和是……",它可以引申为"总起来就意味着""等于".
add up意思是"加起来".
add … to …意思是"把……加在(到)…… 上(中)".
add to意思是"增加,增添".
10. agree to,agree with, agree on
agree with sb. / sth.同意某人的"看法".
agree on sth.表示双方达成"协议".
agree to + n. 同意某人的"提议,办法,计划"等.
agree to do sth. 同意做某事.
11. answer, reply
answer是常用语,可用作及物或不及物动词,后接名词,代词或that从句.
reply没有answer用得普遍,是个比较正式的用语,可做及物或不及物动词,
当做不及物动词时,后面常跟to.
12. be made in,be made from,be made of, be made into,be made up of,
be made by
13. become, get, go, grow, turn
become, get, go通常表示过程已经完成,become比较正式,get和go比较口语化.
grow有逐渐变成新的状态的含义.
turn有成为完全不同的事物的含义.用作连系动词时,后面也可接名词作表语,
名词前不用a或an.但在become后面作表语的名词前,则要用a或an.
14. begin, start
begin和start都有"开始"的意思,大多数场合可以通用,不过,start较为口语化.
另外,start还可以表示"动身,出发"的意思,而begin不能这样用.
begin和start后面可接不定式,也可接v.-ing形式,但接动词不定式主要用于以下几种情况:
当主语是物而不是人时.
当begin或start用于进行时态时.
当begin或start后面的非谓语动词指心理状态或精神活动时.
15. believe, believe in
believe作及物动词,表示"相信""认为",后接sb.时表示相信某人的话是真的.而believe in则表示"信任某人","相信……是有价值的".当believe用于被动语态时,后面只能跟动词不定式.
【类似】
trust sb.指信任某人或对某种观念的信仰,同believe in sb..trust in指依靠或依赖某人.
16. build, put up, set up 建立
build一般用于房屋,桥梁,道路等,也可以用于抽象的事物.
put up用于盖临时性的房屋.在现代英语中,put up与build区别不太大,只不过略为通俗一些.
set up用于把物架起来或立起来,比较口语化.
17. call on,visit,go to see,drop in
call on比go to see, drop in正式,而visit又比call on更正式.visit还可作名词,如:
pay a visit(进行访问).
go to see一般用于人.drop in特指顺路探访,多用于口语,后接某人时,某人前应加介词on,即drop in on sb.;后接地方时,地点前应加介词at,即drop in at some place.
18. can, be able to
can表示人们对自身能力的推测和估计,没有将来时态和完成时态,因而只能用be able to来代替.
be able to常用来表示通过自身的努力或克服种种困难最终能达到的自身能力,它不能用于进行时态中.
在表示过去时间做某事成功这层含义时,只能用was(were)able to,不能用could.
【类似】
unable是形容词,意为"不能",是able的反义词,而enable是动词"使……能".
19. choose, select, elect
choose表示"选择"或"挑选",有时也表示"推选,选举"的意思,但一般表示范围很小,普遍的选举,没有elect正式.
select表示(精心地)"挑选,选定",具有"精选"的意思.
elect表示"选举"的意思,一般是较大范围的具有正式手续的选举.
20. die from, die of, die out, pass away
die of与die from表示"死因",die of一般表示"因(患)…… 而死",常指由于疾病,情感,饥寒等原因造成的死亡,即死于内因.而die from表示"由于…… 而死",一般指除疾病或情感以外的原因造成的死亡,即死于外因.
die out表示"灭绝".pass away表示"死去,逝世",是比较委婉的用法.
21. discover, invent
22. drill, exercise, practise, train
drill指为身心锻炼或为养成良好习惯而进行一套有规则的严格训练,尤指学校课堂内的练习或军事训练.
exercise主要用于指为强壮体魄而进行的体育活动,其引申意义同practise,指为保持某些已获得的技能进行的练习.
practise指为了完善而达到熟练而有规则地,反复地做某事.
train着重为了某一特定的目标而进行的专门性的,有一定期限的培养.
23. do with, deal with
do with一般构成疑问句或用在否定句中,构成的句子也可用作宾语或表语,大致含义为"把某事或某物怎样处理".
deal with表示"对付,论述,与……打交道",常用于肯定陈述句中.当与how连用引起问句时,how用作句子的状语,在know等词后可用what作deal with的宾语,作为处理的对象,又可用how作状语表示方式,但deal with后则需要另接处理的对象作宾语.
24. finish, complete, end
finish和complete都可以表示"完成,结束",finish与complete作为及物动词,两者用法基本相同,表示的含义相近.
finish(普通)"完成",一般指把某事做完,常用v.-ing形式作宾语,不能接动词不定式作宾语.
complete(正式)"完成",主要指把未完成的东西经过进一步地的努力使之完成,该词后只能接名词或代词作宾语,不能接v.-ing形式.作形容词时,意为"完全的,充满的,十分的".
end作"结束"解,强调某事的终止时间而不考虑内容是否完成,常用于讲话,会话,演说,战争等.
25. give in, give up
26. join, connect, unite 连结,结合
join是指把分离的两者连接在一起,强调原来形体清楚地分离的事物之间的结合,通常只直接连接,像国与国,田与田,线与线等
connect表示一种事物与其它事物的关系,强调通过某种媒介把具体事物(人)或抽象概念连接起来.
unite强调几个部分组成一个整体,表示联合在一起.如:the United States
27. offer, give, spare, present 给予
offer基本含义是:1)"(主动)提出(做某事)",后跟不定式作宾语.
2)"(主动)给予",后接名词为直接宾语或接双宾语.
give其基本含义是"给予",其后一般跟双宾语,有时也可以接一个直接宾语.
spare主要意思是"匀出,让给",后面可跟一个或两个宾语.
present主要意思是"赠送给……",搭配不能带双宾语.
28. promise, allow, permit
promise表示"允诺,允许",侧重答应自己要干某事,后跟不定式或宾语从句,也可跟名词或代词.allow和permit表示"允许",侧重允许别人去干某事.allow和permit在很多情况下,意义相同,可以通用,但前者比较正式,且有"默许"的含义,而后者有"准许"的意思.
29. prepare, prepare for sth., prepare to do sth., be prepared to do sth.,
be prepared for sth.
prepare sth.指为了某目的而直接动手处理,整理,安排某事.
prepare for sth.指为了达到某一目的做好相应的准备工作,意为"为……进行……准备",从而使句子的含义更为明确.
prepare to do sth.表示"因为要……而准备",指准备去做这一具体动作.
be prepared to do sth.(提前)作好了某事的准备,表示已做好准备和状态,也可指一种自己意愿.
be prepared for sth.主要强调在思想上作好了准备,它不是被动结构.
30. remain, stay
remain和stay作为动词,都有"停留"的意思,有时可以通用.remain和stay作为系动词,表示"保持某一状态"时,可以通用.
remain着重指在别人已离去,或事情有变动以后,仍"继续停留",或"保持原来的状态".stay则指"停留,逗留".
31. save,spare
save意为"储蓄,节省",指把钱,时间及其它东西储蓄起来以备将来用或节省可节省的东西,从而避免浪费;save也可指"救命".spare意为"省",指小心地省下或节省钱,时间,力气等,常表示省出一部分以作它用.
32. seat, sit
seat sb. = seat oneself = be seated = sit down
33. sleep, asleep, sleepy, sleeping
这几个词都有"睡"之意.从词性来分析,sleep为动词或名词,asleep为副词或形容词,sleepy与sleeping都为形容词.从语法结构来分析,asleep只能作表语,而sleepy和sleeping可作表语也可作定语.从词义上来分析,sleepy有"欲睡,困乏的"含义,而asleep和sleeping则有"睡着"之意.
asleep往往与fall或drop搭配,形成fall(drop)asleep.
34. support, keep,raise
support意为"赡养,养活",主要指提供金钱或东西给某人生活.
keep意为"赡养,养活"或"饲养",主要指提供必要的物品来照顾家庭.
raise指饲养动物,若养大孩子,应用bring up.
35. take part in, join, attend
36. take place, happen
37. try to do sth., manage to do sth., attempt to do sth.
attempt to do sth.意为"企图,试图",指某人想尽办法去做某事,但结果往往是失败的.
38. used to do …,be used to v-ing, be used to do sth., would
would +动词原形,表示过去某一段时间内的活动,主要是同过去另一段时间相比,因此,如无具体的上下文,应该有时间状语修饰.
39. would rather, rather than, prefer
would rather (not) do sth.
would rather之后可跟从句,从句中的动词要用虚拟语气,即动词的过去式.
would rather do sth. than do sth.(或than后面可接状语)
rather than ……而不……
prefer: prefer … to …
prefer to do sth. / doing sth.
prefer to do sth. rather (than) do sth.
prefer +宾语从句(虚拟语气----(should) + 动词原形)
40. wound, hurt, injure
这三个词都可以用来表示"受伤",但wound往往是指超出类似跌破,皮伤范围的重伤,如战斗负伤或枪伤等;hurt着重指精神或肉体上的伤害;injure多用于事故,车祸中的"伤害,损伤",而且多强调容貌或机能的损坏.
【注意】用wound, injure或hurt表示"受伤"时,一定要用" be +过去分词"形式.
hurt的过去分词只能用作表语,不能作定语,而wound和injured既可作表语又可作定语.如:a wounded soldier, an injured man
21. 情态动词 (《讲义》)
21.1 情态动词的语法特征
1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生.
2) 情态动词除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式.
3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s.
4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式.
21.2 比较can 和be able to
1)can/could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could).be able to可以用于各种时态.例如:
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了.
2)只用be able to的情况:
a. 位于助动词后.
b. 情态动词后.
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时.
d. 用于句首表示条件.
e. 表示成功地做了某事时,用was/were able to,不能用could.例如:
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲.
注意:could有时不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could).例如:
--- Could I have the television on 我能看电视吗
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 可以/不可以.
2)在否定句,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑.例如:
He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人.
21.3 比较may和might
1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿.例如:
May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你!
He might be at home. 他可能在家.
注意:might 表示推测时,不表示时态,只是可能性比may 小.
2) 成语:may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为"不妨".例如:
If that is the case, we may as well try.如果情况确实如此,我们不妨试一试.
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出.
21.4 比较have to和must
1) 两词都是'必须'的意思,have to 表示客观的需要,must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要.例如:
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来.(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作.(主观上要做这件事)
2) have to有人称,数,时态的变化,而must只有一种形式.但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务.例如:
He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐.
3) 否定结构中:don't have to表示"不必",mustn't表示"禁止".例如:
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他.
You mustn't tell him about it. 你不得把这件事告诉他.
21.5 must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为"一定".
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时,must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式.例如:
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天,一定累了.(对现在情况的推测判断)
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢.
比较:He must be staying there. 他现在肯定在那里.
He must stay there. 他必须呆在那.
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式.例如:
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了.
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式.例如:
---Why didn't you answer my phone call 为何不接我的电话
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.唉,肯定在睡觉,所以没有听见.
5) 否定推测用can't.例如:
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家.
21.6 表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:
1)情态动词+动词原形,表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词.例如:
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 我不知道她在哪儿,可能在武汉.
2)情态动词+动词现在进行时,表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测.例如:
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时,想必我们老师正在批改试卷.
3)情态动词+动词完成时,表示对过去情况的推测.例如:
The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了.
4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时,表示对过去正在发生事情的推测.例如:
Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你.
5)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示.例如:
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的.
注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can, may.
21.7 情态动词+ have +过去分词
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情.例如:
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 菲力浦可能在车祸中受了重伤.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2) must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有"肯定","谅必"的意思.例如:
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. 琳达已经去上班了,但她的单车还在这儿.
---She must have gone by bus.肯定乘巴士去的.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth表示本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做.否定句表示"不该做某事而做了".例如:
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment. 你当时在做试验时应该更仔细点.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.他不该把旧衣服扔了.(事实上已扔了.)
ought to 在语气上比should 要强.
4) needn't have done sth表示本没必要做某事,但做了.例如:
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
旅行时,我衣服穿得较多,其实没有必要.那时天很热.
5) would like to have done sth表示本打算做某事,但没做.例如:
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. 我想读这篇文章,但太忙了一直没读.
21.8 should 和ought to
除了上述的用法,两者还可表示"想必一定,按理应该"的意思.例如:
I ought to be able to live on my salary. 靠我的薪水,想必也能维持了.
It ought to be ready now. 想必现在准备好了吧.
They should be there by now, I think. 现在他们该到那儿了.
The poems should be out in a month at most. 诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了.
21.9 had better表示"最好",相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形.例如:
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. 天相当冷.你最好穿上我的外套.
She'd better not play with the dog. 她最好不要玩耍那条狗.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为"本来最好".例如:
You had better have come earlier. 你本该来得早一点.
21.10 would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿…而不愿.
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿","宁可"的意思.例如:
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. 如果有选择的余地,我宁可辍学离开这个学校.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 我宁愿呆在这儿,而不愿回家.
典型例题
----Shall we go skating or stay at home
----Which ___ do
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B.本题考查情态动词rather的用法,would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿",本题为疑问句,would 提前,所以选B.
21.11 will和would
注意:1)would like;would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配.例如:
Would you like to go with me 想和我一块去吗
2)Will you… Would you like… 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any.例如:
Would you like some cake 吃点蛋糕吧.
3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气.
Won't you sit down 你不坐下吗
21.12 情态动词的回答方式
问句
肯定回答
否定回答
Need you…
Yes, I must.
No, I needn't
Must you…
No, I don't have to.
典型例题
1)---Could I borrow your dictionary
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的语气,并不为时态.答语中of course,表示肯定的语气,允许某人做某事时,用can和 may来表达,不能用could或might. will 与you连用,用来提出要求或下命令.should与you 连用,用来提出劝告.
2)---Shall I tell John about it
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A.needn't 不必,不用. wouldn't 将不, 不会的. mustn't 禁止,不能. shouldn't 不应该.本题为不需要,不必的意思,应用needn't.
3)---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词,表请求,建议,也可作为实义动词表"意愿,意志,决心",本题表示决心,选B.
21.13 带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to (=must), be able to,为六个.它们的疑问,否定形式应予以注意:
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用.其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do 等助动词协助.
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
答案A.由于后句为过去时,告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因,此地应用过去完成时,但它在情态动词 ought to 后,所以用have told.
21.14 比较need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用.作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句.need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略.
1) 实义动词:need(需要, 要求) need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词:need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为need not.例如:
Need you go yet 你要走了吗
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.是的,我要走了/不, 不急着走.
动词和动词短语是NMET考查的重点.通常考查:动词的辨异,动词的不规则变化,某些动词的习惯用法和动词短语等.
一, 动词的基本形式
1. 第三人称单数形式
2. 过去式
3. 过去分词
4. 现在分词
二, 形状相似的动词的误用
这类动词的误用主要是由于其拼法相同或相似,词根同或在不规则变化中因某些相似而引起.
1. lie与lay的区别
lie ---- lay ---- lain ---- lying lie ---- lied ---- lied ---- lying
lay ---- laid ---- laid ---- laying
2. hang(悬挂)与hang(绞死,吊死)的区别
hang ----hung ---- hung ---- hanging
hang ---- hanged ---- hanged ---- hanging
3. rise与raise
rise ---- rose ---- risen (vi.) raise ---- raised ---- raised (vt.)
4. experience(v. & n. 经历 n. 经验)与experiment(n. & v. 实验)
5. loose(松开,解开)与lose(丢失)
6. insist on(坚持)与stick to(坚持)
7. effect(n. 效果 v. 使有效)与affect(v. 影响),effort
三, 动词与其它词因词形相似而引起的误用
常见的词有:
accept ---- expert ---- except ---- expect
advise ---- advice / practice ---- practice
bath ---- bathe / breath ---- breathe
choose ---- choice
pass ---- passed ---- past
succeed ---- success ---- successful ---- successfully
四, 常用动词的词义与搭配
l HAVE
1. have sth. done
have sb. (sth.) doing
have sb. do
have sb. (sth.) done / doing … / do … 用在否定句中have可表示"允许,忍受,容忍".
e.g. We'll not have you tell him what to do.(不允许)
They can't have that sort of thing happening.(容忍)
I've never had anything said against her.(不容忍)
2. 表示"有"时带不定式做定语表"将来",带分词做定语表"正在进行"
【比较】He has a lot of work to do. (带to的不定式做定语,逻辑主语是句子主语,to do与work之间是动宾关系且不定式为及物动词或相当于及物动词(vi.+介)的主动式)
I'll go to the post office; do you have a letter to be posted (post不是由句子主语执行,故用及物或相当于及物动词的被动式)
l MAKE
1. 句型:make + 宾语,make + 双宾语,make + 宾语 + 名词,make + 宾语 + adj., make + it + adj. / n. +to do sth. / that-clause, make sb. / sth. do,
make sth. / oneself done
2. 短语:
make an apology to …;make a face; make a living; make a mistake; make a speech(作演讲);make friends with; make fun of; make room for; make use of; make the best of(尽量利用,善用);make preparations for; make sentences with; make repairs; make great / rapid progress; make trouble(引起麻烦);make one's way(前进,行进);make up one's mind; make up(构成,弥补,虚构,打扮);make sure / certain; make a bed(铺床);make a decision; make a discovery; make a journey; make a plan for; make an effort(努力);make difference(区别);make laws(制订法律);make tea(沏茶);make a record(录制唱片);make money; make a choice(进行选择);make a suggestion(提建议),make war(开战)
l DO
注意do和make:一般说来,"do"含有"进行某项活动"的意思,而"make"含有"造出新东西"的意思.
do business(做买卖),do sb. a favour,do some / much / my cooking,do wrong,do sb. good / harm / wrong(do good to sb.)(对……有益/有害/冤枉),do the room(整理房间),do away with(取消,废除),do copies(复制),do one's hair(做头发),do one's duty, do the opposite(做相反的事),do the deed(生效)
l GO
go upstairs,go to prison,go to sea (去航海),go to the sea(去海滨),go to the cinema / movie / pictures,go shopping,be gone((人)不在,走了;(物)丢失,用完了),go hungry,go by((时间)过去;经过(地点)),go down(下去;(船等的)下沉),go on((时间)过去,流逝(相当于go by);继续),go out(出去;(灯或火的)熄灭),go over,go on doing sth.,go on to do sth.,go on with sth.,go for a walk,go a visit to,go to college
l SUPPOSE
1. 表"认为,猜想"时否定,疑问,回答的方式.
e.g. I suppose he'll trouble you again, won't he
He doesn't suppose you are right, does he
简略答语常说:I suppose so / I don't suppose so (I suppose not.)
具备这种用法的词还有:think, imagine, believe
注意:常说I hope so (not), I'm afraid so (not), I fear so (not), I'm sure so (not).
2. 作插入语 e.g. Who do you suppose telephoned me yesterday
3. 接复合宾语用to be做补足语,不用to do结构,但有时可用完成式或进行式.
e.g. I suppose him to be fifty.
She was supposed to have left home / to be writing.
4. be (not) supposed to do "应当(不应该)"
e.g. He was supposed to arrive there an hour ago.(是否到不知道,表示按道理应该……)
He should have come an hour ago.(表责备,说明没有按时到)
比较:1)He is supposed to be a student.
2)He is supposed to come early.
5. 提出建议,请求
Suppose we go / went for a walk = What about us going for a walk (用went语气更婉转)
6. 假设
Suppose / Supposing that he comes, what shall we do
l CONSIDER
1. consider + 宾语(名词,代词,从句,动名词或不定式的疑问式) 考虑
2. consider + 宾语 + 宾补(名词,形容词,不定式to be或to have done)认为
3. consider it + 名词或形容词 + to do sth.
4. consider … as … 比较:take … as … 与take … for …
五,常用动词的词义与搭配
l CATCH
1. 抓住 catch sb. by the arm,catch sb. by surprise(乘其不备抓住……)
2. 钩住,挂住 She caught her dress on the nail. = Her dress got caught on the nail.
3. 染(患)上;搭(赶)上(交通工具);听(懂,清)
catch a cold,catch the bus,catch what you said,catch up with
4. 偶然(突然)撞见,发觉;偶然碰上(风雨等),常用被动结构.
catch sb. stealing money,be / get caught in / by the storm
l GIVE
give a concert,give lessons to,give a lecture,give sb. advice on …,give sb. a message,give sb. a ring,give a report to sb.(向……汇报),give birth to(产仔),give medical care to(对……进行治疗),give out(耗尽),give off(发出(光,热等)),give up,give away(泄露),give one's life for(为……而献身),give in
l TAKE
take pictures / photographs / photos,take a seat,take aim(瞄准),take an interest in(对……发生兴趣),take notes(记笔记),take notice(注意),take one's chance(抓住机会),take one's leave(告辞),take office,take pity on(怜悯),take steps(采取措施),take the chair(主持开会),take it easy(别着急),take sides in(站在……一边),take one's time(不急),take turns to do sth.,take one's temperature,take one's place,take … for example,take charge of,take pride in,take an action(采取行动),take off,take away,take up,take hold of,take a message for,take great trouble to do sth.,take examinations,take it for granted that …(认为……当然),take sth. by mistake(错拿某物)
l CALL
call at ( some place ),call on sb. / call on sb. to do sth.,call for,call in (a doctor),call out,call up,call for help,call / draw one's attention to(引起某人注意某事)
l COME
1. come to
e.g. When I came to cooking, he showed great interest. (谈到)
We came to know this. (get to know = begin to know)
He came to see you. (=came and saw)
Finally it came to (itself). (苏醒)
The book came to how to learn English. (涉及)
It comes to the same thing. (结果是)
The number comes to 1000. (达到)
2. 其它短语:
come after(跟着……,为找……而来),come out(出来,(花)开,出版),come at =jump upon(扑向),come up to sb.,come on / upon = come across,come down(下来,减少),come into power(上台),come into being(形成),come into use(使用起来),come true,come along(一起走,快点)
l GET
get out of = get away from = escape(躲避,逃避),get along / on (well / badly) with, get on the bus, get in(进来),get in the crops, get in touch with, get into trouble, get into the habit of, get off = start off(离去,动身),get off the boot, get off work(下班),get off a good start(起了个好头),get over the difficulties(克服困难),get over the river, get rid of, get round = get about(传开),get through the work(做完工作),get through the test, get sb. through to(给某人接通电话),get down on one's knees, get down = write down, get to doing sth.(开始做),get down to, get back to sth.(重新做……,重谈……),get sth. back, get sb. to do sth, get the car going
l TURN
turn against, turn over, turn in, turn up, turn to sb. for help, turn doctor, turn green
l LOOK
look through the book(浏览),look on the book(与某人同看),look into(看里面,调查),look up(查阅,仰视),look about(看四周),look down upon / on,look upon / on … as,look out,look over(看过一遍),look forward to
l PUT
put away(放好),put off(推迟),put on(穿上,上演),put out(发行,熄灭),put down(放下,记下,镇压),put up(张贴,举起,建立),put … into …(送入,输入,把……翻译成……),put sb. to bed(哄某人睡觉),put forward(提出),put one's heart into………, put up with(容忍,忍受)
六,需注意的常用动词的习惯搭配
1. 有些动词常跟双宾语.
bring, fetch, give, hand, leave, read, send, teach, offer, tell, wish
2. 有些动词常跟复合宾语.
1) 跟名词作宾补的动词有:call, name, make, elect, think, find, leave
2) 跟不定式作宾补的动词有:cause, force, intend, prefer, remind, hear
3) 跟形容词作宾补的动词有: make, paint, cut, keep, find, prove, leave
4) 跟分词作宾补的动词有:hear, feel, have, make
3. 有些动词本身的含义,避免添加意义重复的词,如:return, repeat等.
六, 常用动词辨析
1. 七穿:put on, wear, have on, dress, be in, pull on, try on
u dress作及物动词时,意思是"给……穿衣服",可跟别人,也可跟反身代词.
dress既可表示状态,也可表示动作.be dressed in和be in后常接颜色一类的名词或衣服名称.
u wear和have on都表示状态.Wear用于一般式时表示经常的穿戴情况,用于进行式时表示暂时的穿戴情况.have on不用于进行时态.put on表示动作,其反义词为take off. have on, wear, put on可广义地用于穿(戴)衣服,袜,鞋,手套,首饰,眼镜等.
u pull on表示动作迅速,其反义词为"pull off", try on, fit … on表示穿戴的动作,意为"试穿(衣服),试戴(帽子)".
2. 三建议:advise, persuade, suggest
u advise表示"劝说,建议",而persuade表示"说服"的结果和结论.
u 搭配:advise sb. (not) to do sth, advise doing sth., advise that-clause(虚拟语气),persuade sb. (not) to do sth., persuade / talk sb. into doing sth., persuade sb. out of doing sth., persuade sb. of sth.(使某人想起某事), suggest doing sth., suggest that-clause(虚拟语气或不用)
3. 三个看起来:seem, look, appear
以上三个词都可表示"好像",而且往往可以相互替换.但是look强调根据外部表象作出的判断;seem强调说话人的主观判断;appear表示根据外部表象作出判断时,等于look,但appear有时说明外部表象是一种假象.
u seem和appear后接形容词或名词时,动词可加to be,而look不能.
u seem和appear还可接其它的动词不定式作宾语,而look不能.
u seem和look均可接like + 名词或v.-ing形式.
u seem, look均可接as if + 从句.(虚拟语气或陈述语气)
u seem, appear可用在it作形式主语的句式中,而look不能.
u appear, seem, look作系动词时,常常只用一般现在时或一般过去时.
4. 四打击:beat, hit, strike, knock
u beat着重连续性地打,如殴打或体罚,也指在游戏,竞赛或战争中击败对方,与win,defeat同义.
u hit作"击中"或"打"解,并带有瞄准某物而击中之意,强调打一下,而且是直接接触某物.
u strike作"敲打,撞击"解,表示一次或多次有利地打一下,强调迅速性,突然性.
u knock撞倒,重敲:knock on / at the door, knock into sb.
5. 五输赢:win, defeat, beat, gain, fail
u beat用于比赛,游戏,搏斗,辩论等竞争性活动,后接"对手"表结果.
u win后接比赛,辩论,战斗,奖品,荣誉,胜利等名词,表"获得,争得,赢得".
u defeat sb.在战斗,战争,比赛等中击败对手,表暂时行为.
u gain获得,赢得所需之物,通过竞争所得时与win换用.
u fail失败,短语搭配有:fail (in) the examination, fail to do sth.(没能做……)
6. 四想要:hope, wish, want, expect
u hope表示对愿望的实现抱有一定信心,这种希望往往是可以实现的,其搭配有:hope to do sth., hope +宾语从句,hope for, hope for the best(作最好的打算).
u wish希望,但愿,往往用来表示"祝愿",后接宾语从句,从句中表示不可能实现或与事实相反的事情,从句中使用虚拟语气,其搭配有:wish (sb.) to do sth., wish sb. + n. & adj., wish + that-clause
u want想,普通用语,表示因缺乏而产生的欲望,其搭配有:want sth., want (sb.) to do sth., want sth. + p.p.,
want / need / require doing = want / need / require to be done
u expect期望,预期,料想,表示预期某事即将发生,与预计的必然性有关,其搭配有:expect a letter from sb.,expect (sb.) to do sth., expect that-clause.
总之,1)hope (want, wish, expect) to do sth.
2)hope( expect, wish) + that-clause,但want不能.
3)expect(wish, want) + sb. to do sth.,但hope不能.
4)wish后接双宾语,但其它词不能.
7. 七花费:spend,cost,pay,take,charge,buy,sell
u spend,cost和take都是"花费"的意思,但spend的动作执行者往往是人,cost和take则往往是事,而且,cost一般用于花钱,take一般用于花时间较多.
u pay和charge的区别在于pay意在"支出",charge却意在"收入",试比较:
e.g. I paid the owner 100 yuan for the coat.
The owner charged me 100 yuan for the coat.
u buy和sell的区别很明显,一个是"买",另一个是"卖",都可跟双宾语.
注意:1)与pay有关的习惯短语:pay back, pay off, pay attention to, pay one's respects to(向……表示敬意),pay a visit to
2)cost和pay都作名词:the production cost(生产成本)
3)cost与be worth的区别,cost是"花费",而be worth意在"价值".
8. 四收到:receive, accept, admit, get
u receive系被动地"收到","接到",与主观愿望,几乎没有任何联系.
u accept系主动地"接受",其动作是由主观愿望所决定的.
u admit强调准许,接纳,与accept相比较,程度更深刻,有认同之意.
u get在"接到","收到"之义上可与receive交换.
注意:1)在表示"接纳","接受"某人加入某一团体或组织时,既可用admit,也可用receive.如:admit / receive sb. into the Party吸收某人入党
2)receive是动词send(送)的结果,而accept是动词refuse(拒绝)的反义词.
3)在英语中,像receive与accept这样成对的词或短语很多,前者表示动作,后者表示结果.如:
look (at) / see, listen (to) / hear, look for / find, put on / wear,
get to know / know, try to do sth. / manage to do sth.,
advise / persuade, shoot at / shoot, build / complete
9. add up to,add up, add … to …,add to
add up to意为"加起来总和是……",它可以引申为"总起来就意味着""等于".
add up意思是"加起来".
add … to …意思是"把……加在(到)…… 上(中)".
add to意思是"增加,增添".
10. agree to,agree with, agree on
agree with sb. / sth.同意某人的"看法".
agree on sth.表示双方达成"协议".
agree to + n. 同意某人的"提议,办法,计划"等.
agree to do sth. 同意做某事.
11. answer, reply
answer是常用语,可用作及物或不及物动词,后接名词,代词或that从句.
reply没有answer用得普遍,是个比较正式的用语,可做及物或不及物动词,
当做不及物动词时,后面常跟to.
12. be made in,be made from,be made of, be made into,be made up of,
be made by
13. become, get, go, grow, turn
become, get, go通常表示过程已经完成,become比较正式,get和go比较口语化.
grow有逐渐变成新的状态的含义.
turn有成为完全不同的事物的含义.用作连系动词时,后面也可接名词作表语,
名词前不用a或an.但在become后面作表语的名词前,则要用a或an.
14. begin, start
begin和start都有"开始"的意思,大多数场合可以通用,不过,start较为口语化.
另外,start还可以表示"动身,出发"的意思,而begin不能这样用.
begin和start后面可接不定式,也可接v.-ing形式,但接动词不定式主要用于以下几种情况:
当主语是物而不是人时.
当begin或start用于进行时态时.
当begin或start后面的非谓语动词指心理状态或精神活动时.
15. believe, believe in
believe作及物动词,表示"相信""认为",后接sb.时表示相信某人的话是真的.而believe in则表示"信任某人","相信……是有价值的".当believe用于被动语态时,后面只能跟动词不定式.
【类似】
trust sb.指信任某人或对某种观念的信仰,同believe in sb..trust in指依靠或依赖某人.
16. build, put up, set up 建立
build一般用于房屋,桥梁,道路等,也可以用于抽象的事物.
put up用于盖临时性的房屋.在现代英语中,put up与build区别不太大,只不过略为通俗一些.
set up用于把物架起来或立起来,比较口语化.
17. call on,visit,go to see,drop in
call on比go to see, drop in正式,而visit又比call on更正式.visit还可作名词,如:
pay a visit(进行访问).
go to see一般用于人.drop in特指顺路探访,多用于口语,后接某人时,某人前应加介词on,即drop in on sb.;后接地方时,地点前应加介词at,即drop in at some place.
18. can, be able to
can表示人们对自身能力的推测和估计,没有将来时态和完成时态,因而只能用be able to来代替.
be able to常用来表示通过自身的努力或克服种种困难最终能达到的自身能力,它不能用于进行时态中.
在表示过去时间做某事成功这层含义时,只能用was(were)able to,不能用could.
【类似】
unable是形容词,意为"不能",是able的反义词,而enable是动词"使……能".
19. choose, select, elect
choose表示"选择"或"挑选",有时也表示"推选,选举"的意思,但一般表示范围很小,普遍的选举,没有elect正式.
select表示(精心地)"挑选,选定",具有"精选"的意思.
elect表示"选举"的意思,一般是较大范围的具有正式手续的选举.
20. die from, die of, die out, pass away
die of与die from表示"死因",die of一般表示"因(患)…… 而死",常指由于疾病,情感,饥寒等原因造成的死亡,即死于内因.而die from表示"由于…… 而死",一般指除疾病或情感以外的原因造成的死亡,即死于外因.
die out表示"灭绝".pass away表示"死去,逝世",是比较委婉的用法.
21. discover, invent
22. drill, exercise, practise, train
drill指为身心锻炼或为养成良好习惯而进行一套有规则的严格训练,尤指学校课堂内的练习或军事训练.
exercise主要用于指为强壮体魄而进行的体育活动,其引申意义同practise,指为保持某些已获得的技能进行的练习.
practise指为了完善而达到熟练而有规则地,反复地做某事.
train着重为了某一特定的目标而进行的专门性的,有一定期限的培养.
23. do with, deal with
do with一般构成疑问句或用在否定句中,构成的句子也可用作宾语或表语,大致含义为"把某事或某物怎样处理".
deal with表示"对付,论述,与……打交道",常用于肯定陈述句中.当与how连用引起问句时,how用作句子的状语,在know等词后可用what作deal with的宾语,作为处理的对象,又可用how作状语表示方式,但deal with后则需要另接处理的对象作宾语.
24. finish, complete, end
finish和complete都可以表示"完成,结束",finish与complete作为及物动词,两者用法基本相同,表示的含义相近.
finish(普通)"完成",一般指把某事做完,常用v.-ing形式作宾语,不能接动词不定式作宾语.
complete(正式)"完成",主要指把未完成的东西经过进一步地的努力使之完成,该词后只能接名词或代词作宾语,不能接v.-ing形式.作形容词时,意为"完全的,充满的,十分的".
end作"结束"解,强调某事的终止时间而不考虑内容是否完成,常用于讲话,会话,演说,战争等.
25. give in, give up
26. join, connect, unite 连结,结合
join是指把分离的两者连接在一起,强调原来形体清楚地分离的事物之间的结合,通常只直接连接,像国与国,田与田,线与线等
connect表示一种事物与其它事物的关系,强调通过某种媒介把具体事物(人)或抽象概念连接起来.
unite强调几个部分组成一个整体,表示联合在一起.如:the United States
27. offer, give, spare, present 给予
offer基本含义是:1)"(主动)提出(做某事)",后跟不定式作宾语.
2)"(主动)给予",后接名词为直接宾语或接双宾语.
give其基本含义是"给予",其后一般跟双宾语,有时也可以接一个直接宾语.
spare主要意思是"匀出,让给",后面可跟一个或两个宾语.
present主要意思是"赠送给……",搭配不能带双宾语.
28. promise, allow, permit
promise表示"允诺,允许",侧重答应自己要干某事,后跟不定式或宾语从句,也可跟名词或代词.allow和permit表示"允许",侧重允许别人去干某事.allow和permit在很多情况下,意义相同,可以通用,但前者比较正式,且有"默许"的含义,而后者有"准许"的意思.
29. prepare, prepare for sth., prepare to do sth., be prepared to do sth.,
be prepared for sth.
prepare sth.指为了某目的而直接动手处理,整理,安排某事.
prepare for sth.指为了达到某一目的做好相应的准备工作,意为"为……进行……准备",从而使句子的含义更为明确.
prepare to do sth.表示"因为要……而准备",指准备去做这一具体动作.
be prepared to do sth.(提前)作好了某事的准备,表示已做好准备和状态,也可指一种自己意愿.
be prepared for sth.主要强调在思想上作好了准备,它不是被动结构.
30. remain, stay
remain和stay作为动词,都有"停留"的意思,有时可以通用.remain和stay作为系动词,表示"保持某一状态"时,可以通用.
remain着重指在别人已离去,或事情有变动以后,仍"继续停留",或"保持原来的状态".stay则指"停留,逗留".
31. save,spare
save意为"储蓄,节省",指把钱,时间及其它东西储蓄起来以备将来用或节省可节省的东西,从而避免浪费;save也可指"救命".spare意为"省",指小心地省下或节省钱,时间,力气等,常表示省出一部分以作它用.
32. seat, sit
seat sb. = seat oneself = be seated = sit down
33. sleep, asleep, sleepy, sleeping
这几个词都有"睡"之意.从词性来分析,sleep为动词或名词,asleep为副词或形容词,sleepy与sleeping都为形容词.从语法结构来分析,asleep只能作表语,而sleepy和sleeping可作表语也可作定语.从词义上来分析,sleepy有"欲睡,困乏的"含义,而asleep和sleeping则有"睡着"之意.
asleep往往与fall或drop搭配,形成fall(drop)asleep.
34. support, keep,raise
support意为"赡养,养活",主要指提供金钱或东西给某人生活.
keep意为"赡养,养活"或"饲养",主要指提供必要的物品来照顾家庭.
raise指饲养动物,若养大孩子,应用bring up.
35. take part in, join, attend
36. take place, happen
37. try to do sth., manage to do sth., attempt to do sth.
attempt to do sth.意为"企图,试图",指某人想尽办法去做某事,但结果往往是失败的.
38. used to do …,be used to v-ing, be used to do sth., would
would +动词原形,表示过去某一段时间内的活动,主要是同过去另一段时间相比,因此,如无具体的上下文,应该有时间状语修饰.
39. would rather, rather than, prefer
would rather (not) do sth.
would rather之后可跟从句,从句中的动词要用虚拟语气,即动词的过去式.
would rather do sth. than do sth.(或than后面可接状语)
rather than ……而不……
prefer: prefer … to …
prefer to do sth. / doing sth.
prefer to do sth. rather (than) do sth.
prefer +宾语从句(虚拟语气----(should) + 动词原形)
40. wound, hurt, injure
这三个词都可以用来表示"受伤",但wound往往是指超出类似跌破,皮伤范围的重伤,如战斗负伤或枪伤等;hurt着重指精神或肉体上的伤害;injure多用于事故,车祸中的"伤害,损伤",而且多强调容貌或机能的损坏.
【注意】用wound, injure或hurt表示"受伤"时,一定要用" be +过去分词"形式.
hurt的过去分词只能用作表语,不能作定语,而wound和injured既可作表语又可作定语.如:a wounded soldier, an injured man
21. 情态动词 (《讲义》)
21.1 情态动词的语法特征
1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生.
2) 情态动词除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式.
3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s.
4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式.
21.2 比较can 和be able to
1)can/could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could).be able to可以用于各种时态.例如:
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了.
2)只用be able to的情况:
a. 位于助动词后.
b. 情态动词后.
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时.
d. 用于句首表示条件.
e. 表示成功地做了某事时,用was/were able to,不能用could.例如:
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲.
注意:could有时不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could).例如:
--- Could I have the television on 我能看电视吗
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 可以/不可以.
2)在否定句,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑.例如:
He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人.
21.3 比较may和might
1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿.例如:
May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你!
He might be at home. 他可能在家.
注意:might 表示推测时,不表示时态,只是可能性比may 小.
2) 成语:may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为"不妨".例如:
If that is the case, we may as well try.如果情况确实如此,我们不妨试一试.
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出.
21.4 比较have to和must
1) 两词都是'必须'的意思,have to 表示客观的需要,must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要.例如:
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来.(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作.(主观上要做这件事)
2) have to有人称,数,时态的变化,而must只有一种形式.但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务.例如:
He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐.
3) 否定结构中:don't have to表示"不必",mustn't表示"禁止".例如:
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他.
You mustn't tell him about it. 你不得把这件事告诉他.
21.5 must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为"一定".
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时,must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式.例如:
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天,一定累了.(对现在情况的推测判断)
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢.
比较:He must be staying there. 他现在肯定在那里.
He must stay there. 他必须呆在那.
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式.例如:
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了.
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式.例如:
---Why didn't you answer my phone call 为何不接我的电话
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.唉,肯定在睡觉,所以没有听见.
5) 否定推测用can't.例如:
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家.
21.6 表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:
1)情态动词+动词原形,表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词.例如:
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 我不知道她在哪儿,可能在武汉.
2)情态动词+动词现在进行时,表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测.例如:
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时,想必我们老师正在批改试卷.
3)情态动词+动词完成时,表示对过去情况的推测.例如:
The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了.
4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时,表示对过去正在发生事情的推测.例如:
Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你.
5)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示.例如:
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的.
注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can, may.
21.7 情态动词+ have +过去分词
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情.例如:
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 菲力浦可能在车祸中受了重伤.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2) must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有"肯定","谅必"的意思.例如:
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. 琳达已经去上班了,但她的单车还在这儿.
---She must have gone by bus.肯定乘巴士去的.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth表示本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做.否定句表示"不该做某事而做了".例如:
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment. 你当时在做试验时应该更仔细点.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.他不该把旧衣服扔了.(事实上已扔了.)
ought to 在语气上比should 要强.
4) needn't have done sth表示本没必要做某事,但做了.例如:
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
旅行时,我衣服穿得较多,其实没有必要.那时天很热.
5) would like to have done sth表示本打算做某事,但没做.例如:
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. 我想读这篇文章,但太忙了一直没读.
21.8 should 和ought to
除了上述的用法,两者还可表示"想必一定,按理应该"的意思.例如:
I ought to be able to live on my salary. 靠我的薪水,想必也能维持了.
It ought to be ready now. 想必现在准备好了吧.
They should be there by now, I think. 现在他们该到那儿了.
The poems should be out in a month at most. 诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了.
21.9 had better表示"最好",相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形.例如:
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. 天相当冷.你最好穿上我的外套.
She'd better not play with the dog. 她最好不要玩耍那条狗.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为"本来最好".例如:
You had better have come earlier. 你本该来得早一点.
21.10 would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿…而不愿.
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿","宁可"的意思.例如:
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. 如果有选择的余地,我宁可辍学离开这个学校.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 我宁愿呆在这儿,而不愿回家.
典型例题
----Shall we go skating or stay at home
----Which ___ do
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B.本题考查情态动词rather的用法,would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿",本题为疑问句,would 提前,所以选B.
21.11 will和would
注意:1)would like;would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配.例如:
Would you like to go with me 想和我一块去吗
2)Will you… Would you like… 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any.例如:
Would you like some cake 吃点蛋糕吧.
3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气.
Won't you sit down 你不坐下吗
21.12 情态动词的回答方式
问句
肯定回答
否定回答
Need you…
Yes, I must.
No, I needn't
Must you…
No, I don't have to.
典型例题
1)---Could I borrow your dictionary
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的语气,并不为时态.答语中of course,表示肯定的语气,允许某人做某事时,用can和 may来表达,不能用could或might. will 与you连用,用来提出要求或下命令.should与you 连用,用来提出劝告.
2)---Shall I tell John about it
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A.needn't 不必,不用. wouldn't 将不, 不会的. mustn't 禁止,不能. shouldn't 不应该.本题为不需要,不必的意思,应用needn't.
3)---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词,表请求,建议,也可作为实义动词表"意愿,意志,决心",本题表示决心,选B.
21.13 带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to (=must), be able to,为六个.它们的疑问,否定形式应予以注意:
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用.其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do 等助动词协助.
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
答案A.由于后句为过去时,告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因,此地应用过去完成时,但它在情态动词 ought to 后,所以用have told.
21.14 比较need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用.作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句.need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略.
1) 实义动词:need(需要, 要求) need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词:need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为need not.例如:
Need you go yet 你要走了吗
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.是的,我要走了/不, 不急着走.