Unit
3 Conservation
PartⅠ Topic
Talk
【学习目标】
话题语境
人与自然之人与环境、人与植物的探讨
课时词汇
threat,
switch,
urgent,
destroy,
recycle
常用短语
cut
down,
in
danger,
cut
down,
the
use
of...,
need
to
be
done,
plastic
waste
单词巧练 写准记牢
Ⅰ.核心单词练习：请根据所给的词性和词义写出单词
1．________________
adj.
紧急的，急迫的
2．________________
adv.
非常地，极端地
3．________________
adj.
灭绝的，绝种的
4．________________
vi.
&
vt.
猎取，猎杀
5．________________
adv.
非法地，违法地
6．________________
vi.
&
vt.
转换，改变
7．________________
n.
威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能
8．________________
vi.
&
vt.
再利用，回收利用
9．________________
n.
一项，一条
10．________________
vt.
破坏；毁掉
11．________________
adj.
塑料制的
12．________________
n.
保护
Ⅱ.常用单词练习：根据句意和所给的首字母或中文提示写出符合句中单词的正确形式
1．The
new
law
would
encourage
companies
________
(转换)
from
coal
to
cleaner
fuels.
2．Chimpanzees
often
________
(猎食)
in
large
groups,
30
to
50,
and
move
quickly
through
the
forest.
3．A
study
has
found
that
a
language
becomes
________
(灭绝的)
every
two
weeks.
4．A
________
(威胁)
to
a
person
or
thing
is
a
danger
that
something
unpleasant
might
happen
to
them.
5．“Can
I
see
you
for
a
moment？”“Is
it
________
(紧急的)？”
6．Up
to
two
thirds
of
14-to
16-year-olds
admit
to
buying
drink
________
(非法地)．
7．The
pipes
are
so
light
and
they
should
be
made
of
p________.
8．In
Australia,
agriculture
has
d________
half
of
all
woodland
and
forests.
9．More
funds
should
be
devoted
to
the
c________
of
freshwater
resources
and
endangered
species.
10．An
i________
is
one
of
a
list
of
things
for
someone
to
do,
deal
with,
or
talk
about.
11．If
you
r________
things
that
have
already
been
used,
such
as
bottles
or
sheets
of
paper,
you
process
them
so
that
they
can
be
used
again.
Ⅲ.阅读本部分内容，翻译相关短语
1．目前，现在
________________
2．在危险中
________________
3．过着……的生活
________________
4．尽自己的职责
________________
5．起某种作用
________________
6．对……热情
________________
7．削减，减少
________________
?第一版块：重点单词
1．threat
n．[C]构成威胁的人，形成威胁的事物；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能；[C，U]威胁，恐吓
(教材P108)After
the
lecture,
I
can
see
that
the
use
of
oil
and
coal
is
one
of
the
biggest
threats
to
our
planet.听完讲座，我明白了，石油和煤炭的使用是我们星球的最大威胁之一。
pose
a
threat
to...
对……构成威胁
under
threat
受到威胁
?Drunken
drivers
pose
a
serious
threat
to
other
passers-by.
醉驾者对其他路人构成了严重的威胁。
?These
ancient
woodlands
are
under
threat
from
new
road
developments.
新道路开发可能对这些古老的林地造成破坏。
?Her
parents
made
threats
to
take
away
her
mobile
phone
if
her
grades
couldn't
be
improved.
她父母威胁说，如果她不能提高成绩，就要拿走她的手机。
联想串记：
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Wildlife
has
been
greatly
________
(threat)
in
the
modern
age.
②Floating
ice
around
Iceland
was
becoming
a
threat
________
navigation.
③Some
cultures
see
direct
eye
contact
as
impolite
or
________
(threaten)
behavior,
while
Americans
see
it
as
a
sign
of
honesty.
④Bats
are
________
threat
in
many
areas
of
the
world.
The
number
of
them
has
gone
down
to
such
a
level
that
the
remaining
members
may
not
be
enough
to
keep
the
species.
2.switch
vt.&
vi.(使)改变；vt.交换，转换，对调 n．[C](电路的)开关，闸，转换器；改变，转变
(教材P108)We
definitely
need
to
switch
to
different
forms
of
power
as
soon
as
possible.我们确实需要尽快转用其他形式的能源。
switch
(from
A)
to
B
(由A)转变成B
switch
off/on
关/开(电灯、机器等)
switch
off
不再关注，不再理睬
switch
over
换台，换频道
a
light
switch
电灯开关
a
policy
switch
政策的转变
?She
worked
as
a
librarian
before
switching
to
journalism.
她在转行从事新闻工作前是图书管理员。
?Please
make
sure
all
mobile
phones
are
switched
off
during
the
performance.
请确保演出时关上所有手机。
?If
he
gets
bored,
he
just
switches
off
and
looks
out
the
window.
他觉得无聊时，就心不在焉地朝窗外看。
?There
is
a
light
switch
on
the
wall.墙上有一个电灯开关。
?We
had
to
make
a
switch
in
our
plan.
我们不得不改变我们的计划。
语境串记：
Lucy
got
home
from
work
early.
After
changing
clothes,
she
swtched
off
the
light
and
came
to
the
living
room.
Then
she
switched
on
the
TV
and
switched
over
to
Channel
10.露西早早下班回到家，换完衣服后，她关灯来到客厅。然后她打开电视，转到第10频道。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/单句写作
①After
dinner,
we
often
switch
________
the
TV
to
watch
the
news,
then
switch
________
football
games.
At
10
o'clock
we
switch
________
the
TV
and
go
to
bed.
②Not
only
is
biking
good
exercise,
but
switching
________
a
car
to
a
bike
also
reduces
the
amount
of
pollution
in
the
air.
③我妈妈让我在离开房间前记得关灯。
________________________________________.
3.urgent
adj.紧急的，紧迫的，迫切的
(教材P109)That's
an
incredibly
urgent
matter...那是一件非常紧急的事……
It
is
urgent
that...
急需……(从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略)
urge
sb.to
do
sth.
敦促/力劝某人做某事
urge
that...
主张……(从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略)
?The
children
in
that
area
are
in
urgent
need
of
food.
那个地区的孩子急需食物。
?It
is
urgent
that
those
tents
(should)
be
sent
to
the
disaster
area.
那些帐篷急需被送到灾区。
归纳拓展：
(1)urgency
n.
[U]紧急，迫切
(2)urgent
adj.
紧急的，紧迫的，迫切的
(3)urge
vt.
竭力主张；催促，力劝
语境串记：
He
urged
us
to
collect
money
for
those
who
were
in
urgent
need
of
food
and
clothes.他敦促我们为那些急需食品和衣服的人募捐。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Researchers
have
found
that
red
can
bring
a
sense
of
________
(urge)
into
our
minds.
②It
is
urgent
that
we
________
(carry)
out
the
alternative
plan.
③Parents
should
actively
urge
their
children
________
(take)
advantage
of
the
opportunity
to
join
sports
teams.
4.hunt
vi.
&
vt.打猎；猎杀；搜寻；搜索；追踪；追捕 n．搜寻；寻找；打猎
(教材P109)Yes,
many
animals
are
illegally
hunted
for
something
they
have.是的，许多动物因它们身上的东西而被非法猎杀。
hunt
for
sth.
搜寻某物
hunt
for
sb./sth.
搜寻/寻找某人/某物
知识联想：
hunter
n.
[C]猎人；搜集某种东西的人
?Lions
sometimes
hunt
alone.狮子有时单独猎食。
?Whales
are
still
being
hunted
and
killed
in
the
Arctic
Ocean.北冰洋的鲸类仍在遭到猎杀。
?Detectives
are
busy
hunting
for
clues.侦探们正在忙着寻找线索。
?I
am
on
the
hunt
for
the
perfect
summer
sandals.我在寻找一双完美的夏日凉鞋。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The
kids
were
________
(hunt)
for
shells
on
the
beach
while
I
was
reading
a
newspaper.
②The
fox
ran
away
before
the
________
(hunt)
shot
it.
③John
set
out
that
day
________
(hunt)
for
work.
④Police
have
launched
a
nationwide
hunt
________
the
killer.
?第二版块：重点短语
1.cut
down
(1)削减，缩小(尺寸、数量或数目)。可作及物短语动词和不及物短语动词。
(2)(自根基部分)砍倒。为及物短语动词。
(教材P109)I
think
we
should
cut
down
the
use
of
unrecyclable
plastic
to
protect
our
planet.我认为我们应该减少使用不可回收利用的塑料来保护我们的星球。
cut...down
(to...)
减少……(至……)
cut
down
on...
减少……
?We
are
trying
our
best
to
cut
down
costs
and
improve
quality.我们正在尽力降低成本，提高质量。
?We
need
to
cut
the
article
down
to
1,000
words.我们得把这篇文章压缩到1
000字。
?Cut
down
on
fatty
foods
if
you
want
to
lose
weight.你如果想减肥，就得少吃高脂食物。
?Deserts
are
also
formed
because
people
cut
down
trees
and
dig
up
grass.人们伐树掘草也会造成土壤沙化。
归纳拓展：
cut
in
插嘴
sorry
to
cut
in
on
you
抱歉打断你的话。
cut
out
剪下
cut
this
article
out
of
the
newspaper
从报纸上剪下这篇文章。
cut
up
切碎
cut
up
the
meat
把肉切碎。
cut
off
停止，中断(供给)
cut
off
the
gas
supply
中断供气。
cut
off
使……与外界隔绝
feel
cut
off
living
in
the
mountains生活在山区感到闭塞。
[即学即练] 用cut的相关短语完成句子
①The
company
has
________________
the
gas
supply
temporarily
to
repair
the
damaged
gas
pipe.
②It's
rather
impolite
to
________________
when
other
people
are
talking.
③Evidence
suggests
that
they
kept
the
fire
burning
all
winter
and
used
sharpened
stone
tools
to
________________
the
meat.
④Experts
think
the
amount
of
homework
for
the
students
should
be
________________.
2.in
danger意为“处于危险中”。其后接of可构成in
danger
of...“处于……的危险中”。
(教材P109)He
works
on
protecting
animals
in
danger.他致力于保护濒危动物。
danger
n.
[U]危险
in
danger
处于危险中
out
of
danger
脱离危险
dangerous
adj.
危险的
endanger
vt.
使处于险境，危及
endangered
adj.
濒危的
?Once
harm
is
done
to
the
ecosystem,
all
species
will
be
in
danger,
including
humans.
一旦生态系统遭到破坏，所有物种，包括人类，都将处于危险之中。
?What
a
moving
scene
to
see
so
many
people
offer
help
to
those
in
danger!
看到这么多人帮助那些处于危险中的人，真令人感动！
语境串记：
Last
week,
John
was
bitten
by
a
dangerous
snake
and
that
endangered
his
life.
John
was
in
great
danger.
Thanks
to
the
doctor,
he
received
treatment
in
time
and
he
was
out
of
danger
at
last.上周约翰被一条危险的蛇咬了，那危及了他的生命。约翰处于极大的危险中。多亏了医生，约翰得到了及时的救治，最后他脱离了危险。
[即学即练] 选词填空：endanger/endangered/dangerous/结合danger的用法完成句子
①We
should
do
what
we
can
to
save
those
________
species,
including
tigers
which
are
considered
________
because
they
can
________
people's
lives.
②The
old
man
is
still
________________.
He
is
no
better
than
he
was
yesterday.
③I
heard
Jack
had
a
car
accident
and
was
________________
losing
his
life,
but
luckily,
he
is
________________
now.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．With
every
person
using
about
130
kg
of
plastic
every
year,
there
is
an
u________
need
of
better
ways
of
processing
it.
2．P________
waste
is
a
huge
problem
in
Indonesia,
and
this
has
led
its
city
to
come
up
with
an
approach
to
encourage
residents
to
recycle
it.
3．The
river
flooded
last
summer
and
the
bridge
was
totally
________
(毁掉)
in
the
floods.
4．A
statement
from
the
US
listed
many
main
________
(威胁)
to
African
lions
such
as
loss
of
habitat,
lack
of
food
and
more
conflicts
with
humans.
5．It
is
not
allowed
to
________
(猎杀)
wild
animals
in
many
countries
of
the
world.
6．Many
wild
animals
have
been
________
(灭绝的)
for
various
reasons.
7．We
must
try
our
best
to
keep
our
environment
under
careful
________(保护)．
8．Press
these
two
keys
to
________
(切换)
between
documents
on
the
screen.
9．The
majority
of
the
students
find
the
magazine
________
(有教育意义的)
and
useful
to
their
English
study.
10．The
researchers
say
that
more
than
one-third
of
ships
in
the
southern
Indian
Ocean
are
fishing
________
(非法地)．
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Many
species
are
________
(endanger)
and
could
disappear
off
the
face
of
the
Earth
very
soon
if
we
don't
do
anything
to
save
them.
2．________(destroy)
of
the
environment
is
one
of
the
most
serious
challenges
we
face.
3．In
his
spare
time,
he
either
listens
to
soft
music
to
relax
himself
or
switch
________
the
TV
to
watch
the
news.
4．His
story
is
really
so
________
(inform)
that
you
can
really
benefit
from
it.
5．When
the
whole
area
was
cut
________
by
the
flood,
the
government
sent
food
there
by
helicopter.
6．The
class
is
discussing
a
newspaper
article
that
urges
citizens
________
(help)
reduce
the
noise
and
air
pollution
in
the
city.
7．The
chairman
asked
me
to
cut
________
the
report,
because
he
didn't
want
to
speak
for
too
long
at
that
meeting.
8．One-fifth
of
the
animals
and
plants
in
this
region
are
________
threat
of
________
(extinct)．
9．Noises,
typically
caused
by
ships
or
construction,
do
pose
a
threat
________
marine
animals,
disturbing
their
ability
to
locate
food.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
I
went
to
a
lecture
by
Professor
Linda
Wei
yesterday.
It
was
really
informative!
I
learnt
a
lot
about
the
environmental
1.________
(challenge)
the
world
is
facing
now.
I
really
feel
2.________
(strong)
that
we
need
to
change
the
way
we
live
in
order
3.________
(protect)
our
planet.
Professor
Wei
was
very
passionate
about
4.________
(use)
clean
energy.
We
definitely
need
to
switch
to
different
forms
of
power
as
soon
as
possible.
5．________
the
professor
said：“We
all
have
a
role
to
play
in
protecting
the
environment.
If
we
all
do
our
part,
we
can
live
a
6.________
(healthy)
life
on
Earth.”
Unit
3 Conservation
Part
Ⅰ Topic
Talk
双基夯实·课前排查
Ⅰ.
1．urgent 2.incredibly 3.extinct 4.hunt 5.illegally
6．switch 7.threat 8.recycle 9.item 10.destroy
11．plastic 12.conservation
Ⅱ.
1．to
switch 2.hunt 3.extinct 4.threat 5.urgent
6．illegally 7.plastic 8.destroyed 9.conservation
10．item 11.recycle
Ⅲ.
1．at
present 2.in
danger 3.live
a．..life 4.do
one's
part 5.have
a
role 6.be
passionate
about 7.cut
down
核心突破·要点讲解
?第一版块：重点单词
1．①threatened ②to ③threatening ④under
2．①on;
to;
off ②from ③My
mum
asked
me
to
remember
to
switch
off
the
lights
before
leaving
the
room.
3．①urgency ②(should)
carry ③to
take
4．①hunting ②hunter ③to
hunt ④for
?第二版块：重点短语
1．①cut
off ②cut
in ③cut
up ④cut
down
2．①endangered;
dangerous;
endanger ②in
danger ③in
danger
of;
out
of
danger
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．urgent 2.Plastic 3.destroyed 4.threats 5.hunt
6．extinct
on 7.conservation 8.switch 9.informative 10.illegally
Ⅱ.
1．endangered 2.Destruction 3.on 4.informative 5.off
6．to
help 7.down 8.under extinction 9.to
Ⅲ.
1．challenges 2.strongly 3.to
protect 4.using 5.As 6.healthierUnit
3
Conservation
PartⅡ Lesson
1 The
Sixth
Extinction
【学习目标】
话题语境
人与自然之人与环境、人与植物的探讨
课时词汇
mass,
varied,
decrease,
blame,
rate,
quantity
常用短语
die
out,
be
at
risk,
be
to
blame,
depend
on/upon,
take
action,
take
steps,
set
up,
in
short,
wipe
out
重点句式
(1)介词提到关系代词前的定语从句
(2)it
作形式主语，主语从句作真正的主语
(3)含有without的含蓄虚拟条件句
单词巧练 写准记牢
Ⅰ.核心单词练习：请根据所给的词性和词义写出单词
1．________________
vt.
(使)恢复
2．________________
vi.
&
vt.
(使)孵化
3．________________
adj.
濒危的
4．________________
vt.
影响
5．________________
vt.
责怪，指责
6．________________
vi.
&
vt.
减少
n.
减少；减少的量
7．________________
adj.
各种各样的，形形色色的
8．________________
adj.
大量的
9．________________
adj.
异常的；不平常的
10．________________
n.
物种，种
Ⅱ.常用单词练习：根据句意和所给的首字母或中文提示写出符合句中单词的正确形式
1．These
exercises
will
help
you
________
(恢复)
your
full
health.
2．Ten
chicks
________
(孵化)
out
this
morning.
3．Many
measures
have
been
taken
to
save
________
(濒危的)
wildlife
in
China.
4．So
far,
more
than
seven
million
people
________
(影响)
by
drought.
5．Which
driver
was
________
(责怪)
for
the
accident?
6．People
should
d________
the
amount
of
fat
they
eat.
7．It
is
essential
that
your
diet
is
v________
and
balanced.
8．The
sky
was
full
of
dark
m________
of
clouds.
9．The
weather
is
a
bit
u________
these
days.
It's
too
hot.
10．There
are
several
thousands
________
of
trees
here.
Ⅲ.阅读本部分内容，翻译相关短语
1．采取措施
________________
2．由于，幸亏
________________
3．总之
________________
4．处境危险，受到威胁
________________
5．依赖，依靠
________________
6．由于
________________
7．负有责任
________________
8．毁灭；抹去
________________
9．消失；绝迹，灭绝
________________
?第一版块：重点单词
1.mass
adj.大批的，数量极多的，广泛的。仅用于名词前。 n．[C]堆，团，块；[C，usually
sing.]大量，许多；[pl.]大量的东西 n．[U](物理学中的)质量 the
masses
[pl.]群众
(教材P52)About
what
percent
of
all
species
on
Earth
became
extinct
during
the
mass
extinction
known
as
the
“Great
Dying”？在被称为“大灭绝”的大规模灭绝期间，地球上的所有物种中，有大约百分之几的物种灭绝了？
mass
production
批量生产
a
mass
of
一堆……；大量的……
masses
of
成堆的……；大量的……
a
land
mass
陆块，地块
?Their
latest
product
is
aimed
at
the
mass
market.
他们的最新产品瞄准了大众市场。
?A
mass
of
books
and
papers
are
on
his
desk.
在他书桌上有一堆书和文件。
?Wherever
the
band
went，masses
of
fans
would
welcome
them
at
the
airport.
无论这支乐队去哪儿，都会有大量的歌迷在机场欢迎他们。
?A
liter
of
gasoline
has
less
mass
than
a
liter
of
water.
一升汽油的质量比一升水的质量小。
?The
TV
programme
brings
science
to
the
masses
and
enjoys
great
popularity.
这个电视节目向群众普及了科学知识，很受欢迎。
特别提醒：
a
mass
of/masses
of后可跟可数名词复数或不可数名词，当“a
mass
of/masses
of＋名词”作主语时，其谓语动词的形式以of后名词所表达的意义而定。
Masses
of
customers
are
entering
the
supermarket.大批顾客正进入超市。
A
mass
of
snow
lies
in
the
yard.院子里积了大量的雪。
[即学即练] 判断下列句子中mass的词性及含义/语法填空
①The
polar
bear
is
found
in
the
Arctic
Circle
and
some
big
land
masses
as
far
south
as
Newfoundland.________________
②Recent
development
has
made
possible
machines
that
print,
cook,
and
serve
foods
on
a
mass
scale.________________
③Pluto
(冥王星)
and
Triton
(海王卫一)
have
nearly
the
same
size,
mass,
and
density
(密度)．________________
④The
government
cares
much
about
the
interests
and
well-being
of
the
masses.________________
⑤A
mass
of
work
________
(do)
to
prevent
the
river
from
being
polluted
up
to
now.
⑥The
young
dancers
looked
so
charming
in
their
beautiful
clothes
that
we
took
________
(mass)
of
pictures
of
them.
2.decrease
n．[C，U]减少，降低 vi.
&
vt.(使大小、数量等)减少，减小，降低
(教材P52)According
to
scientists，they
include
volcanic
eruptions，asteroids
hitting
the
Earth
from
space,
changes
in
sea
levels,
the
decrease
of
the
oxygen
content
of
the
sea
and
global
warming.科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。
a
decrease
in...
在……方面减少
on
the
decrease
在减少
decrease
by...
减少了……(表示减少的量)
decrease
(from...)
to...
(从……)减少到……(表示减少后的量)
decrease
in...
在……方面减少
?There
has
been
a
decrease
in
the
number
of
young
people
out
of
work.
失业青年人数已经有所下降。
?The
demand
for
corn
is
on
the
decrease
each
year
in
this
country.
这个国家对玉米的需求量在逐年减少。
?People
planted
trees
on
the
waste
hills
to
decrease
soil
erosion.
人们在荒丘上种植树木以减少水土流失。
?The
number
of
the
students
in
our
school
has
decreased
to
1,200.
我们学校的学生数量已减少到1
200人。
?Compared
with
last
year,
the
price
of
wheat
has
decreased
by
15%
this
year.
和去年相比，今年小麦的价格已降低了15%。
归纳拓展：
increase
(1)vi.
&
vt.
(使)增长，增多，增加
(2)n.[C，U]增长，增多，增加
increase
to...
增加到……(表示增加后的量)
increase
by...
增加了……(表示增加的量)
on
the
increase
在增加
increase
in...
在……方面增加
表“开、关”的英语短语
比较：
①the
door/window
②turn
on/off
the
light/the
radio
③switch
on/off
the
electric
machine
注意：旋转开关的电器用turn
on/off
闸刀开关的电器用switch
on/off
门窗用open/close
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①In
recent
years
some
Inuit
people
in
Nunavut
have
reported
increases
________
bear
sightings
around
human
settlements,
leading
to
a
belief
that
populations
are
increasing.
②The
accidents
have
decreased
________
20%
since
the
measures
were
taken.
③The
crime
rate
in
this
area
has
decreased
________
the
lowest
level
nowadays.
④Tea
is
still
a
large
part
of
daily
life
in
the
UK
today,
but
it
seems
to
be
________
the
decrease.
⑤Food
prices
increased
________
10%
in
less
than
a
year.
3.blame
vt.责怪，指责，把……归咎于 n．[U]责任，责备
(教材P52)This
time,
human
activity
will
be
to
blame.这次，人类活动是肇因。
blame...for
(doing)
sth.
因(做)某事责备……
blame
sth.
on
sb./sth.
把某事归咎于某人/某事
be
to
blame
for
(doing)
sth.
因(做)某事应受责备；对(做)某事负有责任(不定式用主动形式表示被动意义)
take/bear
the
blame
for
sth.
承担某事的责任
lay/put
the
blame
(for
sth.)on...
把(某事的)责任归咎于……
?Don't
blame
him
for
breaking
that
vase;
after
all,
he
is
only
a
child.
别怪他打碎了那个花瓶，毕竟，他只是个孩子。
?They
blamed
the
failure
of
the
business
on
the
economic
downturn.
他们把生意的失败归咎于经济衰退。
?The
hot
weather
is
partly
to
blame
for
the
water
shortage.
炎热的天气是缺水的部分原因。
?We
were
ready
to
take
the
blame
for
what
had
happened.
我们准备好对所发生的事承担责任。
?Health
officials
put
the
blame
for
the
disease
on
poor
housing
conditions.
卫生官员们将该疾病的暴发归咎于恶劣的居住条件。
语境串记：
He
is
blamed
for
the
big
mistake,
but
he
blamed
it
on
others.
In
fact,
it
is
he,
not
others,
that
is
to
blame
for
it.他因这次严重的错误受到了责备，但他把它归咎于别人。事实上，应该是他，而不是别人，应对此负责。
考向追踪：
高考通常从以下几个角度设题对blame进行考查；
(1)to
blame作表语或定语时要用主动形式表示被动意义；(2)通过非谓语动词结构对blame进行考查；(3)blame后的介词既可以用on又可以用for，on表示责怪的对象，for表示责怪的原因。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/单句写作
①Some
people
blame
the
smartphone
________
the
tragedy,
yet
in
fact
people's
weakening
self-control
and
self-discipline
are
________
(blame)．
②Lots
of
people
find
it
hard
to
get
up
in
the
morning,
and
put
the
blame
________the
alarm
clock.
③不要总是把自己的失败归咎于他人。你自己应该对其负责。
________________________________________________________________________
④科学家认为该疾病的暴发应归咎于被污染的水。
________________________________________________________________________
4.varied
adj.各种各样的，形形色色的
(教材P52)The
reasons
for
extinctions
are
varied.物种灭绝的原因多种多样。
vary
v.
存在不同之处；使多样化
vary
from...
to...
在……到……的范围内变化
various
adj.
各种各样的
variety
n.
品种；种类；多样化；变种
a
variety
of
sth.
各种各样的某事/物
?Anything
will
become
boring
if
you
do
it
repeatedly.
The
key
is
to
develop
a
balanced
and
varied
programme
that
is
fun
as
well
as
progressive.如果你重复做一件事，任何事情都会变得无聊。关键是要制订一个既有趣又能取得进步的平衡而又丰富多样的计划。
?The
number
of
the
added
flights
varies
from
year
to
year
according
to
the
demand
shown
by
flight
ticket
booking
systems.根据机票预订系统显示的需求，新增航班的数量每年都在变化。
?Skilled
workers
also
combine
various
hardwoods
and
metal
to
create
special
designs.
熟练的工人还将各种硬木和金属结合起来，创造出特殊的设计。
?Join
us
to
taste
a
variety
of
fresh
local
food
and
drinks.
加入我们，与我们一起品尝各种新鲜的本地食物和饮料。
词语比较：
various,
different,
varied,
variable
(1)different
adj.“不同的”，可以和单数或复数名词连用。
如：This
is
a
totally
different
matter.这完全是另外一回事儿。
The
two
boys
told
one
and
the
same
story
in
different
words.这两个孩子说的故事是一样的，只是用词不同。
(2)various
adj.各种各样的。指同一范畴内的不同种类。后面只用复数名词。如：
Representatives
from
various
parts
of
the
country
have
arrived
in
Beijing.全国各地的代表到达北京。
(3)variable易变的。如：
He
is
of
a
variable
mood;
he
never
finishes
what
he
starts.他是个易变脾气的人/没有准脾气的人，从来不做完已经开始的事情。
(4)varied
adj.种种的；各种各样的，富有变化的
a
varied
life丰富多彩的生活
varied
types
of
happiness各种各样的幸福
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/单句写作
①The
quality
of
their
products
never
________
(vary);
it
is
always
excellent.
②These
opinions
change
with
time,
and
vary
________
place
to
place.
③The
supermarket
offers
________
(vary)
goods
to
choose
from,
so
more
and
more
people
prefer
to
shop
there.
④人们对这部新剧发表了各种各样的意见。(varied)
________________________________________________________________________
⑤大学所学的课程往往与当今工作所需要的各种知识和技能不相匹配。(varied)
________________________________________________________________________
5.rate
n．[C]速度；比率；价格，费用 vt.&vi.评价，评估；vt.划分等级
(教材P52)Although
it
is
not
unusual
for
species
to
die
out
naturally,
the
rate
at
which
this
is
now
happening
is
cause
for
concern.虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝发生的速度让人担忧。
at
a(n)．..rate
以……速度
one's
heart
rate
某人的心率
interest
rate
利率
birth/death
rate
出生率/死亡率
high
success/failure
rate
很高的成功率/失败率
?Babies
do
not
grow
at
a
steady
rate
but
in
stops
and
starts.
婴儿成长的速度并非一成不变，而是长长停停，停停长长。
?The
new
technique
has
a
high
success/failure
rate.
这种新技术的成功率/失败率很高。
?How
do
you
rate
him
as
a
football
player?
你怎么评价他作为一个足球运动员的表现？
?She
is
currently
rated
number
two
in
the
world.
她目前排名世界第二。
构词法：
后缀-rate表示“程度；水平(与first、second等词连用，表明你认为某物属于哪种程度或水平)”。
The
school
has
educated
many
first-rate
students.这所学校培养出很多一流的学生。
归纳拓展：
rating
n．[C]等级，级别
credit
rating
(银行等作出的)信用等级评定
(2)与rate相关的常见短语：
at
any
rate
(强调事情的真实性)无论如何，不管怎样
at
this/that
rate
照此情形，如此下去
I
may
be
away
on
business
next
week
but
at
any
rate
I'll
be
back
by
Friday.我下周可能要出差，但无论如何，我最晚星期五回来。
At
this
rate,
we
won't
get
home
until
midnight.照这样下去，我们得半夜才能到家。
[即学即练] 判断下列句子中rate的词性及含义/单句语法填空
①Hospital
patients
who
see
tree
branches
out
their
window
are
likely
to
recover
at
a
faster
rate
than
patients
who
see
buildings
or
sky
instead.________________
②The
exchange
rate
is
in
our
favour
for
the
time
being.________________
③This
year,
our
school
has
been
rated
as
one
of
the
most
excellent
schools
in
the
local
area.________________
④The
golf
is
rated
among
the
top
ten
sports
in
that
country.________________
⑤The
new
car
has
been
given
an
excellent
safety
________
(rate)．
⑥________
this
rate,
this
species
of
animal
could
become
extinct
in
less
than
10
years.
6.quantity
n．[C，U]数量，数额，数目；大量；[U]量
(教材P55)He
went
to
a
city
where
iron
was
produced
in
huge
quantities.他去了一个大批量生产铁的城市。
?We
consumed
vast
quantities
of
food
and
drink
that
night.
那天晚上我们大吃大喝了一顿。
?A
large
quantity
of
books
are
stored
in
the
library
near
the
playground.
大量的书被保存在操场附近的图书馆里。
?Large
quantities
of
water
are
needed
to
water
the
fields
in
this
area.
这个地区需要大量的水来灌溉田地。
?They
are
now
developing
ways
to
produce
the
vaccine
cheaply
in
large
quantities.
目前他们正在研究大批量廉价生产这种疫苗的方法。
quantity和quantities前面可以用large,
vast,
huge等词修饰。
特别提醒：
“a
quantity
of＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“a
quantity
of＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；”quantities
of＋可数名词复数/不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A
large
quantity
of
soil
is
washed
away
by
rain
every
year.每年都有大量的土壤被雨水冲走。
Large
quantities
of
money
have
been
spent
on
bringing
up
the
three
children.抚养这三个孩子已经花费了许多钱。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①In
the
picture
we
can
see
that
there
________
quantities
of
apples
in
the
basket
and
there
________
a
large
quantity
of
milk
in
the
bucket.
(be)
②若是你大量订购的话，我认为有可能会打折。
If
you
order
it
________________________，
I
think
a
discount
will
be
possible.
?第二版块：重点短语
1.die
out
灭绝，消失
(教材P52)How
many
times
up
to
today
has
life
on
Earth
almost
died
out？到今天为止，地球上出现过几次生物几乎灭绝的情况？
die
off
相继死去
die
from/of
死于
be
dying
for
sth.
渴望某物，极想要某物
be
dying
to
do
sth.
渴望做某事
die
down
(to
become
gradually
less
strong,
loud,
noticeable,
etc.)
逐渐变弱，逐渐平息
die
away
(to
become
gradually
weaker
or
fainter
and
finally
disappear)
逐渐减弱，逐渐消失
?This
species
has
nearly
died
out
because
its
habitat
is
being
destroyed.
因栖息地正受到破坏，这一物种已濒临灭绝。
?That
style
of
music
died
out
hundreds
of
years
ago.
那种风格的音乐几百年前就消失了。
?When
the
applause
had
died
down,
she
began
her
speech.
掌声平息后她便开始演讲了。
?The
sound
of
his
footsteps
died
away.
他的脚步声渐渐消失了。
易混比较：
die
away与die
out,
die
down
(1)die
out通常指物种灭绝或习俗消失
(2)die
away(指运行中的车的声音)逐渐减弱(到消失)
(3)die
down(指风势或火势)逐渐变弱
(4)die
off相继死去
如：①The
sounds
of
the
train
died
away.火车的声音渐渐消失。
②The
fire/wind
gradually
died
down.(火/风势逐渐减弱)
③The
animals
in
the
forest
died
off.森林里的动物相继死去。
④Dinosaurs
died
out
a
very
long
time
ago.恐龙很久以前就灭绝了。
[即学即练] 用die的相关短语完成句子
①With
more
and
more
birds
______________，
some
day
some
species
will
______________.
In
addition,
some
of
them
have
________________
environmental
pollution.
②Don't
worry.
The
strong
wind
will
________________
soon
and
we
can
go
out
to
have
a
baseball
match
as
planned.
③Now
I'm
thirsty
and
________________
a
glass
of
water.
I
have
walked
for
a
long
time.
2.wipe
out
彻底消灭，全部摧毁 使(人)疲惫不堪
unusual
adj.不寻常的，罕见的；独特的，与众不同的
(教材P52)Extinctions,
where
entire
species
are
wiped
out,
are
not
unusual
in
our
Earth's
history.物种灭绝，即整个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。
It
is
unusual
for
sb.
to
do
sth. 做某事对某人来说是不寻常的。
?A
volcanic
eruption
nearly
wiped
out
the
small
island
in
1997.
1997年的一次火山喷发差点把这个小岛毁灭了。
?Nothing
could
wipe
out
his
bitter
memories
of
the
past.
什么也抹不掉他对过去的痛苦记忆。
?All
that
travelling
has
wiped
her
out.一路舟车劳顿让她疲惫不堪。
?It's
not
unusual
for
him
to
feel
very
angry
in
a
situation
like
this.
在像这样的情况下他觉得非常生气并不罕见。
?He
was
an
unusual
man
with
great
business
talents.
他是一个与众不同的人，很有商业天赋。
联想串记：
usual
adj.寻常的，惯常的
as
usual
像往常一样，照例
unusual
adj.
不寻常的；独特的
unusually
adv.
不寻常地；特别地
usually
adv.
通常地，一般地
构词法：
“un-”是常见的否定前缀，常可加在形容词前表示相反的状态。常见的词有：unknown(未知的)，unsafe(不安全的)，unpleasant(令人不快的)等。
语境串记：
It
is
unusual
that
the
rain
suddenly
falls
today,
but
he
still
goes
running
in
the
park
as
usual.
He
usually
says,
“Once
you
have
got
into
the
habit
of
exercising,
you
will
stick
to
it.”不寻常的是，今天突然下起雨来，但是他仍然像往常一样在公园里跑步。他经常说，“你一旦养成了锻炼的习惯，就会把它坚持下去。”
[即学即练] 单句写作/单句语法填空
①地震把这个小村庄彻底毁灭了。
________________________________________________________________________
②史密斯照例是第一个到达教室的。
________________________________________________________________________
③在英国找到一个这么大的湖泊是不寻常的。
________________________________________________________________________
④Fear
and
hate
for
others
is
________
(usual)
caused
by
ignorance
(无知).
We're
scared
of
the
things
that
we
don't
understand.
⑤This
time,
we
stayed
together,
in
case
anything
else
________
(usual)
happened.
3．at
risk
意为“有危险，冒风险”
(教材P53)Of
course,
as
we
humans
depend
on
so
many
species
for
our
survival,
we
would
also
be
at
risk
of
dying
out.当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多种物种，我们也会有灭绝的危险。
at
the
risk
of
doing
sth.
冒着做某事的风险
take
a
risk/risks
(to
do
sth.)
冒险(做某事)
run
the
risk
(of
sth./of
doing
sth.)
冒……的风险；冒险(做某事)
run
risks
冒险
risk
doing
sth.
冒险做某事
Cloning
may
greatly
contribute
to
human
medicine,
but
we
must
use
it
cautiously,
because
it
may
put
people
at
risk.克隆可能会对人类医学有很大帮助，但是我们必须谨慎地利用它，因为它可能会给人们带来危险。
联想串记：
[即学即练] 结合risk的用法完成句子
①He
got
well
prepared
for
the
job
interview,
for
he
couldn't
________________________
(冒险失去这次良好的机会)．
②If
you
________________________
(冒险不系安全带),
you
will
be
________________
(处于危险中)．
③In
spite
of
great
danger,
the
soldier
jumped
into
the
river
and
________________________
(冒着生命危险救那个女孩)．
④Though
it
is
fun
to
play
on
the
frozen
river,
________________________
(这有危险)．
?第三版块：典型句式
1.reason后接定语从句的用法
(教材P53)There
is
a
long
list
of
reasons
why
so
many
species
are
dying
out:
air
and
water
pollution,
forests
being
destroyed,
factory
farming
and
overfishing.导致这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化养殖和过度捕捞。
reason作先行词，后接定语从句时：
(1)若关系词在从句中作状语，要用why或for
which引导定语从句。
(2)若关系词在从句中作主语、宾语，要用which或that引导定语从句，其中作宾语时关系词可省略。
?There's
a
reason
why/for
which
people
don't
read
this
stuff:
it's
not
funny.
人们不读这种东西是有原因的：它并不逗趣。
?The
reason
why/for
which
he
was
late
was
that
he
got
up
late.他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。
?He
gave
us
a
reason
that/which
sounded
reasonable.
他给了我们一个理由，这个理由听起来合情合理。(关系词在从句中作主语)
?The
reason
(which/that)
he
has
given
sounds
reasonable.
他给出的理由听起来合情合理。(关系词在从句中作宾语，可省略)
归纳拓展：
a/the
reason
for
(doing)
sth.
(做)某事的原因
a/the
reason
to
do
sth.
做某事的原因
a/the
reason
why/for
which...is
that...
……的原因是……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The
reason
________
I
admire
him
is
________
his
positive
attitude
to
life
has
a
great
influence
on
me.
②Is
this
the
reason
________
he
explained
at
the
meeting
for
his
carelessness
in
his
work?
③Another
reason
________
corn's
rise:
The
government
encourages
farmers
to
grow
corn
instead
of
rice
________
(improve)
water
quality.
2.“without＋名词”引导含蓄条件句
(教材P53)Without
forests,
we
would
have
no
air
to
breathe,
and
without
clean
water
we
would
be
unable
to
survive.没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
虚拟条件句的条件有时不通过条件从句来表示，而是通过介词短语、上下文或其他方式表现出来，这种虚拟条件句叫作含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句的具体用法如下：
?They
wouldn't
have
reached
the
agreement
so
easily
without
that
common
ground.
没有共同的立场，他们是不会那么容易达成协议的。
?But
for
your
help,
we
couldn't
have
succeeded.
要不是你帮忙，我们不可能成功。
?I
got
up
very
early
yesterday
morning,
or
I
could
not
have
caught
the
early
bus.
昨天早上我起床很早，否则就赶不上早班车了。
?I
was
too
busy
at
that
time.
Otherwise,
I
would
have
called
you.
我那时太忙了，否则我就给你打电话了。
介词without的用法
(1)without是with的反义词，意为“不”或“没有”。
We
can
do
the
work
without
your
help.我们可以没有你的帮助而做这项工作。
They
worked
the
whole
day
without
taking
any
rest.他们工作了一整天而未休息。
(2)without可用在双重否定句中，往往是用介词短语代替整句。
No
man
gets
into
the
condition
you
are
in
without
the
aid
of
his
own
folly.＝No
man
gets
into
the
condiction
you
are
in
if
he
has
not
his
own
folly
to
blame.如果不是由于自己的愚蠢，没有人会落到你现在所处的这般光景。
(3)without是介词，不是连接词，后面只能接名词或动名词，不能接不定式。
(4)without常可用来表示条件。如：
We
could
never
have
succeeded
in
what
we
were
doing
without
his
guidance.如果没有他的指导，我们的工作决不会成功。
句中without
his
guidance＝if
we
hadn't
had
his
guidance.
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Without
his
support,
we
wouldn't
________
(be)
where
we
are
now.
②—Do
you
have
Betty's
phone
number?
—Yes.
Otherwise,
I
wouldn't
________
(be)
able
to
reach
her
yesterday.
③飞机晚点一个多小时才起飞，否则我就不会让你等这么久了。
There
was
a
delay
of
over
an
hour
before
the
plane
took
off;
otherwise
I
________
(keep)
you
waiting
for
such
a
long
time.
3.“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句
(教材P53)Although
it
is
not
unusual
for
species
to
die
out
naturally,
the
rate
at
which
this
is
now
happening
is
cause
for
concern.
尽管物种自然灭绝并不罕见，但它目前的发生速度令人担忧。
(1)引导定语从句的关系代词不仅可以作动词的宾语，还可以作介词的宾语。若将介词提至关系代词之前，便形成了“介词＋关系代词”结构，该结构可引导限制性或非限制性定语从句；此结构中的关系代词可为which(先行词指物)，whom(先行词指人)。
(2)“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定
在“介词＋which(先行词是物)/whom(先行词是人)/whose(所有格，既可指人又可指物)”引导的定语从句中，介词的选用有以下三种方式：
①根据定语从句中谓语动词或形容词的搭配确定
②根据与先行词的搭配确定
③根据主从句的逻辑关系而定(通常是with/without)
?The
official
to
whom
we
applied
for
a
permit
was
very
kind.
给我们申请许可证的那位官员非常友好。
?Have
you
found
the
book
on
which
I
spent
￡10?
你找到那本我花了10英镑买的书了吗？
?He
was
the
man
by
whom
Master
of
the
Game
was
translated.
他就是翻译《谋略大师》的那个人。(be
translated
by)
?The
two
things
of
which
they
felt
proud
were
Jim's
gold
watch
and
Della's
hair.
他们感到骄傲的两样东西是吉姆的金表和德拉的头发。
(be
proud
of)
?I
will
never
forget
the
day
on
which
I
first
met
him.
我永远也忘不了第一次见他的那一天。(on
the
day)
?Rose
helped
me
a
lot,
without
whose
help
I
would
not
have
passed
the
exam.
罗丝帮助了我很多，没有她的帮助我不会通过考试。
特别注意：
listen
to,
look
at,
look
for,
depend
on,
pay
attention
to,
take
care
of等固定短语中的介词一般不放在关系代词前。
This
is
the
girl
whom/who/that
he
will
take
care
of.这就是他将照料的女孩。
“介词＋关系代词”结构
可代替when,
where,
why,
that等关系副词。如：
①There
used
to
be
a
time
at
which/during
which
(＝when)
the
Chinese
people
struggled
for
freedom.
②In
2006,
we
moved
to
Boston,
in
which
(＝where)
my
grandparents
lived.
③There's
no
reason
for
which
(＝why)
we
shouldn't
be
friends.
④There
are
varieties
of
ways
in
which
(＝that)
we
can
solve
the
problem.
(注：that在这里用作关系副词)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The
fellow,
________
whom
I
spoke
made
no
answer
at
first.
②The
West
Lake,
________
which
Hangzhou
is
famous,
is
a
beautiful
place.
③In
his
room,
I
saw
a
big
desk
________
which
there
were
all
kinds
of
books.
④Yesterday
we
had
a
meeting
________
which
we
discussed
many
problems.
⑤Air,
________
which
man
couldn't
live,
is
really
important.
⑥This
book
has
opened
a
window,
________
which
we
can
see
a
wonderful
world.
⑦Yesterday
we
paid
a
visit
to
the
house
________
which
Lu
Xun
once
lived.
⑧Who
is
the
person
with
________
you
shook
hands
just
now?
⑨Mr
Li
has
two
sons,
both
of
________
are
college
students.
4.it作形式主语
(教材P53)It
is
clear
that
human
activity
has
negatively
affected
all
other
species
on
Earth,
including
animals
and
plants.很明显，人类活动已经对地球上其他所有物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
主语从句充当主语时，为使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置，主语从句可用that，what，who，whether，why等词引导。常见的此类句式有：
(1)It＋be＋名词＋从句
It＋be＋a
pity/shame
that...
遗憾的是……
It＋
be＋
no
wonder
that...
难怪……
It＋be＋no
surprise
that...
……不足为奇
(2)It＋be＋形容词＋从句
It＋be
likely
that...
可能……
It＋be
clear/obvious
that...
显而易见的是……
(3)It＋动词的被动语态＋从句
It＋be
said
that...
据说……
It＋be
reported
that...
据报道……
It＋be
believed
that...
人们相信……
It＋be
suggested/ordered/demanded
that...(should)
do...
建议/命令/要求……(从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用should
do,
should可以省略)
(4)It＋特殊动词＋从句
It
occurs
to
sb.
that...
某人突然想到……
It
happens
that...
碰巧的是……
It
doesn't
matter＋who/why/what...
……无所谓/没关系
?It
is
a
pity/shame
that
you
have
missed
such
a
wonderful
lecture.
你错过了这么精彩的演讲，真遗憾。
?She
is
hard-working,
so
it
is
no
surprise
that
she
has
won
first
prize.
她学习努力，所以她获得一等奖不足为奇。
?It
is
obvious
that
the
way
coffee
is
grown
affects
many
aspects
of
life.
很明显，咖啡的种植方式影响了生活的很多方面。
?It
is
said
that
about
20%
of
25-34-year-olds
live
with
their
parents,
compared
with
16%
in
1991.据说在25到34岁的人群中大约有20%和父母住在一起，而在1991年这一比例是16%。
?It
is
generally
believed
that
a
balanced
diet
is
a
key
to
people's
health.
人们普遍认为均衡的饮食是健康的关键。
?It
is
demanded
by
my
violin
teacher
that
I
(should)
practise
playing
the
violin
every
day.
我的小提琴老师要求我每天练习拉琴。
?It
occurred
to
him
that
his
farm
had
much
potential.他突然想到他的农场还是很有潜力的。
句型It
is
that...的转换：
(1)It
is
said
that
sb.
has
done
sth.
→Sb.
is
said
to
have
done
sth.
据说某人已经做了某事
It
is
said
that
sb.
is
doing
sth.
→Sb.
is
said
to
be
doing
sth.
据说某人正在做某事
(2)It
is
reported
that
sb.
is
doing
sth.
→Sb.
is
reported
to
be
doing
sth.
据报道某人正在做某事
It
is
reported
that
sb.
has
done
sth.
→Sb.
is
reported
to
have
done
sth.
据报道某人已经做了某事
(3)It
is
believed
that
sb.
is
doing
sth.
→Sb.
is
believed
to
be
doing
sth.
人们相信某人正在做某事
It
is
believed
that
sb.
has
done
sth.
→Sb.
is
believed
to
have
done
sth.
人们相信某人已做了某事
(4)It
is
known
that
sb.
is
doing
sth.
→Sb.
is
known
to
be
doing
sth.
众所周知某人正在做某事
It
is
known
that
sb.
has
done
sth.
→Sb.
is
known
to
have
done
sth.
众所周知某人已经做过某事了
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/根据括号内提示，用it作形式主语单句写作
①It
doesn't
matter
________
he
says.
②It
is
not
clear
________
will
attend
to
this
matter.
③It
doesn't
interest
me
________
or
not
you
succeed.
④很显然，地球是圆的。(obvious)
________________________________________________________________________
⑤我很荣幸被邀请参加你的生日聚会。(an
honour)
________________________________________________________________________
⑥许多学生认为英语是一门有趣的学科。(consider)
________________________________________________________________________
⑦他在这次坠机事件中幸免于难真是奇迹。(wonder)
________________________________________________________________________
⑧人们常常建议生病时要多喝水。(suggest)
________________________________________________________________________
⑨我们已经决定将会议推迟到下周一。(decide)
________________________________________________________________________
[词语积累]
①wipe
out彻底消灭，全部摧毁
②unusual/?n'ju??u?l/adj.特别的，不寻常的，罕见的
[反义]usual
adj.寻常的，通常的
③varied/'ve?rid/adj.
各种各样的，不相同的；多变的
④volcanic
eruption火山喷发
⑤asteroid/'?st?r??d/n.[C]小行星
⑥decrease/d?'kri?s/n.[C，U]减少，降低，减少量vt.&vi.(使大小、数量等)减少，减小，降低
⑦be
to
blame
(for
sth.)(对坏事)负有责任
blame
vt.归咎于，责怪，指责
⑧at...rate以……的速度
rate
n．[C]速度；比率
⑨cause
for
concern担忧的原因
⑩based
adj.在……居住(或工作)
?look
at思考，考虑，研究
?factory
farming工厂化养殖
?overfishing/???v?'f????/
n．[U]过度捕捞
[构词法]over-可用作前缀，表示“太，过于”。
overproduction
n．[U]生产过剩
overconfident
adj.过分自信的，自负的
?affect/?'fekt/vt.影响
[辨析]effect
n．[C，U]效应，影响
?survival
n．[U]生存，存活
survive
vi.
生存，存活
?at
risk有危险，冒风险
?avoid
(doing)
sth.避免(做)某事
?take
action采取行动
[近义]take
steps/measures采取措施
?endangered/?n'de?nd??d/
adj.(物种)有灭种危险的，濒临灭绝的
?solar
adj.太阳能的；太阳的
solar
energy/power太阳能
in
short总之，简言之
[同义]in
a
word/in
brief
lay
eggs下蛋，产卵
begin
a
programme开始一项计划
[拓展]programme构成的常见搭配：develop/set
up/launch/carry
out
a
programme拟订/制订/启动/实施计划
raise
vt.
饲养，培育
hatch
vi.孵化
restore/r?'st??(r)/vt.使复原
habitat/'h?b?t?t/n.[C，U](动植物的)生活环境，栖息地
natural
habitat天然栖息地
wildlife
habitat野生动植物的生存环境
Extinctions,
where
entire
species
are
wiped
out①，
are
not
unusual②
in
our
Earth's
history.
In
fact,
over
90
percent
of
all
species
that
ever
lived
are
now
extinct.
In
the
last
500
million
years,
there
have
been
five
times
when
life
on
Earth
has
almost
ended.
These
include
the
third
mass
extinction,
known
as
the
“Great
Dying”，
which
killed
90%
to
96%
of
all
species
【1】.
And
the
fifth
event,
which
occurred
66
million
years
ago,
caused
the
death
of
the
dinosaurs.
The
reasons
for
extinctions
are
varied③.
According
to
scientists,
they
include
volcanic
eruptions④，
asteroids⑤
hitting
the
Earth
from
space,
changes
in
sea
levels,
the
decrease⑥
of
the
oxygen
content
of
the
sea
and
global
warming.
Many
scientists
say
we
are
now
entering
the
Earth's
sixth
mass
extinction.
This
time,
human
activity
will
be
to
blame⑦.
【1】画线部分中“known
as
the
‘Great
Dying’”为过去分词短语作后置定语，与which引导的非限制性定语从句共同修饰the
third
mass
extinction。
Although
it
is
not
unusual
for
species
to
die
out
naturally,
the
rate⑧
at
which
this
is
now
happening
【2】
is
cause
for
concern⑨.
A
2015
study
by
scientists
who
were
based⑩
at
Brown
University
and
Duke
University
in
the
US,
looked
at?
how
quickly
species
die
out
due
to
natural
causes,
that
is,
the
“background
extinction
rate”.
They
found
that
human
activity
is
causing
species
to
die
out
1,000
times
faster
than
normal.There
is
a
long
list
of
reasons
why
so
many
species
are
dying
out
【3】：
air
and
water
pollution,
forests
being
destroyed,
factory
farming?
and
overfishing?.
It
is
clear
that
human
activity
has
negatively
affected?
all
other
species
on
Earth,
including
animals
and
plants.
【2】画线部分为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰the
rate。介词at的选用是考虑到与rate搭配。
【3】画线部分为why引导的定语从句，修饰reasons,
why在从句中作状语。
If
a
sixth
mass
extinction
occurs,
scientists
who
have
studied
the
issue
believe
that
up
to
three
quarters
of
all
species
on
Earth
could
die
out
【4】.
Of
course,
as
we
humans
depend
on
so
many
species
for
our
survival，?
we
would
also
be
at
risk?
of
dying
out.
Our
world
and
our
lives
depend
on
the
balance
in
nature
between
animals
and
plants.
Without
forests,
we
would
have
no
air
to
breathe,
and
without
clean
water
we
would
be
unable
to
survive
【5】．
【4】本句的结构分析如下：
If_a_sixth_mass_extinction_occurs，
If
引导的条件状语从句
主句
【5】该句为含蓄条件句。介词短语Without
forests和without
clean
water相当于条件，“we
would
have
no
air
to
breathe”和“we
would
be
unable
to
survive”表示与现在事实相反的假设。
Can
a
sixth
extinction
be
avoided?？
Experts
say
that
it
is
not
yet
too
late,
if
we
take
action?
now.
This
would
mean
we
have
to
significantly
change
the
way
we
live.
For
example,
we
need
to
take
steps
to
save
endangered?
species,
including
setting
up
special
areas
where
plants
and
animals
can
be
protected.
We
need
to
change
how
we
work
and
travel
by
using
cleaner,
more
natural
sources
of
energy,
such
as
wind
and
solar?
energy.
We
also
need
to
improve
our
farming
methods
to
reduce
water,
air
and
land
pollution.
In
short，
if
we
want
to
survive,
we
need
to
stop
destroying
the
planet
that
we
live
on
and
start
to
protect
it.
Case
Study
The
Black
Robin
Black
robins
are
the
birds
that
humans
saved
from
extinction.
In
1980,
there
were
only
five
black
robins
left
in
the
world.
They
all
lived
on
a
small
island
off
the
coast
of
New
Zealand.
Only
one
of
those
birds,
a
female
called
Old
Blue,
was
able
to
lay
eggs.Wildlife
workers
began
a
programme
for
raising
black
robin
chicks.
They
protected
Old
Blue's
eggs,
helped
them
to
hatch，
and
took
care
of
the
chicks.
Thanks
to
their
efforts,
there
are
now
more
than
250
black
robins,
and
the
population
is
spreading.
To
help
them
survive,
people
are
restoring
their
habitats
and
removing
small
animals
that
hunt
them,
such
as
mice
and
cats
from
the
islands
where
they
live.
物种灭绝，即整个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。事实上，曾经存在的物种中90%以上现在都已经灭绝。在过去的五亿年中，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。这其中包括称为“大灭绝”的第三次灭绝，那期间90%至96%的物种灭亡了。6
600万年前发生的第五次灭绝导致了恐龙的灭亡。灭绝的原因各不相同。科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。许多科学家认为地球的第六次大灭绝即将来临。这次，人类活动是肇因。
虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝发生的速度让人担忧。2015年美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行的一项研究，调查了物种因自然原因灭亡的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1
000倍。导致这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化养殖和过度捕捞。显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次大灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多种物种，我们也会有灭绝的危险。我们的世界和我们的生命依赖于动植物之间的自然平衡。没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
第六次灭绝可以避免吗？专家说，如果我们现在采取行动还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须极大地改变生活方式。例如，我们要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源来改变我们的工作和出行方式，例如风能和太阳能。我们还需要改进耕作方式，减少水、空气和土地污染。简言之，我们如果想要生存，就需要停止破坏我们生活的地球并开始保护它。
案例研究
黑知更鸟
黑知更鸟是人类从灭绝危机中拯救出来的鸟类。1980年，世界上只剩下五只黑知更鸟。它们都栖息在新西兰海岸附近的一个小岛上，其中只有一只名叫“老蓝”的雌鸟能够产卵。野生动物工作者开始了一项黑知更鸟繁育计划。他们保护“老蓝”的蛋，帮助孵化，并照顾幼鸟。多亏他们的努力，现在黑知更鸟已超过250只，而且数量还在增加。为了帮助它们生存，人们正在恢复黑知更鸟的栖息地并迁移捕杀它们的小动物，例如岛上的老鼠和猫。
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Held
inside
for
too
long,
regret
can
a________
the
immune
system.
2．A
special
team
was
sent
there
to
look
into
the
cause
of
the
train
accident,
and
the
investigation
suggested
that
high
speed
was
to
b________.
3．In
most
cases,
a
healthy
diet
can
help
you
d________
the
risk
of
getting
some
diseases
like
diabetes.
4．Overfishing
has
resulted
in
many
large
sea
creatures
like
whales
and
sharks
becoming
________
(濒危的)
species.
5．Nowadays,
________
(大批的)
unemployment
seems
to
be
a
fact
of
life
in
this
country.
6．These
speakers
impressed
us
deeply
with
their
________(不平常的)confidence
and
performance.
7．This
professor
discovered
some
rare
________
(物种)of
plants
deep
in
this
forest
last
summer.
8．Roofs
and
windows
of
buildings
aren't
the
only
surfaces
that
can
be
used
to
produce
________
(太阳能的)power.
9．Theories
about
why
Stonehenge
was
put
there
are
________
(各种各样的).
It
may
be
a
place
for
observing
the
stars
and
planets.
10．The
local
organisation
has
spent
millions
of
dollars
in
an
attempt
to
________
(使恢复)
the
habitat
of
native
plants.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Over
the
past
several
years,
the
South
African
penguins
have
been
________
the
decrease
in
numbers.
2．In
fact,
when
you
blame
someone
________
what
you're
going
through,
you
refuse
responsibility.
3．It's
said
that
such
animals
like
dinosaurs
died
________
because
they
couldn't
adapt
to
the
sudden
change
in
climate.
4．The
performance
was
so
good
that
the
applause
didn't
die
________
until
there
was
an
encore
(返场加演节目)．
5．In
most
cases,
good
communication
can
help
wipe
________
misunderstanding
and
build
a
good
relationship.
6．As
the
chart
shows,
the
sales
this
year
decreased
________
30%.
7．People
who
sit
for
a
long
time
were
________
great
risk
of
diseases
when
compared
with
those
who
sit
less.
8．We
depend
on
wildlife
and
on
the
planet's
rich
biodiversity
for
our
________
(survive)
and
well-being.
9．As
we
all
know,
with
the
development
of
science
and
technology,
the
earth's
resources
are
running
out
________
an
alarming
rate,
so
we
should
make
good
use
of
them.
10．Great
quantities
of
sand
________
(be)
washed
down
the
hillside
by
the
rain
last
night.
11．Without
your
help,
I
would
not
________
(win)
the
first
prize
in
the
contest
last
term.
12．The
reason
________
he
resigned
his
post
was
________
there
was
a
more
attractive
and
challenging
job
for
him.
13．Biologists
warned
that
changes
caused
by
a
warming
planet
were
behind
the
bears'
________
(usual)
behavior
and
could
affect
the
entire
ecosystem.
14．My
brother
lent
me
the
money,
otherwise
I
couldn't
________
(afford)
the
trip.
15．But
for
the
soldiers
who
set
up
defence
against
the
floods
in
time,
the
cities
on
the
lower
part
would
________
(fall)
into
a
bigger
mess.
Ⅲ.用方框内短语的适当形式填空(有两项为多余选项)
at
the
rish
of at
risk wipe
out die
from be
to
blame take
steps die
out
1．The
patient
was
still
________________
because
after
the
operation,
his
body
rejected
the
new
heart.
2．In
fact,
women
are
less
likely
to
have
high
blood
pressure
or
________________
heart
attacks.
3．There
are
still
many
people
suffering
a
lot,
and
we
are
to
do
something
to
________________
poverty.
4．It
is
you
as
well
as
your
wife
that
________________
for
your
son's
bad
performance
at
school.
5．We
should
________________
to
keep
all
these
rare
animals
and
plants
under
good
protection.
Ⅳ.课文语法填空
In
the
last
500
million
years,
there
have
been
five
times
when
life
on
Earth
has
almost
ended.
The
reasons
for
extinctions
are
1.________
(vary).
According
to
scientists,
they
include
volcanic
2.________
(erupt),
asteroids
hitting
the
Earth
from
space,
changes
in
sea
levels,
the
decrease
of
the
oxygen
content
of
the
sea
and
global
warming.
Many
scientists
say
we
are
now
3.________
(enter)
the
Earth's
sixth
mass
extinction.
This
time,
human
activity
will
be
4.________
(blame)
.
They
found
that
human
activity
is
causing
species
to
die
out
1,000
times
5.________
(fast)
than
normal.
If
a
sixth
mass
extinction
6.________
(occur),
scientists
7.________
have
studied
the
issue
believe
that
up
to
three
quarters
of
all
species
on
Earth
could
die
out.
We
need
to
take
steps
to
save
endangered
species,
8.________
(include)
setting
up
special
areas
where
plants
and
animals
can
9.________
(protect).
We
need
to
change
how
we
work
and
travel
by
using
cleaner,
more
natural
sources
of
energy,
such
as
wind
and
solar
energy.
We
also
need
to
improve
our
farming
methods
to
reduce
water,
air
and
land
pollution.
In
short,
if
we
want
to
survive,
we
need
to
stop
destroying
the
planet
that
we
live
10.________
and
start
to
protect
it.
PartⅡ Lesson
1 The
Sixth
Extinction
双基夯实·课前排查
Ⅰ.
1．restore 2.hatch 3.endangered 4.affect 5.blame
6．decrease 7.varied 8.mass 9.unusual 10.species
Ⅱ.
1．restore 2.hatched 3.endangered 4.have
been
affected
5．to
blame 6.decrease 7.varied 8.masses 9.unusual
10．species
Ⅲ.
1．take
steps/action 2.thanks
to 3.in
short 4.be
at
risk 5.depend
on 6.due
to 7.be
to
blame 8.wipe
out
9．die
out
核心突破·要点讲解
?第一版块：重点单词
1．①n.块 ②adj.大批的 ③n.质量 ④n.群众 ⑤has
been
done ⑥masses
2．①in ②by ③to ④on ⑤by
3．①for to
blame ②on ③Don't
always
blame
your
own
failure
on
others.
You
yourself
should
take/bear
the
blame
for
it. ④The
scientist
thought
that
the
polluted
water
was
to
blame
for
the
illness.
4．①varies ②from ③various/varied ④Varied
opinions
were
expressed
about
the
new
play. ⑤The
courses
studied
in
universities
often
do
not
match
the
varied
knowledge
and
skills
required
for
work
today.
5．①n.速度 ②n.价格；费用 ③vt.评价，评估 ④vt.划分等级 ⑤rating ⑥At
6．①are is ②in
quantity或in
large
quantities
?第二版块：重点短语
1．①dying
off;
die
out;
die
from/of ②die
down/away
③dying
for
2．①The
small
village
was
wiped
out
by
the
earthquake.
②As
usual,
Smith
was
the
first
one
to
arrive
at
the
classroom. ③It
is
unusual
to
find
a
lake
of
this
size
in
Britain. ④usually ⑤unusual
3．①risk
losing
this
good
opportunity ②risk
not
wearing
a
seat
belt;
at
risk ③risked
his
life
to
save
the
girl/took
the
risk
of
losing
his
life
to
save
the
girl ④it
is
risky
?第三版块：典型句式
1．①why;
that ②that/which ③for;
to
improve
2．①be ②have
been ③would/could
not
have
kept
3．①to/with ②for ③on ④at ⑤without ⑥through/from ⑦in ⑧whom ⑨whom
4．①what ②who ③whether ④It
is
obvious
that
the
earth
is
round. ⑤It
is
an
honour
that
I
was
invited
to
your
birthday
party. ⑥It
is
considered
by
many
students
that
English
is
an
interesting
subject. ⑦It
is
a
wonder
that
he
survived
the
plane
crash. ⑧It
is
often
suggested
that
one
(should)
drink
plenty
of
water
when
he/she
is
sick. ⑨It
is
decided
that
the
meeting
has
been
put
off
until
next
Monday.
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．affect 2.blame 3.decrease 4.endangered 5.mass
6．unusual 7.species 8.solar 9.varied 10.restore
Ⅱ.
1．on 2.for 3.out 4.down 5.out 6.by 7.at
8．survival 9.at 10.were 11.have won 12.why;
that
13．unusual 14.have
afforded 15.have
fallen
Ⅲ.
1．at
risk 2.die
from 3.wipe
out 4.are
to
blame
5．take
steps
Ⅳ.
1．varied 2.eruptions 3.entering 4.to
blame 5.faster 6.occurs 7.who/that 8.including 9.be
protected 10.onUnit
3
Conservation
Part
Ⅲ Lesson
2 War
on
Plastic
Packets
【学习目标】
话题语境
人与自然之自然环境、自然遗产保护的探讨
课时词汇
consumer,
aware,
collection,
anxious
常用短语
set
out,
stop
sb.
from
doing
sth.,
end
up,
do
away
with,
put
out
重点句式
“keep＋宾语＋补足语”结构
单词巧练 写准记牢
Ⅰ.核心单词练习：请根据所给的词性和词义写出单词
1．________________
n.
委员会；理事会
2．________________
n.
筷子
3．________________
adj.
焦虑的，不安的
4．________________
adj.
可再使用的，可重复使用的
5．________________
n.
收集；收藏品；专辑
6．________________
adj.
意识到的，明白的
7．________________
adj.
现实的，实际的
8．________________
n.
灰尘，尘土
9．________________
n.
交通运输系统，运输方式
10．________________
vt.
包，裹
11．________________
adj.
浪费的；挥霍的
12．________________
n.
消费者
Ⅱ.常用单词练习：根据句意和所给的首字母或中文提示写出符合句中单词的正确形式
1．Although
your
husband
seems
to
be
happy
with
the
situation,
he
must
be
________
(意识到的)
that
there
is
now
a
big
gulf
between
you.
2．Two
years
ago
he
published
a
________
(专辑)
of
short
stories
called
“Facing
the
Music”．
3．We
have
to
be
________
(现实的)
about
our
chances
of
winning.
4．The
average
family
in
Europe
throws
as
much
as
￡3,000
worth
of
________
(可重复使用的)
materials
into
its
dustbin
each
year.
5．She
called
the
police
because
she
was
________
(焦虑的)
about
his
safety.
6．He
spent
the
evening
w________
up
the
Christmas
presents.
7．C________
groups
also
warn
that
some
shops
use
Black
Friday
to
offload
old
or
unpopular
stock.
8．If
there
is
d________
on
something,
there
is
dust,
mud,
or
a
stain
on
it.
9．It
is
w________
to
leave
water
running
from
a
pipe.
10．The
city
is
providing
free
t________
to
the
stadium
from
downtown.
Ⅲ.阅读本部分内容，翻译相关短语
1．对某物有影响
________________
2．扔掉
________________
3．从今往后
________________
4．废除；结束；去掉
________________
5．同意；和……意见一致
________________
6．以……告终
________________
7．充满了
________________
8．几个；一对
________________
9．中途停留
________________
10．开始做某事，着手进行
________________
?第一版块：重点单词
1．aware
adj.意识到的，明白的
(教材P110)Two
friends,
Lisa
and
Amy
are
discussing
how
to
become
more
environmentally
aware.丽莎和埃米两个朋友正在讨论如何提高环保意识。
be/become
aware
of...(＝be
conscious
of…)
知道……；察觉到……；意识到……
be
aware
that...
知道……；察觉到……
make
sb.
aware
of/that...
使某人知道……
?I
suddenly
became
aware
of
him
looking
at
me.我突然意识到他在看着我。
?As
a
member
of
society,
I'm
aware
that
being
responsible
is
what
it
takes
to
make
a
better
society.作为社会的一员，我意识到责任感是建设一个更好的社会所需要的。
?Mr
White
has
been
made
aware
of
the
need
for
absolute
secrecy.怀特先生被告知需要绝对保密。
词语联想：
①unaware
adj.不知道的；未意识到的；未察觉到的
be/become
unaware
of...
不知道……；未意识到……
be
unaware
that...
不知道……；未察觉到……
Many
students
are
unaware
of
the
harm
of
mobilephones.很多学生不知道手机的危害。
②awareness
n．意识；认识
raise/increase
awareness
of...
提高对……的意识
This
only
enhanced
their
political
awareness.这件事只提升了他们的政治觉悟。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He
didn't
realise
he
was
in
danger
and
was
________
(aware)
of
what
was
going
on
around
him.
②The
programme
is
aimed
at
raising
public
________
(aware)
of
the
danger
of
drug
abuse.
③Though
fully
aware
________
his
dilemma,
Mary
continued
her
relation
with
Clancy.
④Have
you
been
aware
________
under
the
tree
are
a
scholar
and
two
assistants.
2.collection
n．收集；收藏品；专辑
(教材P110)It's
rubbish
collection
day
tomorrow.明天是垃圾收集日。
a
collection
of...
一批……
A
new
collection
of
photos
brings
an
unsuccessful
Antarctic
voyage
back
to
life.
一批新的照片使一次未成功的南极之行再次鲜活起来。
词语联想：
①collect
v．聚集；收集；搜集；收藏；领取；领走；征收；募集
collect
one's
thoughts
使集中思想
He's
collecting
for
the
disaster
relief.他正在为赈灾募捐。
②collective
adj.
集体的；共有的
③collector
n．收藏家；收集者；收票员
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We
________
(collect)
for
the
flood
victims
now.
②He
became
a
ticket
________
(collect)
at
Waterloo
Station
after
graduation.
③He
made
arrangements
for
the
________
(collect)
of
his
baggage
from
the
airport.
④There
was
a
collection
________
dust
in
the
corner.
⑤The
country's
politicians
are
giving
a
________
(collect)
sigh
of
relief.
3.anxious
adj.焦虑的，不安的
(教材P110)I
just
get
anxious
when
I
think
of
the
impact
we
have
on
the
environment.
一想到我们对环境的影响，我就感到焦虑。
be
anxious
about
sth./for
sb.
为某事/某人担心
be
anxious
to
do
sth.
渴望做某事
be
anxious
for
sth.
渴望得到某物
be
anxious
for
sb.
to
do
sth.
渴望某人做某事
?He
was
anxious
for
his
family,
who
were
travelling
abroad.他担心正在国外旅行的家人。
?Parents
are
naturally
anxious
for
their
children.父母自然为儿女担心。
?The
government
is
anxious
to
reassure
everyone
that
the
situation
is
under
control.
政府希望安抚人心，称局势已得到控制。
?There
are
plenty
of
graduates
anxious
for
work.有大量毕业生渴求工作。
词语联想：
①anxiously
adv.
焦急地；不安地
②anxiety
n.
焦急；不安；担心；渴望
We
waited
with
great
anxiety
for
more
news
about
the
accident.我们忧心忡忡地等待着关于这一事故的更多消息。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Parents
are
anxious
________
our
health
and
safety.
②There
is
growing
public
________
(anxious)
over
levels
of
air
pollution
in
our
cities.
③He
caused
his
parents
great
________
(anxious)
by
coming
back
home
late.
④It
was
a
close
match
and
she
watched
________
(anxious)
at
the
screen.
⑤We're
anxious
________
(hear)
from
anyone
who
can
help.
⑥I
am
anxious
________
her
to
do
as
little
as
possible.
?第二版块：重点短语
1.set
out
(to
do
sth.)开始做某事，着手进行……
(教材P109)In
the
week
when
the
government
sets
out
its
new
environmental
programme,
Kevin
McCabe
and
Alicia
Stewart
consider
the
problem
of
food
packaging
waste.在政府开始实施新环境计划的这一周里，凯文·麦克堪比和艾丽西亚·斯图尔特考虑了食品包装浪费的问题。
be
set
in...
以……为背景
set
about
(doing
sth.)
开始(做某事)；着手(做某事)
set
aside
留出(时间、钱等)；把……置于一旁
set
down
写下；记下；制订；规定
set
off
出发；引起；触响(警报等)；使(炸弹等)爆炸
set
up
建立；创立；建起；竖起
?They
set
out
to
discover
a
cure
for
cancer.
他们开始寻找一种治愈癌症的方法。
?The
story
is
set
in
the
autumn
of
1960.
故事发生在1960年的秋天。
?I
set
about
researching
the
habits
of
snakes
so
I
could
trap
them
in
the
easiest
way.
我开始研究蛇的习性，以便我能用最简单的方法捕捉它们。
?She
sets
aside
some
time
each
day
to
write,
even
if
it
is
only
five
minutes.
她每天留出一点时间来写作，哪怕只有五分钟。
?I
don't
want
to
set
down
a
series
of
facts
in
a
diary
as
most
people
do.
我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。
?We
ought
to
set
off
at
7：00
am,
while
the
roads
are
empty.
我们应该在早晨七点出发，那时路上没什么车。
?His
rude
reply
set
off
a
bad
feeling
of
me.
他粗鲁的答复引起了我的反感。
?Some
boys
are
setting
off
fireworks
in
the
street.
几个男孩正在街上放烟火。
?In
1995,
the
organisation
set
up
an
office
in
Beijing.
1995年这个组织在北京设立了办事处。
“开始/着手做某事”短语：
①set
out
to
do
sth.
②set
about
doing
sth.
③get
down
to
sth.
④set
one's
hand
to
sth.
⑤put
one's
hand
to
sth.
⑥turn
one's
hand
to
sth.
⑦start
to
do/doing
sth.
不规则动词
A—A—A式
set—set—set
cast—cast—cast
cost—cost—cost
cut—cut—cut
forcast—forcast—forcast
hit—hit—hit
hurt—hurt—hurt
let—let—let
put—put—put
rid—rid—rid
shut—shut—shut
slit—slit—slit
split—split—split
spread—spread—spread
upset—upset—upset
[即学即练] 完成句子
①她开始打扫屋子。
She
________________
cleaning
the
house.
②妈妈每个月都想存点钱。
Mother
tries
to
________________
every
month.
③开门会引发警报。
Opening
the
door
will
________________
the
alarm.
④他们成功地完成了他们打算做的事。
They
succeeded
in
what
they
have
________________
to
do.
⑤警察在出城的路上设置了路障。
The
police
________________
roadblocks
on
routes
out
of
the
city.
⑥标准由管理机构制定。
The
standards
were
________________
by
the
governing
body.
⑦这部小说以两千年前的古代中国为背景。
The
novel
was
________
ancient
China,
two
thousand
years
ago.
2.end
up
(教材P110)Our
oceans
are
full
of
plastic
waste,
and
animals
and
birds
end
up
swallowing
the
plastic
and
dying
as
a
result.我们的海洋里充满了塑料垃圾，最终动物和鸟类会吞下这些塑料而导致死亡。
end
up
doing
sth.
结果是做某事(表示伴随动作，强调结果)
end
up
in...
以……告终/结局(强调结果)
end
up
with...
以……方式结束(强调方式)
end
up
as...
最终成为……
end
up＋adj.
以……状况而告终
?If
you
try
to
remember
everything,
you
will
end
up
remembering
nothing.
如果你想记住所有内容，结果反而会什么也记不住。
?So
many
end
up
in
tree
branches
or
along
highways
that
a
growing
number
of
cities
do
not
allow
them
at
checkouts.太多的塑料袋最后都挂到了树枝上或落在了公路沿线，以至于越来越多的城市不允许塑料袋在收银台出现。
?The
meeting
ended
up
with
a
song.会议以歌曲结束。
?Most
of
the
packaging
ends
up
as
landfill.大部分包装材料最后都成了被填埋的垃圾。
?If
he
carries
on
driving
like
that,
he'll
end
up
dead.
如果他继续那样开车，总有一天会把命都丢掉。
联想拓展：
end
in...
以……收场/结束/告终(多指以不好的结局收场)
from
beginning
to
end
从头到尾
in
the
end
最后；终于
at
the
end
of...
在……末端/尽头；在……结尾
by
the
end
of...到……为止(常与完成时连用)
be
at
an
end
结束
come
to
an
end
结束
make
(both)
ends
meet
使收支相抵；勉强维持生计
put/bring
an
end
to
sth.(＝put/bring
sth.
to
an
end)
结束某事
Their
mamage
ended
in
divorce.他们的婚姻以离婚告终。
Her
story
was
a
pack
of
lies
from
beginning
to
end.她的叙述从头到尾都是谎话。
Thankfully,
I
managed
to
get
through
the
game
and
the
pain
was
worth
it
in
the
end.幸亏我设法完成了比赛，努力最终没有白费。
特别注意：
bring
an
end
to
sth.,
put
an
end
to
sth.，come
to
an
end三个短语都有“结束”的意思，可以相互转换。但应注意come
to
an
end是不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态，主语通常用物；而bring/put
an
end
to
sth.的主语通常为人。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①At
the
dinner
we
usually
begin
with
soup
and
end
up
________
fruit.
②At
first
they
hated
each
other,
but
they
ended
up
________
(become)
good
friends.
③She
has
always
wanted
to
be
a
writer
but
ended
up
________
a
teacher.
④Her
tried
various
jobs
and
________________
(最后)
became
a
musician.
⑤Everyone
wishes
that
the
war
would
________________
(结束)
soon.
⑥The
final
decision
of
the
three
important
leaders
of
the
country
________________
(结束)
the
war.
⑦I
was
worried
she
would
walk
out
or
________
the
interview
________________
(使……结束)．
⑧We
don't
need
to
do
extra
work
this
evening.
The
day's
work
is
almost
________________
(结束)
now.
⑨________________
(到……为止)
the
holiday
I
had
spent
all
my
money.
⑩________________
(在……末)
the
16th
century,
about
five
to
seven
million
people
spoke
English.
?________________
(最后),
the
headmaster
rose
to
indicate
that
the
conversation
was
________________
(结束)．
?第三版块：典型句式
1.It/That
sounds
like...听起来好像……
(1)后可以接名词、代词或从句
(2)
?That
sounds
like
a
good
idea.那听起来像是一个好主意。
?The
stone
looks
like
a
monkey.这石头看上去好像是只猴子。
?Jack
seems
like
an
honest
boy.杰克似乎像个诚实的男孩儿。
?The
story
sounds
exciting.这故事听起来很刺激。
?It
sounds
as
if/though
you
had
a
great
time
in
Paris.听起来好像你在巴黎玩得很开心。
?It
sounds
a
good
idea.这听起来是个好主意。
名师点津：
有些实意动词用作系动词是以被看、被听、被闻、被尝、被证明的事物作主语，这些用作系动词的动词通常译为“看上去/起来，听起来/上去，闻起来，尝起来，证明是……”后面加形容词、名词或介词短语作表语。
如：The
picture
looks
good.这图片看起来不错。
The
food
tastes
nice.这食物尝起来很好。
That
seounds
like
a
good
idea.这听起来是个好主意。
The
surface
of
the
desk
feels
smooth.这桌面摸上去很光滑。
[即学即练] 单句写作
①听起来是个好主意。
________________________________________________________________________
②它看起来就像一个飞机模型。
________________________________________________________________________
③他的话听起来是真的。
________________________________________________________________________
④听起来好像他去过美国。
________________________________________________________________________
2．It
feels
good
doing...做……感觉真棒/真好
It
feels
good
knowing
that
there
are
so
many
other
people
who
are
committed
to
contributing
to
a
better
future
for
our
planet.知道还有那么多人在为地球的美好未来做出贡献，感觉真好。
句型中It为形式主语，真正主语是动名词短语doing...。另外，It
feels
good
to
do
sth.(做某事感觉真好)是不定式短语作真正主语，而it是形式主语。如：It
feels
good
to
be
back
home.回到家感觉真好。
[即学即练] 单句写作
①在乡村小路上散步感觉真棒。
________________________________________________________________________
②跟你在一起感觉真好。
________________________________________________________________________
③有机会帮别人的忙感觉真棒。
________________________________________________________________________
3.“keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构
(教材P56)Plastic
packaging
keeps
the
product
fresh.塑料包装使产品保持新鲜。
“keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构中，宾语补足语可以是形容词、副词、介词短语、分词等，用法如下：
(1)keep＋宾语＋形容词/副词
(2)keep＋宾语＋介词短语
(3)keep＋宾语＋现在分词(短语)
?Everybody
must
keep
your
clothes
clean.每个人都必须保持衣服干净。
?Please
keep
your
hands
behind
your
back.请把你的双手放在背后。
?Remember
to
keep
the
engine
running,
for
it
is
difficult
to
start.
记着让发动机不停地运转，因为把它发动起来很困难。
知识延伸：
阻止某人做某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/单句写作
①The
question
kept
me
________
(wonder)
for
the
rest
of
the
night.
②It
can
prevent
us
from
getting
short-sighted
and
it
can
keep
us
physically
________
(health)．
③Don't
keep
them
________
(work)
day
and
night.
④请把门开着。
________________________________________________________________________
⑤对不起让你久等了。
________________________________________________________________________
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The
living
virus
on
the
outer
p________
of
imported
frozen
fish
in
Qingdao
was
to
blame
for
the
infection
(感染)．
2．Students
were
asked
to
design
a
recyclable
electronic
product
that
was
simple
for
________
(消费者)．
3．It's
important
to
plan
out
goals
that
are
within
________
(实际的)capabilities.
4．I'll
take
these
two
skirts.
Please
________
(包裹)
them
up
for
me.
5．With
time
going
by,
the
________
(交通)is
getting
more
and
more
convenient
in
our
country.
6．These
chairs
are
covered
with
too
much
________
(灰尘)．
7．Most
of
us
are
________
(意识到)
that
we
must
take
care
of
the
environment,
and
the
majority
of
us
have
taken
steps
to
save
energy
and
reduce
waste
and
pollution.
8．Today,
her
paintings
are
in
the
top
museum
________(收藏品)in
the
world.
9．Many
foreigners
are
used
to
using
________(筷子)
when
they
are
in
China.
10．Shopping
is
fun,
but
buying
things
you
don't
need
is
________(浪费的)
and
even
bad
for
the
Earth.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Rachel
Carson's
popular
book
Silent
Spring
raised
________
(aware)
of
the
dangers
of
pollution
and
the
harmful
effects
of
chemicals
on
humans.
2．When
visiting
another
country,
you
should
be
aware
________
those
differences
and
respect
them.
3．Get
in
touch
with
them
as
soon
as
possible,
for
they
are
anxious
________
the
news
of
your
arrival.
4．The
national
park
has
a
large
collection
________
wildlife,
ranging
from
butterflies
to
elephants.
5．Cloth
bags
are
________
(reuse),
so
they
are
environmentally
friendly.
Ⅲ.短文语法填空
On
my
way
home
from
work
yesterday,
I
1.________
(stop)
off
at
a
local
supermarket.
Among
other
things,
I
wanted
to
buy
a
couple
of
2.________
(coconut).
When
I
picked
them
up,
I
was
3.________
(amaze)
that
each
coconut
was
wrapped
in
clear,
thin
plastic.
Supermarkets
want
to
make
sure
that
coconuts
reach
the
consumer
in
the
4.________
(good)
condition.
The
packaging
helps
to
keep
the
product
fresh;
it
means
the
product
will
last
longer.
I
understand
that,
but
in
this
case
it's
5.________
(complete)
wasteful
and
unnecessary.
It
already
has
its
own
6.________
(nature)
packaging.
It's
got
a
tough
shell
that's
almost
impossible
to
break!
I
really
believe
we
should
do
away
with
packaging
completely.
There
is
7.________
supermarket
in
Germany
that
has
no
product
packaging
at
all.
Its
customers
take
refillable
containers
with
them
when
8.________
(shop),
and
use
them
instead
of
plastic
boxes
and
bags.
Part
Ⅲ Lesson
2 War
on
Plastic
Packets
双基夯实·课前排查
Ⅰ.
1．council 2.chopsticks 3.anxious 4.reusable
5．collection 6.aware 7.realistic 8.dirt 9.transportation 10.wrap 11.wasteful 12.consumer
Ⅱ.
1．aware 2.collection 3.realistic 4.reusable 5.anxious 6.wrapping 7.Consumer 8.dirt 9.wasteful
10．transportation
Ⅲ.
1．have
an
impact
on
sth. 2.throw
away 3.from
now
on 4.do
away
with 5.agree
with 6.end
up
doing/with
7．be
full
of 8.a
couple
of 9.stop
off 10.set
out
核心突破·要点讲解
?第一版块：重点单词
1．①unaware ②awareness ③of ④that
2．①are
collecting ②collector ③collection ④of ⑤collective
3．①about ②anxiety ③anxiety ④anxiously ⑤to
hear ⑥for
?第二版块：重点短语
1．①set/sets
about ②set
aside
some
money ③set
off
④set
out ⑤set
up ⑥set
down ⑦set
in
2．①with ②becoming ③as ④in
the
end ⑤come
to
an
end ⑥put/brought
an
end
to ⑦put/bring to
an
end ⑧at
an
end ⑨By
the
end
of ⑩At
the
end
of ?In
the
end at
an
end
?第三版块：典型句式
1．①It
sounds
like
a
good
idea. ②It
looks
like
a
model
of
plane. ③What
he
said
sounded
a
true
story.
④It
sounded
as
if/though
he
had
been
to
America.
2．①It
feels
good
walking
along
a
countryside
road.
②It
feels
good
to
get
together
with
you.
③It
feels
good
to
have
a
chance
to
help
others.
3．①wondering ②healthy ③working ④Please
keep
the
door
open. ⑤I'm
sorry
to
have
kept
you
waiting
for
such
a
long
time.
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．packaging 2.consumers 3.realistic 4.wrap
5．transportation 6.dirt 7.aware 8.collections
9．chopsticks 10.wasteful
Ⅱ.
1．awareness 2.of 3.for 4.of 5.reusable
Ⅲ.
1．stopped 2.coconuts 3.amazed 4.best 5.completely 6.natural 7.a 8.shoppingUnit
3
Conservation
Part
Ⅳ Lesson
3 The
Road
to
Destruction
【学习目标】
话题语境
人与自然之人与环境的探讨
课时词汇
annoyed,
stuck,
relate,
suit
常用短语
get
stuck
in,
stressed
out,
compared
to,
go
up,
to
be
frank,
be
addicted
to,
pick
up
重点句式
(1)It
takes
somebody
some
time
to
do
sth.
(2)形容词短语作状语
(3)the
number
of...的主谓一致
单词巧练 写准记牢
Ⅰ.核心单词练习：请根据所给的词性和词义写出单词
1．________________
vt.
适合
n.
套装
2．________________
adj.
定期的，有规律的
3．________________
vi.
相联系，有关联
4．________________
n.
癌症
5．________________
n.
十年，十年期
6．________________
n.
愤怒，怒气
7．________________
adj.
烦恼的，生气的
8．________________
n.
拥挤；堵塞；果酱
9．________________
adj.
卡住的，无法移动的
Ⅱ.常用单词练习：根据句意和所给的首字母或中文提示写出符合句中单词的正确形式
1．________
(有规律的)
exercise
is
very
important
to
our
health.
2．Several
________
(十年)
have
passed
since
I
graduated
from
the
college.
3．We
must
________
(相联系)
these
principles
to
our
everyday
work.
4．If
something
________
(适合)
you,
it
is
convenient
for
you
or
is
the
best
thing
for
you
in
the
circumstances.
5．One
of
the
world's
longest
traffic
j________
was
109
miles
(175.42
kilometres)
long,
between
Paris
and
Lyon
on
the
French
Autoroute
in
1980.
6．I
get
a________
when
someone
talks
to
me
while
I'm
reading.
7．If
something
is
s________
in
a
particular
position,
it
is
fixed
tightly
in
this
position
and
is
unable
to
move.
8．He
was
able
to
hold
back
his
a________
and
avoid
a
fight.
Ⅲ.阅读本部分内容，翻译相关短语
1．接某人
________________
2．闲坐，无所事事地坐着
________________
3．对……上瘾
________________
4．坦白地说
________________
5．与……有关联
________________
6．与……相比
________________
7．上升，上涨，增加
________________
8．焦虑的
________________
9．……的数目
________________
10．降低……的风险
________________
11．放弃
________________
12．卡在……
________________
?第一版块：重点单词
1.stick
vt.
(stuck,
stuck);
n．棒，棍
(教材P58)How
do
you
feel
when
you
get
stuck
in
traffic
jams?
当你遭遇交通堵塞的时候，你感受如何？
(1)stick
vt.
粘贴；刺，插；放置；伸出
stick
sth.
on
sth.
把一物贴在另一物上
stick
sth.
in
sth.
把一物刺入/插入/放进另一物里
(2)stuck
adj.
卡住的，陷住的，无法移动的。常与in连用
(be)
stuck
(in...)
陷(入)；困(于)
(get)
stuck
(in...)
(3)被难住，答不上来
?Stick
one's
head
out
of
the
window.把头伸出窗户。
?We
were
stuck
in
traffic
for
over
an
hour.我们遇上堵车，堵了一个多小时。
?I
was
stuck
with
my
little
sister
all
afternoon.我整个下午都被我的小妹妹缠住了。
?The
wheels
were
stuck
in
the
mud.车轮陷到了泥里。
?She
got
the
key
stuck
in
the
lock.她把钥匙卡在锁里了。
?I
got
stuck
on
the
first
question.头一个问题我就答不上来。
常用搭配：
get/be
stuck
in
陷入，卡在……
get/be
stuck
on
被难住；答不上来；卡壳
get/be
stuck
for
不知所措；(为某事)犯愁
get/be
stuck
with摆脱不了；甩不掉
用法拓展：
stick
around
待在原地，不要走开
stick
out
伸出
stick
to
坚持，遵守
stick
up
举起，(使)竖立
stick
with
继续，坚持；留在记忆里
get
the
wrong
end
of
the
stick
完全误解
不规则动词
A—B—B式
bend—bent—bent
bind—bound—bound
bleed—bled—bled
bring—brought—brought
build—built—built
burn—burnt/burned—burnt/burned
buy—bought—bought
catch—caught—caught
deal—dealt—dealt
dig—dug—dug
feed—fed—fed
feel—felt—felt
fight—fought—fought
flee—fled—fled
get—got—got/gotten
hang—hung/hanged—hung/hanged
have—had—had
hear—heard—heard
[即学即练] 完成句子/判断下列句子中stuck的含义/单句语法填空
①她在信封上贴了一张邮票。
She
________
a
stamp
on
the
letter.
②护士把针扎进他的胳膊里。
The
nurse
________
(stick)
a
needle
in
his
arm.
③她把书放入抽屉里。
She
________
(stick)
her
book
in
the
drawer.
④他把头伸出公交车窗外。
He
________
his
head
out
of
the
bus
window.
⑤车陷入泥里了。
The
car
was
________
(stick)
in
the
mud.
⑥别走开，我过一会儿需要你帮助。
________
around.
I'll
need
you
to
help
me
later.
⑦我会信守诺言。
I'll
stick
________
my
promise.
⑧我们按原计划进行吧。
Let's
stick
________
our
original
plans.
⑨If
you
get
stuck
on
a
difficult
word,
just
ask
for
help.________________
⑩Sara
tried
to
open
the
window
but
it
was
stuck.________________
?Seven
of
us
were
stuck
in
the
lift
for
a
long
time.________________
?You
will
arrive
at
the
airport
on
time
if
you
do
not
get
stuck
________
a
traffic
jam.
?I'm
________
(stick)
on
this
part
of
the
instructions—can
you
explain
it
to
me
again?
2.annoyed
adj.生气的，烦恼的(表示人自身的感受)
(教材P58)to
feel
annoyed感到生气
be
annoyed
with
sb.
生某人的气
be
annoyed
at/about
sth.
因某事生气
be
annoyed
to
do/that...
……使人恼火
?I
was
so
annoyed
with
him
for
turning
up
late.他姗姗来迟，我很生气。
?He
was
annoyed
at
the
way
she
tried
to
take
over
the
whole
meeting.
她试图操控整个会议，这使他很恼火。
?She
was
annoyed
to
discover
that
her
husband
had
taken
her
car
keys.
她丈夫拿走了她的汽车钥匙，她发现后很生气。
?The
teacher
was
annoyed
that
his
students
did
not
study
hard.
老师因学生不用功学习而生气。
归纳拓展：
(1)annoy
vt.
使生气，使恼怒；打扰
(2)annoyance
n.
[U]恼怒，烦恼；[C]使人烦恼的事
to
sb.'s
annoyance
让某人生气的是
annoying
adj.使恼怒的，使生气的，使烦恼的(表示事或物的性质)
语境串记：
To
my
annoyance,
nobody
informed
me
that
the
meeting
was
put
off
until
afternoon.
Ryan's
frequent
interruption
during
the
meeting
made
me
even
more
annoyed.
It
seemed
that
he
didn't
realise
this
annoying
habit
ever.使我恼火的是，没有人通知我会议推迟到了下午。瑞安在开会时不断打断我，这使我更加恼火。他似乎从来没有意识到他这令人讨厌的习惯。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Being
annoyed
________
other
people
easily
is
harmful
to
your
health.
②She
stayed
awake
till
midnight
because
of
her
________
(annoy)
sleeping
problem.
③Whenever
the
young
animal
is
frightened
or
________
(annoy),
it
always
rushes
to
its
mother.
④To
our
________
(annoy),
the
air
conditioner
broke
down
on
the
hottest
night
of
the
year!
3.relate
vt.把……联系起来 vi.相联系，有关联 vt.讲述，叙述
(教材P59)Some
types
of
cancer
are
related
to
traffic
pollution.多种癌症与交通污染有关。
relate...to...
把……和……联系起来
be
related
to...
与……有关联
relate
to
涉及，与……相关，谈到；能够理解并同情
relate
sth.(to
sb.)
(向某人)讲述……
?The
report
seeks
to
relate
the
rise
in
crime
to
the
increase
in
unemployment.
这份报告试图把犯罪率上升和失业增加联系起来。
?The
second
paragraph
of
the
text
relates
to
the
situation
in
Scotland.
文章第二段谈到苏格兰的形势。
?Many
adults
can't
relate
to
children.许多成年人并不了解儿童的想法。
?He
later
related
the
whole
story
to
me.他后来给我讲了这件事的来龙去脉。
归纳拓展：
(1)related
adj.
相关的，有联系的
(2)relation
n.
[U，C](事物之间的)关系，关联，联系
in
relation
to
关于；与……相比
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子/一词多译
①Not
only
is
likability
related
________
positive
life
outcomes,
but
it
is
also
responsible
for
those
outcomes,
too.
②他说的那些与我们现在讨论的有什么关系吗？
How
do
his
remarks
________________？
③你应该写下与这个问题有关的所有信息。
〈1〉You
should
write
down
all
the
information
________________the
problem.
〈2〉You
should
write
down
all
the
information
________________
the
problem.
4.suit
vt.满足(某人)需要，对(某人)方便，合(某人)心意；适合，适宜；(尤指服装、颜色等)相配，合身 n．[C]一套衣服，套装
(教材P59)Do
whichever
of
these
things
that
suit
you.做你方便做的任何事情。
suit
one's
need/taste
满足某人的需要/适合某人的口味
suit
sth.to
sth./sb.
使某物适合某物/某人
suit
sb.(fine)
(很)合某人的意；对某人来说(很)合适
?The
software
can
be
adapted
to
suit
the
particular
needs
of
the
end
user.
该软件可修改以满足终端用户的特定需求。
?A
good
speaker
is
always
trying
to
suit
his
speech
to
his
audience.
一个好的演说家总是试图让自己的演说适合听众的口味。
?This
hot
weather
doesn't
suit
me.天这么热，我真受不了。
?Blue
suits
you.
You
should
wear
it
more
often.你适合穿蓝色。你该多穿蓝色衣服。
?She
was
wearing
a
black
trouser
suit.她穿着一套黑色衣裤套装。
联想串记：
suited
adj.
合适，适宜，适当
be
suited
for/to...
适宜……
suitable
adj.
合适的，适宜的
unsuitable
adj.
不合适的
be
suitable
for...
适合……
辨析比较：suit/fit/match
(1)suit多指衣服等的颜色、款式或花样适合；还可指事物合乎需要、口味、性格、条件、地位等。
This
style
of
dress
suits
you
well.这种款式的连衣裙很适合你。
No
dish
suits
all
tastes.众口难调。
(2)fit多指衣服等大小、尺寸、形状等方面的合适，通常意为“合身，适合”。
It
is
important
that
children's
shoes
fit
correctly.孩子们的鞋正合脚是很重要的。
(3)match多指两个物体大小、色调、形状、性质等方面很搭配，显得很协调。
The
colour
of
the
shirt
does
not
match
that
of
the
tie.衬衫的颜色与领带的颜色不相配。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/选词填空：match/suit/fit
①She
is
quite
________
(suit)
for
the
job;
she
is
fluent
in
both
English
and
French.
②As
global
warming
increases,
the
Earth
will
become
less
and
less
suited
________
life.
③First
of
all,
the
colour
of
the
hat
should
________
the
colours
of
your
skin
and
hair.
④It
was
because
I
grew
so
fast
that
many
clothes
my
mom
bought
me
didn't
________
me
any
longer.
⑤As
we
know,
a
red
jacket
doesn't
________
green
trousers.
But
when
a
little
girl
wears
them,
they
________
her
very
well.
⑥The
lifestyle
of
the
city
seems
to
________
her—she
looks
very
well.
?第二版块：重点短语
1.go
up
(1)(价格、温度等)上涨，上升。近义词有rise和increase，反义词(组)有reduce,
decrease,
go
down。(2)被兴建，被建造。主语是事物。
(教材P58)By
how
much
has
the
number
of
cars
gone
up
in
the
last
20
years？在过去的20年里，汽车数量增长了多少？
go
up
by...
上升了……(表示上升的程度或幅度)
go
up
to...
上升到……(表示上升后的结果)
?With
the
temperature
going
up，we
found
it
hard
to
stay
outdoors.
随着温度的升高，我们发现很难待在户外。
?Unemployment
in
this
country
has
gone
up
by
25%
in
the
last
ten
months.
这个国家的失业率在过去十个月里上升了25%。
?High-rise
apartment
buildings
have
gone
up
where
there
was
once
open
land.
在曾经是空地的地方建起了高层公寓大楼。
归纳拓展：
go
by(时间)流逝
go
ahead先走；开始做，着手干
go
in
for爱好；参加考试(或竞赛)
go
through仔细察看；检查；经历，遭受
go
over仔细检查
go
into开始做；(金钱、时间等)用于
go
against反抗；违反；不利于
go
down(物价等)下跌；(船等)下沉；(日、月)落下
[即学即练] 选出能替换画线部分的词语/用go的相关短语完成句子
①A
cross-sea
bridge
is
going
up
not
away
from
my
hometown.
(being
built/being
designed)________
②It
is
predicted
that
food
prices
will
continue
to
go
up
in
the
next
few
months.
(raise/rise)________
③Tall
buildings
are
________
along
the
new
road
leading
to
the
downtown
area.
④I
didn't
________
poetry
before,
but
now
I'm
beginning
to
take
an
interest
in
it.
⑤As
time
________，he
finds
it
important
to
learn
another
foreign
language.
⑥—The
woman
biologist
had
stayed
in
Africa
studying
wild
animals
for
13
years
before
she
returned.
—She
must
have
________
a
lot!
2．stressed
out
adj.因压力而累垮的
(教材P58)How
often
do
we
arrive
at
work
or
school,
stressed
out,
tired
and
angry？我们有多少次抵达工作地点或学校时感到焦虑、疲惫和愤怒？
(1)under
stress
在压力之下
under
the
stress
of...
在……的压力下
lay/place/put
stress
on/upon...
强调……；给……压力
(2)stress
He
was
stressed
out
by
the
noise
and
the
crowds
in
the
shops
during
the
sales.
他被大减价时商店里的噪音和人群弄得精疲力竭。
名师点津：
stressful
adj.(指物)压力重的；紧张的
stressed
adj.(指人)焦虑不安的；心力交瘁的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子/句型转换
①More
stress
should
be
placed
________
the
cultivation
of
creativity.
②________
the
stress
of
bad
weather
the
ship
had
to
return.
③We
must
________
(强调)
on
self-reliance.
④Worrying
over
his
job
and
his
wife's
health
________________________
(使他处于极大的压力之下)．
⑤Our
teacher
often
places
stress
on
good
education.
→Our
teacher
often
________________
good
education.
?第三版块：典型句式
1.It
takes
sb.
some
time
to
do
sth.
某人花费……时间做某事
(教材P58)“This
morning,
it
took
me
40
minutes
to
go
downtown.
More
roadworks
on
the
A10！”“今天早上，我去市中心花了40
分钟。A10公路上的道路工程比之前更多了！”
It
takes/took
sb.
some
time
to
do
sth.表示“某人花费多长时间做某事”。其中It为形式主语，后面的不定式结构为真正的主语。可与It
takes/took
some
time
for
sb.
to
do
sth.
互换。
?It
took
him
ten
years
to
write
the
book.写这本书花费了他十年时间。
?It
took
a
long
time
for
her
to
change
her
attitude.她用了很长时间才改变了态度。
知识归纳：表“花费”的几个句式
(1)sb.
spends
money
on
sth.
sb.
spends
money
(on)
doing
sb.
spends
time
in
some
place
sb.
spends
time
on
sth.
sb.
spends
time
(in)
doing
sth.
(2)sth.
cost
some
money
某物花了……钱
sth.
cost
sb.
some
money
某物花了某人……钱
It
cost
(sb.)
some
money
to
buy
sth.
买某物花了(某人)……钱
(3)sb.
pay
some
money
for
sth.
(4)It
takes
sb.
some
time
to
do
sth.
某人花费……时间去做某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It
took
him
only
a
few
minutes
________
(draw)
the
picture.
②________
will
take
a
long
time
for
her
to
recover
from
the
illness.
③How
long
does
it
take
________
(go)
there
on
foot?
2.形容词(短语)作状语
(教材P58)How
often
do
we
arrive
at
work
or
school,
stressed
out,
tired
and
angry？我们有多少次抵达工作地点或学校时感到焦虑、疲惫和愤怒？
在英语句子结构中，形容词(短语)可充当状语，用来描述谓语动作(或分词短语中的宾补动作)发生的时间、原因、条件、伴随状态等。当形容词(短语)作状语时，通常用逗号与主句分开，位置可在句首、句中或句末。
?The
survivors
lay
on
the
beach,
shocked
and
exhausted.
幸存者躺在海滩上，心有余悸，疲惫不堪。(表状态)
?Hungry
(＝Because
he
was
hungry),
he
hurried
to
the
kitchen.
因为太饿了，他匆忙跑到厨房。(表原因)
?Eager
for
an
immediate
reply
(＝Because
he
was
eager
for
an
immediate
reply),
he
sent
me
another
e-mail.
由于渴望立刻得到回复，他又给我发了一封电子邮件。(表原因)
?He
approached
us，full
of
apologies.他向我们走来，并连声道歉。(表伴随状态)
?Wet
or
fine
(＝Whether
it
was
wet
or
fine),
he
got
up
at
six
and
took
a
walk
in
the
park.
不管下雨天还是晴天，他总是六点钟起床到公园里散散步。(表让步)
名师点津：
(1)形容词(短语)作原因、条件、让步状语时，往往放在句首；
(2)形容词(短语)作伴随或结果状语通常放在句末。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①________________
(既惊奇又高兴),
Tom
came
to
the
front
and
accepted
the
prize.
②________________(沉浸在阅读中),
he
didn't
notice
someone
slide
into
the
room.
③His
meal
lay
on
the
table,
________________
(没吃)．
④________________
(无论生病与否),
the
young
man
always
studied
very
hard.
⑤Every
nation,
________________
(无论大小),
should
be
equal.
⑥________________
(愿意做这件事),
the
girl
nodded
her
agreement.
3．the
number
of...作主语时的主谓一致
(教材P58)In
the
last
20
years,
the
number
of
cars
on
the
roads
has
gone
up
by
25%.在过去的20年里，道路上的汽车数量增加了25%。
the
number
of
的主谓一致
“the
number
of＋名词”作主语，中心词是the
number，谓语动词用单数形式；a
number
of意为“若干；许多”，相当于many，和复数名词连用，“a
number
of＋复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
?The
number
of
undergraduates
has
increased
over
the
years.
本科生的人数这几年已经增加了。
?A
number
of
women
want
to
be
language
teachers.许多女性想成为语言教师。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①With
a
rise
in
________
number
of
cars,
traffic
has
become
increasingly
heavier.
②________
good
number
of
books
in
the
market
are
examination-oriented.
③Nowadays
the
number
of
college
graduates
in
a
country
________
(reflect)
its
cultural
standard.
④A
number
of
highly
qualified
scholars
________
(work)
in
Singapore
till
now.
[词语积累]
①roadworks/'r??d?w??ks/
n．[pl.]道路施工
②anger/'??ɡ?(r)/n.[U]怒，怒火
anger
at...对……的怒火
in
anger气愤地
be
filled
with
anger/be
full
of
anger满腔怒火
angry
adj.发怒的，生气的
③be
nothing
compared
to...与……相比不值一提
④figure
n．[C，pl.](代表数量，尤指官方资料中的)数字
⑤decade/'deke?d/n.[C]十年
in/over
the
past/last
decade在过去十年里
⑥average
n．[C，U]平均数
⑦greenhouse
gas
n．[C]温室气体
greenhouse
effect
n．[sing.]温室效应
gas/ɡ?s/n.[C，U]气体；[U]煤气，天然气
⑧cancer/'k?ns?(r)/n.[C，U]癌，癌症；[C](社会)毒瘤
⑨be
related
to
(＝be
connected/
linked
to)与……有关联
relate/r?'le?t/vt.联系，使有联系，把……联系起来
⑩make
excuses找借口
?be
addicted
to沉迷于(to为介词)
?regular/'reɡj?l?(r)/adj.定时的，有规律的
regularly
adv.有规律地；经常
?cut
the
risk
of...降低……的风险
?so
what？那又怎么样？(认为某事无关紧要，尤用于反驳他人的指责时)
?around
the
corner很近，在附近
?Her
house
is
just
around
the
corner.她的房子就在附近。
?There
were
good
times
around
the
corner.好时光很快就会来临。
?speed
limit限速
?suit/su?t/vt.对(某人)方便，满足(某人)需要，合(某人)心意
?sit
around/about无所事事地消磨时间，闲坐
?I
have
a
busy
life
with
no
time
to
sit
around
feeling
sorry
for
myself.我的生活非常忙碌，没有时间坐在那里自怨自艾。
?horrible
adj.极坏的，十分讨厌的,
Part
1
“This
morning,
it
took
me
40
minutes
to
go
downtown.
More
roadworks①
on
the
A10！”
“Oh
really?
It
took
me
over
an
hour.
There
was
an
accident
on
the
M11.”How
often
have
you
heard
these
conversations?
How
often
do
we
get
stuck
in
traffic
jams?
How
often
do
we
arrive
at
work
or
school,
stressed
out,
tired
and
angry【1】？
For
many
people,
the
answer
is
every
day.
But
personal
anger②
and
stress
are
nothing
compared
to③
the
real
costs
socially.
Here
are
some
figures④
about
Britain：
【1】画线部分为形容词(短语)作状语，表示主语的状态。
?In
the
last
20
years,
the
number
of
cars
on
the
roads
has
gone
up
by
25%.
There
are
now
32
million
cars.
?Over
the
last
decade⑤，
an
average⑥
of
2,500
people
have
died
every
year
in
vehicle
accidents.
?Traffic
is
one
of
the
major
causes
of
global
warming
and
climate
change,
as
car
engines
produce
various
types
of
greenhouse
gases⑦.
?Almost
30,000
deaths
per
year
are
caused
by
air
pollution.
?Some
types
of
cancer⑧
are
related
to⑨
traffic
pollution.
Part
2
We
know
that
cars
are
bad
for
us.
But
we
all
make
excuses⑩：“The
buses
are
terrible”；
“The
trains
are
always
late”；“I
haven't
got
time
to
walk”.
I'm
talking
about
myself,
too.
To
be
frank,
I'm
addicted
to?
my
car.
When
I
asked
Jenny
Trowe
of
Greenpeace
for
advice
about
how
to
give
up,
she
told
me
five
things：
?Use
your
legs.
In
2014,
over
55%
of
car
journeys
were
under
eight
kilometres.
Instead
of
taking
short
car
journeys,
we
could
easily
walk
or
cycle.
Leg
power
can
save
your
money,
keep
you
fit
and
help
you
live
longer.
Regular?
exercise
also
cuts
the
risk
of?
heart
disease
by
50%!
?Use
public
transport.
Up
to
90
people
can
travel
in
one
bus,
while
the
same
number
will
need
at
least
18
cars.
Sometimes
it
can
take
a
little
bit
longer,
but
so
what?？
You
can
relax,
read
a
book,
talk
to
someone—who
knows?
?Think
before
you
go.
Do
you
really
have
to
go
to
that
shopping
centre
on
the
other
side
of
town?
What
about
the
shops
around
the
corner?？
Before
you
get
into
your
car,
think
about
whether
you
really
need
to
make
that
journey.
?Share
cars.
If
you
really
have
to
use
a
car,
share
journeys
with
someone
else.
It
is
much
cheaper
and
kinder
to
the
environment.
?Take
action!
We
often
think
there
is
nothing
we
can
do
about
the
noise,
pollution
and
danger
of
traffic.There
is.
If
your
street
is
full
of
heavy
traffic,
talk
to
your
neighbours
about
it.
Write
to
the
papers.
Go
to
the
city
government.
Ask
for
a
speed
limit?.
Do
whichever
of
these
things
that
suit?
you.
Don't
just
sit
around?
and
complain!
All
quite
simple,
isn't
it?
Five
easy
ways
to
improve
our
environment.
Well,
I'm
sorry
I
have
to
finish
this
article,
but
I've
got
to
pick
up
my
daughter
from
school
at
4
pm.Then
I've
got
to
drive
to
the
supermarket
to
do
the
shopping.
After
that,
I
have
to
take
my
son
to
a
party.
The
traffic
is
going
to
be
horrible?，
but
what
can
I
do？
第1部分
“今天早上，我花了40分钟去市中心。A10公路上的很多地方在施工！”
“真的吗？我花了一个多小时。M11公路上发生了一起事故。”你每隔多久会听到这样的对话？有多少次我们陷于交通堵塞之中？又有多少次，当我们抵达工作地点或学校时感到心力交瘁、疲惫又愤怒？对很多人来说，答案是每天。但是和真正的社会损失相比，个人的愤怒和焦虑根本不值一提。以下是一些关于英国的数据：
·在过去的20年里，道路上的汽车数量增加了25%。现在有3
200万辆汽车。
·在过去十年中，平均每年有2
500人死于交通事故。
·交通是全球变暖和气候变化的主要原因之一，因为汽车发动机会产生各类温室气体。
·每年有近3万人死于空气污染。
·多种癌症与交通污染有关。
第2部分
我们知道汽车会带来危害。但总能找到借口：“公共汽车很糟糕”；“火车总是晚点”；“我没有时间走路”。我说的也包括我自己。坦率地说，我离不开我的车。当我向绿色和平组织的詹妮·特洛维询问如何放弃汽车时，她给了五条建议：
·走路。2014年，超过55%的汽车行程不到8公里。可以轻易地用走路或骑行来代替短途的开车出行。利用脚力行走可以省钱，保持健康并帮助延长寿命。经常锻炼也能降低50%患心脏病的风险！
·使用公共交通工具。一辆公共汽车最多可以乘坐90人，而乘坐小轿车这些人至少需要18辆车。有时坐公共汽车可能需要更长的时间，但那又怎样？你可以放松一下、读一本书、和别人交谈——谁知道呢？
·出发之前先想想。你真的必须去镇上另一边的那个购物中心吗？拐角处的商店怎么样？在上车之前，想想你是否真的需要去那个地方。
·共享汽车。如果不得不用车，与其他人共用一辆车。这样更便宜，也更环保。
·采取行动！我们经常觉得面对交通带来的噪音、污染和危险，自己无能为力。其实我们可以有所为。如果你所在的那条街交通繁忙，去和邻居们谈谈。给报社写信。去市政府。申请设置限速。做你方便做的任何事情。别光坐在那里抱怨！
这些都很简单，不是吗？五种简单方法就可以改善环境。好吧，很抱歉我要结束这篇文章了，因为下午4点我得去学校接女儿。然后我得开车去超市购物，之后还得带儿子去参加一个派对。交通将会非常糟，但我能怎么办呢？
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I
was
a________
with
my
son
about
his
carelessness,
which
was
the
main
cause
of
his
failure
in
math.
2．If
the
chair
is
too
high,
you
can
adjust
it
to
s________
you.
3．The
best
approach
to
building
up
your
body
is
to
take
________
(定期的)
exercise.
4．We
remained
________
(卡住的)
in
the
traffic
________
(堵塞)until
midnight
due
to
a
serious
accident.
5．In
the
past
two
________
(十年),
great
changes
have
taken
place
in
our
country.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Stuck
________
the
heavy
snow,
my
father
insisted
that
we
stay
where
we
were
when
he
asked
for
help.
2Filled
with
________
(angry),
a
person
tends
to
say
whatever
comes
to
his
mind.
3．Road
accidents
have
gone
up
________
2%
in
the
first
season
of
this
year.
4．You
cannot
just
sit
________
in
your
office
waiting
for
your
boss
to
promote
you.
5．If
you
are
addicted
________
your
mobile
phone,
that's
when
you
should
lay
it
down
and
be
involved
in
meaningful
activities.
6．From
the
________
(annoy)
look
on
her
face,
we
knew
that
she
was
quite
angry
about
what
her
son
had
done.
7．The
price
of
new
houses
in
that
area
goes
________
and
most
people
cannot
afford
one
there.
8．—What's
wrong?
You
look
really
stressed
________
.
—I
have
been
working
the
whole
week
preparing
for
my
paper.
9．With
the
spirit
of
voluntary
work
rooted
in
my
heart,
I
am
sure
that
I
can
be
a
________
(suit)
volunteer
you
need.
10．Generally
speaking,
tiredness
is
directly
related
________
a
driver's
response
time.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
We
know
that
cars
are
bad
for
us.
Here
are
five
easy
ways
to
improve
our
environment.
Use
your
legs.
In
2014,
over
55%
of
car
journeys
1.________
(be)
under
eight
kilometres.
Instead
of
taking
short
car
journeys,
we
could
2.________
(easy)
walk
or
cycle.
Leg
power
can
save
your
money,
keep
you
fit
and
help
you
live
3.________
(long)．
Use
public
transport.
Up
to
90
people
can
travel
in
one
bus,
while
4.________
same
number
will
need
at
least
18
cars.
Sometimes
it
can
take
a
little
bit
longer,
5.________
you
can
relax,
read
a
book,
talk
to
someone—who
knows?
Think
before
you
go.
Do
you
really
have
to
go
to
that
shopping
centre
6.________
the
other
side
of
town?
What
about
the
shops
around
the
corner?
Before
you
get
into
your
car,
think
about
whether
you
really
need
7.________
(make)
that
journey.
Share
cars.
If
you
really
have
to
use
a
car,
share
8.________
(journey)
with
someone
else.
It
is
much
cheaper
and
kinder
to
the
environment.
Take
action!
If
your
street
is
full
of
heavy
traffic,
talk
to
your
neighbours
about
it.
Write
to
the
papers.
Go
to
the
city
9.________
(govern).
Ask
for
a
speed
limit.
Do
whichever
of
these
things
that
suit
you.
Don't
just
sit
around
and
complain.
All
quite
simple,
isn't
10.________？
Part
Ⅳ Lesson
3 The
Road
to
Destruction
双基夯实·课前排查
Ⅰ.
1．suit 2.regular 3.relate 4.cancer 5.decade 6.anger 7.annoyed 8.jam 9.stuck
Ⅱ.
1．Regular 2.decades 3.relate 4.suits 5.jams
6．annoyed 7.stuck 8.anger
Ⅲ
1．pick
sb.
up 2.sit
around/about 3.be
addicted
to
4．to
be
frank 5.be
related
to 6.be
compared
to 7.go
up
8．stressed
out 9.the
number
of 10.cut
the
risk
of
11．give
up 12.get
stuck
in
核心突破·要点讲解
?第一版块：重点单词
1．①stuck ②stuck ③stuck ④stuck ⑤stuck ⑥Stick ⑦to ⑧with ⑨被难住 ⑩卡住 ?困(于) ?in ?stuck
2．①with ②annoying ③annoyed ④annoyance
3．①to ②relate
to
what
we
are
discussing
now ③〈1〉related
to 〈2〉in
relation
to
4．①suitable ②for/to ③match ④fit ⑤match suit ⑥suit
?第二版块：重点短语
1．①being
built ②rise ③going
up ④go
in
for ⑤goes
by ⑥gone
through
2．①on/upon ②Under ③lay/put/place
stress ④put
him
under
great
stress ⑤stresses
the
importance
of
?第三版块：典型句式
1．①to
draw ②It ③to
go
2．①Surprised
and
delighted
②Lost/Deep
in
reading
③uneaten
④Sick
or
not
⑤big
or
small
⑥Willing
to
do
this
3．①the ②A ③reflects ④have
worked
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．annoyed 2.suit 3.regular 4.stuck;
jam 5.decades
Ⅱ.
1．in 2.anger 3.by 4.around/about 5.to 6.annoyed 7.up 8.out 9.suitable 10.to
Ⅲ.
1．were 2.easily 3.longer 4.the 5.but 6.on
7．to
make 8.journeys 9.government 10.itUnit
3
Conservation
Part
Ⅵ 单元语法专题——限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
定语从句体系构建图
语法精讲
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
在复合句中用来限制、描绘或说明主句中某一名词或代词而起定语作用的从句叫定语从句；定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词；引导定语从句的词叫关系词。按照关系词在定语从句中所作的成分，可将关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的密切程度，定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。
一、定语从句的关系词
1．关系词在定语从句中的作用：①连接主句和从句；②指代先行词；③在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
2．关系词的分类：①关系代词that,
which,
who,
whom,
whose,
as等；②关系副词when,
where,
why等。
3．引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有that,
which,
who,
whom,
whose,
as等；关系副词有where,
when,
why等。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有which,
who,
whom,
whose,
as；关系副词有where,
when。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①They
were
well
trained
by
their
masters
________
had
great
experience
with
caring
for
these
animals.
②If
you
look
at
all
sides
of
the
situation,
you'll
find
probably
a
solution
________
suits
everyone.
③We
have
entered
into
an
age
________
dreams
have
the
best
chance
of
coming
true.
④By
opening
a
novel,
I
can
leave
behind
my
burdens
and
enter
into
a
wonderful
and
mysterious
world
________
I
am
now
a
new
character.
⑤There
are
several
reasons
________
school
uniforms
are
a
good
idea.
First
of
all,
uniforms
help
the
school
look
smart.
⑥Dr.
Rowan,
________
secretary
resigned
two
weeks
ago,
has
had
to
do
all
his
own
typing.
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1．作用不同
限制性定语从句用于修饰先行词，具有限制作用，使先行词的含义更具体、更明确，因此不可缺少，否则主句的意思就不完整或将失去意义。非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词作附加或补充性的说明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整、清楚。
?People
who
take
physical
exercise
regularly
live
longer.经常进行体育锻炼的人更长寿。(若把定语从句去掉，句子意义不完整)(限制性定语从句)
?His
daughter,
who
is
in
Shenzhen
now,
is
coming
home
next
week.他女儿现在在深圳，下星期回家。(若把定语从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整)(非限制性定语从句)
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①Later,
he
worked
in
Africa,
________
many
people
suffered
from
blindness
for
lack
of
proper
treatment.
②Understanding
her
good
intentions,
I
eat
all
the
food
________
is
provided
by
Mom
with
appreciation.
2．形式不同
限制性定语从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号和主句隔开。
?The
book
that/which
you
borrowed
last
week
is
really
moving.上周你借的那本书真令人感动。
?This
is
an
important
present,
which
I
received
yesterday.这是一件重要的礼物，我是昨天收到它的。
3．先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个的名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词既可为单个的名词或代词，也可为整个主句或其中一部分。
?This
is
the
best
novel
that
I
have
ever
read.这是我看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句，先行词是the
best
novel)
?He
changed
his
mind，which
made
me
very
angry.他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(非限制性定语从句，which指整个主句)
[即学即练3] 单句语法填空
①You
can
be
the
one
________
directs
the
conversation
to
fun
topics
that
are
ripe
for
others
to
add
humor.
②She
and
her
family
bicycle
to
work,
________
helps
them
keep
fit.
③Mr.Smith
owned
this
oil
painting
until
the
early
1990s,
________
he
gave
it
to
his
grandson.
4．关系词的使用情况不同
(1)that，why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，而要用which代替that,
for
which代替why。
?他通过了考试，这使他的老师感到欣慰。
【误】He
passed
the
exam,
that
made
his
teacher
relieved.
【正】He
passed
the
exam,
which
made
his
teacher
relieved.
?I
have
told
them
the
reason,
for
which
I
didn't
attend
the
party.我已经告诉他们我没参加聚会的原因了。
(2)关系代词替代情况不同
①关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who/that代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who/that代替。
?This
is
the
man
(whom/who/that)
we
are
talking
about.这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。(限制性定语从句)
?The
young
man
had
a
new
girlfriend,
whom
he
wanted
to
impress.那个年轻人新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的好印象。(非限制性定语从句)
②在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时，关系代词可用who，that或whom；但在非限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时，关系代词只能用who或whom。
她有一个弟弟，是一名医生。
【误】She
has
a
younger
brother，that
is
a
doctor.
【正】She
has
a
younger
brother,
who
is
a
doctor.
[即学即练4] 单句语法填空
①When
I
was
13
my
only
purpose
was
to
become
the
star
on
our
football
team.
That
meant
beating
out
Miller
King,
________
was
the
best
player
at
our
school.
②When
walking
down
the
street,
I
came
across
David,
________
I
hadn't
seen
for
years.
(3)关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句中的所有关系代词均不可省略。
?This
is
a
good
film
(which/that)
I
saw
a
few
days
ago.这是我几天前看过的一部好电影。(限制性定语从句)
?The
summer
holiday,
which
we
have
been
looking
forward
to,
is
drawing
near.我们一直盼望着的暑假就要来了。(非限制性定语从句)
5．翻译顺序不同
含限制性定语从句的句子先译从句，后译先行词，即将从句放在先行词前译；而非限制性定语从句的句子一般先译先行词，后译从句，形成两个并列分句。
?Lucy
has
an
elder
brother
who
works
in
a
hospital.露西有一个在医院工作的哥哥。(限制性定语从句)
?Lucy
has
an
elder
brother,
who
works
in
a
hospital.露西有一个哥哥，他在医院工作。(非限制性定语从句)
语法专练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(定语从句)
1．Is
he
the
man
________
wants
to
see
you?
2．They
rushed
over
to
help
the
man
________
car
had
broken
down.
3．The
package
________
you
are
carrying
is
about
to
come
unwrapped.
4．Finally,
the
thief
handed
everything
________
he
had
stolen
to
the
police.
5．He
is
the
very
man
________
helped
the
girl
out
of
the
water.
6．He
talked
about
the
teachers
and
the
school
________
he
visited.
7．We
don't
know
the
reason
________
he
didn't
show
up.
8．There
comes
a
time
________
you
have
to
make
a
choice.
9．This
novel,
________
I
have
read
three
times,
is
very
touching.
10．________
everyone
knows,
China
is
a
beautiful
country
with
a
long
history.
11．They
arrived
at
a
farm
house,
in
front
of
________
sat
a
small
boy.
12．There
are
a
lot
of
students
here,
none
of
________
like
the
film.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．During
the
rosy
years
of
elementary
school,
I
enjoyed
sharing
my
dolls
and
jokes,
________
allowed
me
to
keep
my
high
social
status.
2．Further
up,
the
weather
changes—low
clouds
envelope
the
mountainsides,
________
are
covered
with
thick
grass.
3．I
have
a
good
command
of
English
and
Chinese,
________
is
beneficial
for
introducing
Chinese
paintings.
4．I'm
Li
Hua,
an
outgoing
boy,
________
is
studying
in
London.
5．Now
Irene
Astbury
works
from
9
am
to
5
pm
daily
at
the
pet
shop
in
Macclesfield,
________
she
opened
with
her
late
husband
Les.
6．They
were
well
trained
by
their
masters
________
had
great
experience
with
caring
for
these
animals.
7．“It
doesn't
feel
as
alone
as
it
may
have
before
all
the
advances
in
technology，”
said
Laurie
Demerit,
________
company
provided
the
statistics
for
the
report.
8．They
rose
in
the
ranks
not
by
being
friendly
but
by
smoking
cigarettes,
breaking
rules
and
playing
jokes
on
others,
among
________
I
soon
found
myself.
9．There
was
a
time
________
people
may
have
felt
awkward
about
asking
for
a
table
for
one,
but
those
days
are
over.
10．While
I
have
only
listed
two
of
each,
there
are
obviously
many
other
situations
________
can
arise.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2．我有一本封面是红色的故事书。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3．她永远忘不了她结婚的那一天。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4．那就是我迟到的原因。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5．我有两个姐妹，她们都是老师。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6．众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Part
Ⅵ 单元语法专题——限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
语法精讲
[即学即练1]
①who/that 句意：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰their
masters，先行词指人，且从句中缺少主语。故填关系代词who/that。
②which/that 分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词a
solution，指物，且定语从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词which/that。
③when 句意：我们进入了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词an
age，且空处在定语从句中充当时间状语，故用关系副词when。
④where 分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词world，且空处在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。
⑤why 分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词several
reasons，且空处在从句中作原因状语，故用关系副词why。
⑥whose 分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作定语，secretary与Dr.
Rowan之间为所属关系，故填whose。
[即学即练2]
①where 句意：后来，他在非洲工作，那里的许多人因为缺乏适当的治疗而失明。空处引导非限制性定语从句，从句句子结构完整，故用关系副词，先行词为Africa，表示地点，故此处用where。
②that 分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，从句缺少主语，先行词为the
food，且被all修饰，故定语从句要用that引导。
[即学即练3]
①who 分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词one，先行词指人，且关系词在定语从句中作主语，故填who。
②which 句意：她和她的家人骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的“She
and
her
family
bicycle
to
work”这件事，且空处在从句中作主语，故填which。
③when 句意：史密斯先生拥有这幅油画，直到20世纪90年代初，他把它给了他的孙子。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the
early
1990s，指时间，因此用关系副词when引导定语从句。
[即学即练4]
①who 句意：我13岁时唯一的目标就是成为我们足球队的明星。这就意味着要击败MillerKing，他是我们学校最好的球员。分析句子结构可知，“________
was
the
best
player
at
our
school”是非限制性定语从句，先行词是Miller
King，指人，且从句中缺少主语，故填who。
②whom 分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作宾语，先行词为David，指人，故空处用关系代词whom。
语法专练
Ⅰ.
1．who/that 2.whose 3.which/that 4.that 5.that
6．that 7.why 8.when 9.which 10.As 11.which 12.whom
Ⅱ.
1．which 2.which 3.which 4.who 5.which 6.who/that 7.whose 8.whom 9.when 10.which/that
Ⅲ.
1．Yesterday
I
helped
an
old
man
who/that
lose
his
way.
2．I
have
a
storybook
whose
cover
is
red./I
have
a
storybook,
the
cover
of
which
is
red./I
have
a
storybook,
of
which
the
cover
is
red.
3．She
will
never
forget
the
day
when
(＝on
which)
she
got
married.
4．That
is
the
reason
why/for
which
I
was
late.
5．I
have
two
sisters,
both
of
whom
are
teachers.
6．As
we
all
know,
smoking
is
harmful
to
our
health.Unit
3
Conservation
Part
Ⅴ Writing
Workshop,
Viewing
Workshop
&
Reading
Club
【学习目标】
话题语境
人与自然之人与环境的探讨
课时词汇
involve,
claim,
sum,
memorial,
institute,
instance,
essay,
opponent,
drug,
chemical
常用短语
involve
sb.
in
sth.,
be
involved
in,
claim
on,
make
a
claim,
in
memory
of
sb.,
to
sum
up,
suffer
from,
on
the
other
hand,
for
instance,
have
an
impact
on,
in
addition
to,
in
my
opinion,
result
in,
at
the
rate
of,
a
great
number
of
重点句式
(1)that引导表语从句
(2)despite
(doing)
sth.
(3)过去分词作状语
(4)现在分词作结果状语
(5)whatever引导让步状语从句
单词巧练 写准记牢
Ⅰ.核心单词练习：请根据所给的词性和词义写出单词
1．________________
adj.
农业的
2．________________
adj.
古老的；历史上重要的
3．________________
adj.
景色优美的
4．________________
n.
纪念馆；纪念碑
adj.
(对逝者)纪念的，追悼的
5．________________
n.
委员会
6．________________
vt.
概括，总括
n.
金额，款项；总数
7．________________
n.
药物，药材；毒品
8．________________
n.
化学品
adj.
化学的
9．________________
vt.
声称；断言；主张
n.
声称；(根据权力而提出的)要求
10．________________
n.
例子，实例
11．________________
adj.
残忍的
12．________________
n.
反对者；对手，敌手
13．________________
n.
机构；研究院
14．________________
vt.
包含，需要
15．________________
n.
论说文；散文
Ⅱ.常用单词练习：根据句意和所给的首字母或中文提示写出符合句中单词的正确形式
1．This
is
the
pen
with
which
he
signed
the
________(历史性的)
document.
2．Today
we're
going
to
have
a
tour
of
this
________
(景色优美的)
island.
3．Scientists
have
found
that
there
are
mountains
and
________
(山谷)
on
the
moon.
4．The
statue
was
________
(雕刻)
out
of
a
single
piece
of
stone.
5．Have
you
visited
the
Lincoln
M________
in
Washington,
D．C.?
6．They
elected
her
to
represent
them
on
the
c________.
7．I
wonder
why
you've
done
so
well
in
every
c________
experiment.
8．They
c________
many
advantages
for
their
new
product.
9．He
defeated
all
his
o________
in
this
election
and
became
the
new
president.
10．These
bags
are
generally
recyclable,
but
b________
of
them
are
thrown
away
every
year.
11．The
job
i________
me
travelling
all
over
the
country.
Ⅲ.阅读本部分内容，翻译相关短语
1．许多的，大量的
________________
2．以……速度，以……比率
________________
3．导致
________________
4．在我看来，依我看
________________
5．概括，总结
________________
6．对……有影响
________________
7．除……之外，此外
________________
8．例如
________________
9．另一方面
________________
10．忍受，遭受
________________
?第一版块：重点单词
1.involve
vt.包含，需要；涉及；使参与
(教材P62)Factory
farming
involves
keeping
farm
animals
inside
buildings
to
increase
the
production
of
meat
or
eggs.工厂化养殖包括在建筑物内饲养农场动物，以增加肉类或蛋类的产量。
involve
sb.
in
(doing)
sth.
使某人参与(做)某事
be/get
involved
in/with
参与；卷入；投入
?The
$85
million
programme
will
involve
an
extensive
rebranding
of
the
airline.
这个8
500
万美元的项目将包含全面重塑该航空公司的形象。
?A
late
booking
may
involve
you
in
extra
cost.
晚预订可能会给你增加额外的费用。
?When
I
was
facing
a
decision
that
involved
high
risk,
I
often
turned
to
my
friend.
当我要作出有高风险的决定时，我经常向我的朋友求助。
?John
would,
sooner
or
later,
involve
himself
in
serious
trouble.
约翰迟早会把他自己卷入严重的麻烦中。
?Mike
had
no
desire
to
be
involved
with/in
anything
dangerous
or
violent.
迈克不想卷入任何危险或暴力的事情中去。
词语联想：
involvement
n．参与；卷入；牵连
高考链接：
①His
job
involves
spending
a
lot
of
time
with
other
people.
②She
was
so
involved
in
the
book
that
she
didn't
hear
the
knock.
③We
need
to
consider
all
the
costs
involved
in
the
project
first.
[即学即练] 用involve的正确形式填空/翻译句子
①It
is
reported
that
there
are
many
health
problems
________
with
smoking.
②Thanks
to
your
________，
we
succeed
in
completing
the
project.
③父母应当参与子女的教育。
________________________________________________________________________
④不要把我牵扯到解决你的问题里。
________________________________________________________________________
2.claim
vt.声称；主张 vt.
&
vi.(根据权利)要求；索要 vt.认领；对……宣示所有权 n.
[C]主张；声称；断言；所有权；索赔；索要
(教材P62)People
who
fight
for
animal
rights
claim
that
these
animals
suffer
terrible
stress.为动物权益而战的人们声称这些动物承受着可怕的压力。
常用搭配：
claim
sth.
back索回/要回某物
claim
on
sth.要求……；索取……
claim
to
do/be...
声称做/是……
claim
to
have
done
sth.
声称做过某事
claim
(that)．..
声称……
It
is/was
claimed
that...
有人主张……
have
a
claim
on
sth.
拥有……的所有权
make
a
claim
for
sth.
对……提出要求/索赔
?Scientists
are
claiming
a
major
breakthrough
in
the
fighting
against
cancer.
科学家们称在抗癌方面取得了重大突破。
?I
don't
claim
to
be
an
expert.
我没自称是专家。
?Some
people
claim
that
surfing
the
Internet
is
a
waste
of
time.
有些人声称上网就是浪费时间。
?So
far
nobody
has
claimed
the
money
discovered
in
the
library.
目前为止，还没有人来认领在图书馆捡到的那些钱。
?You
can
claim
back
the
tax
on
your
purchases.
你可以要求退回购物时缴纳的税款。
?What
false
claims
did
the
advertisement
make?
这则广告做了哪些虚假宣传？
比较：
claim
that...声称……
如：①He
claims
to
be
an
expert
in
English
literature.
＝He
claims
that
he
is
an
expert
in
English
literature.
他声称是英国文学专家。
②He
claims
to
be
telling
the
truth.
＝He
claims
that
he
is
telling
the
truth.
他声称自己在讲的是实话。
③He
claims
to
have
been
to
the
U．S.
＝He
claims
that
he
has
been
to
the
U．S.
他声称自己去过美国。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/翻译句子
①Two
young
girls
claimed
________
(see)
the
fairies.
②The
lawyer
claimed
________
the
defendant
was
not
guilty.
③It
________
(claim)
that
some
doctors
were
working
80
hours
a
week.
④The
police
said
that
if
nobody
came
to
claim
the
watch,
you
could
keep
it.
________________________________________________________________________
⑤He
should
be
able
to
claim
back
his
money.
________________________________________________________________________
3.sum
vt.概括；总结 n．[C]全部；和，总和；总数
(教材P62)To
sum
up,
despite
producing
cheap
food,
factory
farming
is
bad
for
the
planet
and
for
the
animals
themselves.总之，尽管生产廉价食物，但工厂式农业对星球、对动物本身都是有害的。
a
large
sum
of
(money)
一大笔；大量的
sum
of
款项，金额
in
sum
总而言之，大体上
sum
up
概括，总结；作概述
?We
paid
a
large
sum
of
money
for
the
house.我们花了一大笔钱买了这栋房子。
?The
sum
of
five
and
three
is
eight.5加3的和是8.
?At
the
end
of
the
class,
the
teacher
summed
up
the
main
points.
老师在下课前总结了要点。
?To
sum
up,
we
must
produce
the
best
products
for
customers.
总之，我们必须为消费者生产最好的产品。
名师点津：
句中to
sum
up，作独立成分，独立于句子之外，表示说话者的态度、语气等，又称评论性状语。常见作独立成分的不定式有：
to
tell
you
the
truth说实话
to
be
honest诚实地说
to
be
frank坦诚地说
to
speak
frankly坦诚地说
to
cap
it
all总之
to
begin
with首先
to
start
with首先
to
put
it
briefly简言之
to
be
sure确切地说
注意：这种独立成分也可用现在分词短语，如：frankly
speaking坦率地说
[即学即练] 完成句子
①我可否就我们目前已经达成的共识作个概括？
Can
I
just
________________
what
we've
agreed
so
far?
②总而言之，两国目前是真正的经济合作伙伴。
________________，
the
two
countries
are
now
true
economic
partners.
③她为我的服务付给了我一大笔钱。
She
paid
me
________________________
for
my
services.
4.memorial
adj.纪念的 n．[C]纪念物；纪念碑
a
memorial
statue/prize
纪念雕像/奖
the
Memorial
Hall
to
President
Mao
毛主席纪念堂
Monument
to
the
People's
Heroes
人民英雄纪念碑
为了纪念某人/作为对某人的纪念
have
a
good/poor
memory
(for...)
他(对……)的记忆力很好/差
speak/paint
from
memory
凭记忆说/画
commit
sth.
to
memory＝put
sth.
into
one's
memory
记住某事
相关词语：
memory
n．[C，U]记性；记忆力
memorise
vt.记住；记忆＝put
sth.
into
one's
memory
?This
statue
is
a
memorial
to
a
great
statesman.这尊雕像是纪念一位伟大的政治家。
?He
founded
a
charity
in
memory
of
his
wife.他举办那项慈善事业为纪念他已故的妻子。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①An
actor
must
be
able
to
________
(memory)
his
lines.
②He
had
________
good
memory
for
faces,
and
he
was
sure
he
hadn't
seen
her
before.
③The
church
was
a
________
(memory)
to
the
disaster
victims.
④He
founded
the
charity
________
memory
of
his
late
wife.
?第二版块：重点短语
1.get
rid
of
(1)get
rid
of...摆脱，去除；丢弃 (2)rid
(rid;
rid)
vt.
(教材P64)It's
not
likely
for
humans
to
get
rid
of
roads,
power
or
pipelines
now.现在对于人类来说，摆脱道路、能源或管道是不可能的。
rid
sb.
of
sth.
使某人摆脱/去除……(坏习惯等)
be
rid
of
sth.
摆脱……
?The
government
is
trying
to
rid
the
city
of
pollution.政府正在努力使城市免受污染。
?The
boss
rid
himself
of
David
because
he
was
so
lazy.老板开除了大卫，因为他太懒了。
?I
was
finally
rid
of
the
cold.我的感冒终于好了。
?It's
not
easy
to
get
rid
of
my
brother.
He
follows
me
wherever
I
go.
想甩掉我弟弟不容易，我走到哪儿他跟到哪儿。
词语拓展：
[即学即练] 单句写作/完成句子
①我们的沙发太旧了，我们需要把它扔了。
Our
sofa
is
really
old.
We
need
________________.
②锻炼是消除压力的最好办法。
Exercise
is
the
best
way
________________
stress.
③坏习惯一旦养成，就难以改掉。
Once
a
bad
habit
is
formed,
it
is
hard
________________.
④医生把我的病治好了。
The
doctor
has
rid
me
________
the
disease.
v．＋sb.＋of＋sth.短语
rob
sb.
of
sth.抢劫某人某物
cure
sb.
of
sth.治好某人……病
warn
sb.
of/against
sth.告诫某人某事
convince
sb.
of
sth.使某人相信某事
inform
sb.
of
sth.通知某人某事
accuse
sb.
of
sth.指控某人某事
remind
sb.
of
sth.提醒某人某事
assure
sb.
of
sth.确保某人某事
cheat
sb.
of
sth.骗取某人某物
clear
sb.
of
sth.清除某人某事
persuade
sb.
of
sth.使某人相信某事
break
sb.
of
sth.使某人改掉……
tell
sb.
of
sth.给某人讲述某事
deprive
sb.
of
sth.剥夺某人某物
2．opponent
of...……的反对者/对手
(教材P62)On
the
other
hand,
opponents
of
factory
farming
say
that
it
is
cruel
to
the
animals.另一方面，工厂式农业的反对者说这对动物很残忍。
opponent
n.
[C]
对手；反对者
the
opponent
of...
……的反对者
opponent
at/in
sth.
……方面的对方/对手
sb.'s
opponent
某人的对手
a
political
opponent
政敌
Your
opponent
will
help
you
grow
stronger
through
competition.
通过竞争，你的对手会使/让你变得更强大。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①我们星期六比赛对手很强大。
Our
opponents
________
Saturday's
game
are
very
powerful.
②强烈反对核武器的人将在会上提出一个新法案。
A
fierce
opponent
________
nuclear
arms
will
put
forward
a
new
bill
at
the
conference.
3.result
in导致
(教材P66)Reduced
rainfall
in
Canada
resulted
in
a
huge
forest
fire
in
May
2016.加拿大国内减少的降雨量导致了2016年5月的一场森林大火。
result
in...(＝lead
to或contribute
to...)
导致……
result
vi.
发生，由……导致
result
n.
[C，U]结果，成果
?His
carelessness
resulted
in
the
kitchen
fire.他的粗心大意引起了一场厨房火灾。
?His
success
resulted
from
hard
work.他的成功是努力的结果。
?Her
diet
resulted
in
weight
loss.她的节食导致了体重下降。
?His
success
is
a
result
of
hard
work.他的成功是努力的结果。
?If
you
believe
in
yourself
and
workhard,
you
will
achieve
great
results.
如果你相信自己并付出努力，你就会得到好的结果。
用法归纳：
(1)result
from...由……造成
result
in...导致……
as
a
result
of...＝becaouse
of作为……的结果；由于……；
as
a
result因此；所以；结果
(2)lead
to...通向，导致，造成
contribute
to...促成；导致
[即学即练] 完成句子
①他犯了错误。因此，他丢了工作。
He
made
one
big
mistake.
________________，
he
lost
his
job.
②由于这场雨，野餐被取消了。
________________
of
the
rain,
the
picnic
was
cancelled.
③他考试不及格是由于粗心大意。
His
failure
in
the
exam
resulted
________
his
carelessness.
④他的粗心大意导致了他考试不及格。
His
carelessness
resulted
________
his
failure
in
the
exam.
4.turn
on
sb.突然攻击某人
(教材P66)So
why
is
nature
beginning
to
turn
on
us？那么为什么大自然开始向我们突然发起攻击？
turn
on
sb.
突然攻击某人
turn
on
sth.
以某事为主要议题
turn
on
sth./doing
sth.(＝depend
on
sth.)
依某事物而定
turn
sb.
on
使某人激动或兴奋(尤指异性方面)
turn
sth.
on
扭开(烤箱、收音机、电灯等)
?His
normally
placid
dog
turned
on
him
and
bit
him
in
the
leg.
他那条平常很温顺的狗，突然发作咬了他的腿。
?Why
are
you
all
turning
on
me？你们为什么都突然冲我来了？
?The
discussion
turned
on
the
need
for
better
public
health
care.
讨论的主要议题是必须改善大众保健服务。
?The
success
of
a
picnic
usually
turns
on
the
weather.参加野餐是否尽兴，通常要看天气好坏。
?Jazz
has
never
really
turned
me
on.我从未对爵士乐产生过兴趣。
词语拓展：
turn
out结果是
turn
up把声音调大；露面，到场
turn
down把声音调小；拒绝
turn
off关掉
turn
around转身
turn
to转向……；求助于
turn
over把……翻过来
wait
in
turn排队等候
wait
one's
turn等待某人的顺序
It's
sb.'s
turn
to
do
sth.轮到某人做某事了
turn
to
sb.
for
help向某人求援
轮流做某事
[即学即练] 完成句子
①有胡子的男子每每引起她的兴趣。
She's
often
________________
by
men
with
beards.
②打开煤气开关，点燃烤箱。
________________
the
gas
and
light
the
oven.
③是否去郊游依天气而定。
Whether
going
for
an
outing
or
not
________________
the
weather.
④由于人类对地球的非善意的行为，大自然已经开始惩罚我们了。
As
a
result
of
unkind
behaviour
humans
to
the
earth,
nature
is
beginning
to
________________
us.
⑤今天的讲座主题是地球各种类型的污染。
Today's
lecture
is
to
________________
the
pollution
of
all
kinds
on
the
earth.
?第三版块：典型句式
1.that引导的表语从句
(教材P62)The
main
argument
for
factory
farming
is
that,
apart
from
being
a
lot
cheaper
than
traditional
or
organic
farming,
it
provides
more
food
for
a
world
population
that
has
already
reached
seven
billion,
according
to
the
United
Nations.对工厂化农业的主要观点是，除了比传统或有机农业成本低廉很多之外，按照联合国的说法，它还为已经达到70亿的世界人口提供了更多的食物。
that作为表语从句的引导词在表语从句中不充当句子成分，无意义，但一般不能省略。
?The
reason
why
he
is
absent
is
that
he
has
gone
to
London.
他缺席的原因是他已经去了伦敦。
?The
trouble
is
that
I
have
lost
his
address.
问题是我把他的地址丢了。
特别注意：
在表示“建议、劝告、命令”含义的名词后的表语从句中，谓语须用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”，should
可省略。常见的有：advice,
suggestion,
order,
proposal,
plan,
idea
等。
My
suggestion
is
that
we
(should)
make
an
early
start
tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①One
of
the
reasons
why
he
likes
reading
poetry
is
________
he
likes
the
language
of
it.
②My
plan
is
that
we
________
(go)
to
the
park
together
tomorrow.
③The
problem
is
________
we
can
not
get
someone
to
replace
her.
2.despite
doing...尽管……
(教材P62)To
sum
up,
despite
producing
cheap
food,
factory
farming
is
bad
for
the
planet
and
for
animals
themselves.总之，尽管生产出便宜的食品，工厂式农业对星球和对动物本身是有害的。
despite
prep.尽管，虽然。用法同in
spite
of，后面可跟名词、代词或动名词作介词宾语。
?Despite
(＝In
spite
of
)
his
young
age,
he
did
a
very
good
job.
尽管他很年轻，但是他工作做得很好。
?It's
unbelievable
that
Sophia
leads
a
simple
life
despite(＝in
spite
of)
her
great
wealth.
难以让人相信的是，索菲亚尽管拥有大量的财富，但他过着简朴的生活。
?Despite
having
been
there
before,
he
still
knows
little
about
the
place.
尽管从前曾去过那里，但是他对此处了解甚微。
名师点津：
(1)despite/in
spite
of是两个介词或介词短语，其后面跟名词、代词、动名词。
(2)though/although是两个从属连词，后面要跟从句，表示“尽管”“虽然”之意。
句型转换：
Despite/Inspite
of
being
late,
she
finished
the
work
on
time.
＝Although/Though
she
was
late,
she
finished
the
work
on
time.
[即学即练] 完成句子
①尽管他从未上过学，但他通过自学获得了博士学位。
________________
never
going
to
school,
he
has
got
a
doctor's
degree
by
studying
on
his
own/teaching
himself/self-study.
②尽管年纪大了，但他早晨从未停止过跑步。
________________
he
has
never
stopped
doing
running
in
the
morning.
3.过去分词作状语
(教材P65)Surrounded
by
fields,
mountains
and
rivers,
the
Old
Town
of
Lijiang
looks
like
a
jade
ink
stone
in
spring
and
summer.丽江古城四面是田野、山川、河流，在春天和夏季看上去像一块玉砚。
过去分词短语Surrounded
by...作状语，修饰句子谓语，表示条件。过去分词在句中作状语可表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。
(1)作时间状语：可置于句首、句中和句尾。
(2)原因状语：一般置于句首，偶尔见于句尾或句中。
(3)伴随或方式状语：可位于句首、句中或句尾。
(4)条件状语：常位于句首。
?Asked
about
his
family,
the
young
man
made
no
answer.
＝The
young
man,
asked
about
his
family,
made
no
answer.
＝The
young
man
made
no
answer,
asked
about
his
family.
当问到有关他家庭情况时，他没有回答。
?Having
lived
abroad
for
years,
I
am
longing
to
return.在国外多年，我一直盼望着回国。
?The
child
learns
fast,
well
brought
up
by
his
parents.
父母教育得法，这个孩子学得很快。
?The
hunter
walked
slowly
in
the
forest,
followed
by
his
wolf
dog.
＝Followed
by
his
wolf
dog,
the
hunter
walked
slowly
in
the
forest.
＝The
hunter,
followed
by
his
wolf
dog,
walked
slowly
in
the
forest.
猎人在森林里慢慢走着，后面跟着一条狼狗。
?United,
we
stand;
divided,
we
fall.联合起来我们就能站立；分裂我们必然倒下。
要点拓展：
根据需要，-ed形式前面也可加上when,
while,
until,
once,
though,
although,
as
long
as,
so
long
as,
unless,
as
if,
as
though,
even
if,
even
though等词。在before,
after,
without词后必须用being
done结构。
典型例句：
(1)When
asked
about
his
family,
he
made
no
answer.当被问到有关他家庭情况时，他没回答。
(2)Unless
invited,
I
won't
attend
the
get-together.除非受到邀请，否则我不会参加聚会。
(3)The
boy
left
the
playhouse
without
being
seen.这男孩没被发现就离开了游戏室。
(4)Before
being
called,
remain
where
you
are.叫你之前，待在原地别动。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①When
________
(ask)
about
his
name,
he
kept
silence.
②Unless
________
(invite),
I
won't
attend
the
get-together.
③The
boy
left
the
play
house,
with
out
________
(see)．
④Before
________
(call),
remain
where
you
are.
⑤________
(write)
carefully,
the
article
is
________
(praise)
by
the
teacher.
⑥________
(see)
by
nobody,
he
kept
silence
about
his
theft.
4.whatever引导让步状语从句和名词性从句
(教材P66)They
build
homes
from
whatever
materials
they
can
find.他们用能找到的任何材料修建房屋。
(1)whatever
(＝anything
that)
pron.
任何事/物(引导名词性从句)
(2)whatever
(＝any)
adj.
任何(通常这种用法在句中作定语)
(3)whatever
(＝no
matter
what)
无论什么(引导让步状语从句)
(4)wh-ever类引导词的用法
wh-ever可作主句的疑问词，也可引导名词性从句，还可引导让步状语从句。引导让步状语从句时常可换成“no
matter＋相应的wh-词”，在引导名词性从句时，只能用wh-ever。
?I
don't
believe
whatever
he
said.我不相信他说的任何事儿。
?I'll
give
you
whatever
books
you
need.我会给你所需要的任何书。
?We
have
to
go
on,
whatever
trouble/no
matter
what
trouble
we
meet
with.
无论我们遇到什么困难，我们都要坚持下去。
?Whenever
I'm
unhappy,
it
is
my
friend
who
cheers
me
up.
＝No
matter
when
I'm
unhappy,
it
is
my
friend
who
cheers
me
up.
不管什么时候我不高兴，总是我的朋友给我鼓起勇气。
?Whatever
happens
(＝No
matter
what)
happens,
I
will
be
with
you.
不管发生什么事，我都会和你在一起。
?Wherever
she
goes,
there
are
crowds
of
people
waiting
to
see
her.
无论她到哪里，都有成群的人等着见她。
?Whatever
he
did
yesterday
is
wrong.
＝Anything
that
he
did
yesterday
is
wrong.他昨天做的事都错了。
名师点津：
(1)含有no
matter
who/what等的从句跟含有whoever,
whatever等的从句颇为相像。如：
No
matter
what
you
say/whatever
you
say,
I
won't
believe
you.不管你说什么，我都不会相信你。
(2)含有whoever/whatever等的从句同含有no
matter
who/what等的从句之间，有些差别。含有no
matter的从句不能用作主语或宾语；而含有whoever/whatever等的从句则可以用作主语或宾语。如：I'll
eat
whatever
you
give
me.不管你给我什么我都吃。(whatever＝anything
that)但不能说I'll
eat
no
matter
what
you
give
me.
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It
is
generally
considered
unwise
to
give
a
child
________
(任何东西)
he
or
she
wants.
②—What
about
camping
this
sunday?
—Ok,
________
you
want.
③The
business
man
always
wears
a
suit
________
the
season
is.
④________
I
did
was
for
you.
⑤You
can
take
________
you
like.
⑥Dinner
can
be
________
you
want
it
to
be.
5.现在分词作结果状语
(教材P66)A
massive
earthquake
hit
central
Italy
in
August
2016,
killing
at
least
247
people.2016年8月，意大利中部发生大地震，至少247人丧生。
现在分词作结果状语，通过放在句子末尾，表示谓语动词发生后，自然出现的结果。这个现在分词也可用并列谓语来表示。如句中“killing
at
least
247
people”可转换成“and
killed
at
least
247
people”。
The
fire
lasted
nearly
a
month,
leaving
nothing
valuable.大火持续了将近一个月，几乎没有剩下什么有用的东西。
知识拓展：
现在分词的一般形式放在句子末尾，除表示结果外，也还用来表示目的、方式或伴随。如果现在分词表示原因，条件则通常放在句首。表示让步时则置于句首、句尾皆可。
[即学即练] 指出各句子画曲线部分的现在分词在句中作什么样的状语
①I
hunted
around
from
city
to
city,
hoping
to
get
a
job.________________
②I
stood
by
the
door,
not
daring
to
say
a
word.________________
③Talking
and
laughing,
the
children
walked
one
by
one
into
the
classroom.________________
④Behaving
yourself,
you
shall
get
a
nice
award.________________
⑤Working
hard
at
your
lessons,
you
are
to
succeed________________
⑥Taking
more
care,
I
still
made
quite
a
few
mistakes.________________
⑦Working
hard
as
he
used
to,
he
still
couldn't
succeed.________________
?第四版块：写作专题——正反观点型议论文
[素材储备]
1．文体介绍
正反观点型文章，也称观点对比型文章，属于议论文的一种。文章通过讨论一种现象或剖析事物来论述道理、发表意见或提出主张。作者往往从两方面阐明观点，摆事实、讲道理、给论据，辩证地说明某种现象，并简单陈述自己的观点。
这种体裁的文章观点明确，句式较为整齐。在时态方面，陈述正反两方面观点常用一般现在时，人称以第三人称为主。
2．篇章结构
这种类型的文章一般可分为四段：
第一段：开门见山引入话题；
第二段：列举正方(一方)观点及理由；
第三段：列举反方(另一方)观点及理由；
第四段：表明自己的观点。
3．常用表达
①Recently,
we've
had
a
hot
discussion
about...最近，我们就……进行了热烈的讨论。
②Opinions
are
divided
on
the
topic.在这个问题上，意见存在分歧。
③People
take
different
views
on
this
problem.人们对这个问题有不同的看法。
④People
who
are
for/against
the
idea
think
that...赞成/反对这一观点的人认为……
⑤However,
...hold
a
different
view/the
opposite
opinion.然而，……持有不同的/相反的观点。
⑥However,
each
coin
has
two
sides.然而，事物都有两面性。
⑦People
who
are
against
it
don't
think
so.反对它的人不这么认为。
⑧From
my
point
of
view，...在我看来，……
⑨As
far
as
I
am
concerned,
I
am
for/in
favour
of
the
former/latter
view.就我而言，我赞成前一/后一种观点。
[模拟演练]
假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Ben来信询问你对学生上网交友的看法。请你用英文给他回一封信，介绍人们的观点并表达自己的看法，要点包括：
1．赞成的理由：可广交朋友、自由表达思想、利于外语学习；
2．反对的理由：浪费时间、影响学习、可能上当受骗；
3．你的看法。
注意：
1．词数80左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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请总结你学到的有用表达：
[高级词汇]
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[高级句式]
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[词语积累]
①[英语释义]heritage:
the
history,
traditions
and
qualities
that
a
country
or
society
has
had
for
many
years
and
that
are
considered
an
important
part
of
its
character
②committee
/k?'m?ti/
n.
委员会
③temple
/'templ/
n．[C]庙宇，寺院
④Confucius/k?n'fju???s/
n．孔子
Temple
of
Confucius孔庙
⑤memorial/m?'m??ri?l/n.[sing.]纪念物；[C]纪念碑(常与to搭配)
⑥ground
n.
[pl.](建筑物周围的)场地，庭院
⑦surround
vt.围绕；包围
be
surrounded
by/with...被……环绕
⑧a
jade
ink
stone
玉砚石
⑨valley/'v?li/n.[C]山谷，溪谷
⑩scenic/'si?n?k/adj.风景优美的
an
area
of
scenic
beauty
风光秀丽的地区
a
scenic
drive驱车观光
?historic/h?'st?r?k/adj.历史上著名(或重要)的
?spring
n．[C]
泉
?be
home
to...是……的栖息地/产地
?protected
adj.受保护的
WORLD
HERITAGE
SITES
IN
CHINA
The
official
title
of
“World
Heritage①
Site”
is
given
by
the
United
Nations
Educational,
Scientific
and
Cultural
Organisation
(UNESCO)
committee②
to
places
in
the
world
that
are
outstanding
examples
of
cultural
or
natural
history.
Up
to
2019,
there
are
55
world
heritage
sites
in
China,
which
has
the
same
number
of
sites
as
Italy.
Here
are
three
of
them.
The
Temple③
and
Mansion
of
Confucius④
This
site
is
located
in
Qufu,
Shandong
Province,
and
is
a
memorial⑤
to
Confucius.
The
site
is
huge.
On
the
ground,
there
are
more
than
900
halls
and
rooms.
The
building
that
people
visit
most
is
the
Temple
of
Confucius.
Besides
the
temple,
visitors
can
enjoy
the
grounds⑥
outside,
where
there
are
more
than
1,000
stone
tablets
and
over
100,000
tombs.
The
Old
Town
of
Lijiang
This
site
is
a
few
hours
bus-ride
away
from
the
ancient
city
of
Dali
in
Yunnan
Province.
Surrounded⑦
by
fields,
mountains
and
rivers【1】，
the
Old
Town
of
Lijiang
looks
like
a
jade
ink
stone⑧
in
spring
and
summer.
【1】“Surrounded
by...
rivers”为过去分词短语作状语，句子的主语the
Old
Town
of
Lijiang和surround之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
Each
year,
many
foreign
tourists
visit
the
Old
Town,
and
the
place
is
like
“Venice
in
the
East”
to
them.
There
are
narrow
alleys,
pretty
streams,
small
stone
bridges
and
houses
with
carved
doors
and
painted
windows【2】．
【2】carved和painted均为单个的过去分词作前置定语，分别修饰doors和windows。
Jiuzhaigou
Valley⑨
Scenic⑩
and
Historic?Interest
Area
This
area,
north
of
Sichuan
Province,
is
a
unique
natural
wonder.
Every
year,
visitors
from
all
over
the
world
come
to
admire
the
mountains,
lakes,
streams,
trees,
underground
springs?
and
waterfalls,
which
make
Jiuzhaigou
Valley
an
area
of
outstanding
natural
beauty.
The
valley
is
also
home
to?
many
protected?
species
of
plants
and
endangered
animals.
中国的世界遗产
“世界遗产”是由联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)委员会授予世界上一些地方的官方称号，这些地方都是文化或自然历史方面的杰出典范。截至2019年，中国有55处世界遗产，这与意大利的遗产数量相当。这里介绍其中三处。
孔庙和孔府
该遗址位于山东省曲阜市，是孔子的纪念馆。遗址占地面积很大。在那片场地上有900多个大厅和房间。人们参观最多的建筑是孔庙。除了孔庙，游客还可以欣赏外面的庭院，那里有1
000多块石碑和10万多座坟墓。
丽江古城
该遗址离云南大理古城只有几个小时的车程。丽江古城被田野、山脉和河流环绕，在春天和夏天它看起来就像一块玉砚。每年许多外国游客来参观古城，这个地方对他们来说就像“东方的威尼斯”——狭窄的小巷、美丽的溪流、小石桥以及有着雕刻门和涂色窗户的房子随处可见。
九寨沟风景名胜区
该地区位于四川省北部，是一个独特的自然奇观。每年，来自世界各地的游客都会来欣赏这里的群山、湖泊、溪流、树木、地下泉水和瀑布，这些景观使九寨沟成为自然风景极美的地区。九寨沟也是许多受保护的植物和濒危动物的家园。
[词语积累]
①on
a
grand
scale
大规模
②worse
n．[U]更多的问题，更坏的消息
③changeable/'t?e?nd??bl/
adj.易变的，常变的
④weather
pattern
天气模式
⑤thunderstorm/'θ?nd?st??m/
n．[C]
雷雨，雷暴
⑥typhoon
/ta?'fu?n/n.[C]台风
⑦hit
vt.
&
vi.危害，产生不良影响，打击
A
tornado
hit
on
Tuesday
night.星期二晚上发生了一次龙卷风。
⑧severe
drought
严重的干旱
⑨result
in
导致
result
from由……引起
⑩turn
on
sb.突然攻击某人
?overpopulation/???v??p?pju'le??n/
n．[U]人口过多
?agricultural/??gr?'k?lt??r?l/
adj.农业的
agriculture
n．[U]农业，农学
?collapse/k?'l?ps/vi.(突然)倒塌，坍塌
?slip
vi.滑落
?downhill/?da?n'h?l/adv.向山下，向下
?landslide
n．[C](山坡或悬崖的)崩塌，滑坡
?on
top
of...
除……之外
?We
missed
our
flight，and
on
top
of
that
we
had
to
wait
seven
hours
for
the
next
one.我们没赶上飞机，而且下一班还得再等七个小时。
?play
a
part
起作用
?claim
vi.
夺走，夺去(生命)
?The
car
crash
claimed
three
lives.那次撞车事故导致三人死亡。
NATURE
IS
TURNING
ON
US
In
the
last
few
years,
we
have
seen
environmental
disasters
on
a
grand
scale①，
and
experts
are
predicting
worse②
to
come.
Jin
Li
reports
on
our
Earth's
changeable③
weather
patterns④.
Thunderstorms⑤，
floods,
earthquakes,
typhoons⑥，
volcanic
eruptions,
tsunamis,
and
forest
fires
have
become
increasingly
common.
There
have
been
terrible
floods
in
Asia,
Africa,
America
and
Oceania.
Storms
have
been
getting
worse
everywhere
too,
with
more
hurricanes
hitting⑦
the
US
and
Central
America【1】．Reduced
rainfall
has
affected
Africa
for
years,
with
severe
droughts⑧
in
Somalia
and
Kenya
in
2017,
as
well
as
many
other
zones
becoming
drier.
Reduced
rainfall
in
Canada
resulted
in⑨
a
huge
forest
fire
in
May
2016.
Volcanic
eruptions
and
earthquakes
have
always
been
a
threat.
In
2016,
there
were
three
volcanic
eruptions
at
almost
the
same
time
in
Indonesia.
There
have
been
serious
earthquakes
in
many
parts
of
Asia,
Europe
and
South
America.
A
massive
earthquake
hit
central
Italy
in
August
2016,
killing
at
least
247
people【2】．
【1】画线部分为“with＋名词＋v.-ing”结构，这个结构在句中作伴随状语。
【2】画线部分为现在分词短语作结果状语。
So
why
is
nature
beginning
to
turn
on
us?
One
answer
is
overpopulation?.
The
population
of
the
world
is
growing
at
the
rate
of
10,000
people
an
hour,
nearly
90
million
a
year.
Most
of
the
growth
is
in
the
developing
world.
Poor
people
in
agricultural?
areas
often
move
to
the
cities.
They
build
homes
from
whatever
materials
they
can
find【3】.
These
homes
can
easily
collapse?
during
earthquakes
or
slip?
and
slide
downhill?
in
landslides?，
especially
after
heavy
rain.
On
top
of?
that,
there
is
the
added
aspect
of
global
warming.
This
has
mainly
been
caused
by
the
huge
amounts
of
carbon
dioxide
produced
by
factories
and
vehicles.
The
destruction
of
the
world's
forests
plays
a
part?，
too.
As
a
result,
a
hotter
ocean
causes
stronger
winds.
Atlantic
hurricanes
are
40%
stronger
now
than
they
were
30
years
ago.
【3】画线部分为whatever引导的宾语从句。
Landslides
and
earthquakes
are
even
more
dangerous
now
than
in
the
past
because
around
half
of
the
world's
population
now
live
in
cities.
Many
people
in
cities
and
towns
in
South
America
and
Asia
are
at
risk
from
landslides.
In
April
2017,
the
city
of
Mocoa
in
Colombia
was
hit
by
a
landslide,
leaving
many
dead
and
injured【4】.
A
great
number
of
people
live
at
risk
from
earthquakes
too.
These
have
claimed?
more
than
1.6
million
lives
in
the
last
hundred
years.
【4】画线部分为现在分词短语作结果状语，属于“leave＋代词＋形容词”结构。
Most
disaster
experts
believe
that
things
could
get
a
lot
worse.
Professor
Hou
Ming
of
Peking
University
studies
volcanoes.
He
warns
that
the
world
has
not
seen
the
worst
yet.
The
worst
eruption
in
human
history
was
probably
Mt
Tambora
in
1815,
in
Indonesia.
Dust
from
the
volcano
rolled
across
the
Earth's
skies.
There
was
no
summer
in
Europe
and
America
the
following
year.
But
evidence
shows
that
73,000
years
ago
there
was
a
much
greater
eruption.
“It
reduced
temperatures
by
maybe
6
℃
in
some
places,
and
the
whole
planet
was
sent
into
winter
for
years.
And
there
are
about
two
of
these
events
every
100,000
years...”
大自然正在报复我们
过去的几年里，我们目睹了大规模的环境灾难，而专家们正预测，更糟的问题还在后头。李今在此汇报地球多变的天气模式。
雷暴、洪水、地震、台风、火山喷发、海啸和森林火灾已经变得越来越常见。亚洲、非洲、美洲和大洋洲都发生了可怕的洪水。各地的暴风雨也越来越严重，更多的飓风袭击了美国和中美洲地区。降雨量的减少已影响非洲多年，2017年，索马里和肯尼亚发生了严重的旱灾，其他许多地区也正在变得更干旱。加拿大降雨量的减少引发了2016年5月的森林大火。火山喷发和地震则一直在威胁人类。2016年，印度尼西亚几乎同时发生了三次火山喷发。亚洲、欧洲和南美洲的许多地方都发生了严重的地震。2016年8月，意大利中部发生大地震，造成至少247人死亡。
那么，为什么大自然开始报复我们呢？答案之一是人口过剩。世界人口正以每小时1万人的速度增长，每年增长接近9千万人。大多数人口增长都发生在发展中国家。农业地区的穷人经常迁徙到城市中。他们用能找到的任何材料建造住所。这些房屋很容易在地震中倒塌，或者在山体滑坡时滑下山坡，尤其是在大雨过后。此外，还有全球变暖造成的附加因素。这主要由工厂和车辆产生的大量二氧化碳造成。世界各地森林的破坏也是原因之一。这导致更温暖的海洋产生了更强的风。现在，大西洋飓风的强度比30年前增加了40%。
现在，山体滑坡和地震比过去更加危险，因为现在世界上大约一半的人口生活在城市里。许多南美和亚洲城镇的居民面临山体滑坡的危险。2017年4月，哥伦比亚的莫科阿市发生了山体滑坡，大量人员伤亡。许多人也生活在地震的危险中。过去的一百年里，地震已经夺去了160多万人的生命。
大多数灾害专家认为，情况可能会变得更糟。北京大学侯明教授专门研究火山。他警告说，地球上的人类还没有经历过最糟糕的情况。人类历史上最严重的火山喷发可能是1815年印度尼西亚的坦博拉火山喷发。火山灰弥漫在地球上空。第二年，欧洲和美洲没有经历夏天。但是证据表明，7.3万年前有一次更大的喷发。“它使一些地方的温度降低了大约6摄氏度，整个星球多年来一直处于冬季。而每10万年就会发生大约两次这样的事件……”
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Factory
farming
________
(包括/涉及)
keeping
farm
animals
inside
buildings
to
increase
the
production
of
meat
or
eggs.
2．Moreover,
factory-farmed
animals
suffer
from
fewer
________
(病痛)
than
those
living
outside.
3．On
the
other
hand,
________
(对手，反对者)
of
factory
farming
say
that
it
is
cruel
to
the
animals.
4．In
addition
to
it,
factory
farming
has
a
________
(负面的)
impact
on
the
environment.
5．To
sum
up,
despite
________
(生产)
cheap
food,
factory
farming
is
bad
for
the
planet
and
for
the
animals
themselves.
6．This
site
is
located
in
Qufu,
Shandong
Province,
and
is
a
________
(纪念馆)
to
Confucius.
7．Besides
the
________
(庙宇),
visitors
can
enjoy
the
grounds
outside.
8．This
area,
north
of
Sichuan
Province,
is
a
unique
________
(自然/天生)
wonder.
9．Every
year,
visitors
from
all
over
the
world
come
to
________
(欣赏)
the
mountains
and
lakes.
10．The
valley
is
also
home
to
many
________
(保护)
species
of
plants
and
________
(濒危)
animals.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．In
the
last
few
years,
we
have
seen
________
(environment)
disasters
on
a
grand
scale.
2．Thunderstorms,
floods,
earthquakes...have
become
________
(increase)
common.
3．________
(reduce)
rainfall
in
Canada
resulted
in
a
huge
forest
fire.
4．This
has
________
(main)
been
caused
by
the
huge
amounts
of
carbon
dioxide
________
(produce)
by
factories
and
vehicles.
5．In
April
2017,
the
city
of
Mocoa
in
Colombia
was
________
(hit)
by
a
landslide,
________
(leave)
many
________
(die)
and
________
(injure)．
6．A
number
of
people
live
________
risk
________
earthquakes
too.
7．Most
disaster
experts
believe
that
things
could
get
a
lot
________
(bad)．
8．The
worst
________
(erupt)
in
human
history
was
Mt
Tambora
in
1815.
9．But
evidence
shows
that
73,000
years
ago,
there
was
a
much
________
(great)
________
(erupt)．
10．The
________
(destroy)
of
the
world's
forests
plays
a
part.
Ⅲ.句子仿写：根据例句和中文提示参照黑体词仿写句子
1．【例句】The
main
argument
for
factory
farming
is
that,
apart
from
being
a
lot
cheaper
than
traditional
or
organic
farming,
it
provides
more
food
for
a
world
population
that
has
already
reached
seven
billion,
according
to
the
United
Nations.
【仿句】我的建议是我们应该告诉他真相。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2．【例句】To
sum
up,
despite
producing
cheap
food,
factory
farming
is
bad
for
the
planet
and
for
the
animals
themselves.
【仿句】虽然有雾，但是飞机还是照常起飞了。________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3．【例句】Surrounded
by
fields,
mountains
and
rivers,
the
Old
Town
of
Lijiang
looks
like
a
jade
ink
stone
in
spring
and
summer.
【仿句】这所大学建于1900年，是世界上最著名的大学之一。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4．【例句】A
massive
earthquake
hit
central
Italy
in
August
2016,
killing
at
least
247
people.
【仿句】他父母死了，给他留下了许多钱。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5．【例句】They
build
homes
from
whatever
materials
they
can
find.
【仿句】无论遇到什么困难，我们都能解决它们。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Ⅳ.课文语法填空
Factory
farming
involves
1.________
(keep)
farm
animals
inside
buildings
to
increase
the
production
of
meat
or
eggs.
According
to
an
institute,
“74%
of
the
world's
poultry,
43%
of
its
beef
and
68%
of
its
eggs
2.________
(produce)
in
this
way.”
The
main
3.________
(argue)
for
factory
farming
is
that,
apart
from
being
a
lot
cheaper
than
4.________
(tradition)
or
organic
farming,
it
5.________
(provide)
more
food
for
a
world
population
that
has
already
reached
seven
billion.
As
factory
farms
do
not
use
many
workers,
the
costs
are
low
and
the
production
is
high.
Moreover,
factory-farmed
animals
suffer
from
6.________
(few)
diseases
than
those
living
outside.
On
the
other
hand,
opponents
of
factory
farming
say
that
it
is
cruel
to
the
animals.
For
instance,
many
farm
animals
are
kept
in
small
spaces
7.________
they
can
hardly
move.
In
addition
to
this,
factory
farming
has
a
negative
impact
8.________
the
environment
because
it
creates
a
lot
of
waste
products,
and
uses
a
lot
of
chemicals
to
control
insects
and
drugs
9.________
(treat)
diseases.
To
sum
up,
despite
producing
cheap
food,
factory
farming
is
bad
for
the
planet
and
for
the
animals
themselves.
We
should
try
to
reduce
this
kind
of
farming,
although
we
would
have
to
pay
more
for
our
eggs
10.________
meat.
Part
Ⅴ Writing
Workshop,
Viewing
Workshop
&
Reading
Club
双基夯实·课前排查
Ⅰ.
1．agricultural 2.historic 3.scenic 4.memorial
5．committee 6.sum 7.drug 8.chemical 9.claim
10．instance 11.cruel 12.opponent 13.institute
14．involve 15.essay
Ⅱ.
1．historic 2.scenic 3.valleys 4.carved 5.Memorial
6．committee 7.chemical 8.claimed 9.opponents
10．billions 11.involves
Ⅲ.
1．a
great
number
of 2.at
the
rate
of 3.result
in 4.in
my
opinion 5.sum
up 6.have
an
impact
on 7.in
addition
to 8.for
instance 9.on
the
other
hand 10.suffer
from
核心突破·要点讲解
?第一版块：重点单词
1．①involved ②involvement ③Parents
should
involve
themselves
in
their
children's
education. ④Don't
involve
me
in
solving
your
problems.
2．①to
have
seen ②that ③was
claimed ④警察说如果没有人来认领这块手表，你可以保管它。 ⑤他应该可以要回他的钱。
3．①sum
up ②In
sum ③a
large
sum
of
money
4．①memorise ②a ③memorial ④in
?第二版块：重点短语
1．①to
get
rid
of
it ②to
get
rid
of ③to
get
rid
of
it ④of
2．①in ②of
3．①As
a
result ②As
a
result ③from ④in
4．①turned
on
②Turn
on
③turns
on ④turn
on ⑤turn
on
?第三版块：典型句式
1．①that ②will
go ③that
2．①Despite/In
spite
of ②Despite/In
spite
of
his
old
age
3．①asked ②invited ③being
seen ④being
called
⑤Written;
praised ⑥Seen
4．①whatever ②whatever ③whatever ④Whatever
⑤whatever ⑥whatever
5．①目的 ②伴随 ③方式 ④条件 ⑤条件 ⑥让步
⑦让步
?第四版块：写作专题——正反观点型议论文
[模拟演练]
参考范文：
Dear
Ben，
I'm
glad
to
receive
your
letter.
It's
my
pleasure
to
share
with
you
my
opinion
about
whether
students
should
make
friends
online.
Some
people
say
yes.
The
Internet
helps
make
many
friends.
Chatting
online,
students
can
express
their
feelings
and
opinions
more
freely,
and
even
get
help
with
their
foreign
language
study.
Others,
however,
think
students
should
not.
They
say
making
friends
online
is
a
waste
of
time,
which
should
be
spent
more
meaningfully
on
study.
Besides,
some
students
may
get
cheated
online.
It
is
my
opinion
that
students
should
place
their
study,
health
and
safety
before
other
things.
As
for
friendship,
we
can
readily
find
it
in
our
classmates
and
other
people
around
us.
Yours，
Li
Hua
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．involves 2.diseases 3.opponents 4.negative
5．producing 6.memorial 7.temple 8.natural 9.admire
10．protected;
endangered
Ⅱ.
1．environmental 2.increasingly 3.Reduced 4.mainly;
produced 5.hit;
leaving;
dead;
injured 6.at;
from
7．worse 8.eruption 9.greater eruption 10.destruction
Ⅲ.
1．My
suggestion
is
that
we
should
tell
him
the
truth.
2．The
plane
took
off
as
usual
despite
the
fog.
3．Founded
in
1900,
this
university
is
one
of
the
most
famous
universities
in
the
world.
4．His
parents
died,
leaving
him
a
lot
of
money.
5．We
can
work
out
whatever
difficulties
we
meet.
Ⅳ.
1．keeping 2.are
produced 3.argument 4.traditional
5．provides 6.fewer 7.where 8.on 9.to
treat 10.and
