中考英语专项复习--阅读理解（科普文体）

Step One Warming up Hello!
二）“知彼知己，百战不殆”请看下面深圳中考阅读理解的文体和话题归纳：
Step Two: Key points and analysis
初中阅读理解（科普文体）详解
一、基本概述
科普类文章是中考阅读理解中的难点题材，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。具体说来它有以下特点：
1．文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中常用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法。如：
（2011）Methods:
1. Remove the bones from the fish
2. Pour oil into a pan. Fry the ginger slices and the spring onions. Add the fish bones and fry.
3. Add enough water and boil it for about 15 to 20 minutes.
4. Add the apples, the fish and the tomato. When the apples go soft, add salt and pepper.
2．句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。如：
（2011）Everyone has his own set of microbes on the hands. That is to say, if you and your best friend were able to see and compare all the microbes on your hands, your hands probably would look different. Some microbes only show up on your hands while others live only on your friend’s hands.
3．常使用被动语态。如：
（2008）How does it work First, the rat is trained to smell people. When this happens, the rat’s brain gives a signal. This is sent to a small radio on its back, and then the rescuers follow the radio signals. When the rat’s brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that someone is alive. The rat has smelled that person.
二、考查题型
（一）猜测词义题：
常见问题形式有
1) The underlined word "quartered" means __________.
The word “…” most likely means _______.
The word “…” in Line ...probably means
（二）主旨大意题：
这类试题要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意(Main idea)，选择标题（title）等，旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的能力。
常见问题形式有
1) What does the writer mainly tell us
2) Which is the subject discussed in the text
3) What’s the best title for this passage
（三）推理判断题：
常见问题形式有：
1) It can be inferred from the text that ___.
2) From the text we know that ______.
3) The story implies that ______.
（四）事实细节题:
主要考查学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。
常见问题形式有：
1）Which of the following statement is true
2）Which of the following is not mentioned in the text
3）A snail goes to sleep when __________.
三、应对技巧
1、猜测词义
在通读过程碰到生词时不要着急，耐心地读下去，文章会帮助你猜出生词词义。此外，我们也可以通过构词法知识分析生词词义，结合上下文语境和生活常识等猜测，尤其是本句话以及前后两句话，给生词假设意思，看是否读的通。还可以联想，即回想已知词汇中是否存在拼写方法与该生词类似的词。例如：
（2011） Ingredients (serves 4):
1 whole fish
2 apples, quartered
4-6 ginger slices (姜片)
1 bunch of spring onions, cut into pieces
1red tomato, cut into 8 pieces
Oil, salt and pepper
38. The underlined word "quartered" means __________.
A 榨汁 B. 切成四份 C. 洗净 D. 剁碎
解析：我们知道quarter是四分之一、四等分之一、一刻钟。根据上下文，可知，此部分说的是，汤配方中，各材料比例要求。而该词加上ed，根据构词法中的转化，由某一词性转达化成另一词性，可推测最佳答案是B。
练练手：
Some visitors to new places take pictures of animals, but other visitors hunt and kill them. They do not kill the animals for food, but because they like hunting. In many countries people can also make a lot of money from animals. Elephants die because people want ivory. Rhinoceros ( 犀牛) die because people want to buy their horns ( 角) .
Pollution of our land, seas, rivers and sky is getting worse and worse. We are making our world a much dirtier place, so many animals cannot live in it. Pollution is bad for all of us. It is killing animals. Sooner or later it is going to kill people, too.
47. The meaning of the underlined word “ivory” in the passage is ___________________
A. 虎骨 B 象牙 C 羊绒 D 鹿茸
2、主旨大意
我们阅读一篇文章, 首先是要了解其大意, 明确其主旨。因此, 主旨大意题是常考题。科普文体的阅读理解，由于文体要求，作者的立场中立。因此比较少考查作者的目的和态度。
主旨大意题主要包括：主要内容(main idea, mainly about)型、文章标题(title)型。例如：
(2008)……….So now a new research project is using a smaller animal to save lives: the rat.
How does it work First, the rat is trained to smell people. When this happens, the rat’s brain gives a signal. This is sent to a small radio on its back, and then the rescuers follow the radio signals. When the rat’s brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that someone is alive. The rat has smelled that person.
Although there are already robots which can do this job, rats are better. “Robots’ noses don’t work well when there are other smells around. Rats are good at that.” Rats can also see in the dark, they are cheaper and quicker to train than dogs, and unlike robots, they don’t need electricity!
（ ）61. Which is the best title of this passage
A. Ways of saving people B. Rats C. Earthquake D. Rats for rescue
解析：标题多用短语(特别是名词短语)的形式, 且具有以下3个特点：(1)概括性: 准确而又简短。(2)针对性: 内容范围相符, “帽子”不大不小。(3)醒目性: 新颖奇特, 能引发读者急迫的阅读欲望。并且，根据段首、段尾或位于段中So ……. using a smaller animal to save lives: the rat.How does it work rats are better.句子的语境，我们可以判断这篇文章主要讲解老鼠被训练来拯救生命。所以最佳答案是D。
（2011）Everyone has his own set of microbes on the hands. That is to say, if you and your best friend were able to see and compare all the microbes on your hands, your hands probably would look different. Some microbes only show up on your hands while others live only on your friend’s hands.
47. Paragraph 3 tells us that ______.
A. our hands look similar B. the microbes will make the keyboard dirty
C. we should compare our hands often D. we have our own sets of microbes
解析：该题属于主旨大意题型。对于考查段落或文章大意，我们关键是要找出主题句。有些文章主题句只好依据整篇文章及上下文的语境。不过，通常而言，科普文体的文章主题句一般位于段首、段尾或位于段中。解这种题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断，从而获取文章中内隐的信息。该题考查是第三段的大意。而文章第三段第一句话就是主题句。后面that is to say是对主题句的解释和扩展。Everyone has his own set of microbes on the hands. 题型中选项是把主语Everyone替换为we。所以最佳答案是D。
练练手：
We’ve talked about snails(蜗牛) and their slow move. But much of the time snails don’t move at all. They’re in their shells(贝壳)---sleeping.
Hot sun will dry out a snail’s body. So at the least sign of hot sun, a snail draws its body into its shell and closes the opening with a thin cover. Then it goes to sleep. A snail will die in a heavy rain. So whenever it rains, it goes inside its shell house and goes to sleep. A snail can sleep as long as it needs to. And it spends all the winter months in its shell, asleep.
In spring the snail wakes up. Its body comes out from the shell. When hungry, the snail looks for food. Mostly, it looks for food at night, but on cloudy days it eats in the daytime. It eats all day long. A snail can go on eating for hours and never feel full. The snail can’t see very well, but its sense of smell is very strong.
A snail’s mouth is no bigger than the point of a pin. Yet it has 256000 teeth!
61. A snail__________.
A. doesn’t move at all B. sleeps much of the time
C. moves more slowly in the daytime D. has thousands of feet
65. The best title of the passage should be __________.
A. The Snail B. the Hungry Snail. C. The lazy Snail D. Snails Are in Danger
3、推理判断
判定推理是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。推理判定题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。
①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；
②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。
③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。
④要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。例如：
（2011）Everyone has his own set of microbes on the hands. That is to say, if you and your best friend were able to see and compare all the microbes on your hands, your hands probably would look different. Some microbes only show up on your hands while others live only on your friend’s hands.
……The scientists can easily tell the owner of the keyboard by looking at the microbes on it. Even if you don't leave your fingerprints behind, your microbes may give you away.
Noah Fierer, a scientist says, “You can only clean a fingerprint, but you can’t sterilize（使无菌）a surface just by wiping（擦）it off.” He says that scientists have a lot more work to do before the microbe is used as a useful tool.
49. From Noah Fierer we know that _________.
A. fingerprints are no longer useful in fighting crime
B. microbes can’t be found on everyone’s hands
C. unlike microbes, fingerprints can be cleaned if people wipe them
D. the microbe is used as a useful tool
解析：本文主要以指纹为对比，解释说明手中的微生物为何可以用来识别犯罪分子。为何我们可以don't leave your fingerprints behind,因为我们可以clean a fingerprint,。而微生物为何不同于指纹？因为your microbes may give you away. 因为you can’t sterilize（使无菌）a surface just by wiping（擦）it off，所以最佳答案是C。
练练手：
Everybody hates rats. But rats may soon be man’s new good friend.
What happens after an earthquake We send in rescue dogs. Why Because they can smell people. Dogs save lives. They help rescuers to find living people. But dogs are big and they can’t get into small spaces. So now a new research project is using a smaller animal to save lives: the rat.
How does it work .......
Although there are already robots which can do this job, rats are better. “Robots’ noses don’t work well when there are other smells around. Rats are good at that.” Rats can also see in the dark, they are cheaper and quicker to train than dogs, and unlike robots, they don’t need electricity!
The “rat project” is not finished, but a scientist says……
（ ）56. Where do you think you can find this passage.
A. In a magazine about toys. B. In a history book.
C. In a newspaper about science. D. In an advertisement.
（ ）60. Why does the “rat project” sound great according to the passage
A. Because rats can get into very small spaces. B. Because rats have better noses than dogs.
C. Because rats don’t like robots. D. Because rats are brave.
4、细节事实
在阅读理解题中，有相当一部分属于事实或细节题，首先是直接理解性题目，这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节，就可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案；另外还有一些题目要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子作出解释或需要对有关的上下文提供的语境和信息、甚至对整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解和判断。解题时注意以下几点：
（1） 顺序性原则：一般说来, 题序与其题眼在文章中的顺序相同。
（2） 定位信息点：通过寻读法(scanning), 用题干中的关键词在文中搜索, 迅速确定相关词句或信息点所在的位置, 缩小阅读范围。题干中可用来在文中搜索的关键词可能是专有名词、数词、实体名词, 以及这些词的同义表达等。
（3） 理解信息点：在找到关键词句后, 要仔细阅读, 准确理解, 对照选项, 看哪个选项的意思与之最接近。
（4）排除干扰项：在作出选择的过程中, 要善于辨别真伪, 排除干扰, 不断缩小范围, 选出正确答案, 这就是我们常说的排除法。干扰项一般具有以下特征：
1) 杜撰事实, 无中生有。文中根本找不到任何相关信息, 完全由命题人所捏造。
2) 偷梁换柱, 以假乱真。采用原文中的句式和大部分词汇, 但换了个别词, 改变了原意或范围。
3) 半真半假, 虚虚实实。干扰项与原文相关细节部分相同, 部分相悖。
4) 文不对题, 滥竽充数。干扰项是文中的事实细节, 但与题干要求不符。例如：
（2011）Now scientists say the microbes on our hands could be used in a surprising way: fighting crime. According to a recent study, microbes as well as fingerprints（指纹）could be used to identify the criminal.
46. According to the passage, ________could be used to identify the criminal.
A. fingerprints B. scientists’ hands
C. microbes D. fingerprints and microbes on people’s hands
解析：从题型中identify the criminal关键词定位信息点在文章第二段。在研读该段中According to a recent study, microbes as well as fingerprints（指纹）could be used to identify the criminal.可知最近研究表明，指纹和手中的微生物同样可以用来识别犯罪分子。as well as意为同样，也，和。其与and近义词。其所以该题最佳答案是D。
（2011）When you work on a computer, you leave the microbes from your hands on the keyboard. The scientists can easily tell the owner of the keyboard by looking at the microbes on it. Even if you don't leave your fingerprints behind, your microbes may give you away.
48. When you work on a computer, the microbes ______.
A. just stay on your hands B. also stay on the keyboard
C. will do harm to you D. will disappear
解析：从题型中computer, microbes, keyboard关键词定位信息点在文章第四段。在研读该段中When you work on a computer, you leave the microbes from your hands on the keyboard.可知，leave意为把……留下。使用电脑时，手中的微生物就会遗留在键盘上。其所以该题最佳答案是D。
练练手：
How does it work First, the rat is trained to smell people. When this happens, the rat’s brain gives a signal. This is sent to a small radio on its back, and then the rescuers follow the radio signals. When the rat’s brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that someone is alive. The rat has smelled that person.
Although there are already robots which can do this job, rats are better. “Robots’ noses don’t work well when there are other smells around. Rats are good at that.” Rats can also see in the dark, they are cheaper and quicker to train than dogs, and unlike robots, they don’t need electricity!
（ ）58. In what way do rats act as rescuers
A. By screaming. B. By smelling. C. By watching. D. By feeling.
（ ）59. Which of the following is NOT true
A. Rats don’t need electricity. B. Rats are better than robots when smelling.
C. Rats are as clever as radios. D. Rats can see things in the dark when doing rescues.
Step There: 阅读理解（科普）专题训练
(A)
Germs (细菌) are everywhere. You can’t see them, but they are on your desk, on your computer, and even in the air!
Like people, germs move around the world. They fly with us on planes. When food, clothes, and other things travel around the world, germs travel, too. Some germs are safe, but some are dangerous. Germ cause illnesses like colds and the flu.
Warmer Weather Brings Germs
The world’s weather is changing. Cooler countries are getting warmer, so insects from hot countries can move there. Some of these insects, like mosquitoes, carry dangerous germs. These germs cause headaches, fever, and can even kill people.
Under Your Skin
Your skin protects you from germs. It stops some germs, but not all. They can enter your body when you eat, or when you have a cut. Germs are on your hands, too. They enter your body when you touch your eyes, nose, or mouth.
Fighting Germs
Your immune system (免疫系统) protects you, too. When germs get inside your body, your immune system finds and kills them. Special cells (细胞) move around your body and fight germs. They help you stay healthy. Other cells make antibodies. Antibodies help your body find and stop germs.
What can you do to fight germs You should wash your hands with soap and water. Soap kills many germs, and water washes them away.
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。（共5小题，每小题2分，满分10分）
1. According to the text, insects ________________
A. kill germs B. carry germs C. protect germs D. love germs
2. The underlined word “ there” refers to ____________________.
A. cooler countries B. hot countries C. everywhere D. the world
3. Which following is right according to the text
A. All germs are dangerous B. There are more germs in cold places.
C. Soap can kill all germs. D. Germs can get into your body.
4. What do antibodies do
A. They kill germs and wash them away. B. They find and develop germs.
C. They help protect us from germs D. They carry dangerous germs
5. Which can be the best title for the text
A. Germs Are Everywhere B. Weather Is Changing
C. Skin Stops Germs. D. Germs Are Developed
答案： 1-5BADC A
(B)
Paper is one of the most important products ever invented by man. The invention of paper meant that more people could be educated because more books could be printed. Paper provided an important way to communicate with knowledge.
Paper was first made in China about 2,000 years ago. In Egypt and the West, paper was not very commonly used before the year 1400. Paper was not made in southern Europe until about the year 1100. After that, the foresty countries of Canada, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the United States because the most important in paper-making. Today Finland makes the best paper in the world. And it has the biggest paper industry in the world.
When we think of paper, we think of newspapers, books, letters, envelopes, and writing paper. So paper plays an important role in our lives.
Paper is very good for keeping you warm. Houses are often insulated(隔热)with paper. You perhaps seen homeless men sleep on a large number of newspapers. They are insulating themselves from the cold. In Finland, in winter it is sometimes 40 degrees below zero. The farmers wear paper boots in the snow. Nothing could be warmer.
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。（共5小题，每小题2分，满分10分）
1. What did the invention of paper mean It meant _________.
A. more people could be educated B. more books could be printed
C. paper is one of the most important products D. Paper was invented by man.
2. When was paper made in southern Europe
A. Before 1100. B. After 1400.
C. After 1100. D. Before 1400
3. Which country makes the best paper
A. Norway. B. Canada
C. The United States. D. Finland.
4. What’s the meaning of the sentence “Nothing could be warmer.”
A. Books are warmer. B. Newspapers are warmer.
C. Paper is the warmest. D. Houses are the warmest.
5. What’s the main idea of the passage
A. The invention of paper. B. The best paper
C. The paper-making D. The uses of paper.
答案： 1-5 ACDCD
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