议论文、说明文、图表作文100篇首尾段范例
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| 名称 | 议论文、说明文、图表作文100篇首尾段范例 |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2012-06-08 15:12:12 | ||
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议论文、说明文、图表作文100篇首尾段范例
请考生根据自己所要写的作文题目中的关键词从如下目录中寻找相关内容的首尾段范例。希望这些范例能给考生在写作思路及语句的选择方面一点启发。
1.Advantages and disadvantages of having a pet 饲养宠物的利弊
2.Advertisements’ effects on people 广告对人的影响
3.Air 空气
4.Breakfast benefits 早餐的益处
5.Children’s education 儿童教育
6.Computer and you 计算机与你
7.Computers and daily life 计算机与日常生活
8.Diet changes in people’s lives 人们生活的饮食变化
9.Drug-taking problem 吸毒问题
10.Educational patterns 教育模式
11.Emotions and health 情感与健康
12.Examinations: Good or bad 考试的利弊
13.Fake commodities (harmfulness) 伪劣产品的害处
14.Fashion 时尚
15.Fire accidents and ways of prevention 火灾与预防
16.Going to college at your own expense 自费读大学
17.Good manners 良好的仪表
18.Holidays 假日
19.Housing problem 住房问题
20.Human dependence on computers 人类依赖计算机
21.Information in the modern world 当今世界的信息
22.Job interview (advantages) 面试
23.Job qualifications for men and women 求职资格
24.Knowledge and certificates 知识与证书
25.Knowledge and practical experience 知识与实际经验
26.Longevity 长寿
27.Long holidays: good or bad 长假之利弊
28.Media and the private lives of famous people 媒体与名人私生活
29.Money and happiness 金钱与幸福
30.Movies are giving way to TV 电影让位于电视
31.Nuclear family 核心家庭
32.Occupation 职业
33.Opportunity and success 机遇与成功
34.Part-time jobs 半日打工
35.Population problem 人口问题
36.Reading classics 阅读经典著作
37.Science and the world’s problems 科学与世界问题
38.Stars and ordinary people 明星与凡人
39.Studying abroad 海外留学
40.Success 成功
41.Success and good luck 成功与幸运
42.Technological developments and people’s lives 科技发展与人民生活
43.Technology and tradition are incompatible 科技与传统不相融
44.TV and family ties 电视与家庭纽带
45.Unemployment in China 中国失业问题
46.Value of time 时间的价值
47.Watching TV and studies 看电视与学习
48.Water shortage problem 水源短缺问题
49.Way to success 成功之路
50.Women should or should not work outside their homes 妇女应否走出家门
51.Women’s social position 女性的社会地位
52.World is getting smaller 世界在缩小
The advantages and disadvantages of having a pet
Starting Para: In many Western homes people keep a dog or a cat or some other kind of pet. While this does involve some expenses in terms of good food and medical treatment for the pets, there are still many advantages to keeping a pet.
Ending Para: To sum up, there are more advantages than disadvantages to keeping a pet, especially for lonely people and children. In most cases, therefore, the cost is justified.
Advertisements’ effects on people
Starting Para: Nowadays more and more advertisements are seen in all kinds of media such as newspaper and television. However, there are both advantages and disadvantages brought about by the advertisements. In my opinion, its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.
Ending Para: On the whole, advertisements have both advantages and disadvantages, But fairly speaking, everyone should admit that its advantages far outweigh its disadvantages.
Air
Starting Para: The air surrounding us is important to everyone. Without air we could not exist. Everyone understands that. But air is necessary in many other ways---ways that are not always so obvious or widely known. For example, without air, there would be no sound; without air, there would be no fire; without air, there would be no wind and clouds, etc.
Ending Para: If we can learn to control the energy in the atmosphere, we will have an unending supply of energy. Many scientists are trying to do it. There would be no energy crisis in the future.
Breakfast benefits
Starting Para: Nowadays people in ever-increasing numbers have realized the importance of a good breakfast. No matter how busy they are, they don’t want skip it. They begin to pay great attention to its variety as well as the quality.
Ending Para: With so many benefits, we should remember to take breakfast every day.
Children’s education
Starting Para: Nowadays, as the competition in the whole world is more intensive than ever before, lots of people pay more attention to their children’s education. In other word, education is one of the most important stages in children’s lifetime. Therefore, the realistic question facing everyone is: Who should take the responsibility for children’s education In fact, it is very difficult to answer it. From my point of view, school should take the responsibility rather than children’s parents. There are some reasons I would like to explain below.
Ending Para: As aforementioned, I take it that children never receive perfect education without school and never succeed without school education. As an educational institution is supervised by the public and authorities, the school’s unique commitment to the nation and society is to educate children.
Computer and you
Starting Para: With the development of science and technology, computer is used in many fields, such as industry, business, military and domestic life. Does the computer bring any advantages to us The answer is affirmative.
Ending Para: To sum up, computer application is spreading almost every corner of the world. It brings more and more advantages to us. We should say the computer is one of the most important parts in our life.
Computers and daily life
Starting Para: Modern technological devices such as computers have found their wide application in our daily life and industrial work. Although some people claim that they have some bad influence on students, I think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Among countless factors which influence my decision, there are three conspicuous aspects.
Ending Para: On the whole, computers have both advantages and disadvantages. But fairly speaking, everyone should admit that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. We should make use of them more and more in our work.
Diet changes in people’s lives
Starting Para: As can be seen from the table, great changes took place in people’s diet from 1986 to 1990. The consumption of grain decreased year by year, while that of some high-energy food, such as milk and meat, increased steadily.
Ending Para: From the above , we can see that people’s living standard improved markedly in the five years between 1986-1990. And we can also expect that their life would be more prosperous in years to come.
Drug-taking Problem
Starting Para: There have been several anti-drug campaigns in the West, but they have had generally little or no success. I feel that it is very difficult to stop teenagers from taking drugs.
Ending Para: So, I can only conclude that no current methods from campaigns are effective. As the drug problem seems to be increasing everywhere. I think governments need to work harder to find a realistic solution.
Educational Patterns
Starting Para: In the last decade, advances in educational reform have led to a hot debate over two educational patterns---the exam-oriented and the quality-oriented. To answer the question---which is superior, however, we should take the following factors into account.
Ending Para: To tell the truth, as a so-called elite produced by the traditional pattern of education, I believe that the quality-oriented education is much superior to the old one. We were ever squeezed into a narrow passage, shouldering too heavy pressure, enjoying no childhood. Strictly speaking, the exam-oriented education in itself bears no difference from the imperial examination system, which is rooted and a branch out of tune with the modern melody. To my mind, knowledge can be sucked not only out of books, but also from the lively society, to which the quality-oriented will build an express way.
Emotions and health
Starting Para: Everyone wants to be healthy, but what affects health Health is connected not only with food, but also with emotions.
Ending Para: “Smile a happy smile and one will be ten years younger.” That may be a little exaggerated. But emotions really have something to do with health.
Examinations: Good or bad
Starting Para: Examinations have long played an important role in education. Although a growing number of people have begun to challenge its reliability, I believe examinations have more advantages. There are numerous reasons why I hold this opinion, and I would explore a few of the more important ones here.
Ending Para: No matter what other means of assessment we add, examinations must remain a vital part of schooling.
Fake commodities (harmfulness)
Starting Para: Nowadays there are many fake commodities on our market. Manufacturers forging commodities of a famous brand needn’t pay for the development or advertisement of the product. besides, they used cheap and inferior materials to reduce the production cost, and sell their fake commodities at attractive prices. In this way, they can make quick profits. So, fake commodities can be seen everywhere although the government takes severe measures to combat fake commodities.
Ending Para: In short, fake commodities have hindered the development of national economy. They have bad effects on the corporations of the forged brands and even squeeze the genuine product out of the market. Fake commodities also do harm to the customers. Take, fake liquor, for example. It is reported that casualties caused by fake liquor have gone up in recent years. Therefore, we should combat fake commodities.
Fashion
Starting Para: One of the most fickle things in modern society is fashion. Fashion leaders are constantly inventing new trends in clothing and decoration, and consequently a great amount of time and money is spent on this endless pursuit. To correct this human failing, some people advocate that one should wear comfortable clothes which are in line with one’s personal taste. To me, this is a very sensible idea.
Ending Para: In a word, it is unwise to follow the trend of fashion aimlessly. To be relaxed, as modern people, we should form our own style and wear clothes that make us comfortable and self-confident.
Fire accidents and ways of prevention
Starting Para: In recent years there has been a marked increase of fire accidents in big cities in our country. Almost every day we see fire engines rushing through streets. Fires have not only resulted in heavy economic losses but also injured and killed many people.
Ending Para: In order to prevent fires, we should, first of all, foster people’s sense of fire prevention. Then, we have to increase the number of professional fire fighters. Finally, we are to improve the existing fire engines and add more fire facilities to high-rise buildings. Only in this way can we ensure a reliable fire prevention system.
Going to college at your own expense
Starting Para: Nowadays colleges and universities tend to accept more and more candidates with a score close to what is required by charging a little more tuition from the students. From 1993 to 1997, the percentage of students who attended college increased slowly to 12%. In 1998, however, the figure has almost doubled as against that of last year, and in 1999, only a year later, it jumped nearly to 40%.
Ending Para: In my opinion, the advantages of this practice weigh much more than its disadvantages. So I am in favor of it and I believe people will be more willing to accept it as time goes by.
Good manners
Starting Para: People all over the world set great regard on good manners. To certain degree, good manners indicate a person’s good education and breeding. In schools, it is part of students’ moral training to develop good manners. A person with good manners always wins praise. On the contrary, people will frown on him if he behaves roughly and impolitely.
Ending Para: If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relationship. If everyone behave considerately towards others and follows the social ethics, people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be progress of civilization.
Holidays
Starting Para: The ways people spend their holidays changed greatly in the 1980s. One of the remarkable changes is that more and more people found it less meaningful to stay at home or play cards, the figure dropping from 30% and 27% in 1981 to 12% and 15% in 1989 respectively. It seemed that people had found new and exciting ways to enjoy themselves.
Ending Para: From the table, it can be concluded that people have now begun to find more appealing to go out during holidays than to stay at home.
Housing Problem
Starting Para: Today’s large cities are faced with a lot of problems. Among these problems, perhaps the most critical one is that of housing. Since more and more people are crowding into cities, accommodations have become ever so difficult.
Ending Para: In my opinion, the first thing we should do is to control the population in large cities strictly. And we must certainly set up high buildings. But their numbers should be limited. Above all, only by adopting a careful and elaborate city plan can we solve the housing problem properly.
The human dependence on computers
Starting Para: Computers are a relatively new invention. The first computers were built fifty years ago and it is only in the last thirty or so years that their influence has affected our everyday life. Personal computers were introduced as recently as the early eighties. In this short time they have made tremendous impact on our lives. We are now so dependent on computers that it is hard to imagine what things would be like today without them. You have only got to go into a bank when their main computer is broken to appreciate the chaos that would occur if computers were suddenly removed the world over
Ending Para: There is a certain inevitability that technology will progress and become increasingly complex. We should, however, ensure that we are still in a position where we are able to control technology. It will be all too easy to suddenly discover that technology is controlling us. By then it might be too late. I believe that it is very important to be suspicious of the benefits that computers will bring and to make sure that we never become totally dependent on a completely technological world.
Job interview (advantages)
Starting Para: Now, when a person is hunting a job, there will always be a job interview and I think the job interview has a lot of advantages. The interviewer and the interviewee can know about each other from it.
Ending Para: In a word, I think the interview will do good to both the interviewer and the interviewee. By an interview, the interviewer can find a suitable person and the interviewee can get a satisfactory job if both of them make the best of the job interview.
Job qualifications for men and women
Starting Para: Now, most of the jobs that are high-paying, powerful, and demand a lot of responsibility are held by men. I think the government should reserve a percentage of these jobs for females as well. My reasons will be stated as follows.
Ending Para: To sum up, from what I have mentioned above, it is not difficult to get the conclusion that the government should reserve a percentage of these jobs for females. And we should, to the best of our ability, eliminate sexism not only in workplaces, but also in other fields.
Knowledge and Certificates
Starting Para: People usually connect knowledge with certificates. When you have got a certain amount of knowledge in a school or a university, you can get a certificate. A certificate is a ruler to measure whether a person is qualified after studying for a period of time.
Ending Para: We cannot take it for granted that a person with a certificate or an academic degree is knowledgeable. Some people make false certificates. Some people buy certificates with money, or even though some people hold certain certificates, yet they don’t actually have the ability to do things. Therefore, we can come to a conclusion that those with certificates may not excel over those without certificates. It should be based on the real ability to evaluate a person.
Knowledge and practical experience
Starting Para: Books and experience are the two main channels for people to gain knowledge. Each plays a different role for people. In my opinion, knowledge from experience is more important than from books.
Ending Para: Just as the saying goes, “the truth comes from practice and experience”. People are continually discovering new things and assessing the credibility of the knowledge written in books. The knowledge from experience helps us much more than those from books.
Longevity
Starting Para: As can be seen from the table, nearly 80 out of 100,000 people in some mountainous regions live to celebrate their 100th birthday, while in large cities only 5 people in 100,000 live until they are 100. It is obvious that the people in the mountainous regions live longer than those living in cities. What accounts for this phenomenon
Ending Para: From the above, we can see that all these can make the people in the mountainous regions live a longer life.
Long holidays: good or bad
Starting Para: At the moment, our government has made a decision that people enjoy a seven-day holiday during the first week of May and October. Many people cheer for the idea, because it will enable people to take their minds off their work and enjoy themselves better, and also it will help stimulate the overall consumption and further advance our economy. However, some people are opposed to the idea. In the following section, we are going to make a careful analysis of the pros and cons of the seven-day holidays.
Ending Para: From what has been discussed above, we can come to a conclusion that the seven-day holiday is a good idea in many ways. So long as we can make good use of it, we will all benefit from it.
Media and the private lives of famous people
Starting Para: Generally, people read newspapers to find out about world current affairs and they read magazines to be entertained. Therefore, one would expect to find articles that feature the private lives of famous people in magazines rather than newspapers. However, nowadays, more and more newspapers include stories like these which are neither informative nor useful.
Ending Para: In conclusion, I think newspapers should concentrate on real news but magazines can feature some articles on people’s private lives.
Money and happiness
Starting Para: What is money To this question, different people hold different answers. Some think that money is the source of happiness. In their eyes, money means massive houses, beautiful clothes, or luxurious cars, and enables them and their families live comfortably. They even believe that money can bring power, friendship and love.
Ending Para: In fact, money is merely a medium of exchange. It may bring you happiness; it may lead you to a life of crime. Whether it is good or bad depends on how it is used.
Movies are giving way to TV
Starting Para: There are fewer movie-goers now than ever before. The number of movie fans decreased from 85,000 in 1975 to 12,000 in 1985. This number is still on the decline.
Ending Para: Although movies are giving way to TV, there are still some people who like watching movies not only because good movies are not shown on TV, but because movies have their own advantages and charm.
Nuclear family
Starting Para: With the change of social structure and the increasing strength of individual in dependence, the traditional extended families tend to separate into more basic nuclear families. There are both strong points and weak points in the nuclear family structure.
Ending Para: In brief, both kinds of families have their respective advantages and disadvantages. While we are inclined to welcome more nuclear families, we should by no means do anything to abandon the idea of extended families where people treasure the kind of love and affection for one another.
Occupation
Starting Para: Everyone faces the question of choosing an occupation upon graduation from college or university, which plays a vital role in his life. An appropriate occupation makes a man work with zest and vigor, as well as contribute to his country.
Ending Para: In regard to my choice in the future, I am fond of learning foreign languages; what is more, with the implementation of the Open-door Policy, exchanges between home and abroad in economy and culture have been growing significantly, thus I am determined to be a qualified interpreter.
Opportunity and success
Starting Para: Opportunities do not come often, but only occasionally. When they come they often come quietly and go by without being noticed. Therefore, it is advisable that you should value and treat them with care.
Ending Para: The difference between a man who succeeds and one who does not lies only in the way he/she treats opportunities. The successful person always makes such preparation to meet opportunities as they arrive. The unsuccessful person, on the other hand, works little and just waits to see them pass by.
Part-time jobs
Starting Para: Some people think that college students should do part-time jobs while they study. They think that college students will be members of society soon, they need to get a real sense of how society runs. It is to say, doing part-time jobs may be a good way. Because part-time jobs not only give you the chance to show your ability, but also bring you a useful experience to your future.
Ending Para: In my opinion, students must learn to face the outside world, whether it is good or not. Because students will graduate sooner or later, and will be members of society, they need to learn about it, of course. To a student, study is very important, but only if you take part-time jobs can you know what is needed to learn. So I believe if one spends his time wisely, he will do well in both study and part-time jobs.
Population problem
Starting Para: It has been estimated that a thousand years ago there were less than 400 million people on earth. But today on the same planet, there are 5,000 million people, a figure 12.5 time as large as that 1,000 years ago. We can see from the above graph that human population has been increasing almost all the time. The Industrial and Agricultural Revolution which began in 1650 contributed a little to the growth of population.
Ending Para: With more and more people coming into this world, human beings are in danger of food shortage because the land on which people can grow food remains the same or even less. If not controlled, the population in the world will amount to 7,000 million in 2000. To solve the population explosion problem, or rather to save mankind, it is extremely necessary to practice birth control in the world.
Reading classics
Starting Para: Reading classics is a good way to enjoy oneself. Classics refer to those pieces of literary works that are accepted and recommended by many generations. Its value is acknowledged universally. Unlike those newspaper articles, which are purely informative, and those popular magazines, which are filled with advertisements, and articles of low quality, classics can best evoke people’s feelings, making them to use their brains, but not strenuously.
Ending Para: Reading classics is important to self-cultivation. A great person has once said that a nation without literature is a nation without soul. I think the reason is that literary works, especially those classics, manifest people’s ability and readiness to show, to express and to think. In this process of thinking, one will improve in one’s intellect, one’s sensitivity to beauty. Besides, the comprehensiveness of classics makes it possible for us to acquire knowledge other than in the literary realm. In this sense, reading classics is essential to self-cultivation.
Science and the world’s problems
Starting Para: The world is at the crossroads created by science and technology---roads leading, on the one hand, to peace and prosperity, and on the other, to ruins and famines. But mankind cannot afford to hesitate in decision. There is really only one choice for us. We must begin to move along the road to a better future for all the peoples of the world and live in peace and we must do this right now.
Ending Para: We already know the great gifts that science and technology can be brought to all nations. Science made it possible for a nation to ensure food, clothing; science can help us to know the earthquakes beforehand and survive them; science can make people live better; and it is science that makes it a small world in which we communicate with one another. The wiser we are made by a constant appreciation of the complexities of what we are attempting, the faster we shall move towards a solution of the really urgent problems that confront us everywhere.
Stars and ordinary people
Starting Para: It seems that salaries often do not relate to skills, education or the value of the employee to society. In my opinion, this is wrong, and I feel changes should be made to ensure that people such pop stars do not earn such huge amount of money.
Ending Para: However, even if we accept this idea, the problem of how we could make salaries fairer still remains. Pop stars receive royalties from sales of their records or concert tickets. How could this money be taken away and given to more deserving people Perhaps the only solution is through much higher taxes for people who earn excessively high salaries.
Studying abroad
Starting Para: Studying overseas has clear advantages, but it is not without its problems.
Ending Para: However, in general, I consider the advantages of an overseas education much greater than any of the disadvantages described above.
Success
Starting Para: Everyone tries to achieve success in his or her career. But in the end, only some people can achieve success and many others fail or even forget his or her goal. What on earth makes the difference What is the way to success
Ending Para: I believe that the secret of success is constancy of purpose, and that success belongs to those who can suffer long years of patient and constant efforts.
Success and good luck
Starting Para: Success is always what human beings are chasing. Someone succeeds for his luck while another person succeeds for his hard work. As far as I am concerned, I fully agree with the claim that there is no correlation between success and luck.
Ending Para: In summary, success is every person’s pursuit. We always dream that someday we will be successful businessmen, famous scientists or distinguished politicians. All of these things are simply not possible without hard work. Luck has no place in such a scheme of events.
Technological developments and people’s lives
Starting Para: Technological developments are playing an important role in people’s lives nowadays, and they have strong effect on our everyday lives. Some of them have caused significant changes in family life and education. Of course, some of these changes have been positive while others have been negative.
Ending Para: To summarize, I feel that, after all, there are strong and positive effects of technological developments in terms of their educational role, but they have in many ways altered people and families in a negative sense.
Technology and tradition are incompatible
Starting Para: It is a fact of life that the development of science and technology has been accompanied by a decline in traditional culture. In my opinion, this is not necessarily a bad thing, because some aspects of traditional culture hamper progress and should be abandoned. Moreover, it is natural that people should want to find new ways of doing thins.
Ending Para: Therefore, for the above reasons, I welcome the development of science and technology. Advances in science and technology have brought us many benefits. At the same time, they have eliminated the bad parts of traditional culture while preserving the good parts.
TV and family ties
Starting Para: Television is undoubtedly one of the most powerful means of communication in the history of mankind. Television, with its wide availability and rich media with image and sound, is difficult to ignore. Naturally, the more time one spends watching TV, the less time he has with his family and friends. Thus, we can clearly see why some have claimed that TV has been harmful for communication among family and friends. However, I do not think their arguments can bear much analysis.
Ending Para: In short, I do not believe that TV has destroyed or even harmed interpersonal communication among most people. I believe that the damage attributed to television is greatly exaggerated and that such damage is most likely attributable to other more powerful social factors.
Unemployment in China
Starting Para: During the course of economic reform, the emergence of laid-off workers becomes a hot topic. The new term “laid-off workers” refers to those people who have been removed from their former posts due to the excess of unnecessary staff in the factories of companies. It is reported that nearly half of the workers all over the country have been laid off. unemployment becomes a serious problem in China. Many people can’t adapt themselves to the new
Ending Para: How to solve the problem of laid-off workers’ re-employment First of all, the deep-rooted concept of “iron bowl” should be eliminated. People should realize that competition is an active factor in the market economy. Secondly, the laid-off workers should receive further training in order to better equip themselves with knowledge and skills. Thus they can fit in new jobs easily. Thirdly, government should take measures to protect the rights and interests of laid-off workers.
Value of time
Starting Para: Just as the proverb says, “ Time is money. Procrastination is the thief of time, collar him.” This means that every moment well spent may put some money into our pocket. If our time is well used, it will either turn out some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities to enable us to earn money when the opportunity comes.
Ending Para: All time is precious; but time of our childhood and of our youth is more precious. For these are the periods when alone we can acquire knowledge and develop our faculties and capacities. As we grow older, our power of acquisition gets blunted, so that it is hard for us to acquire the art of science. Therefore, know the true value of time, snatch, seize and enjoy every moment of it.
Watching TV and studies
Starting Para: The figures given for the number of hours children watch TV and do physical exercise are rather disturbing. Clearly children are spending too many hours passively watching TV. Their lack of physical exercise could lead to health problems such as obesity and may cause severe problems such as heart disease later in life.
Ending Para: In conclusion, children should be told about the importance of physical exercise, and both parents and schools should motivate them to be active from an early age.
(Fresh) water shortage
Starting Para: We often take it for granted that fresh water is inexhaustible. When talking of fresh water, we think of rain coming down from the sky and countless rivers running on the earth. “We also have springs flowing down from mountains and we can pump water from under the earth. How come that we will be3 short of fresh water ” This is our common thought.
Way to success
Starting Para: Everyone tries to achieve success in his or her career. But in the end, only some people can achieve success and many others fail or even forget his or her goal. What on earth makes the difference What is the way to success
Ending Para: I believe that the secret of success is constancy of purpose, and that success belongs to those who can suffer long years of patient toil and constant efforts.
Women should or should not work outside their homes
Starting Para: For many women, choosing whether or not to work outside their homes is a luxury: they must work to survive. Others face a hard decision.
Ending Para: From my own experience, I would like to suggest that sometimes the decision to go back to work is made in too much haste. There are few decisions that I now feel much regretful about. I wasn’t mature enough to see how much I could have gained at home. I regret my impatience to get on with my career. I wish I had allowed myself the luxury of watching the world through my little girl’s eyes.
Women’s social position
Starting Para: The past two decades have seen great changes of women’s social position in both the developed countries and developing countries. The scene in China is a good example which reflects the changes in the last 20 years.
Ending Para: In a word, we admit that the great changes which have taken place have greatly improved women’s social status. And at the same time we have to notice that in order to achieve the goal of true equity for women in our society, greater endeavors need to be made in the days to come.
The world is getting smaller
Starting Para: Most of us may have such experiences: whey you go to some place far away from the city you live in and think you know nobody there, you are surprised to find that you should run into one of your old classmates on the street. Perhaps both of you would cry out: “what a small world!”
Ending Para: So we come to the conclusion that as long as technology makes progress, the world will be getting smaller and smaller.
Writing (30 minutes) 2002年6月四、六级写作真题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic
Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below.
hours/week
1995 2000
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week
上图所示为1990年、1995年、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；
请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；
你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。
图表的种类、图表作文的写作步骤及范文
1．图表的种类及图表作文的写作步骤
在历次图表作文考试中出现过5种不同的图表：1. Table（表格）; 2. Bar Chart（条形图）; 3. Pie Chart（圆形图）; 4. Curve/Graphic（曲线图）。图表是用数据、图形传递信息资料的一种重要形式。
图表作文的写作步骤: 1. 认真审题，解读图表中的各种数据及其发展趋势；2. 在第一段（即引言段）中用纯文字概括图表内容（先不要带入数据）；3. 在第二段落中描述图表中的各个成份所占比例或各种变量的变化趋势，并进行比较（最好加以分析或举例说明）（对每个成份或变量的描述都可自成一段，也可将两、三种成份或变量放在一段内描述，以方便比较）。此外，如果考题上有所要求，还应对造成各种变化的原因进行合乎逻辑的分析。4.最后一段可对第二段内容做一小结，或对图表所示内容的未来进行预测。
图表作文实际上是将图表中的数据、图形转换成说明文字，并就图表中所反映的情况做出分析或发表议论的写作形式，因此图表作文介于说明文与议论文之间。
下面举例说明如何写好图表作文。
2． 图表作文的范文
Sample 1
The table below shows the rises of foreign visitors to China.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.You should write at least 120 words.
Top 10 countries sending most visitors to China in 1997 and 1996
(1997) (1996)
Japan 1.582mRussia 813,710South Korea 781,100United States 616,400Malaysia 361,300Mongolia 342,900Singapore 316,800Philippines 276,700Britain 227,900Germany 184,700 Japan 1.548mRussia 693,900South Korea 576,400United States 555,900Malaysia 298,500Mongolia 286,300Singapore 281,900Philippines 243,700Britain 205,900Germany 193,300
According to the figures given in the table, there was an obvious growth in the number of foreigners entering China between 1996 and 1997. Take one of China’s neighbouring countries for example: Japanese, who topped the list twice, went up steadily from 1.548 million in 1996 to 1.582 million in 1997. People from geographically remote countries like America also increased within these two pared with the visitors from America in 1996, the number of Americas rose dramatically by 40,000 by the end of 1997!
Foreigners have a variety of purposes for coming to China. Since the reform and opening-up drive in the late 1970s, China has grown into a land of opportunities. To meet China’s booming trade, may business-people from abroad waste no time in doing business with Chinese partners. Another major reason is due to China’s many tourist attractions. Amazed by Chinese ancient civilization, some travelers even never hesitate to repeat their sweet memories back in China.
In order to make China more appealing to foreigners, we still have tremendous tasks to accomplish. To further expand Sino-foreign economic cooperation, China should continues to improve its investment climate by speeding up the construction of infrastructure such as highways and telecommunications. A good investment climate also includes flexible government policies, more comprehensive services to foreign investors, and quicker response to their difficulties. Next, major cities in China should improve bank card systems so that overseas visitors will find it much easier to shop or draw cash with their credit cards. Finally open more scenic spots and build China into one of the biggest tourist in the world so as to attract more foreign visitors.
Sample 2
The graph below shows the birth and death rates. Write a composition about the following graph presenting birth and death rates in a developing country.You should write at least 120 words.
As can be seen from the graph, the two curves show the fluctuation of birth and death rates in the first seventy years of this century in a developing country.
Over the period from 1900 of birth and death rates since 1945 is the effective birth control measures and the improvement of living standard in that country.
Sample3
The following table gives statistics about the total amount of China import and export. Write a report based on the statistical table.You should write at least 120 words.
中国进出口贸易总额
年份 按人民币计算（亿元）
进出口总额 出口额 进口额
1950 41.5 20.2 21.3
1952 64.6 27.1 37.5
1957 104.5 54.5 50.5
1965 118.4 63.1 55.3
1978 355.0 167.6 187.4
1981 735.3 367.6 367.7
1983 860.1 438.3 421.8
1984 1201.1 580.6 620.5
1985 2067.1 809.3 1257.8
The table shows China import and export situation. The amount of import and export increased steadily from 1950 to 1985. The import amount is greater than the export amount.
The foreign trade amount in 1985 was fifty times as much as that in 1950. The export amount in 1985 was forty times that in 1950. The import amount in 1985 was 125,780 million yuan, an increase of sixty fold over 1950. The import amount had been about the same as the export amount until 1981, with the exception of the trade deficit of 2,000 million yuan in 1978. 1983 saw an export surplus of 1,700 million yuan. But the trade deficit in 1985 amounted 44,850 million yuan.
The rapid growth of the amount of import and export owes much to the open door policy. Steps should be taken to increase the export amount.
Sample 4
The following pie chart shows the general trend in family spending in X Town. Write a report for a university lecturer based on the pie chart below. You should write at least 120 words.
EMBED Word.Picture.8
Family Spending in X Town
The graph, presented in a pie format, shows the general trend in family spending in X Town.
From the information presented, it is possible to see that the majority of an average family’s income in spent on consumer goods such as good (35%), drinks and cigarettes (15%), clothing (15%), and books and magazines (15%).
Spending on housing, fuel, power and transport constitutes the least percentage of expenditure, coming to a combined total of 15%.
As in most countries in the world, the above-mentioned categories constitute the majority of family spending. One could deduce that in X Town these categories are heavily subsidized by external source, such as by the local government.
From the graph it is evident that this subsidizing by the local government of such items as housing, food, power and transport, has enabled the average family to spend the majority of its income on items which can raise their living standard.
Sample 5
The bar chart below shows the persons in the labor force from 1830 to 1970. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown. You should write at least 120 words.
This table shows the changing proportion of farm and non-farm workers in the labor force from 1830 to 1970. The change is inverse, that is, as the size of the non-farm labor force increases, the size of the farm labor force decreases. The increase and decrease of the farm and non-farm occupation are consistent through the years.
The proportion of farm and no farm workers was about equal in 1870. About 95 percent of the labor force were non-farmers in 1970. The proportion of 70 percent of farmers and 30 percent non-farmers in 1830 was exactly reversed in 1910. In 1830, 70 percent of the labor force was required to feed a relatively smaller population, whereas in 1970, five percent of the labor force was required to feed a large population.
Sample6
The following bar chart shows the foreign students in U.S. between the years 1983 to 1984. Write a composition based on the bar chart. You should write at least 120 words.
Foreign Students in U.S.
EMBED Word.Picture.8
The graph shows the growth and decline in foreign students populations in the United States of America between the years 1983/4—1984/5.
According to the graph, the foreign student intake from Iran, Venezuela and Vietnam has decreased significantly; down 18% for Iran, 23% for Venezuela and 26% for Vietnam. Whereas in contrast, there was an increase in student intake from Korea: up 19%, Malaysia: 20% and China: 24%. Malaysia accounted for the greatest number of foreign students in the U.S., with a total of 21, 710; while Vietnam accounted for the smallest population with only 3,220.
Due to the limited nature of the information the graph presents, it is impossible to determine exactly why the foreign student populations have changed. However, it is possible to speculate that one of the major reasons for the growth of student numbers from China, Korea and Malaysia has been a change in the America education aid policy; that is, the U.S. is sponsoring more students to come to America from East Asia.
请考生根据自己所要写的作文题目中的关键词从如下目录中寻找相关内容的首尾段范例。希望这些范例能给考生在写作思路及语句的选择方面一点启发。
1.Advantages and disadvantages of having a pet 饲养宠物的利弊
2.Advertisements’ effects on people 广告对人的影响
3.Air 空气
4.Breakfast benefits 早餐的益处
5.Children’s education 儿童教育
6.Computer and you 计算机与你
7.Computers and daily life 计算机与日常生活
8.Diet changes in people’s lives 人们生活的饮食变化
9.Drug-taking problem 吸毒问题
10.Educational patterns 教育模式
11.Emotions and health 情感与健康
12.Examinations: Good or bad 考试的利弊
13.Fake commodities (harmfulness) 伪劣产品的害处
14.Fashion 时尚
15.Fire accidents and ways of prevention 火灾与预防
16.Going to college at your own expense 自费读大学
17.Good manners 良好的仪表
18.Holidays 假日
19.Housing problem 住房问题
20.Human dependence on computers 人类依赖计算机
21.Information in the modern world 当今世界的信息
22.Job interview (advantages) 面试
23.Job qualifications for men and women 求职资格
24.Knowledge and certificates 知识与证书
25.Knowledge and practical experience 知识与实际经验
26.Longevity 长寿
27.Long holidays: good or bad 长假之利弊
28.Media and the private lives of famous people 媒体与名人私生活
29.Money and happiness 金钱与幸福
30.Movies are giving way to TV 电影让位于电视
31.Nuclear family 核心家庭
32.Occupation 职业
33.Opportunity and success 机遇与成功
34.Part-time jobs 半日打工
35.Population problem 人口问题
36.Reading classics 阅读经典著作
37.Science and the world’s problems 科学与世界问题
38.Stars and ordinary people 明星与凡人
39.Studying abroad 海外留学
40.Success 成功
41.Success and good luck 成功与幸运
42.Technological developments and people’s lives 科技发展与人民生活
43.Technology and tradition are incompatible 科技与传统不相融
44.TV and family ties 电视与家庭纽带
45.Unemployment in China 中国失业问题
46.Value of time 时间的价值
47.Watching TV and studies 看电视与学习
48.Water shortage problem 水源短缺问题
49.Way to success 成功之路
50.Women should or should not work outside their homes 妇女应否走出家门
51.Women’s social position 女性的社会地位
52.World is getting smaller 世界在缩小
The advantages and disadvantages of having a pet
Starting Para: In many Western homes people keep a dog or a cat or some other kind of pet. While this does involve some expenses in terms of good food and medical treatment for the pets, there are still many advantages to keeping a pet.
Ending Para: To sum up, there are more advantages than disadvantages to keeping a pet, especially for lonely people and children. In most cases, therefore, the cost is justified.
Advertisements’ effects on people
Starting Para: Nowadays more and more advertisements are seen in all kinds of media such as newspaper and television. However, there are both advantages and disadvantages brought about by the advertisements. In my opinion, its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.
Ending Para: On the whole, advertisements have both advantages and disadvantages, But fairly speaking, everyone should admit that its advantages far outweigh its disadvantages.
Air
Starting Para: The air surrounding us is important to everyone. Without air we could not exist. Everyone understands that. But air is necessary in many other ways---ways that are not always so obvious or widely known. For example, without air, there would be no sound; without air, there would be no fire; without air, there would be no wind and clouds, etc.
Ending Para: If we can learn to control the energy in the atmosphere, we will have an unending supply of energy. Many scientists are trying to do it. There would be no energy crisis in the future.
Breakfast benefits
Starting Para: Nowadays people in ever-increasing numbers have realized the importance of a good breakfast. No matter how busy they are, they don’t want skip it. They begin to pay great attention to its variety as well as the quality.
Ending Para: With so many benefits, we should remember to take breakfast every day.
Children’s education
Starting Para: Nowadays, as the competition in the whole world is more intensive than ever before, lots of people pay more attention to their children’s education. In other word, education is one of the most important stages in children’s lifetime. Therefore, the realistic question facing everyone is: Who should take the responsibility for children’s education In fact, it is very difficult to answer it. From my point of view, school should take the responsibility rather than children’s parents. There are some reasons I would like to explain below.
Ending Para: As aforementioned, I take it that children never receive perfect education without school and never succeed without school education. As an educational institution is supervised by the public and authorities, the school’s unique commitment to the nation and society is to educate children.
Computer and you
Starting Para: With the development of science and technology, computer is used in many fields, such as industry, business, military and domestic life. Does the computer bring any advantages to us The answer is affirmative.
Ending Para: To sum up, computer application is spreading almost every corner of the world. It brings more and more advantages to us. We should say the computer is one of the most important parts in our life.
Computers and daily life
Starting Para: Modern technological devices such as computers have found their wide application in our daily life and industrial work. Although some people claim that they have some bad influence on students, I think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Among countless factors which influence my decision, there are three conspicuous aspects.
Ending Para: On the whole, computers have both advantages and disadvantages. But fairly speaking, everyone should admit that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. We should make use of them more and more in our work.
Diet changes in people’s lives
Starting Para: As can be seen from the table, great changes took place in people’s diet from 1986 to 1990. The consumption of grain decreased year by year, while that of some high-energy food, such as milk and meat, increased steadily.
Ending Para: From the above , we can see that people’s living standard improved markedly in the five years between 1986-1990. And we can also expect that their life would be more prosperous in years to come.
Drug-taking Problem
Starting Para: There have been several anti-drug campaigns in the West, but they have had generally little or no success. I feel that it is very difficult to stop teenagers from taking drugs.
Ending Para: So, I can only conclude that no current methods from campaigns are effective. As the drug problem seems to be increasing everywhere. I think governments need to work harder to find a realistic solution.
Educational Patterns
Starting Para: In the last decade, advances in educational reform have led to a hot debate over two educational patterns---the exam-oriented and the quality-oriented. To answer the question---which is superior, however, we should take the following factors into account.
Ending Para: To tell the truth, as a so-called elite produced by the traditional pattern of education, I believe that the quality-oriented education is much superior to the old one. We were ever squeezed into a narrow passage, shouldering too heavy pressure, enjoying no childhood. Strictly speaking, the exam-oriented education in itself bears no difference from the imperial examination system, which is rooted and a branch out of tune with the modern melody. To my mind, knowledge can be sucked not only out of books, but also from the lively society, to which the quality-oriented will build an express way.
Emotions and health
Starting Para: Everyone wants to be healthy, but what affects health Health is connected not only with food, but also with emotions.
Ending Para: “Smile a happy smile and one will be ten years younger.” That may be a little exaggerated. But emotions really have something to do with health.
Examinations: Good or bad
Starting Para: Examinations have long played an important role in education. Although a growing number of people have begun to challenge its reliability, I believe examinations have more advantages. There are numerous reasons why I hold this opinion, and I would explore a few of the more important ones here.
Ending Para: No matter what other means of assessment we add, examinations must remain a vital part of schooling.
Fake commodities (harmfulness)
Starting Para: Nowadays there are many fake commodities on our market. Manufacturers forging commodities of a famous brand needn’t pay for the development or advertisement of the product. besides, they used cheap and inferior materials to reduce the production cost, and sell their fake commodities at attractive prices. In this way, they can make quick profits. So, fake commodities can be seen everywhere although the government takes severe measures to combat fake commodities.
Ending Para: In short, fake commodities have hindered the development of national economy. They have bad effects on the corporations of the forged brands and even squeeze the genuine product out of the market. Fake commodities also do harm to the customers. Take, fake liquor, for example. It is reported that casualties caused by fake liquor have gone up in recent years. Therefore, we should combat fake commodities.
Fashion
Starting Para: One of the most fickle things in modern society is fashion. Fashion leaders are constantly inventing new trends in clothing and decoration, and consequently a great amount of time and money is spent on this endless pursuit. To correct this human failing, some people advocate that one should wear comfortable clothes which are in line with one’s personal taste. To me, this is a very sensible idea.
Ending Para: In a word, it is unwise to follow the trend of fashion aimlessly. To be relaxed, as modern people, we should form our own style and wear clothes that make us comfortable and self-confident.
Fire accidents and ways of prevention
Starting Para: In recent years there has been a marked increase of fire accidents in big cities in our country. Almost every day we see fire engines rushing through streets. Fires have not only resulted in heavy economic losses but also injured and killed many people.
Ending Para: In order to prevent fires, we should, first of all, foster people’s sense of fire prevention. Then, we have to increase the number of professional fire fighters. Finally, we are to improve the existing fire engines and add more fire facilities to high-rise buildings. Only in this way can we ensure a reliable fire prevention system.
Going to college at your own expense
Starting Para: Nowadays colleges and universities tend to accept more and more candidates with a score close to what is required by charging a little more tuition from the students. From 1993 to 1997, the percentage of students who attended college increased slowly to 12%. In 1998, however, the figure has almost doubled as against that of last year, and in 1999, only a year later, it jumped nearly to 40%.
Ending Para: In my opinion, the advantages of this practice weigh much more than its disadvantages. So I am in favor of it and I believe people will be more willing to accept it as time goes by.
Good manners
Starting Para: People all over the world set great regard on good manners. To certain degree, good manners indicate a person’s good education and breeding. In schools, it is part of students’ moral training to develop good manners. A person with good manners always wins praise. On the contrary, people will frown on him if he behaves roughly and impolitely.
Ending Para: If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relationship. If everyone behave considerately towards others and follows the social ethics, people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be progress of civilization.
Holidays
Starting Para: The ways people spend their holidays changed greatly in the 1980s. One of the remarkable changes is that more and more people found it less meaningful to stay at home or play cards, the figure dropping from 30% and 27% in 1981 to 12% and 15% in 1989 respectively. It seemed that people had found new and exciting ways to enjoy themselves.
Ending Para: From the table, it can be concluded that people have now begun to find more appealing to go out during holidays than to stay at home.
Housing Problem
Starting Para: Today’s large cities are faced with a lot of problems. Among these problems, perhaps the most critical one is that of housing. Since more and more people are crowding into cities, accommodations have become ever so difficult.
Ending Para: In my opinion, the first thing we should do is to control the population in large cities strictly. And we must certainly set up high buildings. But their numbers should be limited. Above all, only by adopting a careful and elaborate city plan can we solve the housing problem properly.
The human dependence on computers
Starting Para: Computers are a relatively new invention. The first computers were built fifty years ago and it is only in the last thirty or so years that their influence has affected our everyday life. Personal computers were introduced as recently as the early eighties. In this short time they have made tremendous impact on our lives. We are now so dependent on computers that it is hard to imagine what things would be like today without them. You have only got to go into a bank when their main computer is broken to appreciate the chaos that would occur if computers were suddenly removed the world over
Ending Para: There is a certain inevitability that technology will progress and become increasingly complex. We should, however, ensure that we are still in a position where we are able to control technology. It will be all too easy to suddenly discover that technology is controlling us. By then it might be too late. I believe that it is very important to be suspicious of the benefits that computers will bring and to make sure that we never become totally dependent on a completely technological world.
Job interview (advantages)
Starting Para: Now, when a person is hunting a job, there will always be a job interview and I think the job interview has a lot of advantages. The interviewer and the interviewee can know about each other from it.
Ending Para: In a word, I think the interview will do good to both the interviewer and the interviewee. By an interview, the interviewer can find a suitable person and the interviewee can get a satisfactory job if both of them make the best of the job interview.
Job qualifications for men and women
Starting Para: Now, most of the jobs that are high-paying, powerful, and demand a lot of responsibility are held by men. I think the government should reserve a percentage of these jobs for females as well. My reasons will be stated as follows.
Ending Para: To sum up, from what I have mentioned above, it is not difficult to get the conclusion that the government should reserve a percentage of these jobs for females. And we should, to the best of our ability, eliminate sexism not only in workplaces, but also in other fields.
Knowledge and Certificates
Starting Para: People usually connect knowledge with certificates. When you have got a certain amount of knowledge in a school or a university, you can get a certificate. A certificate is a ruler to measure whether a person is qualified after studying for a period of time.
Ending Para: We cannot take it for granted that a person with a certificate or an academic degree is knowledgeable. Some people make false certificates. Some people buy certificates with money, or even though some people hold certain certificates, yet they don’t actually have the ability to do things. Therefore, we can come to a conclusion that those with certificates may not excel over those without certificates. It should be based on the real ability to evaluate a person.
Knowledge and practical experience
Starting Para: Books and experience are the two main channels for people to gain knowledge. Each plays a different role for people. In my opinion, knowledge from experience is more important than from books.
Ending Para: Just as the saying goes, “the truth comes from practice and experience”. People are continually discovering new things and assessing the credibility of the knowledge written in books. The knowledge from experience helps us much more than those from books.
Longevity
Starting Para: As can be seen from the table, nearly 80 out of 100,000 people in some mountainous regions live to celebrate their 100th birthday, while in large cities only 5 people in 100,000 live until they are 100. It is obvious that the people in the mountainous regions live longer than those living in cities. What accounts for this phenomenon
Ending Para: From the above, we can see that all these can make the people in the mountainous regions live a longer life.
Long holidays: good or bad
Starting Para: At the moment, our government has made a decision that people enjoy a seven-day holiday during the first week of May and October. Many people cheer for the idea, because it will enable people to take their minds off their work and enjoy themselves better, and also it will help stimulate the overall consumption and further advance our economy. However, some people are opposed to the idea. In the following section, we are going to make a careful analysis of the pros and cons of the seven-day holidays.
Ending Para: From what has been discussed above, we can come to a conclusion that the seven-day holiday is a good idea in many ways. So long as we can make good use of it, we will all benefit from it.
Media and the private lives of famous people
Starting Para: Generally, people read newspapers to find out about world current affairs and they read magazines to be entertained. Therefore, one would expect to find articles that feature the private lives of famous people in magazines rather than newspapers. However, nowadays, more and more newspapers include stories like these which are neither informative nor useful.
Ending Para: In conclusion, I think newspapers should concentrate on real news but magazines can feature some articles on people’s private lives.
Money and happiness
Starting Para: What is money To this question, different people hold different answers. Some think that money is the source of happiness. In their eyes, money means massive houses, beautiful clothes, or luxurious cars, and enables them and their families live comfortably. They even believe that money can bring power, friendship and love.
Ending Para: In fact, money is merely a medium of exchange. It may bring you happiness; it may lead you to a life of crime. Whether it is good or bad depends on how it is used.
Movies are giving way to TV
Starting Para: There are fewer movie-goers now than ever before. The number of movie fans decreased from 85,000 in 1975 to 12,000 in 1985. This number is still on the decline.
Ending Para: Although movies are giving way to TV, there are still some people who like watching movies not only because good movies are not shown on TV, but because movies have their own advantages and charm.
Nuclear family
Starting Para: With the change of social structure and the increasing strength of individual in dependence, the traditional extended families tend to separate into more basic nuclear families. There are both strong points and weak points in the nuclear family structure.
Ending Para: In brief, both kinds of families have their respective advantages and disadvantages. While we are inclined to welcome more nuclear families, we should by no means do anything to abandon the idea of extended families where people treasure the kind of love and affection for one another.
Occupation
Starting Para: Everyone faces the question of choosing an occupation upon graduation from college or university, which plays a vital role in his life. An appropriate occupation makes a man work with zest and vigor, as well as contribute to his country.
Ending Para: In regard to my choice in the future, I am fond of learning foreign languages; what is more, with the implementation of the Open-door Policy, exchanges between home and abroad in economy and culture have been growing significantly, thus I am determined to be a qualified interpreter.
Opportunity and success
Starting Para: Opportunities do not come often, but only occasionally. When they come they often come quietly and go by without being noticed. Therefore, it is advisable that you should value and treat them with care.
Ending Para: The difference between a man who succeeds and one who does not lies only in the way he/she treats opportunities. The successful person always makes such preparation to meet opportunities as they arrive. The unsuccessful person, on the other hand, works little and just waits to see them pass by.
Part-time jobs
Starting Para: Some people think that college students should do part-time jobs while they study. They think that college students will be members of society soon, they need to get a real sense of how society runs. It is to say, doing part-time jobs may be a good way. Because part-time jobs not only give you the chance to show your ability, but also bring you a useful experience to your future.
Ending Para: In my opinion, students must learn to face the outside world, whether it is good or not. Because students will graduate sooner or later, and will be members of society, they need to learn about it, of course. To a student, study is very important, but only if you take part-time jobs can you know what is needed to learn. So I believe if one spends his time wisely, he will do well in both study and part-time jobs.
Population problem
Starting Para: It has been estimated that a thousand years ago there were less than 400 million people on earth. But today on the same planet, there are 5,000 million people, a figure 12.5 time as large as that 1,000 years ago. We can see from the above graph that human population has been increasing almost all the time. The Industrial and Agricultural Revolution which began in 1650 contributed a little to the growth of population.
Ending Para: With more and more people coming into this world, human beings are in danger of food shortage because the land on which people can grow food remains the same or even less. If not controlled, the population in the world will amount to 7,000 million in 2000. To solve the population explosion problem, or rather to save mankind, it is extremely necessary to practice birth control in the world.
Reading classics
Starting Para: Reading classics is a good way to enjoy oneself. Classics refer to those pieces of literary works that are accepted and recommended by many generations. Its value is acknowledged universally. Unlike those newspaper articles, which are purely informative, and those popular magazines, which are filled with advertisements, and articles of low quality, classics can best evoke people’s feelings, making them to use their brains, but not strenuously.
Ending Para: Reading classics is important to self-cultivation. A great person has once said that a nation without literature is a nation without soul. I think the reason is that literary works, especially those classics, manifest people’s ability and readiness to show, to express and to think. In this process of thinking, one will improve in one’s intellect, one’s sensitivity to beauty. Besides, the comprehensiveness of classics makes it possible for us to acquire knowledge other than in the literary realm. In this sense, reading classics is essential to self-cultivation.
Science and the world’s problems
Starting Para: The world is at the crossroads created by science and technology---roads leading, on the one hand, to peace and prosperity, and on the other, to ruins and famines. But mankind cannot afford to hesitate in decision. There is really only one choice for us. We must begin to move along the road to a better future for all the peoples of the world and live in peace and we must do this right now.
Ending Para: We already know the great gifts that science and technology can be brought to all nations. Science made it possible for a nation to ensure food, clothing; science can help us to know the earthquakes beforehand and survive them; science can make people live better; and it is science that makes it a small world in which we communicate with one another. The wiser we are made by a constant appreciation of the complexities of what we are attempting, the faster we shall move towards a solution of the really urgent problems that confront us everywhere.
Stars and ordinary people
Starting Para: It seems that salaries often do not relate to skills, education or the value of the employee to society. In my opinion, this is wrong, and I feel changes should be made to ensure that people such pop stars do not earn such huge amount of money.
Ending Para: However, even if we accept this idea, the problem of how we could make salaries fairer still remains. Pop stars receive royalties from sales of their records or concert tickets. How could this money be taken away and given to more deserving people Perhaps the only solution is through much higher taxes for people who earn excessively high salaries.
Studying abroad
Starting Para: Studying overseas has clear advantages, but it is not without its problems.
Ending Para: However, in general, I consider the advantages of an overseas education much greater than any of the disadvantages described above.
Success
Starting Para: Everyone tries to achieve success in his or her career. But in the end, only some people can achieve success and many others fail or even forget his or her goal. What on earth makes the difference What is the way to success
Ending Para: I believe that the secret of success is constancy of purpose, and that success belongs to those who can suffer long years of patient and constant efforts.
Success and good luck
Starting Para: Success is always what human beings are chasing. Someone succeeds for his luck while another person succeeds for his hard work. As far as I am concerned, I fully agree with the claim that there is no correlation between success and luck.
Ending Para: In summary, success is every person’s pursuit. We always dream that someday we will be successful businessmen, famous scientists or distinguished politicians. All of these things are simply not possible without hard work. Luck has no place in such a scheme of events.
Technological developments and people’s lives
Starting Para: Technological developments are playing an important role in people’s lives nowadays, and they have strong effect on our everyday lives. Some of them have caused significant changes in family life and education. Of course, some of these changes have been positive while others have been negative.
Ending Para: To summarize, I feel that, after all, there are strong and positive effects of technological developments in terms of their educational role, but they have in many ways altered people and families in a negative sense.
Technology and tradition are incompatible
Starting Para: It is a fact of life that the development of science and technology has been accompanied by a decline in traditional culture. In my opinion, this is not necessarily a bad thing, because some aspects of traditional culture hamper progress and should be abandoned. Moreover, it is natural that people should want to find new ways of doing thins.
Ending Para: Therefore, for the above reasons, I welcome the development of science and technology. Advances in science and technology have brought us many benefits. At the same time, they have eliminated the bad parts of traditional culture while preserving the good parts.
TV and family ties
Starting Para: Television is undoubtedly one of the most powerful means of communication in the history of mankind. Television, with its wide availability and rich media with image and sound, is difficult to ignore. Naturally, the more time one spends watching TV, the less time he has with his family and friends. Thus, we can clearly see why some have claimed that TV has been harmful for communication among family and friends. However, I do not think their arguments can bear much analysis.
Ending Para: In short, I do not believe that TV has destroyed or even harmed interpersonal communication among most people. I believe that the damage attributed to television is greatly exaggerated and that such damage is most likely attributable to other more powerful social factors.
Unemployment in China
Starting Para: During the course of economic reform, the emergence of laid-off workers becomes a hot topic. The new term “laid-off workers” refers to those people who have been removed from their former posts due to the excess of unnecessary staff in the factories of companies. It is reported that nearly half of the workers all over the country have been laid off. unemployment becomes a serious problem in China. Many people can’t adapt themselves to the new
Ending Para: How to solve the problem of laid-off workers’ re-employment First of all, the deep-rooted concept of “iron bowl” should be eliminated. People should realize that competition is an active factor in the market economy. Secondly, the laid-off workers should receive further training in order to better equip themselves with knowledge and skills. Thus they can fit in new jobs easily. Thirdly, government should take measures to protect the rights and interests of laid-off workers.
Value of time
Starting Para: Just as the proverb says, “ Time is money. Procrastination is the thief of time, collar him.” This means that every moment well spent may put some money into our pocket. If our time is well used, it will either turn out some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities to enable us to earn money when the opportunity comes.
Ending Para: All time is precious; but time of our childhood and of our youth is more precious. For these are the periods when alone we can acquire knowledge and develop our faculties and capacities. As we grow older, our power of acquisition gets blunted, so that it is hard for us to acquire the art of science. Therefore, know the true value of time, snatch, seize and enjoy every moment of it.
Watching TV and studies
Starting Para: The figures given for the number of hours children watch TV and do physical exercise are rather disturbing. Clearly children are spending too many hours passively watching TV. Their lack of physical exercise could lead to health problems such as obesity and may cause severe problems such as heart disease later in life.
Ending Para: In conclusion, children should be told about the importance of physical exercise, and both parents and schools should motivate them to be active from an early age.
(Fresh) water shortage
Starting Para: We often take it for granted that fresh water is inexhaustible. When talking of fresh water, we think of rain coming down from the sky and countless rivers running on the earth. “We also have springs flowing down from mountains and we can pump water from under the earth. How come that we will be3 short of fresh water ” This is our common thought.
Way to success
Starting Para: Everyone tries to achieve success in his or her career. But in the end, only some people can achieve success and many others fail or even forget his or her goal. What on earth makes the difference What is the way to success
Ending Para: I believe that the secret of success is constancy of purpose, and that success belongs to those who can suffer long years of patient toil and constant efforts.
Women should or should not work outside their homes
Starting Para: For many women, choosing whether or not to work outside their homes is a luxury: they must work to survive. Others face a hard decision.
Ending Para: From my own experience, I would like to suggest that sometimes the decision to go back to work is made in too much haste. There are few decisions that I now feel much regretful about. I wasn’t mature enough to see how much I could have gained at home. I regret my impatience to get on with my career. I wish I had allowed myself the luxury of watching the world through my little girl’s eyes.
Women’s social position
Starting Para: The past two decades have seen great changes of women’s social position in both the developed countries and developing countries. The scene in China is a good example which reflects the changes in the last 20 years.
Ending Para: In a word, we admit that the great changes which have taken place have greatly improved women’s social status. And at the same time we have to notice that in order to achieve the goal of true equity for women in our society, greater endeavors need to be made in the days to come.
The world is getting smaller
Starting Para: Most of us may have such experiences: whey you go to some place far away from the city you live in and think you know nobody there, you are surprised to find that you should run into one of your old classmates on the street. Perhaps both of you would cry out: “what a small world!”
Ending Para: So we come to the conclusion that as long as technology makes progress, the world will be getting smaller and smaller.
Writing (30 minutes) 2002年6月四、六级写作真题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic
Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below.
hours/week
1995 2000
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week
上图所示为1990年、1995年、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；
请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；
你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。
图表的种类、图表作文的写作步骤及范文
1．图表的种类及图表作文的写作步骤
在历次图表作文考试中出现过5种不同的图表：1. Table（表格）; 2. Bar Chart（条形图）; 3. Pie Chart（圆形图）; 4. Curve/Graphic（曲线图）。图表是用数据、图形传递信息资料的一种重要形式。
图表作文的写作步骤: 1. 认真审题，解读图表中的各种数据及其发展趋势；2. 在第一段（即引言段）中用纯文字概括图表内容（先不要带入数据）；3. 在第二段落中描述图表中的各个成份所占比例或各种变量的变化趋势，并进行比较（最好加以分析或举例说明）（对每个成份或变量的描述都可自成一段，也可将两、三种成份或变量放在一段内描述，以方便比较）。此外，如果考题上有所要求，还应对造成各种变化的原因进行合乎逻辑的分析。4.最后一段可对第二段内容做一小结，或对图表所示内容的未来进行预测。
图表作文实际上是将图表中的数据、图形转换成说明文字，并就图表中所反映的情况做出分析或发表议论的写作形式，因此图表作文介于说明文与议论文之间。
下面举例说明如何写好图表作文。
2． 图表作文的范文
Sample 1
The table below shows the rises of foreign visitors to China.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.You should write at least 120 words.
Top 10 countries sending most visitors to China in 1997 and 1996
(1997) (1996)
Japan 1.582mRussia 813,710South Korea 781,100United States 616,400Malaysia 361,300Mongolia 342,900Singapore 316,800Philippines 276,700Britain 227,900Germany 184,700 Japan 1.548mRussia 693,900South Korea 576,400United States 555,900Malaysia 298,500Mongolia 286,300Singapore 281,900Philippines 243,700Britain 205,900Germany 193,300
According to the figures given in the table, there was an obvious growth in the number of foreigners entering China between 1996 and 1997. Take one of China’s neighbouring countries for example: Japanese, who topped the list twice, went up steadily from 1.548 million in 1996 to 1.582 million in 1997. People from geographically remote countries like America also increased within these two pared with the visitors from America in 1996, the number of Americas rose dramatically by 40,000 by the end of 1997!
Foreigners have a variety of purposes for coming to China. Since the reform and opening-up drive in the late 1970s, China has grown into a land of opportunities. To meet China’s booming trade, may business-people from abroad waste no time in doing business with Chinese partners. Another major reason is due to China’s many tourist attractions. Amazed by Chinese ancient civilization, some travelers even never hesitate to repeat their sweet memories back in China.
In order to make China more appealing to foreigners, we still have tremendous tasks to accomplish. To further expand Sino-foreign economic cooperation, China should continues to improve its investment climate by speeding up the construction of infrastructure such as highways and telecommunications. A good investment climate also includes flexible government policies, more comprehensive services to foreign investors, and quicker response to their difficulties. Next, major cities in China should improve bank card systems so that overseas visitors will find it much easier to shop or draw cash with their credit cards. Finally open more scenic spots and build China into one of the biggest tourist in the world so as to attract more foreign visitors.
Sample 2
The graph below shows the birth and death rates. Write a composition about the following graph presenting birth and death rates in a developing country.You should write at least 120 words.
As can be seen from the graph, the two curves show the fluctuation of birth and death rates in the first seventy years of this century in a developing country.
Over the period from 1900 of birth and death rates since 1945 is the effective birth control measures and the improvement of living standard in that country.
Sample3
The following table gives statistics about the total amount of China import and export. Write a report based on the statistical table.You should write at least 120 words.
中国进出口贸易总额
年份 按人民币计算（亿元）
进出口总额 出口额 进口额
1950 41.5 20.2 21.3
1952 64.6 27.1 37.5
1957 104.5 54.5 50.5
1965 118.4 63.1 55.3
1978 355.0 167.6 187.4
1981 735.3 367.6 367.7
1983 860.1 438.3 421.8
1984 1201.1 580.6 620.5
1985 2067.1 809.3 1257.8
The table shows China import and export situation. The amount of import and export increased steadily from 1950 to 1985. The import amount is greater than the export amount.
The foreign trade amount in 1985 was fifty times as much as that in 1950. The export amount in 1985 was forty times that in 1950. The import amount in 1985 was 125,780 million yuan, an increase of sixty fold over 1950. The import amount had been about the same as the export amount until 1981, with the exception of the trade deficit of 2,000 million yuan in 1978. 1983 saw an export surplus of 1,700 million yuan. But the trade deficit in 1985 amounted 44,850 million yuan.
The rapid growth of the amount of import and export owes much to the open door policy. Steps should be taken to increase the export amount.
Sample 4
The following pie chart shows the general trend in family spending in X Town. Write a report for a university lecturer based on the pie chart below. You should write at least 120 words.
EMBED Word.Picture.8
Family Spending in X Town
The graph, presented in a pie format, shows the general trend in family spending in X Town.
From the information presented, it is possible to see that the majority of an average family’s income in spent on consumer goods such as good (35%), drinks and cigarettes (15%), clothing (15%), and books and magazines (15%).
Spending on housing, fuel, power and transport constitutes the least percentage of expenditure, coming to a combined total of 15%.
As in most countries in the world, the above-mentioned categories constitute the majority of family spending. One could deduce that in X Town these categories are heavily subsidized by external source, such as by the local government.
From the graph it is evident that this subsidizing by the local government of such items as housing, food, power and transport, has enabled the average family to spend the majority of its income on items which can raise their living standard.
Sample 5
The bar chart below shows the persons in the labor force from 1830 to 1970. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown. You should write at least 120 words.
This table shows the changing proportion of farm and non-farm workers in the labor force from 1830 to 1970. The change is inverse, that is, as the size of the non-farm labor force increases, the size of the farm labor force decreases. The increase and decrease of the farm and non-farm occupation are consistent through the years.
The proportion of farm and no farm workers was about equal in 1870. About 95 percent of the labor force were non-farmers in 1970. The proportion of 70 percent of farmers and 30 percent non-farmers in 1830 was exactly reversed in 1910. In 1830, 70 percent of the labor force was required to feed a relatively smaller population, whereas in 1970, five percent of the labor force was required to feed a large population.
Sample6
The following bar chart shows the foreign students in U.S. between the years 1983 to 1984. Write a composition based on the bar chart. You should write at least 120 words.
Foreign Students in U.S.
EMBED Word.Picture.8
The graph shows the growth and decline in foreign students populations in the United States of America between the years 1983/4—1984/5.
According to the graph, the foreign student intake from Iran, Venezuela and Vietnam has decreased significantly; down 18% for Iran, 23% for Venezuela and 26% for Vietnam. Whereas in contrast, there was an increase in student intake from Korea: up 19%, Malaysia: 20% and China: 24%. Malaysia accounted for the greatest number of foreign students in the U.S., with a total of 21, 710; while Vietnam accounted for the smallest population with only 3,220.
Due to the limited nature of the information the graph presents, it is impossible to determine exactly why the foreign student populations have changed. However, it is possible to speculate that one of the major reasons for the growth of student numbers from China, Korea and Malaysia has been a change in the America education aid policy; that is, the U.S. is sponsoring more students to come to America from East Asia.