2022届高考英语二轮复习：独立主格用法讲义（学案，含答案）

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独立主格用法详解
一、独立主格结构的特点
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：
(1)?独立主格
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html"
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"?)结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
(2)?名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(3)?独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的形式
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)
英语中，独立主格
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html"
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"?)结构
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html"
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"?)。
1.?名词
/
代词
+
不定式。如：
A
house
to
be
built,
we
must
save
every
cent.
由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。
Now
here
is
Li
Lei,
Wei
Fang
to
come
tomorrow.
现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。
2.?名词
/
代词
+
-ing分词。如：
The
bus
coming
here
soon,
we
should
get
everything
ready.
汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。
Mother
being
ill,
Li
Lei
was
very
worried.
母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。
3.?名词
/
代词
+
动词的过去分词。如：
His
cup
broken,
he
used
his
bowl
instead.
茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。
4.?名词
/
代词
+
形容词。如：
The
ground
muddy,
we
should
be
careful.
地面泞泥，我们应该小心。
5.?名词
/
代词
+
副词。如：
The
class
over,
we
all
went
out
to
play.
下课后，我们都出去玩。
6.?名词
/
代词
+
介词短语。如(from
www.)：
Glasses
in
his
hand,
he
asked
where
his
glasses
were.
手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。
三、独立主格结构的句法功能
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)
独立主格
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html"
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"?)结构
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。
1.?作时间状语----After+从句
School
over,
the
students
went
home.
放学后，学生们都回家了。
The
ceremony
ended,
the
games
began.
仪式结束后，比赛开始了。
2.?作条件状语---if+从句
It
being
fine
tomorrow,
we’ll
go
boating.
如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。
Li
Lei
coming,
it
is
not
necessary
to
ask
Wu
Dong.
如果李蕾来的话，就没有必要叫吴东了。
3.?作原因状语---because+从句
The
meeting
being
put
off,
we
needn’t
hurry.
由于会议推迟了，我们就没有必要匆忙了。
Mr.
Li
being
ill,
Miss
Yang
will
give
us
this
lesson
instead.
李老师病了，杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。
4.?作伴随状语---when+从句
Mr.
Li
comes
here,?a
book
in
his
hand.
李先生手里拿着书过来了。
A
smile
on
her
face,
she
asked
what
she
could
do
for
us.
她面带微笑问道我们要什么。
使用独立主格结构的几点注意
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)
?
1.?独立主格与状语从句的转换
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：
After
class
was
over
(=Class
being
over
/
Class
over),
the
students
soon
left
the
classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了教室。
?
2.?不能省略being
(having
been)的情形
在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having
been）不能省略：
(1)?独立主格结构
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)的逻辑主语是代词时。如：
It
being
Sunday,
we
went
to
church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2)?在There
being＋名词的结构中。如：
There
being
no
bus,
we
had
to
go
home
on
foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
?
3.??独立主格结构没有所有格形式
The
chief-editor
arriving,
we
began
the
meeting.?主编来了，我们开始开会。
比较动名词复合结构：
The
chief-editor’s
arriving
made
us
very
surprised.
?
4.?独立主格的时态问题
独立主格结构
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：
The
listeners
having
taken
their
seats,
the
concert
began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
Tom
having
been
late
over
and
over,
his
boss
was
very
disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。
英语独立主格结构常见类型?
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)
?
独立主格
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词
The
question
being
settled,
we
went
home.?问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
We
shall
play
the
match
tomorrow,
weather
permitting.?明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
The
monitor
being
ill,
we’d
better
put
the
meeting
off.?班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。
?
独立主格
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词
The
job
finished,
we
went
home.?工作结束后我们就回家了。
The
last
bus
having
gone,
we
had
to
walk
home.?最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。
More
time
given,
we
should
have
done
the
job
much
better.?如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
?
独立主格
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)类型3：名词（代词）+不定式
Nobody
to
come
tomorrow,
we
will
have
to
put
off
the
meeting
till
next
week.?如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So
many
people
to
help
him,
he
is
sure
to
succeed.?有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
?
独立主格
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语
The
soldiers
dashed
in,
rifle
in
hand.?士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
A
girl
came
in,
book
in
hand.?一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。
He
was
waiting,
his
eyes
on
her
back.?他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。
?
独立主格
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词
He
sat
in
the
front
row,
his
mouth
half
open.?他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
She
sat
at
the
table,
collar
off,
head
down,
and
pen
in
position,
ready
to
begin
the
long
letter.?她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。
?
独立主格
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)类型6：There
being
+名词（代词）
There
being
nothing
else
to
do,
we
went
home.?没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There
being
no
further
business,
I
declare
the
meeting
closed.?没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
独立主格
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html?)类型7：It
being
+名词（代词）
It
being
Christmas,
the
government
offices
were
closed.?由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It
being
a
holiday,
all
the
shops
were
shut.?由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
?
比较：独立主格结构
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html"
\o
"?)与
with
合结构。如：
Don’t
sleep
with
the
windows
open.?别开着窗睡觉。
He
stood
before
his
teacher
with
his
head
down.?他低着头站在老师面前。
He
was
lying
on
the
bed
with
all
his
clothes
on.?他和衣躺在床上。
She
came
in?with
a
book
in
her
hand
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html"
\o
"?).?她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He
fell
asleep
with
the
lamp
burning.?他没熄灯就睡着了。
I
won’t
be
able
to
go
on
holiday
with
my
mother
being
ill.?因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He
sat
there
with
his
eyes
closed.?他闭目坐在那儿。
All
the
afternoon
he
worked
with
the
door
locked.?整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I
can’t
go
out
with
all
these
clothes
to
wash.?要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
独立主格结构考题小练
?1.?I
have
a
lot
of
books,
half
of
________
novels.
A.
which?????????????????B.?that??????????????????????C.?whom?????????
????????D.?them
2.?________
more
and
more
forests
destroyed,
many
animals
are
facing
the
danger
of
dying
out.
A.
because???????????????B.?as????????????????????????C.?With????????????????????D.?Since
3.?The
bus
was
crowded
with
passengers
going
home
from
market,
most
of
________
carrying
heavy
bags
and
baskets
full
of
fruit
and
vegetables
they
had
bought
there.
A.
them???????????????????B.?who?????????????????????C.?whom??????????????????D.?which
?4.?The
largest
collection
ever
found
in
England
was
one
of
about
200,000
silver
pennies,
all
of
________
over
600
years
old.
A.
which?????????????????B.?that??????????????????????C.?them????????????????????D.?it
5.?The
cave
________
very
dark,
he
lit
some
candles
________
light.
A.
was;
given???????????B.?was;
to
give??????????C.?being;
given??????????D.?being;
to
give
6.?The
soldier
rushed
into
the
cave,
his
right
hand
________
a
gun
and
his
face
________
with
sweat.
A?held;
covered????????B.?holding;
covering???C.?holding;
covered????D.?held;
covering?
7.?The
girl
in
the
snapshot
was
smiling
sweetly,
her
long
hair
_________.
A.?flowed
in
the
breeze?????????????????????????????B.?was
flowing
in
the
breeze??????
C.?were
flowing
in
the
breeze????????????????????D.?flowing
in
the
breeze
8.?The
children
went
home
from
the
grammar
school,
their
lessons
_________
for
the
day.
A.
finishing??????????????B.?finished????????????????C.?had
finished???????????D.?were
finished
9.?On
Sundays
there
were
a
lot
of
children
playing
in
the
park,
_________
parents
seated
together
joking.
A.
their????????????????????B.?whose??????????????????C.?which???????????????????D.?that
10.?The
Smiths
are
rich
and
they
have
three
cars,
one
a
Toyota,
________
Land
Rover
of
the
latest.
A.
another????????????????B.?other????????????????????C.?the
other???????????????D.?the
others
【答案与解析】
1.?D。half
of
them
novels
为独立主格
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html"
\o
"?)结构，相当于
and
half
of
them
are
novels。
2.?C。考查“with
+
名词
+
过去分词”结构。
3.?A。most
of
them
carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于
and
most
of
them
were
carrying...，也可改为：most
of
whom
were
carrying。注意改动后连词
and
的使用和动词
were的使用。
4.?C。all
of
them
over
600
years
old
为独立主格结构，相当于
and
all
of
them
are
over
600
years
old。
5.?D。第一空填
being，构成独立主格结构；第二空填不定式表目的。
6.?C。独立主格结构
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html"
\o
"?)，his
right
hand?与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而?his
face与?cover是动宾关系，故用covered.
7.?D。her
long
hair?与?flowing?是主动关系，这是“独立主格结构
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html"
\o
"?)”作状语。
8.?B。因lessons与动词finish之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。其实，their
lessons
finished
for
the
day为独立主格结构
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html"
\o
"?)。
9.?A。此题容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实，句中的their
parents
seated
together
joking?不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词?seated?不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为?seat?作动词用时，是及物动词。
10.?D。易误选C。后面部分实际上是独立主格结构形式，省略了being。补充完整就是：The
Smiths
are
rich
and
they
have
three
cars,
one
being
a
Toyota,
the
others
being
Land
Rover
of
the
latest.
(两个独立主格结构
(?http:?/??/?www.?/?Article?/?nomi?/?Index.html"
\o
"?)均表伴随状语)
独立主格结构练习
1.?The?weather
___
fine,?they?decided?to?go?out?for?a?walk.?
A.?were
B.?was?
　　C.?is?
D.?being?
2.
The?composition?given?by?the?teacher___?,?Alice?went?to?watch?TV.?
　A.?being?done?well?
B.?has?been?done?well?
C.?having?done?well
?
D.?done?well
3.?The?last?plane___?,?they?had?to?stay?in?the?hotel?for?another?night.?
　A.?left?
B.?having?left?
C.?having?been?left?
D.?be?leaving?
4.?It?is?a?beautiful?village?with?a?mountain____?it.?
A.?Surrounded?
B.?surrounding?
C.?having?surrounded?
D.?having?been?surrounded?
5.?Everything___?into?consideration,?his?work?is?well?done.?
A.?taking?
B.?taken?
C.?has?been?taken?
D.?being?taken?
6.?All?his?work___,?he?left?his?office?at?ease.?
　A.?finished?
B.?had?been?finished?
C.?finishing?
D.?to?finish?
7.
The?power?station?was?built?on?the?river?with?our?village?and?some?others___?with?electricity.?
　A.?to?supply?
B.?supplied?
C.?supplying?
D.?having?supplied?
8.?____five?minutes____?before?the?last?train?left,
we?arrived?at
the?station.?
　A.?There?being;?to?go?
B.?It?was;?left?
C.?It?had;?left?
D.?There?was;?to?go?
9.?Christmas____,?the?family?was?full?of?excitement.?
　A.?was?then?only?days?away?
　　B.?were?then?only?days?away?
　C.?then?only?days?away?
　　D.?having?been?then?only?days?away?
10.?They?first?reach?an?agreement?on?the?basic?principle,?the?details
____
later.?
　A.?to?work?it?out?
B.?having?been?worked?out?
C.?to?be?worked?out?
D.?being?worked?out
11.?The?purse_____,?they?went?to?the?police.?
　A.?not?yet?found?
B.?hasn’t?been?found?
C.?being?not?found?
D.?not?having?yet?found
12.?They?sat?in?the?room?with?the?curtains_____.?
　A.?drawing?
B.?having?been?drawn?
C.?drawn?
D.?being?drawn?
13.?Cars_____,?they?were?punished?by?the?police.?
　A.?parking?illegally?
B.?parked?illegally?
C.?being?parked?illegally?
D.?having?parked?illegally?
14.?Mr.?Smith?stood?beside?the?window,?his?attention?____?the?car?outside.?
　A.?focus?on?
B.?focusing?upon?
C.?focused?on?
D.?been?focused?on?
15.?There____,?we?left.?
　A.?being?nothing?else?to?do?　　B.?is?nothing?else?to?do?
　C.?was?nothing?else?to?do?
　　D.?having?nothing?else?to?do?
答案：1-5
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6-10ABACC
11-15ACBCA