2022高考英语二轮总复习：专题一 名词和冠词 学案（含解析）

专题一　名词和冠词
核心考点课堂突破　
高考感悟
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)The
far
side
of
the
moon
is
of
particular
　　　　　(interesting)
to
scientists
because
it
has
a
lot
of
deep
craters
(环形山).?
2.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Filled
with
　　　　　(curious),the
artist
packed
his
bags
and
left.?
3.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)The
plum
trees
are
　　　　　first
to
flower
even
as
the
snow
is
melting(融化).?
4.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Historical
　　　　　(accurate)
is
important
but
so
is
entertainment.?
5.(2019·全国Ⅰ卷)In
recent
years
some
Inuit
people
in
Nunavut
have
reported
increases
in
bear
sightings
around
human
settlements,leading
to
a
　　　　　(believe)
that
populations
are
increasing.?
6.(2019·全国Ⅲ卷)When
they
were
free
from
work,they
invited
us
to
local
events
and
let
us
know
of
an
interesting
　　　　　(compete)
to
watch,together
with
the
story
behind
it.?
7.(2019·全国Ⅰ卷)Of
　　　　　nineteen
recognized
polar
bear
subpopulations,three
are
declining,six
are
stable,one
is
increasing,and
nine
lack
enough
data.?
8.(2019·全国Ⅱ卷)She
said,“We
don’t
have
any
idea
who
put
grandma
forward.When
we
got
a
call
saying
she
was
short-listed,we
thought
it
was
　　　　　joke...”?
9.(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)Unexpectedly,I’m
face-to-face
with
the
gorilla,who
begins
screaming
at
　　　　??top
of
her
lungs.?
10.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)Corn
production
has
jumped
nearly
125
percent
over
　　　　　past
25
years,while
rice
has
increased
only
7
percent.?
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Next
I
broke
the
eggs
into
a
bowl
and
beat
them
quickly
with
chopstick.　　　　　?
2.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Then
I
put
the
tomatoes
and
the
beaten
eggs
into
pan
together.　　　　　?
3.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Luckily,I
will
go
home
in
two
weeks
for
summer
vacations.　　　　　?
4.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)My
mom
is
really
concerned
with
the
health
of
everyone
in
our
families.　　　　　?
5.(2019·全国Ⅰ卷)To
everyone’s
surprising,the
ball
went
into
the
net.　　　　　?
6.(2019·全国Ⅰ卷)All
the
football
player
on
the
playground
cheered
loudly,saying
that
I
had
a
talent
for
football.　　　　　?
7.(2019·全国Ⅱ卷)Since
I
was
a
kid,I’ve
considered
different
job
I
would
like
to
do.　　　　　?
8.(2019·全国Ⅱ卷)I
wish
to
have
a
chain
of
cafes
in
many
different
city.　　　　　?
9.(2019·全国Ⅰ卷)Suddenly
football
fell
just
in
front
of
me
and
almost
hit
me.　　　　　?
10.(2019·全国Ⅲ卷)Each
of
my
cafes
will
have
a
different
theme
and
an
unique
style.　　　　　?
考点归纳
考点一　名词的数
1.可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化:一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。
规则
例词
一般在词尾加-s
map—maps,sea—seas,girl—girls,day—days
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es
class—classes,box—boxes,watch—watches,dish—dishes
以-f或
-fe结尾
的词
变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf—leaves,thief—thieves,knife—knives,half—halves,loaf—loaves,wife—wives,shelf—shelves
加-s
belief—beliefs,chief—chiefs,proof—proofs,roof—roofs
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es
party—parties,family—families,story—stories,city—cities
以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s
toy—toys,boy—boys,day—days,ray—rays,Henry—Henrys
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词
一般加-es
hero—heroes,potato—potatoes,tomato—tomatoes
不少外来词加-s
piano—pianos,photo—photos,kilo—kilos
两者皆可
zero—zeros/zeroes
volcano—volcanos/volcanoes
mosquito—mosquitos/mosquitoes
续　表　　
规则
例词
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s
radio—radios,bamboo—bamboos,zoo—zoos
以-th结尾的名词加-s
truth—truths,mouth—mouths,month—months,path—paths
(2)不规则变化
规则
例词
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,goose—geese,mouse—mice
单复数相同
species,sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,li,yuan,jin
只有复数形式
ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people,police,cattle,staff
部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)
audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件,报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)
表示
“某国
人”
加-s
Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen,Frenchwomen
合成
名词
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy
friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
women
singers,men
servants
2.不可数名词
(1)一般情况
用法
词尾不能加-s,作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式
类别
包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词
例词
fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,production,permission,practice,thought,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,health,wood,English,America
(2)特殊情况
[C]可数、[U]不可数含义不同
work工作[U],作品、著作[C]
glass玻璃[U],杯子[C],眼镜[pl.]
room空间[U],房间[C]
paper纸[U],报纸、文件、试卷[C]
抽象名词
具体化
beauty美、美丽[U],beauty美人、美丽的东西[C]
experience经验[U],experience经历[C]
surprise吃惊、惊奇[U],surprise令人吃惊的人或事[C]
pleasure愉快、高兴[U],pleasure乐事、乐趣[C]
pride骄傲[U],pride令人骄傲的人或事[C]
reality实际[U],reality实现的事、现实[C]
honor荣誉、信誉[U],honor光荣的人或事[C]
success成功[U],success成功的人或事[C]
failure失败[U],failure失败的人或事[C]
comfort安危、舒适[U],comfort令人安慰的人或事[C]
promise希望、前途、出息[U],promise允诺、诺言[C]
danger危险[U],danger可能引起危险的人或物[C]
attraction
吸引[U],attraction
有吸引力的人或事物[C]
考点二　名词的所有格
1.’s所有格的构成
单数名词在末尾加’s
the
boy’s
father,Jack’s
book,her
son-in-law’s
photo
复数名词
一般在末尾加’
the
teachers’
room,the
twins’
mother
不规则复数名词后加’s
the
children’s
toys,women’s
rights
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’
Dickens’
novels,Charles’s
job,the
Smiths’
house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s
Japan’s
and
America’s
problems,Jane’s
and
Mary’s
bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s
Japan
and
America’s
problems,Jane
and
Mary’s
father
表示“某人家”“店铺”,所有格后名词省略
the
doctor’s,the
barber’s,the
tailor’s,my
uncle’s
2.’s所有格的用法
表示时间
today’s
newspaper,five
weeks’
holiday
表示自然现象
the
earth’s
atmosphere,the
tree’s
branches
表示国家、城市等地方的名词
the
country’s
plan,the
world’s
population,China’s
industry
表示工作群体
the
ship’s
crew,the
majority’s
view,the
team’s
victory
续　表　　
表示度量衡及价值
a
mile’s
journey,five
dollars’
worth
of
apples
与人类活动有特殊关系的名词
the
life’s
time,the
play’s
plot
某些固定词组
a
bird’s
eye
view(鸟瞰,俯视),a
stone’s
throw(很短的距离,不远处),at
one’s
wit’s
end(不知所措)
3.of所有格的用法
用于无生命的东西
the
legs
of
the
chair,the
cover
of
the
book
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时
the
classrooms
of
the
first-year
students
用于名词化的词
the
struggle
of
the
oppressed
考点三　不定冠词a/an的用法
1.一般情况
指一类人或事,相当于a
kind
of
A
plane
is
a
machine
that
can
fly.
第一次提及某人、某物
A
boy
is
waiting
for
you.
表示“每一”,相当于every,one
We
study
eight
hours
a
day.
表示“相同”,相当于the
same
We
are
nearly
of
an
age.
用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事
A
Mr
Smith
came
to
visit
you
when
you
were
out.
That
boy
is
rather
a
Lei
Feng.
用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后
This
room
is
rather
a
big
one.
用于so
(as,too,how)+形容词之后
She
is
as
clever
a
girl
as
you
can
wish
to
meet.
2.固定搭配
all
of
a
sudden突然;as
a
matter
of
fact事实上;once
a
week每周一次;at
a
loss不知所措,茫然;be
on
a
visit参观,拜访;be/go
on
a
diet节食;give
sb.a
lift让某人搭便车;have
a
gift
for...在……方面有天赋;have
a
good
time玩得开心;have
a
word
with...与……谈话;in
a
hurry匆忙地;in
a
way从某种意义上说;make
a
living谋生;take
a
walk散步;take
an
interest
in...对……感兴趣;take/have
a
rest休息一会儿;a
couple
of两三个;
a
bit一点;
once
upon
a
time从前;many
a
time许多次
考点四　定冠词the
1.一般情况
表示某一类人或物
The
horse
is
a
useful
animal.
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
the
universe,the
moon,the
Pacific
Ocean
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
Would
you
mind
opening
the
door?
用于乐器前面
play
the
violin,play
the
guitar
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
the
rich,the
living,the
wounded
续　表　　
表示“一家人”或“夫妇”
the
Greens,the
Wangs
用于序数词或形容词、副词比较级、最高级前
He
is
the
taller
of
the
two
children.
用于国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前
the
United
States,the
Communist
Party
of
China,the
West
Lake
用于表示发明物的单数名词前
The
compass
was
invented
in
China.
在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代
in
the
1990s
用于表示单位的名词前
I
hired
the
car
by
the
hour.
用于方位名词、身体部位名词以及表示时间的词组前
He
patted
me
on
the
shoulder.
2.固定搭配
at
the
moment此刻,目前;at
the
same
time同时;by
the
way顺便说一下;on
the
spot当场;make
the
best/most
of...充分利用……;in
the
distance在远处;in
the
end最终;in
the
habit
of有……的习惯;the
other
day前几天;on
the
one
hand...,on
the
other
hand...一方面……,另一方面……;to
the
point中肯,切题
考点五　零冠词
1.一般情况
专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前
Peking
University,Jack,China,love,air
名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制
I
want
this
book,not
that
one./
Whose
purse
is
this?
季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前
March,Sunday,National
Day,spring
表示职位、身份、头衔的名词前
Lincoln
was
made
President
of
America.
学科、语言、球类、棋类名词前
He
likes
playing
football/chess.
与by连用表示交通工具的名词前
by
train,by
air,by
land
以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
husband
and
wife,knife
and
fork,day
and
night
表示泛指的复数名词前
Horses
are
useful
animals.
2.固定搭配
in
fact事实上;for
example例如;in
danger在危险中;with
pleasure高兴地;in
time及时;in
fear恐惧地;at
work在上班;at
dinner在吃饭;after
school放学后;at
first起初;at
last最终;by
hand手工做的;pay
attention
to注意;set
fire
to放火;take
pride
in以……为豪;take
care
of照顾;take
office就职;take
part
in参加;in
town在城里;keep...in
mind牢记;in
trouble处在麻烦中;on
foot步行;leave
word留言;on
time按时;catch
sight
of看见;do
harm
to对……有害;lose
weight减肥
专项训练巩固提升　
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.So
it
was
　　　　　honour
to
be
invited
backstage
at
the
not-for-profit
Panda
Base,where
ticket
money
helps
pay
for
research.?
2.　　　　　(apology)
of
all
kinds
and
for
all
sorts
of
wrongdoings
are
made
far
more
frequently
than
before.?
3.However,the
railway
quickly
proved
to
be
　　　　　great
success.?
4.The
factory
used
65
percent
of
the
raw
materials,the
rest
of
which
were
saved
for
other
　　　　　(purpose).?
5.The
east
side
of
their
stems
grows
faster
during
　　　　　day,causing
the
stems
to
gradually
bend
from
east
to
west.?
6.John
Dewey,an
American
psychologist,once
said
that
gaining
others’
respect
is
　　　　　deepest
urge
in
human
nature.?
7.A
hundred
years
ago,　　　　　(explorer)
at
that
time
were
taking
a
tremendous
risk
in
approaching
the
cold
wonderland
on
the
southernmost
tip
of
the
planet.?
8.In
fact,figuring
out
who
will
get
the
bill
is
always
　　　　　headache
for
the
Chinese
at
formal
meals.?
9.As
Chinese
economy
develops
very
fast
and
plays
　　　　　important
role
in
the
world,more
and
more
foreigners
learn
Mandarin
in
Confucius
Institutes.?
10.Chinese
people
are
becoming
richer
and
more
international.What
has
not
changed
is
their
　　　　　(stomach).?
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.She
has
taught
us
a
lot
of
English
knowledges
and
how
to
be
a
good
citizen.　　　　　?
2.China
has
made
a
great
progress
in
developing
its
space
industry.　　　　　?
3.I
spent
a
hour
every
day
taking
exercise
in
order
to
lose
weight.　　　　　?
4.It
was
useful
experience
for
all
of
us,which
I’ll
never
forget
for
the
rest
of
my
life,and
which
I’ll
always
treasure.　　　　　?
5.With
no
time
for
the
breakfast,I
rushed
out
of
my
house.　　　　　?
6.I
suddenly
found
that
Lin
Ling,one
of
my
classmate,worked
as
a
waitress
there.　　　　　?
7.From
this
lesson,we
came
to
conclusion
that
it
was
not
so
difficult
to
learn
English
if
we
could
find
a
good
way.　　　　　?
8.For
example,businessmen
are
more
likely
to
travel
by
plane
or
high-speed
train
to
save
time
while
office
worker
tend
to
take
buses
or
drive
to
work
themselves.　　　　　?
9.Last
year,my
families
and
I
went
camping
in
the
countryside.It
was
one
of
the
exciting
experiences
I
had
ever
had.　　　　　?
10.I
hope
my
advices
can
help
you
improve
your
health.　　　　　?
Ⅲ.语法填空
Villages
in
developing
countries
often
lack
many
things:books,clean
water,electricity.These
shortages
are
easy
to
see.But
1.　　　　　
different
kind
of
shortage
is
not
easy
to
see.That
is
2.　　　　　
shortage
of
experts.Many
villages
have
no
doctors,engineers
or
scientists.They
have
no
one
who
knows
how
to
treat
unusual
medical
3.　　　　　(problem)
or
design
a
new
expert
system.There
is
a
way
to
ease
4.　　　　　
problems.They
can
do
it
with
5.　　　　　(computer).In
6.　　　　　
past
few
years,computer
scientists
around
the
world
have
developed
what
they
call
“expert
systems”.An
expert
system
is
a
special
kind
of
computer
program.In
some
situations,it
can
take
7.
place
of
8.　　　　　
human
expert.For
example,an
expert
in
the
medical
system
can
help
to
take
care
of
a
sick
person.After
asking
a
few
9.　　　　　(question)
of
the
patient,it
can
tell
what
medicine
or
other
10.　　　　　(treat)
is
needed.?
Ⅳ.短文改错
Last
Sunday
I
saw
a
worst
storm
in
years.It
came
suddenly
and
went
on
for
over
a
hour.After
lunch,I
went
into
my
room
to
have
rest.The
air
was
hot,and
all
was
quiet.Then
a
strong
wind
started
to
blow
into
my
room.Pieces
of
papers
on
my
desk
flew
high
into
the
air
and
some
flew
out
of
the
only
open
window.As
I
ran
out
to
catch
them,big
drop
of
rain
began
to
fall.When
I
came
back
into
my
house,it
was
raining
the
harder
and
harder.I
tried
very
hard
to
close
the
windows.Then
I
heard
the
loudly
crashing(碰撞的)sound
from
the
back
of
the
houses.I
ran
out
of
my
room
to
find
out
what
had
happened:
a
big
tree
had
fallen
down
and
broken
a
top
of
the
back
room.
专题一　名词和冠词
核心考点·课堂突破
高考感悟
Ⅰ.1.interest　2.curiosity　3.the　4.accuracy　5.belief　6.competition　7.the　8.a　9.the　10.the
Ⅱ.1.chopstick→chopsticks　2.在pan后加the　3.vacations→vacation
4.families→family　5.surprising→surprise　6.player→players
7.job→jobs　8.city→cities　9.在football前加a　10.an→a
专项训练·巩固提升
Ⅰ.1.an　2.Apologies　3.a　4.purposes　5.the　6.the　7.explorers
8.a　9.an　10.stomachs
Ⅱ.1.knowledges→knowledge　2.去掉made后的a　3.a→an
4.useful前加a　5.去掉the　6.classmate→classmates
7.conclusion前加a　8.worker→workers　9.families→family
10.advices→advice　
Ⅲ.1.a　2.the　3.problems　4.the　5.computers　6.the　7.the
8.a　9.questions　10.treatment
10