2022高考英语二轮总复习：专题十二构词法（学案含解析）

专题十二　构词法
核心考点课堂突破　
高考感悟
单句填空
1.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Landing
on
the
moon’s
far
side
is
　　　　　(extreme)
challenging.?
2.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Chinese
New
Year
is
a
　　　　　(celebrate)
marking
the
end
of
the
winter
season
and
the
beginning
of
spring.?
3.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)The
　　　　　(beauty)
long
branches
covered
with
pink-colored
buds
(蓓蕾)
make
fantastic
decorations.?
4.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)　　　　　
(certain)
during
the
holiday
period,
this
plant
is
a
must.?
5.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Filled
with
　　　　　(curious),
the
artist
packed
his
bags
and
left.?
6.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)As
the
small
boat
moved
　　　　　(gentle)
along
the
river,he
was
left
speechless
by
the
mountains
being
silently
reflected
in
the
water.?
7.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Historical
　　　　　(accurate)
is
important
but
so
is
entertainment.?
8.(2020·北京卷)Oliver
says
if
you’re
　　　　　(luck)
enough
to
have
someone
close
to
you
who
enjoys
cooking,ask
them
if
you
can
join
in
when
it’s
possible.?
9.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷)
Running
is
cheap,easy
and
it’s
always
　　　　　(energy).?
10.The
best
education
should
not
be
available
only
to
　　　　　(wealth)
people.?
考点归纳
考点一　构词法的种类
构
词
法
合成法
合成名词
weekend,cowboy,sunlight
合成形容词
part-time,first-class,good-looking
合成副词
someday,anywhere,however
其他合成词
somebody,safeguard,without
转化法
名词?形容词
light光线/轻的　right右边/对的
名词?动词
taste味道/尝　dress连衣裙/穿衣
动词?形容词
open打开/开着的　clean打扫/干净的
形容词?副词
late晚的/迟到　hard艰苦的/努力地
派生法
前缀
disable,impossible,nonstop,disability,disadvantage,disagreement
后缀
changeable,childhood,friendship
缩略法
混成法
breakfast+lunch→brunch
截短法
laboratory→lab
首字母缩略法
Gross
Domestic
Product→GDP
考点二　合成法
合成法就是由两个或更多的词合成一个词。词与词之间有的用连字符“-”连接,有的直接连写在一起,还有的分开写。
1.合成名词
合成方式
例词
n.+n.
weekend周末　woman
doctor女医生　seafood
海鲜　boyfriend男朋友　police
officer
警官　cowboy牛仔　mooncake月饼　sunlight阳光　chairman主席
n.+v.-ing
story-telling讲故事　handwriting
书法
sightseeing
观光　shoe-making
鞋子制作
n.+v.
sunrise日出　haircut理发　toothpick牙签
daybreak破晓
v.-ing+n.
washing
machine洗衣机　writing
desk写字桌
running
water自来水　reading
room阅览室
v.+n.
cookbook食谱　playground操场　typewriter打字机
adj.+n.
supermarket超市　blackboard
黑板
greenhouse温室　freeway高速公路
n.+in+n.
editor-in-chief总编　father-in-law岳父,公公　mother-in-law岳母,婆婆
其他
output产量　looker-on旁观者　income收入　get-together聚会　breakfast早餐
2.合成形容词
合成方式
例词
n.+过去分词
snow-covered被雪覆盖的　man-made人造的
n.+v.-ing
peace-loving爱好和平的　paper-making造纸的　Chinese-speaking讲汉语的
adj.+n.
part-time兼职的　full-time全职的
n.+adj.
ice-cool处变不惊的　snow-white雪白的
worldwide世界范围的　lifelong终生的　grass-green草绿的
num.+n.
second-hand二手的　first-class一流的
num.+n.+adj.
five-year-old五岁的　200-meter-long
200米长的
adj.+n.+-ed
warm-hearted热心的　kind-hearted好心的　middle-aged中年的
adj.+v.-ing
ordinary-looking相貌平平的　good-looking好看的　easy-going随和的
其他
well-known著名的　ten-storeyed
10层的　face-to-face面对面的
3.合成副词
合成方式
例词
adj.+n.
someday某天　sometime某个时间
adv.+n.
overhead在头上　downstairs在楼下　indoors在室内　outdoors在户外
adj.+adv.
anywhere任何地方　somewhere某处
其他
maybe可能　however然而
4.其他合成词
合成方式
例词
合成代词
somebody某个人　everything一切　everybody每个人　anyone任何人
合成动词
overwork加班　oversleep睡过头　safeguard保护,捍卫　whitewash粉刷　overhear偷听
合成介词
inside在……里面　outside在……外面　within在……范围内　without没有　throughout遍及
考点三　转化法
转化法就是一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性而词形不变。
转化方法
例词
n.?adj.
final决赛/最后的　light光线/轻的　right右边/对的
n.?v.
doubt疑问/怀疑　taste味道/尝　dress连衣裙/穿衣　hand手/递　watch手表/观看
smell气味/闻　book书/预订
v.?adj.
close关上/近的　open打开/开着的　slow变慢/慢的　clean打扫/干净的　wrong不公正(或不诚实)对待/错误的　narrow使变窄/狭窄的
adj.?adv.
late晚的/迟到　enough足够的/足够地　hard艰苦的/努力地
考点四　派生法
派生法就是由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词。
1.前缀
派生形式
例词
auto-
autobiography自传　automobile汽车　automaker汽车制造商
dis-
disable使失去能力　disadvantage缺点　disagree不同意
en-
enable使能够　enact制定法律　enrich使丰富
fore-
forearm前臂　forecast预报　forebear祖先
im-
impossible不可能的　impolite不礼貌的　impatient不耐烦的
续　表　　
派生形式
例词
in-
inactive不活跃的　incorrect不正确的　incomplete不完全的
kilo-
kilogram千克　kilometer千米
mis-
mistake错误　mislead误导　mistreat虐待　misuse误用
multi-
multimedia多媒体　multinational跨国的,多民族的　multi-coloured多种颜色的
non-
nonsmoker非吸烟者　nonstop不停的　nonsense无意义的话
over-
overweight超重的　overcoat外套　overboard在船外　overdo做得过分
re-
return返回,返还　review复习　reuse重新使用　reunite使再结合
tele-
telegram电报　telephone电话　telescope望远镜　television电视
un-
unsafe不安全的　unsatisfied不满意的　unsocial非社会的　unfair不公平的
2.后缀
派生形式
例词
-ary
revolutionary革命的　imaginary想象中的
-ous
glorious辉煌的　joyous快乐的　famous著名的　religious
宗教的
-ive
attractive有吸引力的　talkative健谈的　sensitive敏感的
-ly
happily快乐地　strangely奇怪地　gently轻轻地　extremely极度地　truly真实地
-ward(s)
backward(s)向后　homeward(s)向家　eastward(s)往东
-wise
clockwise顺时针方向的
-al
cultural文化的　personal个人的　regional区域性的　musical音乐的
-or
actor演员　professor教授
-er
engineer工程师　driver司机　teacher老师
-ess
actress女演员　poetess女诗人　hostess女主人
-ment
movement移动　pavement人行道　astonishment
惊讶　puzzlement
迷惑　disappointment
失望　argument
辩论,论据
-ness
happiness快乐　selfishness自私　kindness友好
-ty
rapidity迅速　activity活动
-ese
Chinese中国人/汉语　Japanese日本人/日语
-an
American美国的/人　Australian澳大利亚的/人
-ist
pianist钢琴家　socialist社会主义者
-ian
musician音乐家　Asian亚洲的/人
-ify
beautify美化　simplify简化
-en
widen加宽　shorten缩短　lengthen加长
-ed
excited兴奋的　interested感兴趣的　tired疲倦的
-ing
feeling感情　exciting令人兴奋的　building建筑物
-dom
freedom自由　wisdom智慧　kingdom王国
-th
truth真相　warmth温暖　width宽度
-teen
fourteen十四　sixteen
十六
-cy
fluency
流利　privacy
隐私;私密　accuracy精确　efficiency
效率,功效
-y
rainy多雨的　wealthy
富裕的　sunny
晴朗的
续　表　　
派生形式
例词
-ure/-ture
failure
失败,没做到　pressure
压力　mixture
混合,混合物　departure离开,出发
-al
arrival到达　survival
幸存　approval
同意　burial
埋葬
-ance/
-ence
appearance
出现,外貌　guidance
指引,指导　performance
表演,节目　existence
存在,生存　preference
偏爱　reference
参考,查阅
-dom
freedom
自由,自主　wisdom
明智;智慧
-y
-ty
-ity
honesty
诚实　difficulty
困难　cruelty
残酷,残暴　safety
安全　disability
无能,伤残　responsibility
责任
专项训练巩固提升　
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.People
with
disabilities
are
now
doing
many
things
to
　　　　　(rich)
their
lives.?
2.It
is
your
　　　　　(free)
to
do
what
you
want
after
class.?
3.After
a
long
and
heated
discussion,the
final
　　　　　(agree)
was
arrived
at
in
the
end.?
4.The
Chinese
people
are
very
　　　　　(friend)
to
foreigners.?
5.They
were
the
kind
that
I
did
not
have
in
my
　　　　　(collect)
so
I
placed
them
carefully
in
my
bag.?
6.I
was
supposed
to
arrive
at
the
airport
on
time.　　　　　(fortunate),I
was
held
up
by
the
heavy
traffic
jam.?
7.Ron
had
a
　　　　　(success)
career
and
worked
for
the
company
before
retiring
and
leading
a
relaxed
life.?
8.Excessive
dosage(剂量)
of
this
drug
can
result
in
　　　　　(injure)
to
the
liver.?
9.But
Jane
knew
from
past
experience
that
her
　　　　　(choose)
of
ties
hardly
ever
pleased
her
father.?
10.　　　　　(obvious),the
story
is
not
true,but
the
festival
is
interesting.?
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.Do
you
know
the
different
between
the
two
words?　　　　　?
2.We
hope
you
children
grow
happily
and
healthy.　　　　　?
3.At
the
beginner
of
the
class,Mr
Tang
told
us
a
funny
story.　　　　　?
4.The
old
lady
looked
angry
at
me.　　　　　?
5.Our
government
is
doing
something
useful
to
solve
the
environment
problems.　　　　　?
6.It’s
really
possible
for
a
child
of
one
to
take
care
of
himself.　　　　　?
7.Jack
is
an
excellent
scientist.He
comes
from
German.　　　　　?
8.Fortunate,I
have
just
got
enough
money
to
buy
the
new
CDs.　　　　　?
9.John
looks
at
his
watch
from
time
to
time.Why
is
he
so
unpatient?　　　　　?
10.Having
a
hot
bath
after
work
can
make
you
feel
relaxing.　　　　　?
Ⅲ.语法填空
Writing
keeps
us
in
touch
with
other
people.We
write
to
communicate
with
1.　　　　　
(relate)
and
friends.With
computers
and
Internet
2.　　　　　
(connect)
in
many
families,schools,and
companies,people
are
e-mailing
others
all
the
time,or
talking
to
them
by
3.　　　　　
(write)
in
online
chat
rooms.It
is
4.　　　　　
(cheap)
than
calling
long
5.　　　　　
(distant).Students
are
e-mailing
their
6.　　　　　
(teach)
to
receive
and
discuss
their
classroom
tasks
and
to
turn
them
in.They
are
e-mailing
classmates
to
discuss
their
homework.They
are
also
sharing
7.　　　　　
(inform)
about
concerts
and
sports
events,as
well
as
jokes
and
their
8.　　　　　
(day)
life.?
Despite
the
growing
9.　　　　　
(important)of
computers,however,there
are
some
people
who
keep
writing
10.　　　　　
(person)
letters.Because
they
believe
that
a
hand-written
note
to
a
friend
or
a
family
member
is
the
best
way
to
communicate
important
thoughts.?
Ⅳ.短文改错
My
English
teacher
Mrs
Zhang
is
a
good
teacher
in
my
mind.She
loves
us
and
treat
us
as
her
own
child.Patient
and
responsible,she
is
always
ready
to
help
anyone
poorly
in
English
and
encourage
them
to
catch
up
the
others.And
she
is
happy
whenever
we
make
a
progress.She
loves
English
and
really
enjoys
teaching.Learn
a
foreign
language
may
be
boring
but
it
becomes
interested
in
Mrs
Zhang’s
class.She
has
a
way
to
make
her
class
lively
and
sometimes
full
of
humorous.She
aims
to
help
improve
her
ability
in
listening,speaking,writing
and
reading.The
results
were
impressive.
专题十二　构词法
核心考点·课堂突破
高考感悟
1.extremely　2.celebration　3.beautiful　4.Certainly　5.curiosity　6.gently　7.accuracy　8.lucky　9.energetic　10.wealthy
专项训练·巩固提升
Ⅰ.1.enrich　2.freedom　3.agreement　4.friendly　5.collection
6.Unfortunately　7.successful　8.injury　9.choice　10.Obviously
Ⅱ.1.different→difference　2.healthy→healthily　3.beginner→beginning　4.angry→angrily　5.environment→environmental
6.possible→impossible　7.German→Germany　8.Fortunate→Fortunately　9.unpatient→impatient　10.relaxing→relaxed
Ⅲ.1.relatives　2.connections　3.writing　4.cheaper　5.distance
6.teachers　7.information　8.daily　9.importance　10.personal
8