人教版（2019）选择性必修二：Unit 4 Jouney Across a Vast Land 重难点讲解 （学案）

2021-2022学年人教版（2019）选择性必修二：Unit
4
Jouney
Across
a
Vast
Land
重难点讲解
一
Reading
and
Thinking
单词短语
1.
arise
vi.
(arose，arisen)
起身；出现；由……引起
(1)arise
from/out
of
由……而引起；由……而产生；从……中产生
arise
from...?
从……上站起来
(2)arise作“呈现；出现；发生”之意时，主语多为抽象名词argument/problem/quarrel/
question/movement等
例句
①I?arose
from?the
chair
to
answer
the
doorbell.
我从椅子上站起来去开门。
②We
often
meet
with
a
difficulty?arising
out
of?the
peculiar
natural
conditions.
我们经常遇到由于特殊的自然条件而引起的困难。
③As
we
all
know,
most
car
accidents?arise
out
of?carelessness.
＝As
we
all
know,
most
car
accidents?arise
from?carelessness.
众所周知，大部分交通事故是由粗心大意引起的。
2.
take
sb.'s
breath
away
令人惊叹
hold
one's
breath
屏息；屏气
lose
one's
breath
喘不过气来
catch
one's
breath
喘口气；缓口气
take/have
a
deep
breath
深吸一口气
out
of
breath
上气不接下气；喘不过气来
例句
①It's
amazing
that
he
can?hold
his
breath?under
the
water
for
five
minutes.
令人吃惊的是，他能在水下屏住呼吸5分钟。
②If
you
run
very
fast,
you
will?lose
your
breath．
如果你跑得非常快，你会气喘吁吁的。
③To
make
the
movement
easier
I
tried
to?take
a
deep
breath?of
fresh
air.
为了活动起来更容易，我努力呼吸了一口新鲜空气。
④Tired
and?out
of
breath,
we
reached
the
top
of
the
mountain.
我们到达了山顶，累得喘不过气来。
3.
bound
adj.
准备前往(某地)；一定会
be
bound
to
do
sth.
一定会做某事；有义务做某事
be
bound
for
开往；飞往；驶往
be
bound
up
with
sth.
与某事有密切关系
be
bound
up
in
sth.
忙于(专心于；热衷于)某事
例句
①We'd
better
take
a
plane
(that
is)?bound
for?China.
我们最好乘一架飞往中国的飞机。
②We?are
bound
to
do?what
we
can
to
help
the
disabled.
我们一定要尽我们所能帮助残疾人。
③So
long
as
we
hold
fast
to
our
ideals
and
never
give
up,
we?are
bound
to?achieve
success．
只要我们坚持梦想、永不放弃，我们一定会取得成功。
④He?is
bound
up
in?his
work
which
is
bound
up
with
the
welfare
of
the
community.
他忙于工作，这项工作与社区福利事业有密切联系。
4.
freeze
vi.&
vt.
(froze，frozen)
结冰；(使)冻住
freeze
with
因……而呆住
freeze
to
death
冻死
freeze
up
(某物)冻住；(因紧张、害怕或兴奋)不动，停住；惊呆；吓呆
freeze
sb.
with
a
frown
皱起眉头使某人感到沮丧
例句
①She?froze
with?horror
when
she
saw
the
body.
她看到那具尸体时吓得呆住了。
②I
was
so
nervous
that
I?froze
up.
我太紧张了，一下子僵住了。
③Hundreds
of
homeless
people
could?freeze
to
death?this
winter.
今年冬天，数百名无家可归的人可能会被冻死。
5.
anticipate
vt.
预料；预见；期望
anticipate
doing...
期望或预料做某事
it
is
widely
anticipated
that...
普遍预料……
例句
①We?anticipate
seeing?you
again
soon.
我们期待很快再见到你。
②It
is
widely
anticipated
that?she
will
resign.
许多人预料她会辞职。
重点句式
1.?Rather
than?travel
by
commercial
airline
all
the
way,
they
decided
to
fly
to
Vancouver
and
then
take
the
train.
她们决定先乘飞机到温哥华，然后再坐火车，而不是全程乘坐商务航班。
句中rather
than连接两个并列不定式短语，位于句首时，只能接不带to的不定式。
(1)rather
than连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语与rather
than前面的成分在人称和数上保持一致。
(2)rather
than后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to，但当rather
than位于句首时，只能接不带to的不定式。
例句
①He
was
busy
writing
a
letter?rather
than?watching
TV．
他正忙于写信而不是看电视。
②I
think
Tom,?rather
than?you,
is
to
blame．
我认为是汤姆，而不是你应受到责备。
③I
decided
to
write?rather
than?(to)
telephone．
＝Rather
than?telephone
I
decided
to
write.
我决定写信而不是打电话。
2.?Seen
from
the
train
window,
the
mountains
and
forests
of
Canada
looked
massive.
透过火车车窗加拿大的山脉和森林看起来非常壮观。
句中过去分词短语Seen
from
the
train
window在句中作时间状语。
过去分词短语通常在句中作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式等状语。过去分词通常与句子的主语构成被动关系，或表示动作已完成。
例句
①Given
a
lot
of
money,
he
lived
a
better
life.
给他许多钱后，他的日子过得好多了。(表示原因)
②Used
with
care,
one
tin
will
last
for
six
weeks.
如果用得仔细的话，一罐可以够用六周。(表示条件)
③The
teacher
came
in,?followed
by
a
group
of
students．
老师进来了，后面跟着一群学生。(表示伴随)
④The
girl
met
with
an
accident
when
crossing
the
road,?wounded
in
the
head．
那个女孩过马路时出了事故，头部受了伤。(表结果)
3.
Edmonton
is
freezing
cold
in
winter,?with
daily
temperatures
averaging
－10
℃．
埃德蒙顿的冬天非常寒冷，每天平均气温为－10
℃。
句中with
daily
temperatures
averaging
－10℃为with复合结构，在句子中作状语。
with
复合结构在句中常作状语，表示伴随状况、原因、方式、条件等。其结构如下：
with＋宾语＋to
do
表示将来的动作
with＋宾语＋doing
表示主动或正在进行的动作
with＋宾语＋done
表示被动或已完成的动作
with＋宾语＋prep.
短语
with＋宾语＋adj.
表示状态
with＋宾语＋adv.
表示状态
例句
①In
the
afternoon,?with
nothing
to
do,
I
went
to
the
bookstore.
因为下午无事可做，我便到书店去了。
②With
the
guide
leading
the
way,
we
found
his
home
easily.
因为有那位向导带路，我们很容易找到了他的家。
③The
man
sat
in
the
chair,?with
his
hands
tied
behind
his
back.
这个人坐在椅子上，双手被绑在背后。
④The
student
fell
asleep?with
the
light
on.
这个学生开着灯就睡着了。
二
Using
language
单词短语
1.
contrary
adj.
相反的；相对立的?
n.
相反的事实(或事情)
on
the
contrary
相反地；正相反，恰恰相反
contrary
to
与……相反，与……背道而驰；违反
to
the
contrary
相反地
例句
①He
continued
to
drink
despite
medical
advice?to
the
contrary.
他不顾医生的劝告继续喝酒。
②Contrary
to?his
expectation,
he
found
the
atmosphere
exciting.
与他的期望相反，他发现气氛很活跃。
③I'm
not
ill.?On
the
contrary,
I'm
very
healthy.
我不是病了。正相反，我很健康。
2.
proceed
vi.
行进；继续做
proceed
from
出于；来自；发生于
proceed
on/upon
按照……行事；遵照……进行
proceed
to
向……进发；进入(下一个议程项目)?
proceed
to
do
sth.
继续做某事
例句
①Great
things?proceed
from?small
beginnings.
伟大始于渺小。
②The
council
must?proceed
on?the
basis
of
the
vote.
安理会必须在表决的基础上进行。
③He
was
allowed
to?proceed
to?an
MA.
他获准攻读文学硕士学位。
3.
astonish
vt.
使十分惊讶；使吃惊
(1)astonish
sb.
使某人大为震惊
(2)astonished
adj.
感到惊讶的
be
astonished
at
sth.
对某事感到惊讶
be
astonished
to
do
sth.
对做某事感到惊讶
(3)astonishing
adj.
使人吃惊的；惊人的
(4)astonishment
n.
惊讶；惊奇
例句
①He?was
astonished
at?what
he
found.
他对自己的发现感到惊讶。
②We?were
astonished
to?hear
that
their
football
team
had
won
the
champion.
听说他们的足球队赢得了冠军，我们感到很惊讶。
③The
new
houses
have
been
built
with?astonishing?speed.
新房子以惊人的速度建造起来。
4.
advertisement
n.
(informal
ad)
广告；启事
(1)put/place
an
advertisement
in
a
newspaper
在报纸上发布广告
an
advertisement
for
sth.?
一则……的广告
(2)advertise
vt.&
vi.
做广告；登广告
advertise
for
sb./sth.
为征求……而登广告
advertise
for
sb.to
do
sth.
登广告招聘/雇用某人做某事
(3)advertising
n.
广告宣传
advertiser
n.
广告商
例句
①The
manager
wants
to?advertise
for?a
new
sales
manager
in
newspapers.
经理想在报纸上登广告招聘一名新的销售经理。
②The
nursing
home
is?advertising
for?a
volunteer
to
help
look
after
the
patients.
那家养老院正在登广告招聘一位自愿帮助照顾病人的人。
③It's
an?advertisement?for
a
weekend
in
Hong
Kong.
这是一则在香港度周末的广告。
5.
owe
vt.
欠(账、债、情等)
(1)owe
sb.
sth.＝owe
sth.
to
sb.
欠某人某物
owe...to...
把……归功于……
owe
it
to
sb.
that...
多亏某人……
(2)owing
to
因为；由于
例句
①At
last
he
paid
off
and
he?owed?his
success?to?the
support
of
his
family
and
friends.
他终于得到了回报，他把他的成功归功于家人和朋友的支持。
②I?owe
it
to
you
that?we
have
made
such
a
great
breakthrough.
多亏了你，我们才有了这么大的突破。
③Owing
to?the
bad
weather,
we
didn't
go
to
the
zoo.
由于天气不好，我们没有去动物园。
重点句式
There
are?fantastic
restaurants
and
clubs
around,
too.
附近也有很棒的餐厅和俱乐部。
本句为there
be句型，表示“有……”，主语为后面的fantastic
restaurants
and
clubs。
there
be
句型有多种变体，主要有：
①There＋seems/happens/appears
to
be＋主语＋其他
②There＋stands/lies/lives/exists/remains/...＋主语＋其他
③There＋情态动词＋be＋主语＋其他
④There
used
to
be＋主语＋其他
⑤There
be句式的非谓语动词形式：There
being/There
to
be...
例句
①There
are?many
students
standing
in
a
queue
to
welcome
the
old
soldier.
有很多学生正站成一队欢迎这位老兵。
②There
used
to
be?a
supermarket
near
his
home.
他家附近曾经有一家超市。
③There
stands?a
big
tree
in
front
of
our
building.
在我们的大楼前面矗立着一棵大树。
④There
being?no
taxi,
we
had
to
walk
home.
由于没有出租车，我们不得不走回家去。
三
Grammar
过去分词作表语和状语
一、过去分词作表语
1.
意义
位于系动词(如be，get，become，look，feel，seem等)之后，多表示主语的状态或状况，它所体现的是形容词的特性。
①She
looked
disappointed.
她看上去很失望。
②We
were
encouraged
at
the
news.
听到这个消息我们很受鼓舞。
2.
过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别
过去分词作表语时，强调主语所处的状态，而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。
①The
cup
is
broken.
杯子碎了。(系表结构)
②The
cup
was
broken
by
Tom.
杯子是被汤姆打碎的。(被动语态)
3.
现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别
过去分词
表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态，常译作“感到……的”
现在分词
表示事物具有的特性，常译作“令人……的”
①They
became
so
worried
that
they
stayed
awake
all
night.
他们变得如此担心，以至于一整晚都没有睡觉。
②The
situation
became
so
worrying
that
something
should
be
done
at
once.
形势变得令人担忧，应该立刻采取措施。
二、过去分词(短语)作状语
1.
意义
过去分词(短语)作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且过去分词与主语之间为动宾关系。
2.
过去分词(短语)作状语的句法功能和位置
(1)
过去分词(短语)表示被动，表示动作已经完成，其逻辑主语则为句子的主语。过去分词作状语时，可单独使用，也可以在其前面加上适当的连词，可表示时间、条件、原因、让步、方式、伴随等。
①When
offered
help,
one
often
says
"Thank
you"
or
"It's
kind
of
you".
(时间状语)
当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说“Thank
you”或“It's
kind
of
you”。
②Given
another
chance,
I
will
do
it
much
better.(条件状语)
如果再给我一次机会，我会干得更好。
③Greatly
inspired
by
what
he
did,
I
joined
him
in
helping
others.(原因状语)
在他所做的事情的鼓励下，我也加入了帮助他人的行列。
④Visited
many
times,
the
place
is
still
worth
visiting
again.(让步状语)
虽然已参观了很多次，这个地方仍值得再来。
⑤He
has
been
preparing
his
paper
all
day
long,
locked
in
his
study.(方式状语)
锁在书房里，他一整天都在准备论文。
⑥The
guest
walked
into
the
room,
greeted
by
the
host.(伴随状语)
客人一边和主人打招呼，一边走进了房间。
(2)过去分词(短语)在句中作状语时，既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，中间用逗号隔开。
①Caught
in
a
heavy
rain,
he
was
all
wet.
因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。
②He
stood
there
silently,
moved
to
tears.
＝Moved
to
tears,
he
stood
there
silently.
他静静地站在那里，感动得热泪盈眶。
3.
过去分词(短语)作状语的几种情况
(1)过去分词在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时，相当于对应的时间、条件、原因及让步状语从句。
①Seen
from
the
top
of
the
mountain(＝When
it
is
seen
from
the
top
of
the
mountain),
the
whole
town
looks
more
beautiful.
从山顶上看，整个城市看起来更美了。
②Encouraged
by
the
progress
he
has
made(＝As
he
is
encouraged
by
the
progress
he
has
made),
he
works
harder.
由于受到所取得成绩的鼓舞，他工作更努力了。
(2)过去分词在句中作伴随、方式等状语时，可改为句子的并列谓语或改为并列分句。
①The
teacher
came
into
the
room,
followed
by
two
students(＝and
was
followed
by
two
students).?
后面跟着两个学生，老师走进了房间。
②He
spent
the
whole
afternoon,
locked
in
his
study(＝and
was
locked
in
his
study).?
他把自己锁在书房里度过了一整个下午。
(3)过去分词作状语可与与之对应的状语从句互换。而从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词＋过去分词”结构作状语。
①Even
if
I
am
invited(＝Even
if
invited),
I
will
not
take
part
in
the
party.
即使被邀请，我也不会参加那个宴会。
②Unless
you
are
asked
to
speak(＝Unless
asked
to
speak),
you
should
remain
silent
at
the
meeting.
除非被要求说话，在会上你应该保持沉默。
(4)过去分词(短语)作状语时，过去分词(短语)的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，否则，分词(短语)前应加上自己的主语。这种带有自身主语的过去分词(短语)被称为过去分词(短语)的独立主格结构。过去分词(短语)的独立主格结构通常在句中作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件等。
①The
test
finished,
we
began
our
holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假了。
②More
time
given,
we
could
have
done
it
much
better.
如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
4.
现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别
现在分词与过去分词作状语的最主要的区别在于两者与其逻辑主语的主动与被动关系。
(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语发出的动作，它们之间是主动关系。现在分词动作与谓语动作同时发生用一般式doing；如果现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，表示已经完成，表示主动就用having
done，表示被动就用having
been
done。
①Walking
along
the
street,
I
met
a
friend
of
mine.
沿着大街走时，我碰到了我的一个朋友。
②Having
finished
their
work,
they
went
home
to
have
a
rest.
完成工作后，他们回家休息一下。
(2)
过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
①Given
more
attention,
the
tree
could
have
grown
better.
如果给予更多的关注，小树本来能够长得更好一些。
②Grown
in
rich
soil,
these
seeds
can
grow
fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
四
Writing
有关旅行的电子邮件
文体指导
电子邮件(electronic
mail，常缩写为E?mail，e?mail或email)指通过互联网传递的邮件，即用户之间通过互联网发出或收到的信息，是目前互联网上应用最广泛的一种服务。
基本框架
电子邮件的正文部分通常由称呼、正文、结束语及署名四部分构成。
1.
称呼。一般在收件人姓氏前加上Dear。
2.
正文。正文是邮件的主体部分，是写信人要谈论或陈述的内容。正文内容要求简洁达意，层次分明。
3.
结束语。常见的结束语有：I
am
looking
forward
to
your
reply/answer.
With
best
regards.
I
wish
you
good
luck/every
success
in...等。有时这部分也可省略。
4.
署名。写在正文右下角的位置。
常用词块
1.
all
the
way
一路上
2.
broaden
a
person's
perspective
开阔人的视野
3.
come
into
contact
with
different
cultures
接触不同的文化
4.
make
your
knowledge
and
experience
rich
丰富你的知识和经验
5.
experience
many
new
things
体验许多新事物
6.
be
greatly
impressed
by
its
beautiful
view
它的美丽景色给我留下了深刻的印象
7.
care
about
the
environment
爱护环境
8.
have
a
bird's?eye
view
of
the
city
鸟瞰这个城市
9.
enjoy
a
pleasant
journey
旅途愉快
10.
open
to
the
public
向公众开放
常用语句
1.
常用的开头语
①表示高兴
I
am
so
glad/pleased/happy
to
receive
your
e?mail.
我很高兴收到你的电子邮件。
②表示感谢
Thank
you
for
your
wonderful
gift/interesting
e?mail.
谢谢你的礼物/有趣的电子邮件。
③表示关心与询问
How
are
you
doing
these
days?
你最近怎么样？
How
are
you
getting
on
these
days?
你这几天过得怎么样？
How
are
you
getting
on
with
your
work/study?
你的工作/学习进展如何？
④表示抱歉
I
am
sorry
that
I
did
not
write
to
you
soon
but
I
have
been
very
busy
these
days.
很抱歉，我没有尽快给你写信，但我最近很忙。
⑤表示遗憾
I
am
sorry
to
learn
that
you
did
not
pass
the
examination.
听说你考试不及格，我很遗憾。
I
am
so
upset
to
hear
that
you
are
ill
these
days.
I
do
hope
you
are
feeling
better.
听说你这几天生病了，我很难过。我真希望你感觉好些。
2.
常用的结束语
I
am
looking
forward
to
hearing
from
you
soon.
我期待着很快收到你的来信。
Please
give
your
family
my
regards.
请代我问候你的家人。
Take
good
care
of
yourself
and
keep
in
touch.
照顾好自己，保持联系。
学以致用
假如你是李华，你的朋友Tom
5月22日来信询问你毕业前的一次旅游经历。请你根据下面提示给他回一封80词左右的电子邮件。
1.
由学生会组织。
2.
一部分人愿意乘公交车；另一部分人喜欢步行；最后大家被说服骑自行车。
3.
美丽的风景让人难以忘怀。
4.
感受：这次旅游增进了友谊，提高了关心自然环境的意识。
注意：1.
可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
2.
开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear
Tom,?
How
happy
I
am
to
receive
your
letter.
Best
wishes.
Yours,?
Li
Hua
参考范文
Dear
Tom,?
?
?
?
?
How
happy
I
am
to
receive
your
letter.
Now
I
will
tell
you
something
about
the
trip
organized
by
our
Students'
Union.
Some
of
us
preferred
to
take
a
bus
while
others
were
fond
of
walking,
and
finally
we
were
persuaded
to
cycle.
?
?
?
?
When
we
got
there,
we
were
greatly
impressed
by
its
beautiful
view.
All
kinds
of
butterflies
were
flying
freely
in
the
valley,
the
entire
mountain
was
covered
with
beautiful
flowers,
and
the
air
there
was
pleasant
to
breathe;
as
a
result,
we
couldn't
wait
to
walk
into
nature.
?
?
?
?
Though
we
were
tired,
it
was
the
trip
that
improved
our
friendship
and
raised
our
awareness
to
care
about
the
environment.
?
?
?
?
Best
wishes.
Yours,?
Li
Hua