人教版（2019）选择性必修二：Unit 1 Science and Scientists 重难点讲解（学案）

2021-2022学年人教版（2019）选择性必修二：Unit
1
Science
and
Scientists
重难点讲解
一
Reading
and
Thinking
单词短语
1.
once
and
for
all
最终地；彻底地
all
at
once
突然；同时
at
once
立刻，马上
once
and
again
一而再，再三
例句
①We
have
to
resolve
this
matter?once
and
for
all.
我们必须彻底地地解决这个问题。
②All
at
once?there
was
someone
knocking
on
the
door.
突然有人在敲门。
③He
was
punished?once
and
again?for
telling
lies.
他因说谎而一次又一次受到惩罚。
2.
subscribe
vi.
认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
subscribe
to
同意；赞成；订阅……
subscribe...to...
把……捐赠给……；把……签署在……上
例句
①In
order
to
improve
his
daughter's
English,
he?subscribed
to?English
Weekly.
为了提高女儿的英语水平，他订阅了《英语周刊》。
②He?subscribed
his
name
to?the
contract.
他在合同上签了名。
③If
you?subscribe
to?the
newspaper,
it'll
be
delivered
to
your
door.
如果你订阅这个报纸，它会给你送货上门的。
3.
suspect
vt.&
vi.
怀疑；疑有；不信任
n.
犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
suspect
sb.
of
(doing)
sth.
怀疑某人(做)某事
suspect
sb.
to
be...
怀疑某人是……
例句
①I?suspect
him
to
be?a
pickpocket.
我怀疑他是个扒手。
②I?suspected
the
girl
of?lying
to
us.
我怀疑那个女孩对我们撒谎。
4.
blame
vt.
把……归咎于；责怪；指责
n.
责备；指责
(1)be
to
blame
(for
sth.)
(对某事)负有责任，应受责备
blame
sb.
for
sth.
因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人
blame
sth.
on
sb./sth.
把某事归咎于某人/某事
(2)put/lay
the
blame
for
sth.
on
sb.
将某事归咎于某人
take
the
blame
for
sth.
对某事承担责任
例句
①If
that
happens,
the
coach
will?take
the
blame
for?it.
如果发生那样的事，教练将承担责任。
②You?are
not
to
blame.
I
can't
put
the
blame
on
you.
你不应受到责备，我不能把责任推到你身上。
③You
shouldn't?blame
John
for?the
failure.
＝You
shouldn't?blame
the
failure
on?John.
你们不应该把这次失败归咎于约翰。
5.
link
n.
联系；纽带
vt.
把……连接起来；相关联
(1)link...to/with...
将……和……联系或连接起来
link
up
连接；结合
link
up
with...
与……联合；使与……衔接
(2)a
link
between
A
and
B
A与B之间的联系
例句
①The
new
tunnel?links
Britain
to/with?France.
这条新隧道把英国与法国连接起来。
②The
two
spacecraft
will?link
up?with
each
other
in
orbit.
这两艘宇宙飞船将在轨道上相互连接。
③The
country
is?linked
to?the
town
by
a
new
bridge.
有一座新桥把乡村和城镇连接起来。
6.
decrease
n.
减少；降低；减少量?
vt.&
vi.
(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
(1)on
the
decrease
在减少中
a
decrease
in...
在……方面减少
(2)decrease
to...
减少到……
decrease
by...
减少了……
decrease
from...to...
从……减少到……
例句
①There
is
a?decrease?of
nearly
7%
in
the
number
of
visitors
to
the
museum.
参观博物馆的人数减少了近7%。
②The
accidents
have?decreased
by?20%
since
the
measure
has
been
taken.
自从采取措施以来，事故减少了20%。
③Because
of
human
activities,
the
number
of
some
rare
animals
is?on
the
decrease.
由于人类的活动，一些稀有动物的数量正在减少。
注意
decrease的反义词increase的用法
increase
to
增加(长)到……
increase
by
增加(长)了……
on
the
increase
在增加
7.
thanks
to
幸亏；由于
because
of
因为；由于
as
a
result
of
作为……的结果；由于
due
to
因为；由于
owing
to
由于；因为……的缘故
例句
①As
a
result
of?the
bad
weather,
the
football
match
was
put
off.
由于天气不好，足球比赛推迟了。
②The
accident
was?due
to?his
careless
driving.
这次事故是由于他驾驶疏忽造成的。
③Owing
to?your
timely
help,
we
finished
the
work
ahead
of
time.
由于你的及时帮助，我们提前完成了工作。
8.
transform
vt.
使改观；使改变形态?
vi.
改变；转变
(1)transform
A
into
B
把A变成B
transform
sth.
from
A
to
B
使……从A变成B
(2)transformation
n.
改变；改革
例句
①We
must
work
hard
so
as
to?transform?China?into?an
advanced
industrial
country.
我们必须努力工作，以便把中国变成一个先进的工业国家。
②A
complete
change
of
climate?transformed?the
area?from?farmland?to?a
desert.
气候的彻底变化把这个地区从农田变成了沙漠。
③We
are
living
in
a
time
of
social?transformation.
我们生活在一个社会变革的时代。
重点句式
1.
As
a
young
doctor,
John
Snow
became
frustrated
because
no
one
knew?how
to
prevent
or
treat
cholera．
作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。
句中how
to
prevent
or
treat
cholera为“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构，作动词knew的宾语。
(1)常见的特殊疑问词：疑问代词who，what，which等和疑问副词how，when，where等。
(2)语法功能：该结构相当于名词性从句，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等(作主语时，谓语动词常用单数)。
(3)通常用在tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，discuss等动词后面的特殊疑问代词与构成不定式的动词之间为动宾关系时，不定式通常用主动形式。
例句
①The
teacher
taught
the
students
how
they
should
do
the
experiment.
→The
teacher
taught
the
students?how
to
do
the
experiment.
老师教学生们如何做这个实验。
②The
problem
is
where
to
put
this
computer.
→The
problem
is?where
we
should
put
this
computer.
问题是我们该把这台电脑放在哪里。
③I
have
no
idea
what
I
can
say
about
this.
→I
have
no
idea?what
to
say
about
this.
我不知道该说什么。
④When
we
will
start
has
not
been
decided.
→When
to
start?has
not
been
decided.
什么时候动身还没有决定。
2.
He
discovered
that
in
two
particular
streets
the
cholera
outbreak
was?so
severe
that?more
than
500
people
died
in
ten
days.
他发现，在两条特定的街道上，霍乱爆发非常严重，10天内就有500多人死亡。
句中so...that...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。
(1)so+adj或adv.+that...
so+adj.+a(n)+单数可数名词+that...
so+many/few+复数可数名词+that...
so+much/little+不可数名词+that...
(2)such+a(n)+adj.+单数可数名词+that...
such+adj.+不可数名词+that...
such+adj.+复数名词+that...
例句
①It
is?so
good
a
film
that?I'd
like
to
see
it
a
second
time.
这部电影如此好，以至于我想再看一遍。
②She
works?so
hard
that?we
all
respect
her.
她工作这么努力，我们都很敬佩她。
③She
is?so
lovely
a
girl?that
we
all
like
her.
→She
is?such
a
lovely
girl?that
we
all
like
her.
她是如此可爱的女孩，我们都喜欢她。
④It
is?such
a
heavy
box?that
I
can't
lift
it.
→It
is?so
heavy
a
box?that
I
can't
lift
it.
这箱子太重了，我搬不起来。
注意
(1)little表示“少”时用so修饰，但表示“小”时用such修饰。
There
was?so
little?time
left
that
we
must
hurry.
时间不多了，我们要快一点。
They
are?such
little?children
that
they
can't
understand
it.
他们是这么小的孩子，他们不会理解的。
(2)在“so...that...”和“such...that...”结构中，当“so/such...”置于句首时，其所在的句子要用部分倒装。
So
hot
a
day
was
it?that
they
all
went
swimming.
＝Such
a
hot
day
was
it?that
they
all
went
swimming.
天气这么热，他们都去游泳了。
二Using
language
单词短语
1.
pour
vt.
倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)
pour
in
涌进
pour
into
涌进……
pour
out
倒出；涌出；倾诉
pour
out
of...
从……中涌出来
pour
down
(雨)倾盆而降
例句
①The
rays
of
the
sun?poured
in?through
the
window.
阳光透过窗户倾泻进来。
②The
river?pours
into?the
sea.
这条河流入大海。
③Sobbing,
she?poured
out?the
whole
story.
她边哭边把事情原原本本地说了出来。
④He
was
seriously
wounded.
Blood?poured
out
of?the
wound.
他受了重伤，血从伤口涌出。
2.
break
out
(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
break
in
强行进入；打断
break
through
突破；冲破
break
up
破碎；解散；分手
break
off
断开；中断；停顿
break
away
from
逃脱；脱离
break
into
强行闯入；突然开始
break
down
出故障；垮掉
例句
①He?broke
into?my
house
and
stole
my
money.
他闯进我家偷了我的钱。
②The
meeting?broke
up?at
eleven
o'clock.
在11点钟散会。
③Once
you
join
them,
you
can
never?break
away
from?them.
一旦你入了他们的伙，你就永远不能脱离他们。
④If
you
go
on
working
like
that,
you
will?break
down?sooner
or
later.
如果你继续像那样工作的话，你迟早会累垮的。
3.
in
charge
of
主管；掌管
take
charge
of
掌管/负责……
in
charge
of
控制/管理……
free
of
charge
免费
in
sb.'s
charge＝in
the
charge
of
sb.
由……主管(含被动意义)
例句
①The
company
was
badly
organized
until
she?took
charge
of?it.
公司管理很差，直到她掌管为止。
②The
performers
have
all
offered
their
services?free
of
charge.?
演员们都愿意免费出演。
③The
company
is
in
the
charge
of
Tom?when
the
boss
is
away.
＝Tom
is
in
charge
of
the
company?when
the
boss
is
away.
当老板不在的时候由汤姆负责公司业务。
4.
fault
n.
弱点；过错
find
fault
with
sb.
挑剔某人；对某人吹毛求疵
find
fault
in
看出……的缺点；找出……的毛病
例句
①He
is
always?finding
fault
with?me,
which
makes
me
very
angry.
他总是找我的茬，这让我很生气。
②I
can't?find
fault
in?your
paper.
It
is
perfect.
我找不到你论文中的错误，很完美。
重点句式
Perhaps?no?other
scientist
has
had
a?greater?impact
on
China's
aerospace
science?than?Qian
Xuesen.
也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
句中no...greater...than为“否定词＋形容词/副词比较级＋than”结构，表示最高级。
表示最高级意义的其他常见结构：
never＋比较级
nothing/no＋so＋原级＋as...
nothing/no＋比较级＋than...
比较级＋than＋any＋单数名词
比较级＋than＋any
other＋单数名词
比较级＋than＋all
(the)
other＋复数名词
比较级＋than＋anyone
else
比较级＋than＋any
of
the
other＋复数名词
比较级＋than＋the
rest
of＋复数名词或不可数名词
例句
①I
have?never?spent
a?more
worrying?day.
我从来没有经历过比这更令人担忧的一天了。
②Tom
is?more
intelligent
than
any
other?student/all
the
other
students?in
his
class.
汤姆是他班上最聪明的学生。
③Nothing
is
as/so
important
as(＝more
important
than)
practice.
实践最重要。
三
Grammar
表语从句
表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。表语从句就是指一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样。
一般结构为“主语＋系动词＋表语从句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。
1.
从属连词that引导的表语从句
从属连词that的用法：
①无意义
②不充当成分
③不可省略
①The
reason
for
his
absence
is
that
he
hasn't
been
informed.
他缺席的原因是他没接到通知。
②My
suggestion
is
that
we
should
tell
him.
我的建议是我们应该告诉他。
2.
从属连词whether引导的表语从句
The
point
is
whether
we
should
lend
him
the
money.
关键在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
注意
if不能引导表语从句。
3.
连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句
①The
problem
is
who
is
really
fit
for
the
hard
job.
问题是谁才真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。
②This
is
what
I
am
interested
in.
这就是我所感兴趣的。
③That's
where
I
first
met
her.
那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。
4.
because，as
if/though等引导的表语从句
①It's
just
because
he
doesn't
know
her.
这仅仅是因为他不认识她。
②Now
it
seems
as
though
she
had
known
Millie
for
years.
现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。
③It
sounds
as
if
someone
is
knocking
at
the
door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
5.
why和because引导的表语从句的区别
That's
why...
意为“那是……的原因”，强调结果
That's
because...
意为“那是因为……”，强调原因
①I
didn't
phone
her,
and
that's
why
she
got
angry
with
me.(强调“没打电话”这一结果)
我没有给她打电话。那就是她对我生气的原因。
②I
didn't
phone
her,
and
that's
because
I
got
angry
with
her.(强调“生气”这一原因)
我没有给她打电话。那是因为我生她的气了。
注意
reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。
6.
表语从句中的虚拟语气
在表语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是：advice，suggestion，proposal，request，order，idea等，从句谓语形式是“should＋动词原形”(should可以省略)。
My
advice
is
that
you
(should)
practise
speaking
English
as
often
as
possible.
我的建议是你应该尽可能经常地练习说英语。
四
Writing
表达个人观点类作文
文体指导
表达个人观点类文章实际上大多数是议论文，有时是夹叙夹议类文章。写好该类作文要注意以下要点：
1.
观点鲜明，文章一定要有一个明确的中心论点。
2.
层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，层次要分明，过渡要自然。
3.
最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。
4.
通常采用一般现在时。
5.
语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。
基本框架
1.
开头——开门见山，说明主题，并表明个人观点。
2.
主体——从不同的角度给出详细的论据支持。
3.
结尾——得出结论或重新强调自己的观点。
常用词块
1.
attach
great
importance
to
高度重视
2.
play
a
vital
part
in
在……中起重要作用
3.
make
outstanding
contributions
to
对……做出杰出贡献
4.
serve
the
society
服务社会
5.
from
my
point
of
view
依我之见
6.
a
wise
choice
一个明智的选择
7.
support
the
opinion
支持这个观点
8.
oppose
the
opinion
反对这个观点
9.
the
following
three
reasons
以下三个原因
10.
become
more
and
more
popular
变得越来越受欢迎
常用语句
1.
They
hold
the
belief
that
the
historical
plays
are
attractive
and
easy
to
understand.
他们认为这些历史剧有吸引力，容易理解。
2.
As
far
as
I
am
concerned,
I
like
reading
books,
because
books
tell
me
the
truth
and
encourage
us
to
use
our
imagination.
就我而言，我喜欢读书，因为书告诉我真相，鼓励我们使用我们的想象力。
3.
However,
every
coin
has
two
sides.
然而，任何事物都有两面性。
4.
After
all,
not
everyone
dares
to
face
reality
bravely.
毕竟，不是每个人都敢勇敢地面对现实。
5.
Some
students
support
the
opinion.
Other
students
oppose
the
opinion.
一些学生支持这个观点。其他学生反对这个观点。
6.
There
are
at
least
three
good
points
of
shopping
online.
网上购物至少有三点好处。
7.
Such
a
situation
should
be
changed
to
give
students
both
pleasure
and
knowledge.
这种情况应该改变，以便给予学生乐趣和知识。
8.
In
my
opinion,
I
prefer
shopping
online,
because
going
shopping
is
a
kind
of
enjoying
life
for
me
and
I
can
also
get
what
I
really
want.
在我看来，我更喜欢网上购物，因为购物对我来说是享受生活，我也可以得到我真正想要的东西。
学以致用
每年，国家科学技术奖励大会都会在北京人民大会堂隆重举行，届时党和国家领导人会为获奖的科学家颁奖。请你围绕以下要点谈谈你的个人看法。
1.
党和政府为什么如此重视科技事业的发展；
2.
作为一名高中生，你应该如何去做。
注意：1.
词数80左右；
2.
短文要求包含所有要点，但不要逐条翻译；
3.
可以适当增加细节以使行文连贯；
4.
开头已为你写好，但不计入总词数。
Every
year,
the
National
Science
?Technology
Award
Ceremony
is
held
in
the
Great
Hall
of
the
People.
参考范文
?
?
?
?
Every
year,
the
National
Science
?Technology
Award
Ceremony
is
held
in
the
Great
Hall
of
the
People.
At
that
time,
the
top
leaders
of
our
country
award
medals
to
scientists
who
achieve
those
goals.
?
?
?
?
It's
clear
that
the
government
attaches
great
importance
to
science
and
technology.
There's
no
doubt
that
science
and
technology
play
a
vital
part
in
a
country's
development.
Those
who
receive
the
awards
deserve
them
because,
through
years
of
hard
work,
they
have
made
outstanding
contributions
to
our
country.
China
needs
more
scientists
and
inventors
like
them.
?
?
?
?
As
a
senior
school
student,
I'll
try
my
best
to
learn
all
my
subjects
well
so
as
to
serve
the
society
as
well
as
our
country.