选择性必修二
Unit
2
Reading
cultures
【主题:文化沟通与交流】
本单元按照课文要求须掌握的语法点是“名词性从句”。
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。根据它们在句中所起的语法作用,这类从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句要用陈述语序,而不用疑问语序。如:
He
asked
me
how
long
I
had
kept
the
book.
他问我那本书借了多长时间了。
How
the
big
balloon
burst
remains
a
puzzle
now.
那个大气球是如何爆炸的至今还是一个谜。
I
hope
(that)
you
enjoy
your
holiday.
我希望你假期过得好。
1.
主语从句
①
主语从句可以直接放在句首,也可用it做形式主语,而将从句放在句末。that从句做主语时,常用it做形式主语。常见的结构有:
※
It
+
be
+
名词+
that从句
It
is
a
pity
that
we
can’t
go.
很遗憾我们不能去。
It’s
a
good
thing
(that)
you
were
insured.
你上了保险,这可是件好事。
※
It
+
be
+
形容词+
that从句
It
is
certain
that
we’ll
witness
her
excellent
performance
in
the
exam.
我们一定可以见证她在考试中的优异表现。
It’s
strange
that
there
are
no
lights
on.
真奇怪,没有一盏灯是开着的。
※
It
+
be
+
动词的过去分词+
that从句
It
is
said
that
two
men
were
killed
in
the
accident.
据说在这起事故中有两人死亡。
It
is
decided
that
the
meeting
has
been
put
off
till
next
Monday.
会议已决定推迟到下周一。
※
It
+
不及物动词+
that
从句
It
happened
that
I
was
out
that
day.
我碰巧那天出去了。
It
seems
that
Alice
is
not
coming
to
the
party
at
all.
艾丽斯似乎不来参加晚会。
②
what引导的主语从句通常不用it做形式主语。如:
What
he
wants
is
a
computer.
他想要的是一台电脑。
What
he
wants
to
tell
us
is
not
clear.
他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
③
由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首或句尾皆可。如:
Whether
it
is
advanced
remains
a
question.=It
remains
a
question
whether
it
is
advanced.
它到底是不是先进的还是个问题。
Whether
he
can
come
to
the
party
on
time
depends
on
the
traffic.
他能否按时来参加晚会取决于交通状况。
Whether
it
will
do
us
harm
remains
to
be
seen.
是否对我们有害还要看一看。
④
如果含主语从句的句子是疑问句,则须用it做形式主语。如:
Has
it
been
announced
when
the
plane
are
to
take
off?
飞机什么时候起飞宣布了没有?
Is
it
likely
that
it
will
rain
in
the
evening?
今天晚上可能下雨吗?
Is
it
really
true
that
he
has
gone
abroad?
他真的出国了吗?
⑤
主语为从句时,谓语动词一般要用单数形式;但如果what引导的从句做主语,代表复数概念时,谓语动词则常用复数形式。如:
What
we
need
is
time
and
patience.
我们所需要的是时间和耐心。
What
we
need
are
useful
books.
我们所需要的是有用的书。
⑥
whoever,whatever和whichever也可引导主语从句。whoever=anyone
who,意为“凡是……的人都,任何……的人都”;whatever=anything
that,意为“所有……的一切,无论什么”;whichever意为“无论哪个,无论哪些”,既可指人也可指物。如:
Whoever
comes
will
be
accustomed
to
the
custom
quickly.
任何人来都会很快适应这里的风俗。
Whatever
was
said
here
must
be
kept
a
secret.
在这儿所说的一切必须保密。
Whichever
book
you
choose
doesn’t
matter
to
me.
无论你选择哪一本书对我都无关紧要。
【相关试题解析】
It
doesn’t
matter
you
turn
right
or
left
at
the
crossing—both
roads
lead
to
the
park.(2017北京高考题)
A.
whether
B.
how
C.
if
D.
when
解析:题干中it做形式主语,所以所选的连词在句中引导主语从句。whether引导名词性从句表示“是否”之意,而且题干中出现了关键信息词or。whether...or...表示“是……还是……”。if引导名词性从句也表示“是否”,但引导表语从句、同位语从句等只能用whether而不能用if。【答案选A】
one
of
you
breaks
the
window
will
have
to
pay
for
it.(江西高考题)
A.
Whoever
B.
Whatever
C.
Whichever
D.
Wherever
解析:此处指从you这一范围中作出选择,whichever表示“无论哪一个”。【答案选C】
2.
宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中做宾语的名词性从句。引导宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句、表语从句的连接词大致一样,在句中可以做谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
①
由连接词that引导的宾语从句
连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不充当任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省略,但如果从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省略。如:
He
has
told
me
that
he
will
go
to
Shanghai
tomorrow.
他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We
must
never
think
(that)
we
are
good
in
everything
while
others
are
good
in
nothing.
我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
He
said
(that)
he
had
finished
his
homework
and
that
he
would
start
reading
a
novel.
他说他已经完成作业,要开始看小说了。
但要注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+
动词原形”。如:
I
insist
that
she
(should)
do
her
work
alone.
我坚持要她自己工作。
The
commander
ordered
that
troops
(should)
set
off
at
once.
司令员命令部队马上出发。
②
由who,whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever,whichever等连接词引导的宾语从句要用陈述语序。如:
I
want
to
know
what
he
has
told
you.
我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She
always
thinks
of
how
she
can
work
well.
她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She
will
give
whoever
needs
help
a
warm
support.
凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
③
由whether或if引导的宾语从句,也要用陈述语序。此外,whether与if作“是否”讲时,在引导主语从句且在句首时、引导表语从句时、引导从句且该从句做介词宾语时、从句后有or
not时、后接动词不定式时一般用whether。如:
I
wonder
whether
/
if
the
news
is
true
or
not.
我想知道这个消息是不是真的。
Whether
there
is
life
on
the
moon
is
an
interesting
question.
月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
The
question
is
whether
she
has
made
a
giant
leap.
问题是她是否有了巨大的飞越。
Everything
depends
on
whether
we
have
enough
money.
一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
Can
you
tell
me
whether
to
go
or
to
stay?
你能否告诉我是去还是留?
④
当主句是现在时态时,从句根据句子的自身情况,可使用不同时态。如:
I
assume
(that)
he
studies
English
every
day.
我认为他每天都学习英语。(从句用一般现在时)
I
assume
(that)
he
studied
English
last
term.
我认为他上学期学过英语。(从句用一般过去时)
I
know
(that)
he
will
study
English
next
year.
我知道他明年会学英语。(从句用一般将来时)
⑤
在I
think
/
believe
/
imagine
/
suppose等后的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变成否定句,即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。如:
We
don’t
think
you
are
here.
我们认为你不在这里。
I
don’t
believe
he
will
do
so.
我相信他不会这样做。
I
don’t
think
I
know
you.
我想我并不认识你。
【相关试题解析】
1.
It’s
good
to
know
the
dogs
will
be
well
cared
for
while
we’re
away.(2019山东高考题)
A.
what
B.
whose
C.
which
D.
that
解析:
动词know后是宾语从句,从句中不缺成分,用that起连接作用。【答案选D】
2.
It
is
difficult
for
us
to
imagine
life
was
like
for
slaves
in
the
ancient
world.(2019山东高考题)
A.
where
B.
what
C.
which
D.
why
解析:
本题考查宾语从句引导词的选择。imagine是及物动词,其后接的从句是宾语从句,而在宾语从句中,介词like后缺宾语,故用what引导宾语从句。A项要在宾语从句中做地点状语;C项引导宾语从句时,在从句中可做主语、宾语等,但在语意上表示“哪一个”;D项在宾语从句中做原因状语。【答案选B】
3.
Pick
yourself
up.
Courage
is
doing
you’re
afraid
to
do.(2020福建高考题)
A.
that
B.
what
C.
how
D.
whether
解析:
本题考查名词性从句引导词的选择。分析句子结构可知,动词doing后接的是宾语从句,从句中do后缺的是宾语,需用what引导。【答案选B】
3.
表语从句
在句中做表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as
if引导。其基本结构为:主语+系动词+
that从句。如:
The
fact
is
that
we
have
lost
the
game.
事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That
is
why
he
didn’t
come
to
the
meeting.
那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It
looks
as
if
it
is
going
to
rain.
看上去天要下雨了。
但要注意:当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导。如:
The
reason
why
he
was
late
was
that
he
missed
the
train
this
morning.
他迟到的原因是他今天早上错过了火车。
【相关试题解析】
the
students
suggested
was
more
free
time
to
arrange
their
studies.(2016上海一模题)
A.
That;
that
they
must
be
given
B.
What;
that
they
be
given
C.
Whether;
that
they
should
be
given
D.
How;
what
should
be
given
解析:本题考查名词性从句中引导词的选择以及从句中虚拟语气的使用。the
students
suggested为主语从句,主语从句中缺少suggested的宾语,故引导词用what;more
free
time
to
arrange
their
stud-ies为表语从句,表语从句应用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should+do”的形式,其中,should可省略。【答案选B】
4.
同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。如:
The
news
that
we
won
the
game
is
exciting.
我们赢得这场比赛的消息是令人激动的。
I
have
no
idea
when
he
will
come
back
home.
我不知道他什么时候回家。
The
thought
came
to
him
that
Mary
had
probably
fallen
ill.
他想到玛丽可能生病了。
【相关试题解析】
Evidence
has
been
found
through
years
of
study
children’s
early
sleeping
problems
are
like-ly
to
continue
when
they
grow
up.
(2018重庆高考题)
A.
why
B.
how
C.
whether
D.
that
解析:分析题意可知children’s
early
sleeping
problems
are...grow
up是evidence的同位语,而从句中不缺少句子成分,故用that引导该同位语从句。【答案选D】
—Is
it
true
that
Mike
refused
an
offer
from
Yale
University.
—Yeah,
but
I
have
no
idea
he
did
it;
that’s
one
of
his
favorite
universities.(2019重庆高考题)
A.
when
B.
why
C.
that
D.
how
(
1
)●跟着课文学语法
解析:
本题考查同位语从句引导词的选择。idea后接同位语从句,表示某个想法的具体内容。根据that’s
one
of
his
favorite
universities可知,“我”不知道他拒绝耶鲁大学的原因所在。【答案选B】●人教高中英语(2019版)