2022届高考英语语法二轮复习：名词专题讲解课件（26张ppt）

(共26张PPT)
名词、数词
名词的单复数变化
规则变化
1.一般名词+s
truth--truths事实
habit--habits习惯
painting--paintings画作
dream--dreams梦想
expression--expressions词语
event--events事件
month--months月
path--paths小路
2.以s-,x-,ch-,sh-结尾的名词+es
approch--approches方法，途径
dish--dishes菜肴
match--matches比赛，火柴
fox--foxes狐狸
stomach--stomachs胃
watch--watches手表
compass--compasses指南针
3.“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，变y为i加es;“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，词尾+s
activity--activities活动
baby--babies婴儿
discover--discoveries发现
essay--essays散文
fly--flies苍蝇
toy--toys玩具
key--keys钥匙
valley--valleys山谷
day--days日子
4.以f/fe结尾，变f/fe为v再加es
thief--thieves
小偷
wife--wives妻子
life--lives生活
self--selves自己
leaf--leaves叶子
wolf--wolves
狼
shelf--shelves架子
knife--knives刀
half--halves
一半
小偷（thief）之妻（wife）生活（life）难，
自己（self）扫叶（leaf）来做饭。
忽见一狼（wolf）躲架（shelf）后，
取刀（knife）把它劈两半（half）.
chief--chiefs首领
belief--beliefs信仰
roof--roofs屋顶
proof--proofs证据
cliff--cliffs悬崖
gulf--gulfs海湾
serf--serfs农奴
5.以o结尾的的名词，常在词尾加s
radio--radios收音机
photo--photos照片
zoo--zoos动物园
bamboo--bamboos竹子
piano--pianos钢琴
volcano--volcano(e)s
但下列名词要加es
hero--heroes英雄
potato--potatoes土豆
tomato--tomatoes
不规则变化
1.改变单词内部元音
tooth--teeth牙齿
foot--feet脚
man--men男人
woman--women女人
child--children孩子
mouse--mice老鼠
medium--media/mediums媒介
phenomenon--phenomena现象
2.单复同形
deer鹿
means方法
sheep绵羊
series系列
works工厂
species类别，物种
3.常用复数形式的名词
greetings问候
wishes祝愿
congratulations祝贺
surroundings环境
thanks感谢
possessions/belongings财物
directions说明
pains辛劳
常考的不可数名词
advice建议
news新闻；消息
weather天气
information信息
work工作
progress进步
equipment设备
furniture家具
fun乐趣
baggage/luggage行李
homework家庭作业
housework家务
poetry诗歌
knowledge知识
名词所有格
1.一般在单数名词词尾加’s
my
mother’s
birthday我妈妈的生日
Children’s
Day儿童节
2.以s结尾的单数名词，复数名词，只加’
my
boss’
hat我老板的帽子
my
parents’
wishes我父母的心愿
名词的固定搭配
be
of
+抽象名词=be+相应的形容词
be
of
importance/value/help/significance/benefit/use/beauty/interest=
be
important/valuable/helpful/significant/beneficial/useful/beatiful/
interesting
名词+介词(to)
the
key
to
...
...的钥匙/关键
the
answer
to...
...的答案
the
entrance
to...
...的入口
the
solution
to...
...的解决办法
the
access
to...
...的通道
the
bridge
to...
...的桥梁
the
approach
to
...
...的方法
含名词复数的短语
make
friends交朋友
shake
hands握手
in
high
spirits情绪高昂
make
preparations准备
take
notes做笔记
in
all
directions向四面八方
make
arrangments安排
make
both
ends
meet收支相抵
in
rags衣衫褴褛
take
pains下功夫
in
ruins
成为废墟
take
turns轮流
in
terms
of就...而言
数词的基本用法
1.基数词的常考点
“在某人几十岁时”，常用in
one’s+逢十的基数词的复数形式
in
my
twenties在我二十几岁时
in
her
sixties在她六十几岁时
in
her
late
eighties在她近九十岁时
hundred,thousand,million等名词前有数词或a
few,several时，不能用复数；表示不确切的数目是，这些词用复数形式
two
hundred
years两百年
several
thousand几千
hundreds
of
letters几百封信
2.序数词的考点
序数词前一般应加定冠词或物主代词等限定词，加a表“又一，再一”
the
first
visit第一次旅游
my
first
visit我第一次拜访
a
second
voyage又一次航海
表分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，即：“子基母序”；分子如果大于1，分母要用复数形式
one
tenth十分之一
two
fifths五分之二
a
quarter四分之一
单句填空
1.
After
the
event
the______(piano)are
donated
to
local
schools
and
community
groups.
2.
The
______(roof)
of
these
houses
were
covered
with
_______
(leaf).
3.
There
are
many
interesting______(story)in
the
book.
4.
I
can't
find
the
key_____the
door.Have
you
seen
it?
5.The
crowd
flooded
in
all______(direct).
6.We
set
out
to
climb
the
high
mountain
in
high
_______(spirit).
易错练习
1.It
was
in
his____(forty)
that
he
returned
home
from
abroad.
2.
It
is
one
of
the
wonderful_______(phenomenon)
of
nature.
3.
Make
sure
you
read
the
____
(instruct)
before
you
start
using
the
machine.
4.
She
packed
her
few______(belong)
in
a
bag
and
left.
5.
Two
______(
five)
of
the
money
has
been
spent
on
the
furniture.
单句改错
1.First,
we
can
go
to
Qingdao,
where
it
is
cool
and
mild
and
have
funs
at
the
seaside
2.
We
couldn't
help
taking
lots
of
wonderful
photo.
3.
There
are
various
way
to
get
relaxed
for
middle
school
students.
4
.We
offered
our
congratulation
on
his
winning
first
prize.
5.When
I
finally
arrived
at
my
friend
he
lent
me
lots
of
clothes.
6.It
is
a
ten
minutes
walk
from
my
home
to
school.
7.
It
is
my
grandfather’s
eighty
birthday
party
语法填空
Colorful
fruit
and
vegetables
are
helpful
to
our
health.Their
natural
_____(color)help
protect
us
from
disease.
Think
about
the
colors
of
fruit
and
vegetables--the
red
of
_______
(tomato),
the
orange
of
carrots,
the
green
of
apples
and
the
purple
of
grapes.
You
can
enjoy
_____
(eat)fruit
and
vegetables
of
all
colors---green,
yellow,
blue,
purple,
and
white.
Each
color
______(be)
important
to
our
health.
These
colors
work
together
to
protect
our
______(body)._________
(scientist
)have
studied
them
and
discovered
the
good
of
colorful
fruit
and
vegetables.
The
list
below
shows
some
benefit
of
some
colors
in
fruit
and
vegetables:
Red
gives
us
a
healthy
heart.
It
can
possibly
reduce
heart
disease.
Red
helps
improve
our
memory.
Yellow
is
good
to
our
______
(eye).White
can
reduce
cholesterol(胆固醇).
Green
is
helpful
to
our
eyesight.
It
also
gives
us
strong
bones
and______(tooth).Blue
helps
us
keep
a
good
memory
as
we
grow
old.
It
also
helps
fight
heart
disease.
So,
when
you
are
buying
or
eating
fruit
and
vegetables,remember
______
(try)
different
colors
of
them.
短文改错
It
was
late
at
night.
Three
Germen
were
sleeping
in
the
room
when,
one
of
them.
Mrs.
Green,
was
woken
up
and
found
a
thief
slipping
into
their
room
to
try
his
luck.
She
had
three
thousands
dollars
in
her
wallet,
"
What
should
do?Many
thief
bring
a
knife
with
them.
”she
thought
calmly.Meanwhile,
the
thief
may
realize
that
there
was
someone
in
the
room,
so
he
left
for
the
next
room
where
two
Frenchman
were
sleeping.
When
he
was
searching
for
some
valuable
thing,
Mrs.
Green
woke
up
her
friend
and
called
the
police.
The
thief
was
just
about
to
get
away
with
the
stolen
possession
when
several
policeman
arrived.
They
caught
him
on
the
spots.
It
was
one
of
Mrs.
Green's
unusual
experience
indeed.
(2018全国卷2)After
supper,
we
would
play
card
games
of
all
sort
in
the
sitting
room.
(2018全国卷2)This
switch
has
decreased
___66___
(pollute)
in
the
country's
major
lakes
and
reservoirs
and
made
drinking
water
safer
for
people.
(2018全国卷3)At
that
moment,
I
remembered
that
my
father
once
said,
"The
classroom
is
a
place
for
learning
and
that
include
leaning
from
textbooks,
and
mistake
as
well."
(2018全国卷3)
I'm
a
___66___(science)who
studies
animals
such
as
apes
and
monkeys.
(2017全国卷1)The
instructor
kept
repeating
the
word,
“Speed
up!”
“Slow
down!”
“Turning
left!”
I
was
so
nervous
that
I
could
hardly
tell
which
direction
was
left.
(2017全国卷1)This
trend,
which
was
started
by
the
medical
community（医学界）as
a
method
of
fighting
heart
disease,
has
had
some
unintended
side
62
(effect)
such
as
overweight
and
heart
disease—the
very
thing
the
medical
community
was
trying
to
fight.
(2017全国卷2)They
have
also
bought
for
some
gardening
tools.
beside,
they
often
get
some
useful
informations
from
the
internet.
(2017全国卷2)It
ran
for
just
under
seven
kilometers
and
allowed
people
to
avoid
terrible
__61__(crowd)
on
the
roads
above
as
they
travelled
to
and
from
work.
(2017全国卷3)She
has
turned
down
several
67
(invitation)
to
star
at
shows
in
order
to
concentrate
on
her
studies
.
(2016全国卷1)My
uncle
tells
me
that
the
key
to
his
Success
is
honest.
(2016全国卷1)The
nursery
team
switches
him
every
few
__69__(
day)
with
his
sister
so
that
while
one
is
being
bottle-fed,
the
other
is
with
mum-she
never
suspects.
(2016全国卷2)
If
we
go
on
a
trip
abroad,
we
can
broaden
our
view
and
gain
knowledges
we
cannot
get
from
books.
(2016全国卷2)
Recent
46
(study)
show
that
we
are
far
more
productive
at
work
if
we
take
short
breaks
regularly.
(2016全国卷3)The
teenage
year
from
13
to
19
were
the
most
difficult
time
for
me
.
(2016全国卷3)Some
people
think
that
the
great
Chinese
scholar
Confucius,who
lived
from
roughly
551
to
479
B.C.,
influenced
the
48
(develop)
of
chopsticks.
(2015全国卷1)I’d
skipped
nearby
Guilin,
a
dream
place
for
tourists
seeking
the
limestone
mountain
tops
and
dark
waters
of
the
Li
River
which
are
pictured
by
artists
in
so
many
Chinese
_65__(painting).
真题演练
(2019全国卷1
)
All
the
football
player
on
the
playground
cheered
loudly,
saying
that
I
had
a
talent
for
football.
(2019全国卷1
)In
recent
years
some
Inuit
people
in
Nunayut
have
reported
increases
in
bear
sightings
around
human
settlements,
leading
to
a
66
(believe)
that
populations
are
increasing.
(2019全国卷3
)When
they
were
free
from
work，they
invited
us
to
local
events
and
let
us
know
of
an
interesting
66
（compete）to
watch，together
with
the
story
behind
it.
?I?wish?to?have?a?chain?of?cafes?in?many?
different?city.?(2019全国卷3
)
(2019全国卷2
)Since
I
was
a
kid,
I`ve
considered
different
job
I
would
like
to
do.
(2018全国卷1)Last
winter
when
I
went
there
again,
they
had
a
big
separate
house
to
raise
dozens
of
chicken.
(2018全国卷1)Two
of
the
authors
of
the
review
also
made
a
study
published
in
2014
which
showed
a
mere
five
to
10
minutes
a
day
of
running
reduced
the
risk
of
heart
disease
and
early
deaths
from
all
___67___(cause).