2020-2021学年人教版（2019）必修二：Unit 4 History and Traditions-（共9份打包，含2个音频+1个视频）

Unit
4单词用法及知识点
一、单词
1.Confucius
n.
孔子
Confucius
is
considered
the
greatest
of
the
ancient
Chinese
sages.
孔子被认为是古代中国最伟大的圣人。
2.philosophy
n.
哲学
He
studied
philosophy
and
psychology
at
Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。
3.individual
adj.
单独的；个别的
n.
个人
He
got
into
the
driving
seat
and
started
the
engine.
他坐进驾驶位，发动引擎。
4.Achilles’
heel
n.
（喻）（希腊神话）阿喀琉斯的脚跟，致命的弱点
Horton’s
Achilles’
heel
was
that
he
could
not
delegate.
霍顿的致命弱点在于他不懂得放权。
5.
kingdom
n.
王国；领域
Reading
can
help
us
enter
into
the
kingdom
of
the
imagination.
阅读能够帮助我们进入想象的领域。
6.
chief
adj.
最重要的；最高级别的
n.
（公司或机构的）首领；酋长
As
the
chief
financial
officer
of
the
company,
he’s
busy
all
the
day.
作为公司的首席财务官，他整天忙碌。
He
had
the
good
fortune
to
marry
off
his
daughter
to
the
local
chief.
他很幸运地把女儿嫁给了当地首领。
7.
nearby
adj.
附近的；邻近的
adv.
在附近
Her
mother
lived
in
a
nearby
town.
她母亲住在附近一个小镇上。
8.The
car
is
parked
nearby.
车就停在附近。
join
...
to
...
把……和……连接或联结起来
Join
one
section
of
pipe
to
the
next.
将一段管子与相邻的管子连接起来。
9.
break
away
(from
sb/sth)
脱离；背叛；逃脱
I
broke
away
from
him
and
rushed
out
into
the
hall.
我挣脱了他，冲进了大厅。
10.
belong
vi.
应在（某处）；适应
belong
to
属于
Where
do
these
plates
belong?
这些盘子该放在哪里？
I
used
to
belong
to
a
youth
club.
我过去是一个青年俱乐部的成员。
11.
as
well
as
同（一样也）；和；还
The
old
people
as
well
as
the
children
like
this
film.
老人同小孩一样喜欢这部电影。
They
visited
some
factories
as
well
as
the
school.
他们参观了这所学校，还参观了工厂。
12.military
adj.
军事的；军用的
Military
action
may
become
necessary.
也许有必要采取军事行动。
13.defense
n.
防御；保卫
We
must
remember
the
soldiers
who
died
in
defense
of
our
country.
我们必须铭记那些为保卫祖国而献身的战士。
14.legal
adj.
法律的；合法的
He
vowed
to
take
legal
action.
他发誓要采取法律行动。
Gambling
is
legal
in
some
countries.
在某些国家，赌博是合法的。
15.
surround
vt.
围绕；包围
The
lake
is
surrounded
with/by
trees.
湖边树木环绕。
Police
surrounded
the
building.
警方包围了那栋房子。
16.
evidence
n.
证据；证明
There
is
convincing
evidence
of
a
link
between
exposure
to
sun
and
skin
cancer.
有可靠证据表明日光曝晒与皮肤癌之间有联系。
17.
achievement
n.
成就；成绩；达到
It
was
a
remarkable
achievement
for
such
a
young
player.
对于这样一个年轻运动员来说，这真是了不起的成绩。
18.
location
n.
地方；地点；位置
What
is
the
exact
location
of
the
ship?
那条船的确切位置在哪里？
They
are
looking
for
a
suitable
location
for
new
houses.
他们正在寻找一个适合建筑新房屋的地点。
19.
battle
n.
战役；搏斗
vt.
&
vi.
搏斗；奋斗
The
building
is
a
commemoration
of
the
battle
of
Waterloo.
这座房子是纪念滑铁卢战役的。
Progress
is
slow
but
we
keep
battling
on.进展虽慢，但是我们在继续奋斗。
20.
port
n.
港口（城市）
Rotterdam
is
a
major
port.
鹿特丹是个重要的港口城市。
21.
keep
your
eyes
open
(for)
留心；留意
Try
to
keep
your
eyes
open
and
you
will
find
many
white
swans
in
the
lake.
试着睁大眼睛注意看，你会发现湖里有许多白天鹅。
Keep
your
eyes
open
for
the
traffic
lights
while
crossing
the
street.
过马路时留心红绿灯。
22.
charge
n.
收费；指控；主管
vt.
收费；控告；充电
We
can
arrange
this
for
a
small
charge.
我们可以将此安排好，只收取很少的费用。
Even
local
nurseries
charge
100
a
week.
连本地托儿所每星期都要收费100英镑。
They
have
the
evidence
to
charge
him.
他们握有控告他的证据。
Alex
had
forgotten
to
charge
the
battery.
亚力克斯忘了给电池充电。
23.
announce
vt.
宣布；通知；声称
The
Prime
Minister
announced
that
she
would
resign.
首相宣布她将辞职。
The
next
letter
announced
the
birth
of
another
boy.
下一封信通知又一个男孩出生了。
amount
n.
金额；数量
You
will
receive
a
bill
for
the
full
amount.
你将收到一张全额账单。
We
import
an
incredible
amount
of
cheese
from
the
Continent.
我们从欧洲大陆进口数量惊人的奶酪。
24.
gallery
n.
（艺术作品）的展览馆；画廊
She
spent
her
free
time
visiting
galleries
and
museums.
她利用空闲时间参观美术馆和博物馆。
approach
n.
方法；途径；接近vt.
接近；接洽；着手处理
vi.
靠近
At
her
approach
the
children
ran
off.
她走近的时候,
孩子们都跑了。
As
you
approach
the
town,
you’ll
see
a
river
at
first.
接近那座城镇的时候,
首先看到的是一条河。
25.
ensure
vt.
保证；确保；担保
The
book
ensured
his
success.
这本书保证了他的成功。
Please
ensure
that
all
the
lights
are
switched
off
at
night.
夜间请务必将所有的灯关掉。
26.
landscape
n.
（陆上，尤指乡村的）风景
Mountains
dominate
the
Welsh
landscape.
重峦叠嶂构成威尔士的主要景色。
27.generous
adj.
慷慨的；大方的
It
was
generous
of
you
to
share
your
food
with
me.
你把食物与我分享，真慷慨。
28.
butter
n.
黄油；奶油
vt.
涂黄油于
Would
you
like
some
more
bread
and
butter?再来一点黄油面包好吗?
She
buttered
four
thick
slices
of
bread.
她用黄油涂了四片厚面包。
29.honey
n.
蜂蜜
Add
more
honey
if
you
have
a
sweet
tooth.
如果你喜欢吃甜的就多加点蜂蜜。
30.ancestor
n.
祖宗；祖先
His
ancestors
had
come
to
England
as
refugees.
他的祖先来到英国的时候是难民。
31.position
n.
位置；姿态；职位
From
his
position
on
the
cliff
top,
he
had
a
good
view
of
the
harbor.
他站在悬崖顶上的位置，海港景色一览无余。
They
had
to
stand
for
hours
without
changing
position.
他们得保持一动不动的姿态站几个小时。
32.
snack
n.
点心；小吃
Usually,
I
only
have
a
snack
at
lunchtime.
我中午通常只吃点心。
33.
eager
adj.
热切的；渴望的
Everyone
in
the
class
seemed
eager
to
learn.班上每个人似乎都热爱学习。
She
is
eager
for
her
parents’
approval.她渴望得到父母的赞许。
34.poet
n.
诗人
He
was
a
painter
and
poet.
他既是画家又是诗人。
35.county
n.
（英国、爱尔兰的）郡；（美国的）县
He
is
living
now
in
his
mother’s
home
county
of
Oxfordshire.
他现在居住在他母亲的故乡牛津郡。
36.roll
vt.
&
vi.
（使）翻滚；（使）滚动
n.
卷（轴）；翻滚
The
ball
rolled
down
the
hill.
球滚下了山。
The
photographers
had
already
shot
a
dozen
rolls
of
film.
摄影师们已经照了一打胶卷了。
37.cattle
n.
牛
Farmer
Brown’s
cattle
are
branded
with
the
letter
B.
农场主布朗的牛都烙上了字母“B”的印记。
38.
ocean
/'n/
n.
大海；海洋
People
were
swimming
in
the
ocean
despite
the
hurricane
warning.
尽管有飓风警报，人们仍然在大海里游泳。
These
mysterious
creatures
live
at
the
bottom
of
the
ocean.
这些神秘的生物生活在海洋底部。
39.greet
vt.
问候；迎接
He
greeted
her
with
a
sweet
kiss.
他以甜蜜的吻向她表示问候。
He
greeted
all
the
guests
warmly
as
they
arrived.
客人到达时他都热情地迎接。
40.
pub
n.
酒吧；酒馆
They’ve
gone
down
to
the
pub
for
a
drink.
他们到酒馆喝酒去了。
42.
wine
n.
葡萄酒；果酒
We
have
a
taste
of
the
white
wine
he’s
brought.
我们尝了尝他带来的白葡萄酒。
43.beer
/b(r)/
n.
（一杯）啤酒
He
sat
in
the
kitchen
drinking
beer.他坐在厨房里喝啤酒。
44.custom
n.
风俗；习俗；习惯
It
is
difficult
to
get
used
to
another
country’s
customs.
要适应另一国家的风俗习惯是很困难的。
It
is
my
custom
to
rise
early.
早起是我的习惯。
45.crowd
n.
人群；一群人；民众
vt.
挤满；使……拥挤
A
crowd
had
already
collected
outside
the
embassy
gates.
使馆大门外已经聚集了一群人。
Tourists
crowded
the
pavement.
游客把人行道挤得水泄不通。
二、课文句型讲解
1.
So
what
is
the
difference
between
them,
if
any?
那么它们之间的区别是什么呢，如果有的话？
if
any
如果有的话，是一个省略形式的从句，在句中作插入语，用来解释、补充或者强调说话者的看法。
例句：The
object
of
these
experiments
was
to
find
the
connection,
if
any,
between
the
two
phenomena.
这些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系，如果存在着任何联系的话。
2.
Finally,
in
the
20th
century,
the
southern
part
of
Ireland
broke
away
from
the
UK,
which
resulted
in
the
full
name
we
have
today:
the
United
Kingdom
of
Great
Britain
and
Northern
Ireland.
最后，在20世纪，爱尔兰南部脱离了英国，这才产生了如今的全称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
which
resulted
in
...
这是一个which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个主句。从句中又包含一个省略了关系代词的限制性定语从句we
have
today，修饰前面的先行词the
full
name。该句为一个复合句。
result
in
导致……结果；引起；造成；结果是……
例句：The
flood
resulted
in
a
severe
famine.
水灾导致了严重饥荒。
3.
They
use
the
same
flag,
known
as
the
Union
Jack,
as
well
as
share
the
same
currency
and
military
defence.
像拥有同样的货币和国防一样，
他们也使用同一面国旗，即英国国旗。
the
Union
Jack
英国国旗，由英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的旗帜组成。
known
as
the
Union
Jack，过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的名词flag，相当于非限制性定语从句which
is
known
as
the
Union
Jack。
currency
货币。英国的货币是英镑(pound)，符号是。
例句：
Yang
Liwei,
known
as
the
first
Chinese
astronaut
to
go
into
the
space,
is
regarded
as
an
astronautic
hero.
=
Yang
Liwei,
who
is
known
as
the
first
Chinese
astronaut
to
go
into
the
space,
is
regarded
as
an
astronautic
hero.
作为第一个进入太空的中国宇航员，杨利伟被称为航天英雄。
You
will
need
some
local
currency
when
going
abroad.
出国时你需要准备一些当地的货币。
4.
The
capital
city
London
is
a
great
city
to
start,
as
it
is
an
ancient
port
city
that
has
a
history
dating
all
the
way
back
to
Roman
times.
作为开始，首都伦敦是一个很棒的地方，因为它是一个古老的港口城市，其历史可以一直追溯到罗马时代。
as
it
is
...是as引导的原因状语从句，表示“因为，由于”，其语气不如because强，通常为附加说明的理由，且是已知晓的原因，主句与从句没有逻辑上的因果关系。
date
back
to
始（于）；追溯到，不能用被动语态。
例句：As
you
are
tired,
you’d
better
have
a
rest.
你累了，最好休息一下。
The
college
dates
back
to
the
14th
century.
这所学院始建于14世纪。
5.
Ireland’s
beautiful
countryside
has
always
had
a
great
influence
on
its
people
and
traditions.
爱尔兰美丽的乡村一直以来对它的人们和传统都有着深刻影响。
have
an
influence
on
对……有影响；产生……影响（作用）。on是介词，表示influence作用的对象，后面可接sb或sth；influence前面可用不同形容词加以修饰，得以具体化、形象化，因此形容词前可以加不定冠词。
例句：Teenage
idols
have
a
strong
influence
on
our
children.
青少年偶像对孩子们的影响非常深。
6.
Its
beautiful
countryside
excites
and
inspires
all,
offering
something
for
each
of
the
senses.
它美丽的乡村让任何人都感到兴奋和鼓舞，每一种感官都能有所体验/给每一种感官都带来体验。
offering
something
...是一个分词形式的伴随状语，其逻辑主语是its
beautiful
countryside。伴随状语是指状语的动作伴随主句发生，即它所表达的动作或状态是伴随句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在。
例句：The
dog
entered
the
room,
following
his
master.
这条狗跟着主人进了屋。
7.
The
peaceful
landscape
of
the
“Emerald
Isle”
and
its
many
green
counties
is
a
true
feast
for
the
eyes,
with
its
rolling
green
hills
dotted
with
sheep
and
cattle.
“绿宝石（爱尔兰）岛”风光宁静秀美，郡县草木葱茏，青山连绵起伏，牛羊点缀其中，堪称一场名副其实的视觉盛宴。
a
feast
for
the
eyes
视觉盛宴，赏心悦目的事物。
with
its
rolling
...是一个with复合结构，在句中作伴随状语。
伴随状语中dotted
with
sheep
and
cattle是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰rolling
green
hills。
例句：We
went
to
a
painting
exhibition
yesterday,
which
was
really
a
feast
for
the
eyes.
我们昨天去看画展，那真是一场视觉盛宴。
The
little
girls
were
playing
with
snow
with
their
hands
frozen
red.
小女孩们在玩雪，手都冻红了。
The
concert
given
by
their
friends
was
a
success.
他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。
8.
And
if
you
introduce
yourself
to
a
friendly
face,
you
are
more
than
likely
to
experience
local
culture
and
customs
first-hand.
并且如果你友好地介绍自己，你就很有可能亲身体验当地的文化和风俗习惯。
more
than
likely=very
likely
很有可能，非常有可能more
than放在形容词或副词前面，意为“非常；十分”，与very同义。
first-hand
直接地；亲身地
例句：She
is
more
than
careful
in
doing
things.
她做事非常仔细。
Most
of
the
older
reporters
have
experienced
war
first-hand.
大部分年长的记者都亲身经历过战争。语法讲解
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"_Toc82722899"1.插入语
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"_Toc82722900"2.过去分词作定语
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"_Toc82722901"3.过去分词作宾补的用法
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"_Toc82722902"4.with复合结构作伴随状语的用法
4
1.插入语
（1）插入语：在句子中插入一些单词、短语或句子，用来作附加的解释说明、补充信息、表达说话人的看法、转移话题、或者承上启下衔接句子，这些插入部分称为插入语。插入语与句子其他部分没有语法上的联系，通常用逗号或破折号与句子隔开，作为一个独立的成分。删掉插入语，句子结构仍完整，意思基本不受影响。
（2）插入语的类型
1）
形容词（短语）作插入语
常见的有：true,
strange
to
say,
most
important
of
all,
sure
enough,
worse
still等。
例如：Strange
to
say,
he
hasn’t
got
my
letter
up
to
now.
说来奇怪，他到现在还没收到我的信。
2)
副词（短语）作插入语
常见的有：indeed,
surely,
still,
otherwise,
however,
generally,
fortunately,
obviously等。
例如：Otherwise,
he
would
still
be
home.不然的话，他应该还在家里。
3)介词短语作插入语
常见的有：in
a
way,
for
example,
of
course,
as
a
matter
of
fact,
by
the
way,
as
a
result,
on
the
contrary,
on
the
other
hand,
in
my
opinion,
in
general,
in
a
sense,
in
short,
in
conclusion,
in
addition,
above
all,
first
of
all,
to
my
surprise,
to
her
regret,
in
fact,
in
a
word,
in
other
words,
in
that
sense,
as
a
rule等。
例如：In
short,
we
should
not
stop
halfway.
简言之，我们不应该半途而废。
4)
现在分词（短语）作插入语
常见的有：generally/strictly/frankly/truly
speaking,
judging
from/by,
talking
of...,
considering,
putting
it
mildly等。
例如：Generally
speaking,
dogs
can
run
faster
than
pigs.
一般来说，狗跑得比猪快。
5)
不定式短语作插入语
常见的有：to
be
sure/frank/honest,
to
tell
you
the
truth,
to
be
short,
to
begin/start
with,
to
put
it
briefly/mildly,
to
conclude/sum
up等。
例如：To
be
frank,
I
don’t
quite
agree
with
you.
坦率地说，我不太同意你的意见。
6)
句子作插入语
①常见从句有：if
so,
if
not,
if
any,
if
I
may
say
so,if
you
don’t
mind,
as
you
know,
as
you
say,
if
you
please,
if
necessary,
if
convenient等。
例如：You
can,
if
you
please,
come
earlier.如果你愿意的话，你可以早点过来。
②常见的短句有：I
am
sure,
I’m
afraid,
it
is
said,
I
suppose,
I
think,
I
believe,
I
hope,
what’s
more,
what’s
worse,
that
is
to
say,
what
is
important,
do
you
know/see/think/suppose/guess/believe等。
例如：The
old
man,
it
is
said,
was
a
famous
artist.
据说，这个老人是一位有名的艺术家。
2.过去分词作定语
作定语的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。用法如下：
1)
单个的过去分词作定语时通常放在被修饰名词的前面。
及物动词的过去分词具有被动和完成意义。不及物动词的过去分词具有主动意义，强调动作的完成。
例如：We
must
adapt
our
thinking
to
the
changed
conditions.
我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。
fallen
leaves
落叶developed
country
发达国家
注意：有时单个过去分词也可以作后置定语，用以强调动作。
例如：The
money
left
is
not
enough
for
so
many
people
to
live
through.剩余的钱不够这么多人用。
2)
过去分词短语用作定语时
，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句。
例如：The
boy
dressed
in
blue
is
her
son.=The
boy
who
is
dressed
in
blue
is
her
son.穿蓝色衣服的男孩是她的儿子。
注意：过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。
例如：The
meeting,
attended
by
thousands
of
people,
welcomed
the
great
hero.
他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有上千人。
3)
修饰由every/some/any/no+thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使是一个单一分词，也要放在被修饰词的后面。
例如：Is
there
anything
unsolved?还有没解决的问题吗？
4)
以“名词+过去分词”或“形容词/副词+过去分词”组成的复合形容词，放在被修饰名词的前面作前置定语。
例如：This
is
a
state-owned
factory.这是一家国营工厂。
We
moved
into
the
newly-built
house我们搬进了新建的房子。
3.过去分词作宾补的用法
课文：They
had
castles
built
all
around
England,
...
定义：某些及物动词不仅需要宾语，还需要某个词或短语来补充说明宾语，即表示宾语所代表的人或物所发出的动作或所处的状态，这个词或短语称为宾语补足语（宾补）。
句型：have/
get/
feel/
find/...+宾语+v-ed
例如：I
heard
the
song
sung
in
English.
我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。
We
could
get
our
car
battery
charged
in
the
car
park.
我们可以在停车场给汽车电池充上电。
(1)过去分词作宾补表示的意义
1）
过去分词作宾补表示被动关系，其动作先于谓语动词。例如：
I
found
my
hometown
greatly
changed.我发现我的家乡变化很大。
2）
过去分词作宾补，与宾语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
例如：Alen
got
his
tooth
pulled
out
yesterday.艾伦昨天把牙拔了。
（2）能够接过去分词作宾补的动词类型
1.
表感觉或心理状态的动词，如see,
watch,
observe,
look
at,
hear,
listen
to,
feel,
notice,
think等。
例如：I
found
my
pencil
box
broken.我发现我的文具盒坏了。
2）
表示“致使”意义的动词，如have,
make,
get,
keep,
leave等。例如：I’ll
have
my
hair
cut
tomorrow.
明天我要理发。
3）表示爱憎、意愿的动词，如want,
wish,
like,
hate等。
例如：I
wish
my
homework
finished
before
dark.
我希望天黑前完成作业。
4）表示思维活动的动词，如consider,
know,
think等。
例如：I
consider
the
matter
settled.我认为这件事解决了。
4.with复合结构作伴随状语的用法
（1）伴随状语的概念：伴随状语是指状语从句的动作伴随主句发生，即由一个主语发出两个动作或同一个
主语处于两种状态，或同一个主语发出一个动作时又伴随有某一种状态。伴随状语的逻辑主语一般情
况下必须是全句的主语。例如：Grandpa
sat
in
the
armchair,
reading
a
newspaper.
爷爷坐在扶手椅里读报。All
night
long
he
stayed
awake,
thinking
of
the
problem.他整夜都睡不着，思考着那个问题。
（2）with复合结构作伴随状语的常见形式
1）
with+名词/代词+形容词
例如：He
often
sleeps
with
windows
open.他经常开着窗睡觉。
2）
with+名词/代词+副词
例如：The
square
looks
more
beautiful
with
all
the
lights
on.
所有的灯亮起来，广场看起来更美了。
3）
with+名词/代词+名词
例如：He
left
home,
with
his
wife
a
hopeless
soul.
他走了，他妻子十分伤心。
4）
with+名词/代词+介词短语
例如：The
man
was
walking
on
the
street,
with
an
umbrella
under
his
arm.
那个男人在街上行走，腋下夹着一把雨伞。
5）
with+名词/代词+现在分词（表主动和进行）
例如：He
felt
more
uneasy
with
the
whole
class
staring
at
him.
全班同学看着他，他感到更不自然了。
6）
with+名词/代词+过去分词（表被动和完成）
例如：With
this
problem
solved,
the
product
is
now
in
regular
production.
随着这个问题的解决，该产品现在已经正式投产。
7）
with+名词/代词+不定式（表示尚未发生的动作）
例如：So
in
the
afternoon,
with
nothing
to
do,
I
went
on
a
round
of
the
bookshop.
由于下午无事可做，我就去书店转了转。拓展阅读
TOC
\o
"1-3"
\h
\z
\u
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82806319"Young
people
learn
Party
history
in
innovative
ways
1
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82806320"the
Chinese
New
Year
Festival
3
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82806321"History
and
Traditions
4
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82806322"Describe
a
historical
site
you
like
the
most
5
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82806323"Historic
site
brings
tourists
and
wealth
6
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82806324"Chinese
History
8
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82806325"History
of
China
9
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82806326"China's
Historic
Sights
11
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82806327"Chinese
History
-
Republic
of
China
1911-1919
12
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82806328"Confucius
1
16
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82806329"Confucius
2
18
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82806330"Confucius
3
19
Young
people
learn
Party
history
in
innovative
ways
Learning
about
the
history
of
the
Communist
Party
of
China
has
seen
an
upsurge
among
Chinese
young
people,
as
they
gain
wisdom
from
it
being
told
in
increasingly
innovative
and
appealing
ways.
A
recent
hit
TV
series,
which
tells
the
story
of
a
group
of
young
people
involved
in
the
founding
of
the
CPC
a
century
ago,
has
gained
popularity
among
young
audiences
and
inspired
them
to
learn
more
about
China's
revolutionary
history.
?Students
visit
a
paper-tearing
artwork
exhibition
at
Nantong
University
in
Jiangsu
province,
on
Monday.
A
total
of
100
exhibits,
showcasing
key
moments
of
the
Communist
Party
of
China's
history
over
the
past
century,
were
displayed
at
the
event,
which
was
held
to
mark
the
upcoming
100th
anniversary
of
the
Party's
founding
on
July
1.
Paper
tearing
is
an
intangible
cultural
heritage
of
Nantong.?Photo
by?Zhai
Huiyong/for?China
Daily
The
Age
of
Awakening,
based
on
events
from
1915
to
1921－a
critical
period
in
the
birth
of
the
Party－is
among
film
and
TV
productions
celebrating
the
Party's
100th
birthday.
The
TV
drama
has
remained
a
hot
topic
on
social
media
since
being
aired
in
February.
A
recent
item
about
it
on
the
microblogging
service
Sina
Weibo
has
been
read
more
than
1.17
billion
times,
and
the
discussions
related
to
it
show
that
it
has
had
a
positive
effect
in
educating
young
audiences.
Many
netizens
said
they
have
been
browsing
through
historical
information
while
watching
the
series,
in
order
to
learn
more
about
the
founders
of
the
Party.
One
wrote:
"The
characters
in
history
textbooks
came
to
life,"
while
another
said,
"The
sequel
to
the
series
is
our
life
today."
More
than
70
percent
of
the
TV
drama's
audience
is
younger
than
35,
according
to
data
analyzer
Guduo
Media.
Video
platform
Youku's
data
show
that
among
the
viewers
who
left
"screen
bullets",
real-time
comments
that
appear
on
the
screen,
the
proportion
of
those
born
in
the
1990s
was
1.6
times
higher
than
the
average.
Long
Pingping,
the
series'
scriptwriter
and
former
deputy
secretary-general
of
the
Party
Literature
Research
Center
of
the
CPC
Central
Committee,
said
he
was
moved
and
grateful
that
so
many
young
people
like
the
series
after
he
won
a
best
original
screenplay
award
this
month.
"I
wrote
it
to
let
the
younger
generation
know
how
the
awakening,
struggle
and
sacrifice
of
revolutionary
figures
100
years
ago
relates
to
our
life
today,"
Long
said.
This
year,
various
forms
of
disseminating
the
Party's
history
have
emerged
nationwide,
and
these
have
become
popular
with
the
younger
generation.
Rather
than
being
confined
to
textbooks
and
classrooms,
such
new
forms
have
encouraged
students
to
learn
enthusiastically
and
voluntarily.
Weng
Tiehui,
vice-minister
of
education,
said,
"Telling
stories
that
young
people
love
to
see
and
hear
is
the
key
to
passing
on
the
spirit
of
the
revolutionary
martyrs."
Recently,
a
rap
song
called
1921,
the
year
the
CPC
was
founded,
circulated
among
students
at
Hunan
Agricultural
University.
Its
catchy
lyrics,
coupled
with
a
dynamic
beat,
tell
the
history
of
the
founding
of
the
Party
and
the
meaning
behind
it.
It
was
one
of
a
series
of
rap
songs
composed
this
year
by
Chang
Lai,
a
teacher
at
the
university,
telling
stories
about
the
history
of
the
Party
in
the
form
of
music,
in
order
to
help
students
better
understand
it.
Chang
raps
with
students
and
explains
the
stories
behind
the
lyrics.
"Rap
is
a
popular
form
of
music
among
college
students,
so
I
have
been
trying
to
integrate
it
with
education,"
he
said
in
a
video
interview.
"I
hope
they
can
understand
the
knowledge
and
spirit
behind
each
lyric
and
learn
how
to
pass
it
on."
Li
Liyang,
a
graduate
student
at
Shanghai
University,
said
he
felt
that
education
related
to
Party
history
had
become
more
accessible
to
young
people.
"More
content
has
been
put
on
the
internet
on
different
platforms,
such
as
livestreaming
and
videosharing
websites,
and
these
use
lively
language,"
he
said.
"It
makes
it
easier
for
us
to
relate
to
the
past."
The
30-episode
cartoon
series?Blood
and
Fire:
How
New
China
Was
Forged?is
being
broadcast
daily
from
June
1
to
July
1
on
popular
video-sharing
website
Bilibili.
It
features
historical
stories
from
the
founding
of
the
Party
in
1921
to
the
founding
of
New
China
in
1949.
Chen
Rui,
CEO
of
the
website,
said
young
people
were
attracted
by
their
common
interest
in
animation,
cartoons
and
games,
and
they
have
gradually
developed
their
own
forms
of
expression
for
their
love
for
the
country.
History
and
Traditions
the
Chinese
New
Year
Festival
The
origin
of
the
Chinese
New
Year
Festival
can
be
traced
back
thousands
of
years
through
a
continually
evolving
series
of
colorful
legends
and
traditions.
One
of
the
most
famous
legends
is
that
of
Nian,
an
extremely
cruel
and
ferocious
beast,
which
the
Chinese
believe,
eats
people
on
New
Year's
Eve.
To
keep
Nian
away,
red-paper
couplets
are
pasted
on
doors,
torches
are
lit,
and
firecrackers
are
set
off
throughout
the
night,
because
Nian
is
said
to
fear
the
color
red,
the
light
of
fire,
and
loud
noises.
Early
the
next
morning,
as
feelings
of
triumph
and
renewal
fill
the
air
at
successfully
keeping
Nian
away
for
another
year,
the
most
popular
greeting
heard
is
gongxi,
or
"congratulations".
Dialogue
A:
Happy
Chinese
New
Year!
B:
Thank
you.
Did
you
get
any
red
envelopes
this
year?
A:
Yeah,
I
got
$88
from
my
grandfather,
pretty
lucky.
Do
you
want
to
see
a
dragon
dance
later?
B:
Sorry,
I
have
a
family
reunion
dinner
later;
all
of
my
relatives
will
attend,
and
I’ll
get
a
chance
to
eat
my
aunt’s
sticky
cakes,
something
I
don’t
plan
to
miss.
A:
I
understand.
Make
sure
to
call
me
tomorrow
then,
and
we’ll
set
off
some
firecrackers
together!
Vocabulary
&
Phrases
Legend
传说
An
old
story
from
ancient
times
which
is
probably
not
true
Ferocious
凶恶的
Fierce,
cruel,
and
violent
Triumph
胜利成功
(The
joy
caused
by)
a
complete
victory
or
success
Hand
out
red
envelopes
发红包
Giving
red
envelopes
full
of
money
to
children
and
young
adults
"Congratulations
and
prosperity"
恭喜发财
A
translation
of
a
typical
Chinese
New
Year
greeting
History
and
Traditions
Provided
as
Japan's
capital
and
then
the
emperor's
property
from
794
until
1868,
Kyoto
is
actually
the
place's
seventh
most
significant
city
which
has
a
population
of
just
one.
4
,
000,
000
people
plus
a
modern
confront.
It
nonetheless
retains
a
crucial
role
for
the
Japanese
consumers
so
far.
Thousands
of
years,
via
ghosts
and
even
gods
for
you
to
history
and
traditions,
there
often
are
the
area
where
most
of
the
people
can
find
by
themselves.
I
can
admit
each
of
the
people
here
may
find
inner
calmness
in
mottled
colors
entereza.
Kyoto
possesses
such
esoteric
power,
having
an
influence
on
you,
together
with
into
your
cardiovascular
system
like
chongqing
lodge
.
Exceptional
sights
are
generally
everywhere,
however
some
regions
truly
jump
out,
among
them
Kyoto's
great
wats,
such
as
Kiyomizu-dera,
Kinkaku-ji
and
also
forest-cloaked
Fushimi-Inari
Taisha.
All
the
hottest
venues
in
Kyoto
according
to
the
Kyoto
travel
guideline.
Kiyomizu-dera
Internal
778,
Kiyomizu-dera
is
the
older
temple
throughout
Kyoto,
written
on
the
Entire
world
Heritage
Record
after
1994.
In
front
of
the
area
is
Shimizu
Stage,
japan
national
gifts,
surrounded
by
natural
trees.
It
is
just
a
famous
beautiful
spot
involving
cherry
bouquets
and
reddish
colored
maple
foliage.
There
are
so
many
vacationers
visiting
Kiyomizu-dera,
it
is
better
to
check
out
in
the
common
early
morning.
Describe
a
historical
site
you
like
the
most
　When
it
comes
to
the
historical
sites
I
like
the
most,
the
first
one
that
pops
up
in
my
mind
is
the
Angkor
Wat.
It
is
located
in
Siem
Reap,
Cambodia.
For
many
years,
the
Angkor
Wat
is
totally
isolated
from
the
Western
World,
and
large
thick
jungles
cover
this
area.
Until
1860
it
was
firstly
discovered
by
a
French
botanist
and
it
gradually
came
into
public
eyes.
The
biggest
temples
are
Angkor
Wat
and
Bayon
Wat
and
they
are
the
flagships
at
the
Angkor.
They
represent
the
highest
achievement
of
Khmer
temple
architecture.
The
temple
consists
of
a
towering
complex
of
terraces
and
small
buildings
that
are
arranged
in
a
series
of
three
diminishing
stories
and
surmounted
by
five
towers.
The
walls
are
covered
with
carved
reliefs
that
illustrate
Hindu
mythology，
principally
scenes
relating
to
the
god
Vishnu，
to
whom
the
temple
was
dedicated.
In
the
Bayon
Wat,
there
are
54
pagodas
located
among
3
different
platforms
with
4
smiling
faces
of
Buddha
heading
to
each
direction,
and
these
216
smiling
faces
are
the
famous
and
magnificent
Smile
of
Khmer.
After
I
visit
Angkor
Wat,
it
did
leave
me
such
a
deep
impression.
So
many
years
passed,
miraculously,
it
suffered
very
little
structural
damage!
To
be
honest,
much
of
the
“Lost
City”
of
Angkor
is
still
a
mystery,
as
Cambodia
is
becoming
more
developed,
it
worth
more
researches
and
protection
before
being
submerged
by
the
new
civilization.
　
重点词汇
　　Angkor
Wat
吴哥窟
　　Cambodia
柬埔寨
　　Botanist
植物学家
　　Khmer
高棉
　　Terrace
平台
　　Mythology
神话
　　Miraculously
奇迹般地
　　Submerged
被淹没
　　Civilization
文明
Historic
site
brings
tourists
and
wealth
Dressed
in
a
replica
army
uniform,
Lai
Jinhua,
a
tour
guide
at
the
site
of
the
famous
Gutian
Conference,
shuttled
between
groups
of
visitors
to
tell
them
stories
about
the
Red
Army,
a
predecessor
of
the
People's
Liberation
Army.
During
the
five-day
May
Day
holiday,
the
site
in
East
China's
Fujian
province
received
around
40,000
tourists,
traveling
individually
or
as
part
of
tour
groups,
with
some
even
wearing
replica
Red
Army
uniforms,
aiming
to
connect
with
the
revolutionary
past
and
reclaim
the
revolutionary
spirit.
"The
number
of
visitors
has
risen
every
year
with
the
growing
awareness
of
patriotism,
and
as
people
pay
more
attention
to
Red
Tourism,
which
deepens
their
understanding
of
a
key
meeting
in
army
history
and
spurs
the
economic
growth
of
my
hometown,"
said
Lai,
who
was
losing
her
voice
after
spending
a
day
talking
to
visitors.
Gutian,
an
ancient
town
in
Shanghang
county
in
the
west
of
Fujian,
is
enveloped
by
mountains
and
lush
forests.
It
became
a
place
of
great
significance
as
a
result
of
a
decisive
event
in
the
history
of
the
Communist
Party
of
China
and
the
Red
Army.
In
March
1929,
the
Fourth
Army
of
the
Red
Army,
led
by
Mao
Zedong,
marched
to
Fujian
in
an
attempt
to
establish
a
new
revolutionary
base.
To
ensure
the
success
of
the
Party
and
the
army,
Mao
and
the
other
leaders
presided
over
the
Ninth
Party
Conference
of
the
Fourth
Army
in
Gutian.
That
meeting
is
now
known
as
the
Gutian
Conference.
Mao
and
the
other
leaders
agreed
that
the
army
must
be
led
by
the
Party,
and
it
was
the
people's
army
as
it
came
from
the
people
and
was
for
the
people.
"Only
after
I
became
a
tour
guide
and
started
learning
about
the
historic
meeting
did
I
understand
the
difficulties
the
Party
experienced
in
the
early
days,
as
well
as
its
spirit
of
never
giving
up,"
Lai
said.
In
October
2014,
a
military
political
work
conference
was
held
in
Gutian.
President
Xi
Jinping,
also
chairman
of
the
Central
Military
Commission,
said
the
Party
should
focus
on
the
importance
of
political
work
in
strengthening
and
rejuvenating
the
army
and
should
also
strive
to
develop
under
new
conditions.
The
new
Gutian
meeting
was
another
milestone
in
the
PLA's
ideological
and
political
construction
on
the
road
to
a
better
country
and
a
stronger
army.
Thanks
to
the
two
meetings,
the
remote
township
has
become
a
popular
Red
Tourism
destination,
and,
as
the
Party
will
celebrate
its
centenary
on
July
1,
enthusiasm
for
revolutionary
history
is
high
among
those
interested
in
China's
revolutionary
culture.
In
2019,
more
than
5.6
million
people
visited
Gutian,
and,
despite
the
COVID-19
epidemic,
over
10,000
tourists
visited
the
township
every
day
during
this
year's
Spring
Festival
holiday,
according
to
the
local
government.
"I
came
here
not
only
because
I
knew
the
history
of
the
conference,
but
also
to
pay
tribute
to
the
revolutionary
martyrs.
After
seeing
the
revolutionary
cultural
relics
and
listening
to
the
stories,
I
understand
that
the
success
of
the
revolution
was
not
achieved
easily,"
said
Zhou,
a
banker
from
Hubei
province,
who
preferred
not
to
give
her
full
name.
As
revolutionary
cultural
relics
are
records
of
the
great
course
and
developments
of
the
Chinese
revolution,
Gutian
has
invested
heavily
to
restore
and
protect
revolutionary
cultural
relics.
At
the
conference
site,
visitors
can
see
such
relics
as
the
first
printed
newspaper
published
by
the
army,
a
bed
covered
by
a
ragged
quilt
and
the
soot
left
by
the
fire
the
participants
lit
to
heat
the
building,
all
of
which
tell
the
story
of
the
past.
In
addition,
new
technologies
such
as
augmented
and
virtual
reality
help
to
restore
"red
memories"
for
visitors.
"All
the
facilities
at
the
site
are
displayed
as
they
were
back
then,"
said
Zeng
Hanhui,
curator
of
the
Gutian
Conference
Memorial
Hall.
He
added
that
every
revolutionary
cultural
relic
records
historic
changes,
while
touching
stories
tell
of
the
Party's
efforts
to
overcome
difficulties
and
forge
ahead.
Relying
on
its
red
resources,
Gutian
has
been
introducing
training
and
study
tours
to
the
site
to
help
shape
it
as
an
exemplary
base
of
red
culture.
"Every
year,
we
receive
more
than
100,000
people
who
come
here
for
Party
history
education,"
said
Qiu
Weiqin,
deputy
secretary
of
the
Party
committee
of
Shanghang.
Chinese
History
Few
cultures
rival
the
Chinese
in
terms
of
length
and
historical
significance.
One
of
the
earliest
recorded
civilizations
in
the
world,
Chinese
history
dates
back
thousands
and
thousands
of
years.
From
feudalism
to
the
rise
of
communism
the
history
of
China
has
long
been
one
of
the
most
colorful
and
evolving
cultures
to
write
itself
into
the
annals
of
time.
Along
the
fecund
banks
of
the?Yangtze
River
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??),
Ancient
Chinese
History
began
to
take
shape—cultivating
rice
and
millet
allowed
these
early
ancestors
to
flourish.
But
ancient
Chinese
History
really
begins
with
the
Shang
dynasty,
where
fact
and
legend
begin
to
separate
themselves—many
of
the
most
precious
treasures
of
Chinese
culture
date
back
to
this
time.
From
this
time
on,
numerous
warriors
dynasties
fought
for
control
of
the
regions
that
would
soon
make
up
the
Chinese
empire—from
the
early
capital
of
Xi'an
(now
home
to
the
country's
famous?Terra
Cotta
warriors
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??))
to
the
valleys
surround
the
Yangtze,
ancient
Chinese
culture
was
marred
by
violence
and
a
high
turnover
rate
of
leaders.
The
introduction
of
imperial
China
finally
came
underneath
the
rule
of
the
Qin
dynasty,
whose
king
was
able
to
unify
a
number
of
the
warring
powers
that
spread
themselves
across
the
mountains
and
rivers
of
China.
The
Qin
dynasty
took
many
measures
that
led
to
the
progress
of
the
Chinese
people
to
the
forefront
of
culture.
This
dynasty's
major
contributions
included
the
introduction
of
a
written
language,
a
regulated
form
of
currency,
and
a
legalist
government
that
was
able
to
successfully
keep
the
tenuous
peace
between
formerly
competing
city-states.
It
was
under
the
Qin
dynasty
that
construction
on
the?Great
Wall
of
China
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?began,
just
one
of
the
great
legacies
of
Imperial
China,
the
likes
of
which
would
last
until
the
successful
Communist
revolution
in
1919.
But
the
Qin
dynasty
would
not
last
long,
quickly
giving
way
to
the
Han
dynasty,
a
family
of
rulers
that
would
oversee
one
of
the
most
prosperous
times
in
ancient
Chinese
history.
The
ground
rules
that
the
Qin
dynasty
put
in
place
were
modified
to
fully
embrace
the
philosophy
of
Confucianism.
During
this
period,
the
arts
and
sciences
flourished,
as
did
international
trade.
The?Silk
Road
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?was
founded
during
the
reign
of
the
Han
dynasty.
In
the
early
600s
the
history
of
China
took
another
important
turn
as
the
empire
(both
the
royalty
and
the
commoner)
slowly
but
surely
turned
to
Buddhism
to
run
the
country.
Trade
routes
continued
to
ascend
in
importance,
and
the
city
of
Xi'an
was
debatably
the
largest
city
in
the
world
during
parts
of
the
Han
dynasty.
But
the
Han
dynasty
was
overthrown
by
a
long
series
of
revolutions,
eventually
ending
in
the
hands
of
the
Mongols,
who
moved
the
capital
city
to?Beijing
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?before
being
unseated
by
the
Ming
dynasty.
The
new
rulers
lasted
almost
300
years,
transforming
China
from
a
major
player
in
international
trade
into
a
more
insular
empire,
more
focused
on
the
agricultural
facets
of
China.
Among
other
things,
the
repair
and
extension
of
the
Great
Wall
of
China
took
place
during
this
dynasty,
which
ended
with
the
invasion
of
the
Manchus,
who
quickly
instated
the
Qing
dynasty.
Despite
their
Mongolian
heritage,
the
Qing
dynasty
immediately
adopted
the
long-held
Confucian
ways
of
government.
This
was
the
most
stable
and
longest
lasting
of
all
dynasties
throughout
the
history
of
China.
One
of
its
main
downfalls
was
the
costly
Opium
Wars,
the
first
of
which
ended
with
the
signing
over
of?Hong
Kong
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?to
British
forces.
The
Qing
dynasty
remained
unable
to
adapt
to
the
approaches
of
the
outside
world—the
influences
of
the
British,
French,
Japanese
and
other
capitalist
forces
helped
lead
to
the
end
of
the
celebrated
dynasty,
and
China
fell
into
discontent
at
becoming
a
semi-colonial
outpost
for
invaders.
The
people
blamed
the
Manchus
that
remained
in
the
Qing
dynasty,
leading
to
the
famed
Boxer
rebellion.
Before
long,
the
Qing
dynasty
was
a
thing
of
the
past,
something
relegated
to
Chinese
history
books
by
the
Communist
revolution.
Led
by
Sun
Yat-Sen,
and
Chaing
Kai-shek,
they
in
turn
were
defeated
(or
exiled
to?Taiwan
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??),
in
the
case
of
Kai-Shek)
by
the
current
configuration
of
the
Communist
party,
led
for
over
25
years
by
Mao
Zedong.
To
this
day,
the
Communist
party
governs,
though
more
and
more
concessions
are
being
made
to
incorporate
capitalist
ideas
every
year.
History
of
China
Chinese
have
been
living
in
China
for
more
than
5,000
years.
It
can
be
traced
back
to
Xia
in
2200
BC
and
at
1911
AD,
Puyi
of
Qing,
who
was
the
last
emperor
ruling
China.
In
the
past
history
before
World
War
II,
there
are
seven
important
dynasties
in
China
history.
Qin
(221-207BC)
-
Chinese
State
with
basic
social
structure
established.
Weights
and
measures,
and
the
Chinese
writing
system
were
unified.
Chinese
defenses
were
strengthened
by
creating
the?Great
Wall
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??).
Han
(206BC-220AD)
-
Establishment
of
state
government,
military
and
border.
Great
influence
to
its
neighbors.
The
Han
Dynasty
is
often
compared
to
the
Roman
Empire.
It
is
considered
the
"Golden
Age
of
Chinese
History."
Today
the
Chinese
word
for?Chinese
people
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?means
"a
man
of
Han."
China
grew
into
a
powerful
empire
during
the
Han
Dynasty.
Scholars
trained
in
the
teachings
of?Confucius
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?ran
the
government
with
great
skill.
During
the
Han
Dynasty,
the
Chinese
invented
paper,
writers
recorded
the
history
of
their
land,
and
the
Chinese
first
learned
of?Buddhism
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??).
Tang
(618-907)
-
A
period
of
prosperity
with
blossom
of
the?arts
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??),
dance,
music,?religions
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?and
international
trade.
The
largest,
wealthiest,
and
most
populous
dynasty
in
the
world
at
that
time.
Song
(960-1279)
-
Agriculture
and
economic
expansion.
Centralized
officer
examination.
Yuan
(1271-1368)
-
Mongol
reign
expanded
China
into
the
largest
country
in
the
world
history.
The
Yuan
encouraged
Europeans
to
travel
overland
to
China.
Marco
Polo
was
the
most
famous
of
the
early
Europeans
to
make
the
journey.
Ming
(1368-1644)
-
Reunified
and
built
China
into
a
strong
maritime
nation.
Fleet
reached
far
to
Middle
East
and
Africa.
Qing
(1644-1911)
-
Reigned
by
Manchuria
and
border
secured
as
China
has
today.
Qing
was
the
last
imperial
dynasty
of
China.
When
it
was
overthrown
in
1911,
China
became
a
republic.
The
first
half
of
20th
century
was
a
period
of
civil
war
and
foreign
invasion.
China
finally
becomes
a
stable
country
again
only
after
the
formation
of
the
People's
Republic
of
China
on
October
1,
1949.
Since
then,
National
Republican
supported
by
America
governs
Taiwan
and
Communist
China
has
the
Mainland
China.
Hong
Kong
was
a
British
colony
until
July
1,
1997,
Macao
was
returned
from
Portuguese
back
to
China
on
December
20,
1999.
China's
Historical
Periods
Zhōngguó,
the
Middle
Kingdom,
China.
Few
civilizations
in
the
world
can
look
back
at
a
similarly
long
history,
regardless
whether
it
is
truly?more
than
5,000
years
long
or
not
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??).
The
creation
of
this
website
was
inspired
by
several
factors,
the
creator's
passion
for
writing
and
history,
his
memorable
8
years
of
living
and
working
in
China
and
last
but
not
least,
a
wonderful
course
about
Chinese
history
entitled
"From
Yao
to
Mao:
5000
Years
of
Chinese
History
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)".
If
you
have
some
money
to
spend,
you
won't
regret
watching
this
great
course
by?Professor
Kenneth
J.
Hammond
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?yourself.
With
the
menu
on
the
left
side
of
our
pages,
you
can
select
the
imperial
dynasty/historical
period
that
you
want
to
learn
more
about.
Some
imperial
dynasties
in
the
history
of
China
went
through
different
periods
with
specific
distinguishing
characteristics.
The
Song
dynasty
for
example
is
divided
into
a
Northern
Song
period
and
(you
guessed
it)
a
Southern
Song
period.
When
hovering
on
the
words
Song
dynasty
in
the
menu
on
the
left,
a
sub-menu
appears
that
allows
you
to
select
the
Northern
Song
or
Southern
Song
period.
Both
periods
are
explained
on
the
same
main
page
but
the
sub-menu
allows
you
to
directly
find
the
period
that
you
are
interested
in
without
having
to
look
for
it
by
scrolling
down
the
page.
The
aim
of
this
website
is
to
provide
an
easily-understandable
and
comprehensively-illustrated
summary
of
the
different
periods
in
China's
past.
Chinese
History
Digest
tries
to
present
the
past
not
only
as
a
succession
of
different
leaders,
military
conquests
etc.
but
places
special
emphasis
on
the
underlying
reasons
for
the
different
historical
developments.
Whereas
other
history
pages
just
list
the
names
of
leaders
and
events
along
with
short
descriptions,
our
articles
about
the
different
historical
periods
are
written
in
the
form
of
a
narrative
story.
That
makes
our
pages
ideal
for
people
who
quickly
want
to
gain
a
thorough
understanding
of
China's
past.
It
is
not
the
aim
of
this
website
to
explore
every
single
event
that
happened
in
Chinese
history,
list
the
name
of
every
emperor
and
the
date
of
every
battle.
Pages
like
the?Chinese
history
pages
on
Wikipedia
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?already
exist
for
this
purpose.
However,
our
articles
contain
many
links
to
pages
with
further
and
more-detailed
information
whenever
an
important
figure,
event
or
concept
is
mentioned
in
the
narrative.
In
this
way,
we
aim
to
facilitate
our
readers'
deeper
learning
about
Chinese
history.
China's
Historic
Sights
Some
experts
predict
China
to
become
the?world's
most
visited
country
by
2030
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??).
It
is
already
the
world's
fourth
most
visited
country
now
which
is
not
really
a
surprise
considering
the
abundance
of
amazing
places
the
Middle
Kingdom
has
to
offer.
Many
tourist
attractions
are
related
to
China's
historic
past.
As
of
now,
China
has
43
places
inscribed
on
the?UNESCO
World
Heritage
List
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?and
a
further
62
on
the
tentative
list.
Many
of
these
have
some
historic
relevance.
In
addition,
the?China
National
Tourism
Administration
(CNTA)
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?maintains
a
Tourist
Attraction
Rating
System
that
divides
all
tourist
attractions
in
the
country
between
the
ratings
of
5A
to
1A.
The
second
menu
on
the
right
side
of
our
pages
allows
you
to
select
between
the
different
historic
sights
that
are
featured
on
this
website.
All
the
listed
palaces,
temples,
mansions,
parks
.
.
.
etc.
are
mentioned
somewhere
in
the
narrative
historical
overviews
of
the
different
dynasties/periods
so
each
place
played
a
highly
significant
role
in
the
history
of
China.
Many
of
the
listed
historic
places
will
already
be
known
to
most
readers
like
the
Forbidden
City
or
the
Summer
Palace
in
Beijing.
Other
historic
sights
like
for
example
the
Yucheng
Postal
Stop
are
much
less
renowned
but
that
doesn't
diminish
their
historical
importance.
Chinese
History
中国历史
The
earliest
men
living
in
China
can
be
traced
back
to
1.7
million
years
ago.
After
long
evolving,
the
ancient
hominid
commenced
to
step
into
civilization
society.
With
a
recorded
history
of
nearly
4000
years,
China
is
known
as
one
of
the
oldest
civilizations
in
the
world.
Cultivating
the
main
Chinese
civilization
for
thousands
of
years,?The
Yellow
River?and?The
Yangtze
River?are
seen
as
Mother
Rivers
by
Chinese
people,
with
the
Yellow
River
also
being
hailed
as
"the?cradle?of
Chinese
civilization".
For
thousand
of
years,
colorful
cultures
of
Chinese?ethnic
groups?have
been
lasting,
blending
and
developing,
creating
the
glorious
civilization
of
China.
Important
Words:
The
Yellow
River?黄河huánghé
The
Yangtze
River?长江chángjiāng
cradle?摇篮yáolán
ethnic
groups?少数民族shǎoshù
mínzú
Chinese
History
-
Republic
of
China
1911-1919
Cowed
by
foreign
powers,
China's
imperial
rule
crumbled.
A
republic
was
formed
and
a
president
elected.
Four
years
later
the
president
declared
himself
emperor,
and
civil
war
erupted.
Reform
leaders
like
Sun
Yat-sen,
Chiang
Kai-shek,
and
Mao
Tse-tung
would
battle
old
warlords
and
each
other
through
this
period
as
the
country
strained
to
avoid
foreign
domination.
China
had
balked
at
entering
the
modern
world.
Japan,
however,
looked
enviously
upon
the
resources
of
the
Asian
continent
and
considered
China
weak.
By
the
end
of
World
War
I,
Japan
was
entrenched
firmly
in
Manchuria,
Mongolia,
and
China's
Shandong
province.
During
the
19th
century,
Qing
control
weakened,
and
prosperity
diminished.
China
suffered
massive
social
strife,
economic
stagnation,
explosive
population
growth,
and
Western
penetration
and
influence.
The
Taiping
and
Nian
rebellions,
along
with
a
Russian-supported
Muslim
separatist
movement
in
Xinjiang,
drained
Chinese
resources
and
almost
toppled
the
dynasty.
Britain's
desire
to
continue
its
illegal
opium
trade
with
China
collided
with
imperial
edicts
prohibiting
the
addictive
drug,
and
the
First
Opium
War
erupted
in
1840.
China
lost
the
war;
subsequently,
Britain
and
other
Western
powers,
including
the
United
States,
forcibly
occupied
"concessions"
and
gained
special
commercial
privileges.
Hong
Kong
was
ceded
to
Britain
in
1842
under
the
Treaty
of
Nanking,
and
in
1898,
when
the
Opium
Wars
finally
ended,
Britain
executed
a
99-year
lease
of
the
New
Territories,
significantly
expanding
the
size
of
the
Hong
Kong
colony.
As
time
went
on,
the
Western
powers,
wielding
superior
military
technology,
gained
more
economic
and
political
privileges.
Reformist
Chinese
officials
argued
for
the
adoption
of
Western
technology
to
strengthen
the
dynasty
and
counter
Western
advances,
but
the
Qing
court
played
down
both
the
Western
threat
and
the
benefits
of
Western
technology.
A
number
of
groups
dedicated
to
overthrowing
the
Ching
government
had
arisen.
Among
them
was
the
Xing
Zhong
Hui
(Revive
China
Society),
founded
by
Sun
Yat-sen
in
Honolulu
in
1894
during
the
First
Sino-Japanese
War.
In
Tokyo
in
1905,
while
Sun
was
in
exile
there,
the
society
joined
with
other
groups
to
establish
the
Tong
Meng
Hui
(Revolutionary
Alliance).
Frustrated
by
the
Qing
court's
resistance
to
reform,
young
officials,
military
officers,
and
students--inspired
by
the
revolutionary
ideas
of
Sun
Yat-sen--began
to
advocate
the
overthrow
of
the
Qing
dynasty
and
creation
of
a
republic.
Much
disturbance
of
feeling
and
apprehension
of
a
troublesome
reaction
in
Chinese
policy
was
excited
among
the
foreign
representatives
in
China,
on
January
2,
1909.
by
the
sudden
dismissal
of
the
able
and
powerful
viceroy
of
Chih-li,
Yuan
Shih-kai,
from
all
his
offices.
Yuan
Shih-kai
left
Peking
in
haste,
evidently
in
fear
of
his
life,
and
it
was
expected
that
his
whole
following
of
friends
and
supporters
would
be
swept
out
of
their
offices
and
employments.
But
no
such
result
followed,
and
credit
began
to
be
given
to
the
assurances
of
the
imperial
government
that
the
dismissal
of
Yuan
meant
no
reversal
of
policy
or
reaction
whatever.
He
was
distrusted,
it
was
intimated,
because
he
had
been
disloyal
to
the
late
emperor
in
1898,
when
the
latter
attempted
great
reforms.
A
revolutionary
military
uprising
on
October
10,
1911,
led
to
the
abdication
of
the
last
Qing
monarch.
As
part
of
a
compromise
to
overthrow
the
dynasty
without
a
civil
war,
the
revolutionaries
and
reformers
allowed
high
Qing
officials
to
retain
prominent
positions
in
the
new
republic.
One
of
these
figures,
Gen.
Yuan
Shikai,
was
chosen
as
the
republic's
first
president.
Under
the
Ching
dynasty,
Yuan
had
trained
the
elite,
Western-style
Beiyang
Army.
The
abdication
had
been
due
primarily
to
Yuan
Shih-kai,
who
was
influenced
by
three
things-
hatred
of
a
dynasty
that
had
desired
his
blood;
ambition
to
rule
the
nation
himself;
and
an
inveterate
habit
of
following
foreign
opinion
because
that
opinion
controlled
the
stock
markets
on
which
China
had
lived
for
twenty
years.
Consequently,
when
the
Manchus
had
been
eliminated,
there
remained
for
him
two
controlling
impulses
and
only
two-his
ambition
and
the
foreign
money-market.
Everything
else-parliament,
people,
and
provincial
capitals-was
for
him
mere
shadow-play
and
not
reality.
It
is
only
when
the
problem
is
thus
envisaged
that
what
took
place
can
be
understood.
The
republic
that
Sun
Yat-sen
and
his
associates
envisioned
evolved
slowly.
The
revolutionists
lacked
an
army,
and
the
power
of
Yuan
Shikai
began
to
outstrip
that
of
parliament.
Yuan
revised
the
constitution
at
will
and
became
dictatorial.
In
August
1912
a
new
political
party
was
founded
by
Song
Jiaoren
(1882-1913),
one
of
Sun's
associates.
The
party,
the
Kuo
Min-tang
(Kuomintang
or
KMT
--
the
National
People's
Party,
frequently
referred
to
as
the
Nationalist
Party),
was
an
amalgamation
of
small
political
groups,
including
Sun's
Tongmeng
Hui.
In
the
national
elections
held
in
February
1913
for
the
new
bicameral
parliament,
Song
campaigned
against
the
Yuan
administration,
and
his
party
won
a
majority
of
seats.
Yuan
had
Song
assassinated
in
March;
he
had
already
arranged
the
assassination
of
several
pro-revolutionist
generals.
Animosity
toward
Yuan
grew.
After
the
1911
revolution,
the
new
republic
split
into
three
primary
factions:
1)
Sun
Yat-sen's
Nationalist
Party,
based
in
Nanjing
(formerly
Nanking);
2)
Yuan
Shih-k'ai's
former
Imperial
Army
whose
seat
of
power
was
in
Beijing
(formerly
Peking);
and
3)
warlords
in
northern
China
who
continued
to
reign
over
several
provinces.
In
the
summer
of
1913
seven
southern
provinces
rebelled
against
Yuan.
When
the
rebellion
was
suppressed,
Sun
and
other
instigators
fled
to
Japan.
In
October
1913
an
intimidated
parliament
formally
elected
Yuan
president
of
the
Republic
of
China,
and
the
major
powers
extended
recognition
to
his
government.
To
achieve
international
recognition,
Yuan
Shikai
had
to
agree
to
autonomy
for
Outer
Mongolia
and
Xizang
[Tibet].
China
was
still
to
be
suzerain,
but
it
would
have
to
allow
Russia
a
free
hand
in
Outer
Mongolia
and
Britain
continuance
of
its
influence
in
Xizang.
In
November
1913
Yuan
Shikai,
legally
president,
ordered
the
Kuo
Min-tang
dissolved
and
its
members
removed
from
parliament.
Within
a
few
months,
he
suspended
parliament
and
the
provincial
assemblies
and
forced
the
promulgation
of
a
new
constitution,
which,
in
effect,
made
him
president
for
life.
Yuan's
ambitions
still
were
not
satisfied,
and,
by
the
end
of
1915,
it
was
announced
that
he
would
reestablish
the
monarchy.
To
finance
the
war
in
Europe,
Western
money
had
been
pulled
out
of
China
and
Japan
stepped
into
the
void,
granting
massive
loans
to
the
government
of
Yuan
Shih-k'ai.
In
1915
the
Japanese
set
before
the
warlord
government
in
Beijing
the
so-called
Twenty-One
Demands,
which
would
have
made
China
a
Japanese
protectorate.
The
Beijing
government
rejected
some
of
these
demands
but
yielded
to
the
Japanese
insistence
on
keeping
the
Shandong
territory
already
in
its
possession.
Beijing
also
recognized
Tokyo's
authority
over
southern
Manchuria
and
eastern
Inner
Mongolia
[in
1917,
in
secret
communiques,
Britain,
France,
and
Italy
assented
to
the
Japanese
claim
in
exchange
for
the
Japan's
naval
action
against
Germany].
Yuan
Shih-k'ai
counsellors
and
henchmen
set
going
the
gathering
of
monarchical
support,
and
the
isolating
of
opposition
to
the
president
becoming
emperor
and
saving
China.
The
machine
was
set
in
motion
on
August
30,
1915.
On
October
7,
it
emitted
the
set
process
for
nominating
Yuan
Shih-k'ai
as
emperor.
On
December
11,
Yuan's
Council
of
State
read
the
votes
of
the
monarchist's
agents
in
the
provinces
electing
him
emperor,
and
tendered
him
the
throne.
On
December
29,
Yuan
gave
orders
to
attack
the
Republican
rebels,
in
arms
against
his
usurpation.
He
put
the
crown
away,
but
on
January
2,
1916,
entered
the
palace
in
the
imperial
yellow
chair
of
the
last
dynasty,
sat
on
the
throne,
received
officials,
and
the
salutation
of
"Imperial
Majesty",
and
appointed
the
Minister
of
Agriculture
and
Commerce
as
a
special
envoy
to
the
world,
-
well,
to
Tokio,
-
to
announce
the
new
reign.
On
January
22,
Yuan
Shih-k'ai
postponed
the
monarchy,
and
on
March
22
resumed
the
republic.
The
new
revolution
was
on.
Widespread
rebellions
ensued,
and
numerous
provinces
declared
independence.
With
opposition
at
every
quarter
and
the
nation
breaking
up
into
warlord
factions,
Yuan
Shikai
died
of
natural
causes
on
06
June
1916,
deserted
by
his
lieutenants.
General
Li
Yuan-hong,
vice
president
of
the
Republic
that
Yuan
Shi-kai
had
sought
to
dismantle,
succeeded
him,
while
General
Duan
Qi-rui
retained
his
post
as
premier.
Yuan's
death
left
the
republican
government
all
but
shattered,
ushering
in
the
era
of
the
"warlords"
during
which
China
was
ruled
and
ravaged
by
shifting
coalitions
of
competing
provincial
military
leaders.
Chaos
reigned
as
control
of
the
Chinese
capital
see-sawed
between
several
groups:
generals
of
the
former
Imperial
Army,
territorial
warlords,
and
the
Nationalists
(also
called
Kuomintang
or
KMT).
Provincial
military-
governors
and
generals,
particularly
in
the
northern
provinces,
were
busily
conspiring
to
revive
the
defunct
Manchu
empire.
In
the
face
of
this
menace
the
republicans
themselves
were
disunited
The
Conservative
northern
or
militarist
party,
recruited
chiefly
from
the
old
governing
classes
in
North
China,
and
led
by
Premier
Tuan
Chi-jui,
was
determined
to
dominate
the
republic
in
defiance
of
parliamentary
Radicals.
On
the
other
hand,
the
Radical
republicans
(organized
in
party
called
Kwo-min-tang),
representing
the
"solid
South'
of
Chinese
democracy,
uncompromisingly
insisted
that
they
should
exercise
the
control
of
the
government.
In
the
negotiations
of
foreign
loans,
a
clique
of
pro-Japanese
Conservatives
favored
Japan,
whereas
the
Radicals
inclined
toward
America.
The
struggle
between
North
and
South
in
China
is
very
old.
In
one
form
or
another
it
has
gone
on
for
eight
hundred
years-in
fact
ever
since
the
Kitan
and
Chin
Tartars
burst
through
the
Great
Wall
in
the
eleventh
and
twelfth
centuries
and
commenced
the
Tartar
military
supremacy
in
North
China
which
has
so
profoundly
modified
the
old
Chinese
ritual
of
government.
For
although
the
Ming
dynasty
(Chinese)
broke
the
Mongol
supremacy,
and
moved
the
capital
from
Nanking
to
Peking
five
hundred
years
ago,
the
Mings
were
soon
enough
ousted
by
the
Manchus
(Tartars
again),
who
stereotyped
nearly
three
centuries
ago
the
conception
of
a
military
domination
directed
from
Peking-a
domination
which,
no
matter
how
unreal
it
may
have
become,
still
lived
in
Northern
China
as
a
political
concept,
tradition
playing
such
a
powerful
role
among
the
educated
and
uneducated
alike
that
no
amount
of
argument
can
kill
it.
This,
then,
is
the
real
quarrel
between
North
and
South
in
spite
of
all
talk
about
constitutionalism,
namely,
that
the
Peking
tradition
of
a
military
domination
has
not
been
killed.
In
August
1917
China
had
declared
war
on
Germany
in
the
hope
of
recovering
its
lost
province,
then
under
Japanese
control.
But
in
1918
the
Beijing
government
signed
a
secret
deal
with
Japan
accepting
the
latter's
claim
to
Shandong.
When
the
Paris
peace
conference
of
1919
confirmed
the
Japanese
claim
to
Shandong
and
Beijing's
sellout
became
public,
internal
reaction
was
shattering.
On
May
4,
1919,
there
were
massive
student
demonstrations,
as
10,000
students
rose
against
the
Beijing
government
and
Japan.
The
political
fervor,
student
activism,
and
iconoclastic
and
reformist
intellectual
currents
set
in
motion
by
the
patriotic
student
protest
developed
into
a
national
awakening
known
as
the
May
Fourth
Movement.
The
intellectual
milieu
in
which
the
May
Fourth
Movement
developed
was
known
as
the
New
Culture
Movement
and
occupied
the
period
from
1917
to
1923.
The
student
demonstrations
of
May
4,
1919
were
the
high
point
of
the
New
Culture
Movement,
and
the
terms
are
often
used
synonymously.
Students
returned
from
abroad
advocating
social
and
political
theories
ranging
from
complete
Westernization
of
China
to
the
socialism
that
one
day
would
be
adopted
by
China's
communist
rulers.
One
of
its
leaders
was
a
librarian-turned-Marxist
named
Mao
Zedong
(formerly
spelled
Tse-tung),
who
founded
the
Chinese
Communist
Party
in
China
with
only
57
original
members.
Important
economic
and
social
changes
occurred
during
the
first
years
of
the
Republic.
With
the
outbreak
of
World
War
I,
competition
from
foreign
firms
abated,
and
domestic
light
industry
experienced
rapid
growth.
By
1918,
the
industrial
sector
employed
1.8
million
workers.
Meanwhile,
modern
banks
were
able
to
meet
expanding
financial
demand.
In
addition
to
Japan,
the
United
States
was
the
other
emerging
Pacific
power.
It
had
long
felt
sympathetic
toward
the
Chinese
people,
both
because
of
their
plight
and
the
potential
of
their
markets.
China,
in
turn,
looked
to
the
United
States
to
check
foreign
aggression.
While
Washington
tried
to
reign
in
Japan's
Asian
design,
there
was
little
America
could
do
with
a
limited
military
and
economic
presence.
In
1921-22,
an
international
conference
aiming
to
limit
the
world's
navies
was
held
in
Washington.
The
resulting
Nine
Powers
Treaty
(also
signed
by
Japan)
reaffirmed
America's
Open
Door
policy
towards
China.
Confucius
1
Why
have
the
East
and
the
West
developed
such
different
habits
of
thought?
A
well-read
philosopher
answered,
“Because
they
have
Aristotle
and
we
have
Confucius.”
He
was
joking
—
mostly,
but
one
can’t
say
he
is
completely
wrong.
The
truth
is
no
other
individual
in
Chinese
history
has
so
deeply
influenced
the
life
and
thought
of
his
people,
as
a
philosopher,
transmitter,
teacher,
and
?interpreter
of
the
ancient
culture
and
literature,
and
as
a
molder
of
Chinese
mind
and
character.
Confucius
was
born
in
551
B.C.
in
the
state
of
Lu.
His
family
name
was
Kong,
his
personal
name
Qiu.
“Confucius”
is
the
Latinized
form
of
“Kong
Fuzi”
or
Master
Kong.
When
Confucius
was
little,
China
had
already
been
disintegrated
into
a
number
of
small
feudal
states
which
were
constantly
fighting
against
each
other.
The
emperors
of
the
central
court
of
the
Zhou
dynasty,
unlike
their
predecessors,
had
no
real
control
over
the
more
and
more
powerful
lords
of
the
feudal
states.
In
spite
of
the
deteriorating
situation,
Confucius
passionately
went
on
the
long
journey
to
bring
order
and
peace
that
prevailed
in
early
Zhou
time
back
to
his
age.
He
travelled
from
state
to
state
for
a
ruler
who
would
be
willing
to
employ
him
and
practice
his
ideas
in
the
government.
At
the
age
of
fifty-three,
when
Duke
Ding
of
Lu
was
on
the
throne,
Confucius’
talents
were
finally
recognized
and
he
was
appointed
Minister
of
Public
Works
and
then
Minister
of
Crime[司寇].
But
Confucius
offended
members
of
the
Lu
aristocrats
who
were
vying
with
Duke
Ding
for
power
and
he
was
subsequently
forced
to
leave
office
and
go
into
exile.
In
the
company
of
his
disciples,
Confucius
left
Lu
and
traveled
in
the
states
of
Wei,
Song,
Chen,
Cai,
and
Chu,
purportedly
looking
for
a
ruler
who
might
employ
him
but
meeting
instead
with
indifference
and,
occasionally,
severe
hardship
and
danger.
Gradually
he
turned
his
attention
to
the
teaching
of
young
men
who
might
succeed
in
public
life
where
he
had
failed.
In
his
old
age
he
supposedly
retired
to
devote
himself
to
the
editing
of
the
texts
of
the
Five
Classics.
In
497
B.C.
he
died
at
the
age
of
73.
What
was
the
prescription
Confucian
wrote
out
for
the
ills
and
troubles
of
his
day?
A
return
to
traditional
virtue.
Unless
men
willingly
embraced
the
ideal
of?ren?or
humanity
[benevolence,
or
perfect
virtue],
there
was
no
hope
that
society
could
be
spared
the
evil,
cruelty
and
violence
that
were
destroying
it.
Confucius
conceived
of
a
society
in
terms
of
the
feudal
hierarchy.
According
to
him,
the
common
people
were
to
be
led,
cared
for,
cherished,
even
taught,
by
the
rulers;
but
their
position
at
the
base
of
the
social
hierarchy
should
not
be
modified.
Confucius’s
teachings
were
largely
for
the?junzi?[the
gentleman],
the
potential
or
actual
ruler
of
society
who
could
see
beyond
personal
profit
and
material
interests
to
the
broader
interests
of
the
state
and
mankind.
Confucius
insisted
that
it
was
not
mere
birth
or
social
position
which
distinguished
the
gentleman.
Because
of
his
belief
in
the
importance
of
character
over
birth,
he
devoted
himself
to
the
teaching
of
promising
young
men
regardless
of
their
origins.
He
and
his
school
are
responsible
for
the
optimistic
belief
in
the
perfectibility
of
man
through
learning,
and
for
the
reverence
for
the
scholar
and
the
man
of
letters
in
Chinese
society.
And
it
is
to
a
large
extent
the
teachings
and
examples
of
Confucius
and
his
school
which
have
convinced
so
many
of
the
great
minds
of
later
Chinese
history
that
the
highest
career
in
life
is
that
of
the
statesman,
that
the
highest
concern
of
the
gentleman-scholar
is
politics
and
running
the
state.
The
Confucian
school
remained
merely
one
among
many
rival
schools
of
philosophy.
But
gradually
Confucius’
humanism
began
to
triumph
over
other
doctrines,
his
idealistic
emphasis
on
virtue,
humanity,
and
learning
to
attract
more
followers
than
the
other
philosophies.
At
last,
in
the
second
century
B.C.,
Confucianism
was
declared
the
state
craft
of
the
nation
and
for
the
last
eight
hundred
years
it
has
been
a
basic
text
in
Chinese
education.
What
we
know
today
about
Confucius
largely
comes
from?Lunyu,
or
the?Analects.
The
book,
compiled
by
Confucius’
disciples,
is
in
20
chapters
and
497
verses,
some
consisting
of
the
briefest
aphorisms.
From
the
time
when
Confucianism
became
widely
accepted,
the
laconic
and
provocative
sentences
of
this
work,
difficult
though
they
are
to
interpret,
have
exercised
a
profound
influence
on
the
thought
and
language
of
the
peoples
of
East
Asia.
?
Confucius
2
Heroes
may
be
brave,
but
not
all
of
those
who
act
bravely
are
necessarily
heroes.
Confucius
is
one
of
the
most
important
figures
in
Chinese
history,
the
philosopher-founder
of
an
intellectual,
ethical
tradition
that
has
shaped
a
quarter
of
the
world's
population.
Often
overlooked
outside
his
native
country,
Jonathan
Clements
reveals
Confucius
to
be
an
outspoken
and
uncompromising
man,
and
places
him
within
the
context
of
China
of
2,500
years
ago.
Confucius,
a
contemporary
of
Buddha,
was
the
illegitimate
son
of
a
retired
soldier
and
a
teenage
concubine.
He
had
a
passionate
belief
in
respect
for
others
and
it
was
this
belief
which
underpinned
his
life
and
teachings.
He
advised
the
famous
figures
of
his
day,
gaining
their
respect,
and
also
the
undying
enmity
of
those
whose
paths
he
crossed.
He
was
equally
proud
of
both
achievements,
saying
that
if
the
evil
people
of
the
world
liked
him,
he
was
doing
something
wrong.
Confucius
established
many
ideas
that
are
taken
for
granted
today.
His
theories
became
the
foundation
of
one
of
the
world's
first
civil
services
and
established
enduring
social
structures
throughout
Asia.
In
collating
and
refining
the
words
of
earlier,
forgotten
thinkers,
he
also
preserved
elements
of
China's
prehistoric
culture,
and
its
ancient
religion
of
ancestor-worship.
Confucius
3
Confucius
was
a
great
thinker
and
educator
in
Chinese
history.
He
was
the
founder
of
Confucianism
and
was
respectfully
referred
to
as
an
ancient
"sage".
His
words
and
life
story
were
recorded
in
The
Analects,
an
enduring
classic
of
ancient
Chinese
culture.
The
Analects
has
had
a
great
influence
on
the
thinkers,
writers,
and
statesmen
that
came
after
Confucius.
Without
studying
this
book,
one
could
hardly
truly
understand
the
thousands-of-years
traditional
Chinese
culture.
Much
of
Confucius'
thought,
especially
his
thought
on
education,
has
had
a
profound
influence
on
Chinese
society.
In
the
21st
century,
Confucian
thought
not
only
retains
the
attention
of
the
Chinese
,but
it
also
wins
an
increasing
attention
from
the
international
community.写作
TOC
\o
"1-3"
\h
\z
\u
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82720747"一、主题：介绍长治
1
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82720748"二、主题：文化城市——长春
1
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82720749"三、主题：推荐毕业旅行目的地
2
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82720750"四、主题：介绍西安
2
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82720751"五、主题：介绍成都
2
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82720752"六、主题：介绍漳州
2
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82720753"七、主题：介绍青岛
3
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82720754"八、主题：介绍“我的家乡”
3
HYPERLINK
"http://www./"
\l
"_Toc82720755"参考范文
3
主题：介绍长治
假定你是李华，你的笔友Peter要到你所在城市长治的一所大学学习中文，他来信询问这个城市的有关情况。请你写一封回信，要点如下：
（1）表示欢迎；
（2）介绍城市情况（位置、气候、交通、饮食等）；
（3）愿意帮助，鼓励进步。
二、主题：文化城市——长春
某知名英文报社的“文化城市”栏目正在开展“Welcome
to...!”主题征文活动，你打算投稿，请根据下面的提示写一篇短文介绍你所在的城市——长春。
1.
地理位置、人口（858万）、面积（24744平方公里）等；
2.
制造之城：①一汽，中国汽车工业的“摇篮”②
中车长春轨道客车公司，生产出了国内第一辆地铁车，第一列动车组列车等；
3.
电影之城：新中国电影的摇篮，中国最早举办的电影节——长春电影节，已举办15
届；
4.
冰雪之城：净月潭瓦萨国际滑雪节；
5.
主要景点等。
参考词汇：manufacture
制造；FAW
一汽；cradle
摇篮；
CRRC
Changchun
Railway
Vehicles
Co.,Ltd.
中车长春轨道客车公司；
D-series
high-speed
train
动车组列车；
Changchun
Film
Studio
长春电影制片厂；
Jingyuetan
Vasa
International
Skiing
Festival
净月潭瓦萨国际滑雪节；
the
Puppet
Palace
Museum
伪满皇宫；
Jingyuetan
National
Forest
Park
净月潭国家森林公园。
三、主题：推荐毕业旅行目的地
1.
推荐理由；
2.
旅行的注意事项；
3.
期待与祝愿。
四、主题：介绍西安
假如你是李华,你的加拿大笔友Bob来信谈到他所居住的城市，并希望了解你家乡西安/咸阳的情况。请你用英语写一封回信。内容包括：
1.
自然情况
2.
历史
3.
现状
五、主题：介绍成都
假定你是李华，你的英国朋友John得知你成功入选2021年成都大运会志愿者，想更多了解成都，请给他写一封邮件，内容要点如下：
1.
个人感受；
2.
成都概况；
3.
旅游情况（观光景点及美食等）。
六、主题：介绍漳州
假定你是李华，你的美国朋友Sarah打算暑假来漳州旅游，来信询问漳州古城的情况。请你写封回信，简单介绍以下内容：
1.位置：九龙江北岸、市中心；
2.概况：0.86平方千米、历史悠久、第一个闽南文化生态保护区的重要组成部分；
3.特色：古式建筑群、孔庙、中山公园、闽南小吃等；
4.交通：公共汽车13、17、31路。
参考词汇：闽南文化生态保护区Minnan
Cultural
Ecological
Reserve
孔子Confucius
平方千米square
kilometer
七、主题：介绍青岛
假如你是李华，你的笔友
Tom
来信说对青岛很感兴趣，想让你介绍一下青岛的情况，
请根据一下提示有英文写信回复他。
1.
青岛位于山东省东部，
总面积一万多平方千米，人口
900
多万。
2.
气候宜人，冬暖夏凉，因蓝色的大海，美丽的海滨而成为旅游和避暑胜地。
3.
近年来青岛发生了巨大变化，成为国际港口城市，对发展我国对外贸易起到了重要作用。
八、主题：介绍“我的家乡”
你校英文报正在征集主题为“我的家乡”的英语短文。请你以此为题写一篇短文投稿，内容包括：
1.简单介绍你的家乡；
2.家乡的旅游景点和特色美食；
3.家乡人的品质。
参考范文
1．Dear
Peter,
I'm
very
glad
to
know
you
will
come
to
study
here.
Welcome
to
our
city!
Here
is
something
you
want
to
know.
My
hometown
Changzhi
is
located
in
the
southeast
of
Shanxi
province.
The
city
is
famous
for
its
mild
weather,
neither
too
hot
nor
too
cold.
The
average
temperature
is
about
15℃.
The
transportation
is
quite
convenient.
To
get
there,
you
are
lucky
to
have
varieties
of
choices
such
as
high-speed
rail,
airplane,
train
or
bus.
As
for
the
food,
I
dare
say
it
is
diverse,
varying
from
local
snacks
to
the
tastes
all
over
the
world.
I'm
sure
this
city
won't
let
you
disappointed
and
you
will
definitely
lead
a
happy
life
here.
If
you
have
any
other
questions,
don't
hesitate
to
contact
me.
Yours,
Li
Hua
2．
Welcome
to
Changchun
Changchun,
the
capital
of
Jilin
Province,
is
located
in
Northeast
China,
covering
an
area
of
24744
square
kilometers.
It,
with
a
popultion
of
8.58
million,
is
a
well-known
cultural
city.
Changchun
is
characterized
as
the
following
city
names.
First,
City
of
Manufacturing.
FAW
is
the
cradle
of
Chinese
automobile
industry
where
China’s
earliest
auto,
Jiefang,
was
manufactured.
Also,
CRRC
Changchun
Railway
Vehicles
Co.,Ltd.
produced
the
first
domestic
subway
car
and
the
first
D-series
high-speed
train.
Its
products
have
been
exported
to
more
than
20
countries
and
regions,
creating
a
“national
name
card”
for
China’s
high-speed
railway.
Second,
City
of
Films.
Changchun
Film
Studio,
the
cradle
of
cinema
of
the
PRC,
has
a
long
list
of
firsts
in
films.The
Changchun
Film
Festival,
the
earliest
film
festival
held
in
China,
has
been
held
15
times
so
far.
Third,
City
of
Ice
and
Snow.
In
winter,
Changchun
is
a
great
place
to
experience
exciting
ice
and
snow
sports
and
amusements.
Besides,
Jingyuetan
Vasa
International
Skiing
Festival
receives
a
large
number
of
visitors
and
players
each
year.
Traditionally,
the
Puppet
Palace
Museum
is
a
must
for
visitors,
which
educates
people
to
remember
the
history
and
move
on
to
a
brighter
future.
Other
famous
sites
include
Jingyuetan
National
Forest
Park
and
South
Lake
Park,
to
name
but
a
few.
Changchun
is
an
important
part
of
Chinese
culture
and
it
allows
visitors
to
experience
the
Northeast
culture
and
the
mix
of
history
and
modern
times
first
hand.
3．Dear
Brown,
It
is
delighted
that
the
graduation
season
is
around
the
corner.
Knowing
you
are
crazy
about
travelling,
I’d
like
to
introduce
my
hometown,
Chongqing,
to
you.
At
the
meeting
of
Yangtze
River
and
Jialing
River
lies
Chongqing,
where
you
can
meet
warm
people
and
enjoy
delicious
food.
Besides,
the
buildings
are
so
magic
that
you
can’t
distinguish
the
exact
floor.
Therefore,
attention
should
be
paid
to
your
travel.
It
is
necessary
for
you
to
prepare
a
detailed
plan.
If
possible,
you
are
supposed
to
hire
a
guide
to
help
you.
May
you
have
a
wonderful
trip.
I
really
look
forward
to
seeing
you.
Yours,
Li
Hua
4．
Dear
Bob,
It’s
very
kind
of
you
to
write
to
me
and
let
me
know
about
your
beautiful
city.
Now
I’d
like
to
tell
you
something
about
my
hometown
Xian
Yang.
Now
I
will
give
a
brief
introduction
to
my
hometown
Xian
Yang.
It
is
a
beautiful
city
located
on
the
bank
of
Weihe
River.
It
is
a
beautiful
place
for
people
to
live
in.
With
a
long
history,
it
can
date
back
to
Pre-Qin
Period.
The
city
covers
an
area
of
over
15,800
square
kilometers.
Its
economy
has
been
developing
rapidly
in
the
past
ten
years.
New
factories,
houses
and
roads
have
been
built.
And
now
it
is
one
of
the
excellent
tourism
cities
in
our
country.
Here
are
many
fascinating
sights,
such
as
Evergreen
Lake,
Guishan
Mountains
and
so
on,
which
attracts
many
visitors
at
home
and
abroad
every
year.
I
hope
you
will
enjoy
yourselves
here.
Yours,
Li
Hua
5．Dear
John,
I
am
very
excited
and
proud
to
be
selected
as
a
volunteer
for
the
2021
Universiade
in
Chengdu.
Thank
you
very
much
for
your
congratulations.
Chengdu
is
a
very
beautiful
city.
It
is
the
capital
of
Sichuan
Province,
which
is
known
as
the
“Land
of
Abundance”.
If
you
love
giant
pandas,
the
Chengdu
Research
Base
of
Giant
Panda
Breeding
is
certainly
a
must
visit.
Kuanzhai
Alley,
along
with
Daci
Temple
and
Wenshu
Courtyard,
is
known
as
one
of
the
three
protected
streets
of
Chengdu.
It
is
a
relatively
large
Qing
dynasty
ancient
street
left
in
Chengdu.
As
for
food,
bean
blossom,
dragon
hand,
mom
hoof
flower
and
so
on
are
good
choices.
Yours,
Li
Hua
6．Dear
Sarah,
Thank
you
for
your
letter
asking
about
the
Old
Town
of
Zhangzhou.
Here
is
something
about
it.
Covering
0.
86
square
kilometers,
the
Old
Town
is
located
downtown
and
on
the
north
of
the
Jiulongjiang
River,
which
means
it's
convenient
to
get
there
by
bus.
You
can
take
bus
No.
13,
17
or
31.
With
a
long
history,
it's
well-known
for
its
good
preservation
of
Minnan
culture,
making
it
an
important
part
of
the
first
Minnan
Cultural
Ecological
Reserve.
The
Old
Town
is
not
only
an
eye
opener
for
you
to
admire
old
buildings,
and
visit
the
famous
Confucius
Temple
and
Zhongshan
Park,
but
also
offers
a
chance
for
you
to
taste
various
local
snacks.
If
you're
interested
in
Minnan
way
of
life,
you
can't
miss
it!
Yours,
Li
Hua
7．
Dear
Tom,
I'm
glad
to
hear
from
you.
Now
I
will
tell
you
something
about
Qingdao.
Situated
in
the
east
of
Shandong
Province,
Qingdao
covers
an
area
of
more
than
10,000
square
kilometers
and
has
a
population
of
over
9
million.
As
a
coastal
city,
Qingdao
has
a
favourable
climate,
neither
too
hot
in
summer
nor
too
cold
in
winter.
Due
to
its
blue
sea
and
beautiful
beaches,
Qingdao
is
one
of
the
best
tourist
attractions
and
a
popular
summer
resort.
Tens
of
thousands
of
people
from
all
over
the
country
pour
into
the
booming
city
every
summer.
In
recent
years,
Qingdao,
an
international
port
city,
has
witnessed
great
changes
and
played
an
important
part
in
the
development
of
the
foreign
trade
of
our
country.
Looking
forward
to
your
coming.
Yours,
Li
Hua
8．
My
Hometown
My
hometown
is
Nanjing,
the
capital
of
Jiangsu
province.
It
is
an
ancient
city
with
a
glorious
history.
There
are
some
famous
tourist
attractions,
such
as
the
Sun
Yat-sen
Mausoleum,
the
Ming
Xiaoling
Mausoleum,
as
well
as
the
Qinhuai
River,
which
are
all
worth
a
visit.
In
terms
of
delicious
local
food,
salted
ducks
leave
all
visitors
from
home
and
abroad
a
deep
and
lasting
impression.
Actually,
people
in
Nanjing
are
good
at
cooking
different
dishes
with
ducks.
If
you
need
help,
you'll
find
people
here
are
friendly
and
very
warm-hearted.
Welcome
to
visit
my
hometown.Unit
4单元练习
阅读理解
A
When
you
think
of
a
typical
American,
who
do
you
picture?
A
pretty
blond
white
American
like
Taylor
Swift?
Or
a
handsome
black
American
like
basketball
star
Kobe
Bryant?
In
fact,
there
was
a
time
when
the
average
American
looked
like
neither
of
these
people.
Back
in
the
year
1500,
the
average
American
was
a
brown-skinned
hunter-gatherer
who
probably
rode
a
horse
and
wore
clothing
made
from
animal
skins.
Today,
the
ancestors
of
these
people—who
usually
identify
themselves
based
on
their
individual
tribes
such
as
Iriquois.
Apache
and
Navajo—are
broadly
referred
to
as
“Native
Americans”,
“American
Indians”
or
simply
“Indians”.
There’s
a
chance
that
you’ve
never
even
heard
of
American
Indians.
That’s
because
there
aren’t
very
many
left.
When
the
European
settlement
of
North
America
began,
there
was
intense
(激烈的)
conflict
between
settlers
from
overseas
and
these
native
people.
After
the
British
government
and
military
were
expelled
in
the
Revolutionary
War,
conflicts
with
natives
continued
as
the
states
were
created
that
would
later
make
up
the
US.
In
these
conflicts,
millions
of
natives
were
killed.
In
1830,
former
US
president
Andrew
Jackson
signed
the
Indian
Removal
Act.
This
act
required
all
Indians
to
migrate
to
west
of
the
Mississippi
River
to
allow
for
the
expansion
of
the
US.
American
Indians
were
treated
as
a
military
“enemy”
until
1924,
when
the
few
Indians
still
alive
at
that
point
we
granted
US
citizenship.
That
was
the
first
time
that
the
US
government
formally
recognized
the
rights
of
Indians.
While
the
story
of
the
American
Indians
has
been
a
sad
one,
their
legacy
is
still
felt
every
day
in
the
US.
Many
US
geographical
names
come
from
Indian
languages,
such
as
Ohio,
Topeka,
Kansas
and
the
Potomac
River.
At
the
same
time,
there
are
many
successful
academics
and
other
important
US
leaders
who
are
descended
from
Indians.
And
nowadays,
more
and
more
history
classes
in
US
public
schools
are
educating
students
about
how
Indian
suffered
during
the
settlement
of
the
US.
Although
what
happened
cannot
be
undone,
we
can
learn
at
least
one
thing
from
the
sad
history
of
the
Indians:
If
we
want
a
better
future,
we
must
look
carefully
and
honestly
at
the
past.
1．What
is
the
article
mainly
about?
A．The
history
of
the
settlement
of
the
US.
B．What
a
typical
American
is
lie.
C．American
Indians’
economic
impact
on
the
US
D．The
sad
story
of
American
Indians.
2．It
can
be
concluded
from
the
text
that
in
the
middle
of
the
19th
century,
American
Indians
________.
A．were
required
to
live
along
the
Mississippi
River
B．were
finally
granted
US
citizenship
C．were
regarded
as
a
military
“enemy”
of
the
US
D．were
expelled
from
the
US
by
the
British
government
3．What
can
we
learn
about
American
Indians
from
the
article?
A．American
youths
are
becoming
more
informed
of
the
suffering
of
the
Indians.
B．The
majority
of
them
lived
in
the
states
of
Ohio
and
Kansas.
C．Some
of
their
languages
are
still
used
today.
D．There
are
few
influential
American
Indians
in
US
history.
4．What
is
the
authors
attitude
toward
the
history
of
American
Indians?
A．He
doesn’t
have
much
interest
in
it.
B．It’s
miserable
to
be
reminded
of
it.
C．Every
school
in
US
should
teach
classes
about
it.
D．It’s
important
to
learn
from
it.
B
When
the
explorers
first
set
foot
upon
the
continent
of
North
America,
the
skies
and
lands
were
alive
with
an
astonishing
variety
of
wildlife.
Native
Americans
had
taken
care
of
these
precious
natural
resources
wisely.
Unfortunately,
it
took
the
explorers
and
the
settlers
who
followed
only
a
few
decades
to
decimate
a
large
part
of
these
resources.
Millions
of
waterfowl
(水禽)
were
killed
at
the
hands
of
market
hunters
and
a
handful
of
overly
ambitious
sportsmen.
Millions
of
acres
of
wetlands
were
dried
to
feed
and
house
the
ever-increasing
populations,
greatly
reducing
waterfowl
habitat.
In
1934,
with
the
passage
of
the
Migratory
Bird
Hunting
Stamp
Act
(Act),
an
increasingly
concerned
nation
took
firm
action
to
stop
the
destruction
of
migratory
(迁徙的)
waterfowl
and
the
wetlands
so
vital
to
their
survival.
Under
this
Act,
all
waterfowl
hunters
16
years
of
age
and
over
must
annually
purchase
and
carry
a
Federal
Duck
Stamp.
The
very
first
Federal
Duck
Stamp
was
designed
by
J.N.
“Ding”
Darling,
a
political
cartoonist
from
Des
Moines,
Iowa,
who
at
that
time
was
appointed
by
President
Franklin
Roosevelt
as
Director
of
the
Bureau
of
Biological
Survey.
Hunters
willingly
pay
the
stamp
price
to
ensure
the
survival
of
our
natural
resources.
About
98
cents
of
every
duck
stamp
dollar
goes
directly
into
the
Migratory
Bird
Conservation
Fund
to
purchase
wetlands
and
wildlife
habitat
for
inclusion
into
the
National
Wildlife
Refuge
System—a
fact
that
ensures
this
land
will
be
protected
and
available
for
all
generations
to
come.
Since
1934,
better
than
half
a
billion
dollars
has
gone
into
that
Fund
to
purchase
more
than
5
million
acres
of
habitat.
Little
wonder
the
Federal
Duck
Stamp
Program
has
been
called
one
of
the
most
successful
conservation
programs
ever
initiated.
5．What
was
a
cause
of
the
waterfowl
population
decline
in
North
America?
A．Loss
of
wetlands.
B．Popularity
of
water
sports.
C．Pollution
of
rivers.
D．Arrival
of
other
wild
animals.
6．What
does
the
underlined
word
“decimate”
mean
in
the
first
paragraph?
A．Acquire.
B．Export.
C．Destroy.
D．Distribute.
7．What
is
a
direct
result
of
the
Act
passed
in
1934?
A．The
stamp
price
has
gone
down.
B．The
migratory
birds
have
flown
away.
C．The
hunters
have
stopped
hunting.
D．The
government
has
collected
money.
8．What’s
the
writer’s
attitude
towards
Migratory
Bird
Hunting
Stamp
Act
(Act)?
A．Negative.
B．Positive.
C．Indifferent.
D．Unknown.
七选五
Entering
a
university
is
an
important
part
of
a
person’s
life.
Today,
many
people
go
to
a
university
to
study
and
train
for
a
future
job
in
subjects
like
law,
medicine
or
education.
1
An
important
one
started
in
Egypt
over
one
thousand
years
ago.
The
world’s
oldest
surviving
university,
AL-Azhar,
is
in
Cario,
Egypt.
It
was
first
built
as
a
mosque
for
religion
(宗教寺院)
in
A．D．972.
A
few
years
later,
learners
and
teachers
began
meeting
in
the
mosque.
They
read
and
talked
about
the
subject
of
religion
and
law.
2
Leaders
in
the
city
of
Cario
decided
to
create
a
school
for
higher
learning
and
soon
after
that,
AL-Azhar
University
was
founded.
3
For
these
teachers
at
AL-Azhar,
they
needed
to
think
about
what
courses
to
teach
and
how
to
teach
them.
The
earliest
courses
were
in
law
and
religion.
In
a
course,
students
read
and
studied
with
the
teachers,
but
there
was
also
free
discussion.
Often,
students
and
teachers
had
interesting
discussions,
and
there
was
no
“right”
answer.
In
the
years
that
followed,
the
new
university
interested
scholars
from
around
the
world.
4
At
AL-Azhar,
people
studied
the
past,
but
it
was
also
a
place
for
sharing
new
ideas.
Over
a
thousand
years
later,
AL-Azhar
is
still
an
important
university
in
the
world.
5
Today,
many
of
the
world’s
most
important
universities
such
as
Oxford
and
Harvard
still
follow
the
same
traditions
as
they
do
at
AL-Azhar.
A.
A
university
was
a
new
idea
at
that
time
B.
They
came
here
to
teach
and
do
research
C.
There
are
many
reasons
to
study
in
Egypt
D.
Around
the
year
988,
a
new
decision
was
made
E.
However,
the
university
is
not
a
modern
invention
F.
The
cost
of
university
education
is
increasing
year
by
year
G.
Its
library
contains
many
of
the
world's
oldest
and
most
valuable
books
完形填空
People
live
in
the
present.
They
plan
for
the
future.
History,
1
,
is
the
study
of
the
past.
Given
all
the
demands
and
pressures
that
come
from
living
in
the
present
and
2
what
is
yet
to
come,
why
bother
with
what
has
been?
Given
all
the
available
branches
of
knowledge,
why
insist
—
as
most
educational
systems
do
—
on
history?
And
why
encourage
many
students
to
study
even
more
history
than
they
are
3
to?
Any
subject
of
study
needs
to
be
4
:
supporters
must
explain
why
it
is
worth
5
.
Like
most
widely
accepted
subjects,
history
attracts
people
who
simply
6
the
information
and
modes
of
thought
involved.
But
for
people
who
are
less
interested
in
the
subject
and
more
7
about
why
they
should
bother
with
it,
a
clearer
explanation
of
its
purpose
is
required.
8
do
not
perform
heart
transplants,
improve
highway
design,
or
arrest
criminals.
In
a
society
that
quite
correctly
expects
education
to
serve
useful
purposes,
history’s
functions
can
seem
more
9
to
determine
than
those
of
engineering
or
medicine.
History
is
in
fact
very
useful,
actually
10
,
but
the
products
of
historical
study
are
often
less
11
and
immediate
than
those
of
other
subjects.
History
helps
us
understand
people,
societies
and
how
they
12
.
For
example,
how
can
we
13
past
wars
(and
future
threats)
without
using
historical
materials?
Unfortunately,
major
aspects
of
a
society’s
operation
cannot
be
set
up
as
precise
experiments.
14
,
history
must
serve,
however
imperfectly,
as
our
laboratory,
helping
us
understand
who
we
are
and
why
we
do
what
we
do.
This,
fundamentally,
is
why
we
cannot
15
history.
1．A．otherwise
B．besides
C．however
D．therefore
2．A．avoiding
B．fearing
C．celebrating
D．expecting
3．A．required
B．invited
C．forced
D．permitted
4．A．introduced
B．explored
C．justified
D．dropped
5．A．protection
B．attention
C．expectation
D．mention
6．A．provide
B．receive
C．share
D．like
7．A．doubtful
B．worried
C．thoughtful
D．certain
8．A．Supporters
B．Historians
C．Audiences
D．Teachers
9．A．difficult
B．sensible
C．secure
D．beneficial
10．A．optional
B．attractive
C．accessible
D．vital
11．A．valuable
B．interesting
C．obvious
D．instructive
12．A．feel
B．behave
C．fight
D．live
13．A．prevent
B．remember
C．evaluate
D．declare
14．A．Consequently
B．Alternatively
C．Fortunately
D．Admittedly
15．A．make
up
for
B．give
in
to
C．get
close
to
D．stay
away
from
语法填空
The
earliest
form
of
Chinese
money
was
shells.
Money
shells
were
(late)
bronzed.
In
the
period
of
rival
states
(770-221
BC)
money
used
by
different
states
were
found
different
shapes:
knife-shaped,
spade
shaped,
and
ant-nose-shaped.
When
Emperor
Qinshihuang
united
China
in
221
BC,
round
coins
with
square
hole
in
the
middle
(introduce)
and
this
form
of
currency
was
used
until
around
1890.
This
is
the
form
of
the
currency
in
the
nation's
popular
(imagine),
and
today
it
becomes
a
symbol
of
wealth
and
prosperity.
For
higher
level
trades,
ingots
of
silver
(银元)
were
commonly
used,
looked
like
the
classic
boat
that
children
enjoy
(fold)
out
of
paper
and
may
be
seen
in
souvenir
stores.
Nowadays,
money
(form)
a
big
part
of
the
everyday
life
of
Chinese.
Although
electronic
trades
are
becoming
(increase)
common,
cash
is
still
the
(prefer)
means
to
trade.
Up
to
now,
five
sets
of
RMB
have
been
issued.
短文改错
The
Mona
Lisa
is
a
world-famous
painting.
The
woman
in
the
painting
wear
a
smile
on
her
face.
She
is
believed
be
the
wife
of
a
rich
Italian.
Leonardo
da
Vinci
began
to
paint
them
in
1503
and
finished
the
painting
four
years
later.
The
painting
has
been
hanged
in
the
national
museum
in
Paris
since
1797.
One
night
in
1911,
it
is
stolen
by
a
worker
from
the
museum.
Two
years
later,
the
worker
was
caught
in
Italy
when
try
to
sell
the
painting.
Now
the
Mona
Lisa
is
shown
before
thick
glass
in
the
museum.
Million
of
people
come
to
see
this
famous
painting
the
each
year.
However,
few
people
notice
one
importantly
thing—the
smiling
lady
appears
to
have
no
eyebrows.
参考答案
阅读理解
1．D
2．C
3．A
4．D
5．A
6．C
7．D
8．B
七选五
E
D
A
B
G
完形填空
1．C
2．D
3．A
4．C
5．B
6．D
7．A
8．B
9．A
10．D
11．C
12．B
13．C
14．A
15．D
语法填空
later
in
a
were
introduced
imagination
which
folding
forms
increasingly
preferable
短文改错
wear→wears
believed后面加to
them→it/her
hanged→hung/hanging
is→was
try→trying
before→behind
million→millions
去掉the
importantly→important过去分词高考题
【2018·北京】10.?Ordinary
soap
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??),
_________
correctly,
can
deal
with
bacteria
effectively.
A.?used
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?B.
to
use
C.
using
D.
use
【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)。句意：如果正确使用的话，普通的肥皂
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)可以有效地处理细菌
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)。Ordinary
soap
can
deal
with
bacterial
effectively是主句，_________
correctly是条件状语，修饰ordinary
soap，ordinary
soap
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)和use之间是被动关系，故要用过去分词，A选项正确。
【2018·天津】7.
I
need
a?new
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?passport
so
I
will
have
to
have
my
photographs.
A.
taking
B.
taken
C.
being
taken
D.
take
【答案】B
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我需要一个新护照
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)，所以我将不得不拍照片。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语，宾语my
photograph与补足语之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。C项表示正在进行。故选B。
【2017·北京卷】32.
Jim
has
retired,
but
he
still
remember
the
happy
time
_______
with
his
students.
A.
to
spend
B.
spend
C.
spending
D.
spent
【答案】D
试题分析：句意：Jim已经退休了，但是他依然记得和学生一起度过的快乐时光。句子已经有了谓语，空格只能填非谓语动词，逻辑主语是time，和spend之间是被动关系，故用过去分词spent。
6.【2016·浙江】10.To
return
to
the
problem
of
water
pollution
,
I'd
like
you
to
look
at
a
study
_______
in
Australia
in
2012.
A.
having
conducted
B.
to
be
conducted
C.
conducting
D.
conducted
【答案】D
【解析】
试题分析：句意：为了回到水污染
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)的问题，我想要你研究一下2012年澳大利亚进行的研究。使用非谓语动词作定语，study和conduct是动宾关系，用过去分词作定语。B项也表示被动，但是不定式的被动，表示将要发生的事情。故选D。
【2015·北京】31.If
___for
the
job,
you’ll
be
informed
soon.
A
.to
accept
B.
accept
C.
accepting
D.
accepted
【答案】D
【解析】
试题分析：句意：如果录用你了，我们将很快通知你。本句条件状语从句中省略了主语you，与accept构成被动关系，用过去分词accepted。故选D。
【2015·重庆】6.
____
in
the
poorest
area
of
Glasgow,
he
had
a
long,
hard
road
to
becoming
a
football
star.
A.
Being
raised
B.
Raising
C.
Raised
D.
To
raise
【答案】C
【解析】
试题分析：句意：他在格拉斯哥最穷的地方长大，要想成为足球明星
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)还有很长的路要走。根据句意可知raise这个动词的主语是he，他在这个地方长大，两者之间是主谓关系，故选C项。
【2014·重庆卷】5.
The
producer
comes
regularly
to
collect
the
cameras
_______
to
our
shop
for
quality
problems.
A.
returning
B.
returned
C.
to
return
D.
to
be
returned
【答案】B
【解析】
试题分析：本题意为：厂商定期回收因质量问题退回来的相机
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)。camera是“退回”的承受者，应使用过去分词。A、C两项语态错误；D项表“未来”，时态不合语境。故本题选择B项。
【2014·天津卷】7.
Clearly
and
thoughtfully________,
the
book
inspires
confidence
in
students
who
wish
to
seek
their
own
answers.
A.
writing
B.
to
write
C.
written
D.
being
written
【答案】C
【解析】
试题分析：句意：这本书写得既清楚又完整，该书激励了那些希望寻求自己的答案的学生的自信心。Clearly
and
thoroughly
是副词，writing是动词的-ing形式，表示与主语book是主动关系；to
write是动词不定式，表将来和目的；written是动词的过去分词形式，表示与主语book是被动的关系。根据语境可知，选C。
【2014·四川卷】5.
The
manager
was
satisfied
to
see
many?new
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)?products
______
after
great
effort.
A.
having
developed
B.
to
develop
C.
developed
D.
develop
【答案】C
【解析】
试题分析:分析结构可知此处是“see
+宾语+补语”结构，动词develop和宾语之间存在被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案选C。句意：经理很满意得看到经过努力后许多新产品被研制了出来。
【2014·福建卷】30.
For
those
with
family
members
far
away,
the
personal
computer
and
the
phone
are
important
in
staying________.
A.
connected
B.
connecting
C.
to
connect
D.
to
be
connected
【答案】A
【解析】
试题分析：“个人电脑
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)和手机
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)”与“联系”之间是被动关系，故用过去分词，所以选A。句意：对于那些远离家人的人来说，个人电脑
(?http:?/??/?www.?/??)和电话在与家人保持联络方面起着很重要的作用。Stay是系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度