08
时态和语态
一
动词的时态
在英语中，不同时间里发生的动作或存在的状态需要用动词的不同形式表示出来，动词的这种不同形式就构成了动词的时态。英语中的时态按动作发生时间分为现在时态、过去时态、将来时态
一、时态的分类和构成
现在时
一般现在时do/
does
现在完成时have/has
done
现在进行时am/
is/
are
doing
现在完成进行时have/has
been
doing
过去时
一般过去时did
过去完成时had
done
过去进行时was/were
doing
过去完成进行时had
been
doing
将来时
一般将来时will/
shall
do
将来完成时will/shall
have
done
将来进行时shall/
will
be
doing
将来完成进行时shall/
will
have
been
doing
过去将来
一般过去将来时should/
would
do
二、时态的基本用法
（一）一般体：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时
1.
一般现在时：一般现在时是描述现在或经常性的动作性质或状态的时态。常和表示频率、时间的副词（短语）always,
every
time,
now
and
then,
occasionally,
often,
seldom,
sometimes,
usually等连用。
1）表示经常性或习惯性的动作。
We
have
three
meals
a
day.
2）表示客观事实、真理和自然现象。
Knowledge
is
power.
3）表示现在的情况或状态。
I
live
in
Beijing.
4）表示已经“列入日程”的将来的事件，尤其指计划中的和安排好的将来的动作，这些动词往往表示“出发，到达”等含义的词，
如，arrive,
begin,
go,
leave,
start,
stay等。
The
train
arrives
at
10:30.
There's
plenty
of
time.
。
考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。
如：I
learned
that
the
earth
goes
around
the
sun
when
I
was
in
primary
school.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when,
until,
after,
before,
as
soon
as,
once,
the
moment/the
minute,
the
day;
条件：if,
unless,
provided.
If
he
accepts
the
job,
he
will
get
more
money
soon.
考点三：在make
sure
(certain),
see
to
it,
mind,
care,
matter
＋宾语从句，
从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So
long
as
he
works
hard,
I
don’t
mind
when
he
finishes
the
experiment.
考点四：在the
more…
the
more
…
(越……越……)
句型中,
若主句是一般将来时,
从句通常用一般现在时。
The
harder
you
study,
the
better
results
you
will
get.
2.
一般过去时：一般过去时表示过去发生的动作、存在的状态，或反复发生的动作，句中一般都有表示过去具体时间的时间状语。
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或状态。此时与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,
last
week,
an
hour
ago,
the
other
day,
in1998等。
Where
did
you
go
yesterday?？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When
I
was
a
child,
I
often
played
football
in
the
street.
3）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。
If
he
were
here
now,
we
could
turn
to
him
for
help.
4）句中有延续性时间状语，但表示与现在没有关联的过去某段时间做了某事，此时用一般过去时。
This
is
the
primary
school
where
our
manager
Mr.
Smith
studied
for
six
years.
3.
一般将来时：一般将来时用来表示将要发生的事。
1）shall用于第一人称，常被will代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
will
(shall)
+
动词原形
There
is
still
much
to
discuss.
We
shall
return
to
this
item
at
our
next
meeting.
2）be
going
to
+
动词原形，表示将来。
（1）主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事。
What
are
you
going
to
do
this
Sunday
morning?
（2）计划、安排要发生的事。
I'm
going
to
the
airport
to
pick
up
my
aunt
from
America
this
afternoon.
（3）有迹象要发生的事。
Look
at
the
dark
clouds;
there
is
going
to
be
a
storm.
注意：be
going
to与will的区别
be
going
to既可指主观打算做某事，也可指客观迹象表明将要发生某事；
will往往指没有经过计划而临时出现的意图，常伴有说话者的主观意识或表示将来必然发生的事。
I'm
going
to
quit
my
present
job.
（现在的打算，事先经过思考，指向将来）
I'll
answer
the
door.
（未经事先考虑的意图）
The
little
boy
is
going
to
fall
over.
（根据客观迹象判断）
I
hope
it
will
be
fine
tomorrow.
（主观意愿）
3）“be
+
不定式”表将来，表示按计划安排的事或按职责、义务或要求必须去做的事等。
We
are
to
discuss
the
report
next
Saturday.
The
meeting
is
to
take
place
at
8:00
tomorrow
morning.
注意：be
to
和be
going
to的用法比较
be
to表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
I
am
to
play
football
tomorrow
afternoon.
（客观安排）
be
going
to则表示主观的打算或计划。
I
am
going
to
play
football
tomorrow
afternoon.
(主观安排）
4）“be
about
to
do”意为“马上做某事”，表示即将发生某事，该事将发生在很近的将来，不能与tomorrow,
next
week等表示明确将来的时间状语连用。
He
is
about
to
leave
for
Beijing.
考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We
will
begin
our
class
as
soon
as
the
teacher
comes.
（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）
考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive,
come,
go,
leave,
start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。
I
am
leaving
for
Beijing
tomorrow.
考点三：“祈使句
+
and/or
+
句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。
Use
your
head
and
you
will
find
a
way.
4.
过去将来时：过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
注意：这种时态常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中，表示从句的动作发生在主句之后。过去将来时同一般将来时类似，除了用would
do
表示外，也可以用be
going
to
do,
be
to
do,
be
about
to
do及过去进行时等方式表示。
He
was
sixty-eight
and
in
two
years,
he
would
be
seventy.
You
were
going
to
give
me
your
address
but
you
didn't.
I
was
about
to
turn
on
the
power
of
the
computer
when
the
electricity
was
cut
off.
（二）完成体：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时和过去将来完成时
1.
现在完成时：常用的时间状语有：so
far,
recently,
lately,
before,
ever,
by
now,
in
the
last/
past
few
years,
over
a
long
time,
up
to
now,yet,
already,
just,
since,
for+
一段时间等。
1）表示说话之前已经完成的动作，常与already,
yet,
just,
by
this
time,so
far,
by
now等时间状语连用。此时句子中的谓语动词一般为非延续性动词且句子一般不与表示“一段时间”的时间状语连用。
Have
you
finished
your
task
yet?
注意：have
gone
to与have
been
to的区别
have
gone
to
表示“到某地去了”，人可能还在路上，也可能已经到达，但一定不在说话者这里。
have
been
to
表示“去过某地”，是回来之后再谈论去过某地的情况。
2）表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
He
has
lost
his
wallet
and
can't
find
it.
3）表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
They
have
been
good
friends
since
they
met
at
a
meeting.
4）表示动作反复发生，句中常用once/
twice/
three...
times
等。
You
needn't
describe
her.
I
have
met
her
many
times.
5）在时间或条件状语从句中表示在将来某个时间之前要完成某个动作。
Don't
get
off
until
the
bus
has
stopped.
注意：常用现在完成时的句型有：
1）It
is/has
been
+
一段时间
+
since
从句；
2）This/
That/
It
is
the
first/
second...
Time
+
that从句（从句用现在完成时）；
3）It/
This
is
the
best/
worst/
most
interesting
+
名词
+
that从句（从句用现在完成时）
关于现在完成时的时间状语问题:
A.现在完成时的句子里，不可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语，
比较：
We
have
bought
a
new
typewriter
.
We
bought
a
new
typewriter
yesterday.
B.
在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外，ago不能用于现在完成时的句子，但是可以用before来表示"以前"的意义。
C.非延续性动词用于现在完成时态的时候，通常不与表示时间段的时间状语连用,在这种情况下，应该用"It
has
been
…
since…"的句式来表达。
如：
He
has
been
in
the
army
for
three
years.
=
He
has
been
a
soldier
for
three
years.
=
It's
three
years
since
he
joined
the
army.
√
He
has
joined
the
army
for
three
years.
×
.D非延续性动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用，
表示这种动作的否定状态的延续。
I
haven't
heard
from
you
for
a
month.
2.
过去完成时：由“had
+
过去分词”构成，表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。在使用过去完成时时，一定要有过去的时间或动作作为参照。
By
nine
o'clock
last
night,
we
had
got
200
pictures
from
the
spaceship.
考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when;
no
sooner
...than
句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。，并且no
sooner
与hardly等位于句首时，此部分须用部分倒装。
I
had
no
sooner
got
into
the
room
than
it
began
to
snow.
No
sooner
had
I
arrived
home
than
the
telephone
rang.
（注意主谓倒装）
考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That
was
the
second
time
that
she
had
seen
her
grandfather.
考点三：动词hope,
expect,
think,
intend,
mean,
want,
suppose,
plan
表示主观想法的动词，可用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图，意为“本来想......”
They
had
wanted
to
help,
but
they
could
not
get
there
in
time.
3.
将来完成时：主要用于表示在将来某一时间点上会完成的动作，并对将来
某一时间产生影响。常与将来时间状语连用。
We
shall
have
fulfilled
the
work
by
the
end
of
next
week.
考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by
the
end
of
this
year,
by
8
o’clock
this
evening,
by
March
next
year以及由by
the
time…,
before或when等引导的副词从句。
By
the
end
of
next
month,
he
will
have
traveled
1000
miles
on
foot.
By
the
time
you
reach
the
station,
the
train
will
have
left.
By
next
Tuesday,
I
will
have
got
ready
for
the
exams.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
The
children
will
do
their
homework
the
moment
they
have
arrived
back
from
school.
（三）进行体：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时和过去将来进行时
1.
现在进行时
1）表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态。这种用法往往表示发生在过去，说话时没完成，仍在继续进行的动作或存在的状态。常与now,
right
now,
at
this
moment,
atpresent等时间状语连用。
What
are
they
quarreling
about?
2）表示现阶段某动作正在进行，但说话时未必正在进行。
I'm
teaching
part-time
in
a
middle
school.
3）表示马上就要发生。
非延续性动词用于进行时态，往往表示“马上就，即将，逐渐
地，反复地”等意思，这类动词主要有come,
go,
leave,
start,
begin,
stop,
arrive,
return等。
Are
you
staying
here
for
a
long
time?（即将）
Someone
is
knocking
at
the
door.
（反复地）
4）表示某种感彩或对某一心理的生动描述。
现在进行时与always,
constantly,
continually,
forever
(for
ever),
usually等副词连用时，往往表示生气、不满、同情、赞美、好
奇等情感或对某一心理的生动描述。
The
children
are
constantly
disturbing
us.
（讨厌、不满）
注意：下列动词一般不能用于进行时态。
1）表示心理活动的动词一般不用于进行时态。常见的此类动词有love,
like,
hate,
know,
understand,realize,
remember,
believe,
want,
hope,
wish,
need,agree等。
She
understands
you
better
now.
2）表示属性或拥有的动词不能用于进行时态。常见的此类动词有have（有），own,
possess,
belong
to,have
on,
consist
of
等。
This
dictionary
belongs
to
Peter.
3）表示感官的连系动词不能用于进行时态。常见的此类动词有seen,
appear,
look,
sound,
taste等。feel用于进行时态表示一时的感觉。
The
music
sounds
beautiful.
I'm
not
feeling
well
today.
4）表示行为结果的动词一般不用于进行时态。常见的此类动词有accept,
admit,
receive,
allow,decide,
promise等。
I
accept
your
advice.
考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。
Look
out
when
you
are
crossing
the
street.
考点二：
表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。
Marry
is
leaving
on
Friday
2.
过去进行时
1）表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。此时句中往往有表示过去的时间状语then,
at
that
moment,
at
that
time,
at
the
time,
this
time
yesterday等。没有时间状语时，需要根据上下文的语境体会。
I
was
writing
a
letter
when
you
phoned.
2）表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作，常表示“渐渐”“快要”“越来越”“马上”。
常见的此列动词有come,
go,
start,
begin,
leave,
arrive,get,
become,
turn等非持续性动词，偶尔有些持续性动词如do,
stay,
take等也常表示过去“将要”。
We
were
running
out
of
the
gas.
She
told
me
that
she
was
leaving
for
Italy
the
next
day.
3）表示特定的情感。
与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可与always,forever,
constantly等时间状语连用，表示厌烦、惊讶、褒扬等特殊情感。
She
was
always
ringing
me
up
when
I
was
in
London.
（表示厌烦）
3.将来进行时
指从现在算起的将来某时间点正在进行的动作或将要进行的动作。常与表示将来时间的短语this
time
，tomorrow,
at
10
o'clock
next
Monday等连用。
This
time
tomorrow
we'll
be
flying
to
Pairs..
（四）完成进行体
1.
现在完成进行时
表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。其动作是否继续下去，由上下文语意决定。
1）表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现
在不远的时间。多用延续性动词。
Have
you
been
waiting
long
for
me?
2）表示“刚才，近来”发生的动作，一般不再继续。
My
hands
are
dirty.
I've
been
cleaning
the
room.
3）表示动作的重复性。
You
have
been
asking
the
same
question
these
days.
注意：现在完成进行时态多用持续性动词，如live,
learn,lie,
stay,
sit,
wait,
stand,
rest,
study等，并常和allthe
time,
this
week,
this
month,
all
night,
all
the
morning,
recently等状态以及since（自从）和for（历经）所引导的状语从句或短语连用（与since和for连用时，动作常会继续下去）。
三、几个易混时态的用法区别
1.
一般过去时和过去完成时的区别
一般过去时是相对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是相对过去某一时刻而言，强调“过去的过去”发生的动作对过去某一时间的影响或持续到过去某一时间为止。
两种时态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这个时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完成时概念赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时进行区别的重要标准。
She
looked
well
when
I
last
saw
her.
（过去动作或状态）
When
I
got
there,
the
football
match
had
already
started.
（对过去的影响或产生的结果）
The
train
had
waited
there
for
half
an
hour
by
the
time
we
arrived.
（“过去的过去”动作持续到过去某一时刻为止）
2.一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
这两个时态都是谈论已经发生的事情，但是二者的差别是，一般过去时只是单独谈论过去的事情，与现在没有联系，因此只要有过去时间状语的句子只能用过去时来表达；而现在完成时所表示的动作对现在有影响，或是与现在有关，或是谈论现在以前这一段时间里发生的事情。
We
bought
the
fruit
and
flowers
in
the
supermarket
just
now.
They
haven't
seen
the
teacher
today.
四、时态的一致问题
在英语的复合句（尤其是宾语从句）中，从句谓语动词的时态往往受主句谓语动词时态的限制或影响，即主句与从句时态基本一致。
1.
名词性从句与主句时态
在一些名词性从句中，如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时，则从句的谓语可根据所要表达的内容要求运用各种时态；若主句谓语用过去的某种时态，则从句的谓语时态要作相应的调整。
1）主句是现在的某种时态或将来的某种时态时，宾语从句里的动词可按其所涉及的时间运用任何适当的时态。
I
think
Molly
went
to
the
doctor's
yesterday.。
2)
主句中的动词是过去时，宾语从句中的动词一般用过去的某种时态，但如果从句叙述的是某种真理不变的事实或对现在或将来仍然有效的事情，则从句用现在的某种时态。
Alva
told
me
that
he
had
known
the
news
already。
In
his
country
children
under
18
cannot
buy
alcohol.
2.
状语从句与主句时态
表示时间、原因、目的、条件、结果、让步等的状语从句一般要和主句的时态一致，即主句为现在（过去、将来）的某种时态，从句一般也为现在（过去、将来）的某种时态。
You'll
make
progress
if
you
keep
working
hard.
。
3.
定语从句
定语从句中的动词应依照动词本身所涉及的时间选用适当的时态，不受主句的约束和限制。
This
is
the
man
I
saw
yesterday.
。
【典例示例】
1.(2020﹒江苏)If
you
look
at
all
sides
of
the
situation,
you’ll
find
probably
a
solution
that
______
everyone.
A.
suit
B.
suited
C.
suits
D.
has
suited
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：如果你从各个方面看问题，你可能会找到一个适合每个人的解决方案。句子描述的客观事实，应使用一般现在时；此处是定语从句谓语动词，先行词是a
solution，从句谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式。故选C。
2.(2020﹒天津)—You
are
a
great
swimmer.
—Thanks.
It’s
because
I
______
a
lot
these
days.
A.
have
been
practising
B.
was
practising
C.
would
practise
D.
had
practised
【答案】A
【解析】考查时态。句意:-你游泳很棒。-谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在练习。根据时间状语these
days(这些天)可知，”练习游泳”从数天前开始，一直持续到现在，因此该句应用现在完成进行时态。故选A。
3.(2020﹒天津)The
number
of
medical
schools
reached
18
in
the
early
1990s
and
______
around
that
level
since.
A.
are
remaining
B.
have
remained
C.
is
remaining
D.
has
remained
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:20世纪90年代初，医学院的数量达到了18所，此后一直保持在这个水平。ever
since”从那以后”作时间状语，句子用现在完成时态。主语为the
number
of
medical
schools，the
number
of表示”……的数目”，中心词是number，所以是单数，作主语时，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。综上，故选D。
4.(2019﹒江苏)The
musician
along
with
his
band
members
___________
ten
performances
in
the
last
three
months.
A.
gives
B.
has
given
C.
have
given
D.
give
【答案】B
【解析】考查现在完成时与主谓一致。句意：在过去的三个月里，这名音乐家与他的乐队成员已经完成了十场演出。由“in
the
last
three
months”可知，这句话的时态为现在完成时，故排除AD选项。本句主语为the
musician，为第三人称单数形式，句中的“along
with
his
band
members”是附加成分，故谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。故选B。
5.(2019﹒江苏)A
few
months
after
he
had
arrived
in
China,
Mr.
Smith
___________
in
love
with
the
people
and
culture
there.
A.
would
fall
B.
had
fallen
C.
has
fallen
D.
fell
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词的时态。句意：他到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。发生在had
arrived之后的动作或状态应用一般过去时。故选D。
二
动词的语态
语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语动词之间的具体关系。语态分为主动语态和被动语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的发出者和执行者；被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。
注意：英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的，而被动语态则是有标记的。被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。
一、被动语态的各种形式
be+done
被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其变化形式与系动词be的完全一样。
1.
一般现在时："am/
is/
are
+
过去分词"
Mary
is
loved
by
all
her
family.
2.
一般过去时："was/
were
+
过去分词"
The
letter
was
written
in
Spanish.
。
3.
一般将来时："will/
shall/
be
going
to/
be
to
be
+
过去分词"（shall主要用于第一人称；will可用于各人称）
When
will
the
work
be
finished?
4.
现在进行时："am/
is/
are
being
+
过去分词"
The
car
accident
is
being
looken
into.
5.
过去进行时："was/
were
being
+
过去分词"
The
library
was
being
built
last
year.
I'm
not
sure
if
it
is
completed.
6.
现在完成时："have/
has
been
+
过去分词"
All
the
work
has
been
finished
by
now.。
7.
过去完成时："had
been
+
过去分词"
The
fire
had
been
put
out
when
the
firefighters
arrived.
8.
将来完成时："will/
shall
have
been
+
过去分词"
Will
all
the
photos
have
been
developed
by
tomorrow?
9.
过去将来时："would/
should
be
+
过去分词"
The
headmaster
said
he
would
be
met
by
the
mayor.
二、含情态动词的常用被动句式
主语+
情态动词+
be
+
过去分词
+...
The
computer
might
be
repaired
by
tomorrow.
三、常用的被动语态句式结构
1.
“get
+
过去分词”结构
英语中"get
+
过去分词"也构成被动语态。其中get
与"be
+
过去分词"结构中的be一样，都起助动词的作用。但get多用于口语，并且其后不能跟"by
+
执行者"，这种结构常用于谈论突然发生的、出乎意料的事件，如get
dressed,
get
killed等。
He
got/
was
drunk
for
the
first
time
in
his
life
that
night.
2.
非谓语动词的被动形式
高考重点考察动名词和不定式的被动形式。找准非谓语动词的逻辑主语是做题的关健。
The
girl
is
afraid
of
being
scolded
by
her
mother.
（scold和它的逻辑主语the
girl之间存在着被动关系）
The
book
seems
to
have
been
published
last
year.
（publish和它的逻辑主语the
book
之间存在被动关系）
四、被动语态的用法
1.
强调动作的承受者：当强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态。这
类句子常有一个by引导的短语说明动作的执行者，有时也可没有。
This
poem
was
written
by
Whitman.
2.
淡化动作的执行者：当动作的执行者是泛指时（如people,
one等），常用被动语态。
He
is
suspected
robbing
the
bank.
3.
动作的执行者是无生命的事物：
He
was
seriously
wounded
by
a
rolling
stone.
4.
某些习惯用法：有些习惯用法常以被动语态的形式出现。
I
am
determined
to
do
better
than
Mike.
五
使用被动语态的注意事项
（一）主动形式表示被动意义
1.
某些连系动词，如look,
feel,
sound,
taste,
smell,
appear,
seem,
prove等，可用主动形式表示被动意义。
The
trip
to
the
beautiful
island
this
summer
sounds
really
exciting.
。
His
plan
proved
(to
be)
practical.
2.
有一类经常用作及物动词的词，如burn,
wash,
wear,
close,
read,
write,
sell,
open,
lock,
shut,clean,
draw,
cut,
translate等,
用于强调事物本身的特点、特征、性能等，常用主动形式表被动含义。（to
blame,
to
let等也用主动形式表被动含义）
The
pen
writes
smoothly.
Officials
believe
that
more
than
one
person
may
be
to
blame
for
the
fire.
3.
be
worth后常接动名词的主动形式表被动意义。
A
lot
of
small
towns
in
the
area
are
definitely
worth
visiting.
4.
need,
want,
require,
deserve等动词后用动名词的主动形式表被动意义。
（句中主语是动名词意义上的宾语。若动名词是不及物的，其后应加相应的介词。
Most
house
plants
require
regular
watering.
The
boy
is
always
ready
to
help
others
and
deserves
making
friends
with.
5.
有些形容词后接不定式作状语时，常用主动形式表被动意义。此类形容词有easy,
hard,
difficult,
cheap,
expensive,
fit,
nice,
good,
funny,
exciting,
light,
heavy,
dangerous,
comfortable,delicious等.若不定式动词是不及物的，其后要加相应多的介词。
The
man
is
difficult
to
deal
with.
6.
有些介词短语作表语，其主动形式含有被动意义。
under
construction
在施工中
beyond
belief
令人难以置信
beyond
one's
reach
鞭长莫及
beyond
one's
control
失控
beyond
our
hope
我们始料不及
for
sale
出售for
rent
出租
in
print
在印刷中
The
question
is
now
under
discussion.
The
rumor
is
beyond
belief.
(
can't
be
believed).
（二）不用于被动语态的情形
系动词、不及物动词（短语）无被动语态，常见的有appear,
disappear,
die,
end
(vi.
结束）,fail,
happen,
take
place,
break
out,
occur,
last,
lie,
remain,
sit,
spread,
come
true,
fall
asleep,keep
silence,
lose
heart等。
The
meeting
lasted
five
hours
before
it
ended.
被动形式表示主动意义，这些
done的形态的动词形容词性化。例如，be
seated,
be
lost,
be
drunk,
be
dressed,
be
devoted，be
determined,
be
worried,
be
located,
be
exposed
,
be
involved等表示状态
【典例示例】
1.(2019﹒江苏)They
are
trying
to
make
sure
that
5G
terminals_________
by
2022
for
the
Beijing
Winer
Olympics.
A.
will
install
B.
will
have
been
installed
C.
are
installed
D.
have
been
installed
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：他们正努力确保在2022年北京冬奥会之前安装5G终端。表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作，用将来完成时。“5G终端”和“安装”之间是被动关系，用被动语态，故选B。
2.(2017﹒天津)Nowadays,
cycling,
along
with
jogging
and
swimming,
_________
as
one
of
the
best
all-round
forms
of
exercise.
A.
regard
B.
is
regarded
C.
are
regarded
D.
regards
【答案】B
【解析】试题分析：句意：现在骑自行车、慢跑和游泳被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。根据动词短语regard...as…
(把……看做……)和句意确定应该用被动语态，排除A和D；由介词短语along
with
连接的三个名词作主语，谓语动词应该就前一致，即用单数，排除C。故选B。
3.(2017﹒北京)In
the
1950s
in
the
USA,
most
families
had
just
one
phone
at
home,
and
wireless
phones
_______
yet.
A.
haven’t
invented
B.
haven’t
been
invented
C.
hadn’t
invented
D.
hadn’t
been
invented
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态。句意：在美国20世纪50年代的时候，大多数的家庭家里只有一部电话，并且无线电话还根本没有发明出来。根据句意可知用被动语态，排除A和C，事情发生在过去，与现在无关，排除B，故选D。
4.(2015﹒湖南)I
had
a
strong
desire
to
reach
in
and
play
with
the
toy,
but
________
thankfully
by
the
shop
window.
A.
am
held
back
B.
held
back
C.hold
back
D.was
held
back
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。根据主句中的had可知时态是一般过去时；hold与主语构成逻辑上的被动关系，因此用一般过去时的被动语态，故选D。句意：我极其渴望进到商店去玩那个玩具，但是幸亏被橱窗挡住了。
5.(2015﹒安徽)It
is
reported
that
a
space
station
______
on
the
moon
in
years
to
come.
A.
will
be
building
B.
will
be
built
C.
has
been
building
D.
has
been
built
【答案】B
【解析】试题分析：句意：据报道，人们在接下来的几年里将在月球上建一个空间站。根据“in
years
to
come”可知用将来时，space
station和build是动宾关系，应该使用被动语态，故选B。
【检测过关】
1.
Everyone
wants
to
live
on
the
top
of
the
mountain,
but
growth
occurs
while
you
_____
it.
A.
climbed
B.
have
climbed
C.
are
climbing
D.
have
been
climbing
2.
The
works
of
Du
Fu,
China’s
greatest
poet,
_____
a
precious
cultural
heritage
for
the
entire
world,
not
just
for
China.
A.
represented
B.
represent
C.
will
represent
D.
have
represented
3.
—
Do
you
like
your
new
place?
—
Yes,I
do.But
it's
a
little
far
from
my
college,and
the
traffic____________me.
A.
killed
B.
has
killed
C.
had
killed
D.
is
killing
4.
—
Fancy
meeting
you
here!
Are
you
a
librarian?
—
Not
really.
I________my
volunteer
effort
until
the
new
term
begins.
A.
will
just
contribute
B.
have
just
contributed
C.
just
contribute
D.
am
just
contributing
5.
—What
about
your
trip
to
Nantong
Printed
Blue
Nankeen
Museum?
—It
displays
traditional
Chinese
art
and
craft
and
we
____
a
great
time
there.
A.
had
B.
have
C.
would
have
D.
had
had
6.
—
What’s
wrong?
You
look
really
stressed
out.
—I
________
the
whole
week
preparing
for
my
graduation
paper.
A.
work
B.
have
worked
C.
have
been
working
D.
worked
7.
--Did
you
enjoy
yourself
in
watching
the
film
Frozen
II
last
night?
--You
bet!
I
______
it
for
6
years.
A.
was
to
anticipate
B.
have
been
anticipating
C.
was
anticipating
D.
had
been
anticipating
8.
---
Hi,
it's
time
we
worked
out
a
plan
for
the
research
project.
---Sorry,
I'm
not
available
right
now.
I
_____
for
the
upcoming
final
exam.
A.
am
preparing
B.
prepared
C.
have
prepared
D.
will
be
preparing
9.
By
the
time
your
habit
of
managing
time
is
developed,
you
better
decisions
about
how
to
spend
your
time
in
your
future
career.
A.
will
have
made
B.
will
be
made
C.
are
to
make
D.
have
been
making
10.
―Why
are
you
so
excited?
—I
met
Tommy
just
now.
We
_____
each
other
for
ages.
A.
haven’t
seen
B.
didn't
see
C.
hadn't
seen
D.
don't
see
11.
—Where
is
my
phone?
I
can’t
find
it.
—Oh,
you
must
have
left
it
in
the
library
where
we
________
the
novel.
A.
are
reading
B.
read
C.
have
read
D.
had
read
12.
-
-Did
you
watch
the
news
about
the
success
story
of
a
farmer
in
Longhu
last
night?
Yes.
By
using
an
e-commerce
platform,
his
fruit
business
____
nationwide.
A.
is
expanding
B.
has
expanded
C.
would
expand
D.
was
expanding
13.
—Have
you
finished
your
research
essay?
—I
haven’t
started
yet.
I
________
relevant
materials
the
whole
of
last
week.
A.
have
collected
B.
was
collecting
C.
would
collect
D.
had
collected
14.
-Is
your
father
still
teaching
at
Tsinghua
University?
-No,
he
retired
three
months
ago.
But
he
______________
at
the
school
for
thirty
years.
A.
has
taught
B.
has
been
teaching
C.
taught
D.
teaches
15.
—What
do
you
think
of
the
Great
Wall
of
China?
—Splendid!
When
I
was
in
Beijing,
I
________
it
twice.
A.
had
visited
B.
visited
C.
have
visited
D.
would
visit
16.
—What
an
amazing
picture!
—The
little
boy
____the
soldiers,
and
I
caught
them
in
an
unguarded
moment.
A.
was
saluting
B.
saluted
C.
had
saluted
D.
would
salute
17.
Don't
give
up
half
way,
and
you
will
find
the
scenery
is
more
beautiful
when
you
reach
the
destination
than
when
you
_______.
A.
start
off
B.
have
started
off
C.
started
off
D.
will
start
off
18.
—Have
you
found
the
new
flat
advertised
in
the
newspaper?
—
Yes.
But
the
community____
very
large
and
I
nearly
got
lost
just
now.
A.
had
been
B.
was
C.
will
be
D.
is
19.
—Why
are
you
so
upset?
—I
had
my
computer
repaired
yesterday,
but
it
________
work
again.
A.
doesn’t
B.
didn’t
C.
won’t
D.
wouldn’t
20.
---Jenny
is
becoming
slimmer
and
slimmer.
----
It
is
said
that
she
hired
a
fitness
instructor
last
year
and
_____
since.
A.
is
working
out
B.
worked
out
C.
has
been
working
out
D.
had
worked
out
21.
---Professor
Li
is
wanted
on
the
phone.
Where
is
he?
---
I
saw
him
coming,
but
in
a
minute,
he
_____.
A.
will
disappear
B.
has
disappeared
C.
disappears
D.
disappeared
22.
After
nine
years
working
to
protect
Siberian
tigers,
Yang
Jun
_____
his
efforts
recognized
at
the
annual
award
ceremony
in
Beijing
where
he
was
named
a
"wildlife
protector".
A.
had
B.
had
had
C.
has
had
D.
has
23.
—I
heard
Mr.
Morgan
would
be
here
at
4:00
pm.
next
Thursday.
—No,
he
_____
at
that
time.
A.
was
boarding
B.
would
be
boarding
C.
will
be
boarding
D.
is
boarding
24.
—Ted
has
never
been
so
rude!
—He
______something
he
shouldn’t
have,
but
I
guess
he
didn’t
mean
that.
A.
has
said
B.
had
said
C.
said
D.
was
saying
25.
Evelyn
is
supposed
to
attend
church
soon,
but
nobody
is
sure
whether
she
or
not.
A.
does
B.
is
C.
had
D.
will
26.
—Mr.
Smith
_____
in
Russia
for
10
years.
—No
wonder
he
can
speak
Russian
fluently
and
now
teaches
Russian
in
a
Chinese
college.
A.
had
stayed
B.
has
stayed
C.
stayed
D.
stays
27.
—Did
you
have
difficulty
finding
Ann'house?
—Not
really.She___us
clear
directions
and
we
were
able
to
find
it
easily。
A.
was
to
give
B.
had
given
C.
was
giving
D.
would
give
28.
I’ve
finally
finished
my
paper
and
it________
me
an
entire
month.
A.
was
taken
B.
takes
C.
took
D.
had
taken
29.
In
Beijing,
more
than
21,100
people
________
to
donate
their
bodies
by
the
end
of
2017,
as
the
city
promoted
a
body
donation
campaign
from
1999.
A.
have
applied
B.
had
applied
C.
would
have
applied
D.
applied
30.
—Did
your
father
enjoy
seeing
his
old
friends
yesterday?
—Yes,
he
did.
They
each
other
for
ages.
A.
didn’t
see
B.
wouldn’t
see
C.
haven’t
seen
D.
hadn’t
seen
31.
As
things
didn’t
work
out
the
way
we
________,
we
found
ourselves
trying
to
force
them
and
struggling
to
finish
them.
A.
plan
B.
are
planning
C.
had
planned
D.
will
be
planning
32.
Your
donation
greatly
appreciated
and
the
money
will
be
used
to
help
the
students
from
poor
families.
A.
has
been
B.
is
C.
was
D.
had
been
33.
Usually
Beijing
Roast
Duck
_____
together
with
special
pancakes,
green
onions
and
sweet
sauce.
A.
was
served
B.
will
serve
C.
is
served
D.
served
34.
Rosa
_____
this
washing
machine
for
more
than
ten
years.
She
is
thinking
about
buying
a
new
one.
A.
is
using
B.
used
C.
had
used
D.
has
been
using
35.
—Where
was
I?
—You
________
you
didn’t
like
your
job.
A.
had
said
B.
said
C.
were
saying
D.
has
said
36.
—Is
there
a
hospital
nearby?
I
hurt
my
ankle,
and
cannot
move
now.
—It’s
about
3
blocks
away.
I
_____
you
there.
A.
took
B.
take
C.
will
take
D.
have
taken
37.
—Dad,
you
should
have
taken
me
to
the
football
match
this
morning.
—I
had
intended
to,
but
I
couldn’t
spare
any
time,
I
_____
a
report.
A.
had
written
B.
wrote
C.
was
writing
D.
would
write
38.
I’m
not
sure
of
the
reason
for
the
dog’s
illness,
but
it
____
by
eating
too
much.
A.
may
have
been
caused
B.
need
have
been
caused
C.
should
have
been
caused
D.
must
have
been
caused
39.
—Do
you
like
the
mobile
game
Traveling
Frog?
—Yes,
the
posts
about
the
virtual
green
frog
________
over
4
million
times.
A.
have
read
B.
have
been
read
C.
would
be
read
D.
are
reading
40.
Our
country
has
launched
a
campaign
to
ban
smoking
in
public
places,
which
with
some
heavy
smokers.
A.
concerns
B.
was
concerned
C.
concerned
D.
is
concerned
41.
I
think
Ana
______
her
packing
since
she
started
getting
things
ready
early
this
morning.
A.
finishes
B.
has
finished
C.
had
finished
D.
would
finish
42.
––Cathy
is
not
coming
to
your
birthday
party
tonight.
––But
she
______!
A.
promised
B.
promises
C.
will
promise
D.
had
promised
43.
––Are
the
repairs
finished
yet?
––Yes,
they
______
when
I
came
back
home.
A.
would
be
completed
B.
would
complete
C.
had
completed
D.
had
been
completed
44.
That
was
not
the
first
time
he
____
us.
I
think
it's
high
time
we
____
strong
actions
against
him.
A.
betrayed,
take
B.
had
betrayed,
took
C.
has
betrayed,
took
D.
has
betrayed,
take
45.
—
Hello,
I
________
to
ask
if
I
can
book
a
flight
ticket
to
Hainan
tomorrow?
—
Sorry,
we’ve
already
sold
out.
A.
phone
B.
will
phone
C.
am
phoning
D.
have
phoned
46.
Since
the
middle
of
the
last
year,
the
bike-sharing
market
_____in
Beijing.
A.
boomed
B.
was
booming
C.
will
boom
D.
has
boomed
47.
—Got
your
driving
license?
—No.
I
too
busy
to
have
enough
practice,
so
I
didn’t
take
the
driving
test
last
week.
A.
was
B.
am
C.
have
been
D.
had
been
48.
----So
Jack
failed
to
be
admitted
by
his
dream
university
and
is
feeling
quite
depressed
these
days.
----It
serves
him
right.
I
____him
more
than
once
to
take
his
study
seriously.
A.
reminded
B.
have
reminded
C.
have
been
reminding
D.
had
reminded
49.
Jane
went
to
her
teacher
just
now.
She
________
about
the
solution
to
the
problem.
A.
wondered
B.
was
wondering
C.
had
wondered
D.
would
wonder
50.
Li
Hua
____
his
money
for
dollars
before
he
went
on
a
holiday
in
America.
A.
exchanges
B.
has
exchanged
C.
will
exchange
D.
had
exchanged
51.
World
Food
Day
is
held
each
year
to
underline
the
progress
that
________
against
hunger
and
that
still
needs
to
be
made.
A.
is
made
B.
was
made
C.
has
been
made
D.
will
be
made
52.
---
Did
you
watch
the
final
match
of
China
Open
yesterday?
---Sure.
I
it
so
attentively
that
I
forgot
to
cook
supper.
A.
watched
B.
had
watched
C.
was
watching
D.
was
to
watch
53.
––Did
you
have
to
do
much
for
the
dinner
party?
––Helen
________
everything
by
the
time
I
got
home.
A.
finished
B.
was
finishing
C.
would
finish
D.
had
finished
54.
I
thought
it
hard
to
complete
the
project
then,
but
I
________
my
mind.
A.
will
change
B.
would
changed
C.
have
changed
D.
had
changed
55.
Please
wear
your
best
clothes
on
Monday,
as
your
class
photos
______
then.
A.
will
take
B.
will
be
taken
C.
have
taken
D.
have
been
taken
56.
—I
think
the
paper
is
taking
you
a
long
time
to
write.
—I
______
on
it
for
almost
a
month
now.
A.
worked
B.
was
working
C.
am
working
D.
have
been
working
57.
—All
the
containers
have
been
unloaded!
Can
it
have
been
done
by
Frank?
—Impossible!
He
________
his
car
last
night.
A.
has
fixed
B.
had
fixed
C.
would
fix
D.
was
fixing
58.
—Would
you
mind
if
I
smoked
here?
—Sorry,
you’d
better
not.
Your
smoking
in
the
office
________me!
A.
bothered
B.
is
bothering
C.
has
bothered
D.
will
bother
59.
Quantities
of
soil
________
in
the
area,
resulting
in
the
increasing
number
of
natural
disasters.
A.
is
washed
away
B.
have
washed
away
C.
have
washed
away
D.
have
been
washed
away
60.
—You’ve
agreed
to
go,
so
why
aren’t
you
getting
ready?
—But
I
________
that
I
was
expected
to
set
off
at
once.
A.
don’t
realize
B.
didn’t
realize
C.
haven’t
realized
D.
hadn’t
realized
参考答案
1.
C
【解析】考查时态。句意：人人都想生活过得很好，而成长就发生在你攀登时。分析句子可知，此处是时间状语从句的谓语动词，根据语境和句意判断此处为现在进行时，故选C项。
2.
B
【解析】考查时态。句意：中国最伟大的诗人——杜甫，他的作品代表了全世界珍贵的文化遗产，不仅仅是中国。本句讲述一般事实，应用一般现在时，主语the
works是复数，故谓语动词用复数形式，故选B项。
3.
D
【解析】考查时态。句意：——你喜欢你的新地方吗？——是的，但是它离我的大学有点远，交通堵塞得我要命。分析句意可知，表示现在正在发生的事情，用现在进行时。结合选项，故选D。
4.
D
【解析】考查时态。句意：——很高兴在这儿见到你！你是图书馆管理员吗？——并不是。我只是在做志愿者工作，一直做到新学期开始。根据语境和句中给出的时间状语until
the
new
term
begins可知，讲话者目前正在从事志愿者工作，表示说话时正在进行的动作，符合现在进行时的特点，要用现在进行时。故选D项。
5.
A
【解析】考查时态。句意：——你的南通蓝印花布博物馆旅行怎么样啊？——这个博物馆向我们展现了中国传统美术和工艺，我们在那里玩得很开心。根据句意，应当是那个时候，则为had，这是客观陈述过去的事实，用一般过去时，故选A。
6.
C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——你怎么了？看起来真的压力很大。——我已经连轴转努力了一整个星期来写我的毕业论文。根据本题题意，“我”已经从一周前开始，持续工作直至现在（有表达时间段的提示短语the
whole
week），唯有现在完成进行时可表达这一含义，应选用have
been
doing的结构，故选C。
7.
D
【解析】考查过去完成进行时。句意：——你昨晚看电影《冰雪奇缘2》开心吗？——当然！我已经期待了6年了。从对话中得知，那个人已经观看完了冰雪奇缘2，在此之前已经期盼了六年，换句话说期盼这个状态在截止到过去的某个时间点一致持续，现在结束了。故选过去完成进行时。故选D项。
8.
A
【解析】考查现在进行时。句意：---嗨，我们该为这个研究项目制定计划了。---对不起，我现在没空。我正在为即将到来的期末考试做准备。由“Sorry,
I'm
not
available
right
now.”可知，我现在没空，正在为即将到来的期末考试做准备。所以本句为现在进行时。故选A项。
9.
A
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：当你养成管理时间的习惯时，你就会对如何在未来的职业生涯中利用时间做出更好的决定。在by
the
time引导的从句中，如果从句中的谓语动词为一般现在时/或现在完成时（表示将来），那么主句中的谓语动词常为将来完成时，表示“截止到将来某一时间为止，主句动作将已经完成”。故选A。
10.
C
【解析】考查时态。句意：―你为什么这么高兴?―我刚才遇到汤米了。我们很久没有见面了。分析句子可知，空处所要选择的动词的动作发生在“
met
”这个过去动作之前，也就是动作发生在过去的过去，所以本句为过去完成时。故选C项。
11.
B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——我的手机在哪里？我找不到。——哦，你一定是把它忘在我们读小说的图书馆了。结合上文you
must
have
left
it
in
the
library可知，是对过去的推测，故从句描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时，故选B。
12.
B
【解析】考查时态。句意：——你看了昨晚龙湖农民的成功事迹的新闻了吗？——看了。通过使用网络商业平台，他的水果生意已经做到全国了。分析句子可知，生意已经做到了全国范围，对现在造成了影响，且现在这个生意依旧在进行，故应用现在完成时。故选B
13.
B
【解析】考查时态。句意：——你的研究论文写完了吗？——我还没开始呢。上个星期我一直在收集相关资料。由时间状语the
whole
of
last
week并结合句意可知，此处应用过去进行时，表示上个星期这段时间内“我”一直在收集资料。故选B项。
14.
C
【解析】考查时态。句意：——你父亲还在清华大学教书么？——不，他三个月前退休了，但是他在那里教了三十年。根据“he
retired
three
months
ago”可知，他现在已经不再清华大学教书了，所以此处表示过去的事情，应该用一般过去时，故C项正确。
15.
B
【解析】考查时态。句意：——你认为中国的长城怎么样？——好极了！在北京的时候我参观过两次。根据“When
I
was
in
Beijing”可知，此处用一般过去时，故B项正确。
16.
A
【解析】考查时态。句意：——多么神奇的一幅画啊!
——那个小男孩正在向士兵们敬礼，我在他们没有防备的时候抓住了他们。“这个小男孩那个时候正在”，所以句子用过去进行时态was
/were
doing，故选A。
17.
C
【解析】考查时态。句意：不要半途而废，当你到达目的地的时候，你会发现风景比你出发的时候更美。根据句意可知，start
off发生在reach
the
destination之前，应该用一般过去时，故C项正确。
18.
D
【解析】考查时态。句意：——你找到报纸上广告的新公寓了吗?
——是的，但是这个社区无论是过去现在还是将来都是大的。结合句意可知此空用一般现在时态。故选D。
19.
A
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——你为什么这么沮丧？——我昨天去修了我的电脑，但是它又坏了。根据上文的问句为一般现在时，可知描述的是目前的情况，故“电脑不工作”这件事也属于目前的情况，用一般现在时，且主语为第三人称单数，故助动词用does，选A。
20.
C
【解析】考查时态。句意：—Jenny变得越来越苗条了。—据说她去年雇了一个健身教练，到现在也一直在健身。根据句意可知，此处强调健身从过去到现在一直在进行，应使用现在完成进行时。故C选项正确。
21.
D
【解析】考查时态。句意：—电话里的人在找李教授，他现在在哪呢？—我刚刚看见他走来了，但他马上就消失了。saw对应过去时，消失也是刚刚一个瞬间的事情，应使用一般过去时。故D选项正确。
22.
A
【解析】考查时态。句意：在为保护西伯利亚虎工作了九年之后，杨军在北京举行的年度颁奖典礼上获得了“野生动物保护者”的称号。结合句意可知句子用一般过去时态，故答案为A。
23.
C
【解析】考查时态。句意：——我听说摩根先生下星期四下午四点会来。——不，他那时正在登机。结合句意可知句子用一般将来进行时态。故答案为C。
24.
C
【解析】考查一般过去时。——Ted从来没有那么鲁莽过!
——他说了一些他本不应该说的话，但我认为他不是那个意思。由“he
didn’t
mean
that
”可知，说话的动作发生在过去，用一般过去时。故选C项。
25.
D
【解析】略
26.
C
【解析】略
27.
B
【解析】考查时态。句意：——你觉得找到安娜家的位置困难么?——不会。她告诉我们很清晰的方向，并且我们很容易就找到了。根据题干可知，安娜告诉他们方向发生在他们找到她家之前，因此，发生在过去动作之前的动作要采用过去完成时。故选B。
28.
C
【解析】考查时态。句意：我现在已经完成论文了，这件事花了我一个月时间。对于现在来说该动作已经结束，所以用一般过去时，故选C。
29.
B
【解析】考查时态。句意：截止到2017年底，北京已经有超过21,100人申请捐献自己的遗体，而北京市从1999年开始就在开展遗体捐献活动。根据by
the
end
of
2017可知此处指“过去的过去”，用过去完成时态，故选B。
30.
D
【解析】考查时态。——你父亲昨天喜欢看他的老朋友吗？——是的，喜欢。他们多年没见面了。这里指的是“昨天以前，多年没见面了”，所以句子用过去完成时态，答案为D。
31.
C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：当事情不像我们之前所计划的那样发展时，我们发现自己正在试图强迫他们并奋力完成它们。根据前句didn’t，后句found可知，该句应使用过去时态；因事情的发展和结果发生在计划之后，这里要用plan的过去完成时态had
planned与前面的一般过去时形成对比，以体现动作的先后，即＂当事情不像我们之前所计划的那样时＂，因此C项正确。
32.
B
【解析】考查时态。句意：非常感谢你的捐款，这笔钱将用于帮助贫困家庭的学生。结合句意，可知句子用一般现在时态的被动语态，故答案为B。
33.
C
【解析】考查时态和被动语态。句意：通常北京烤鸭配上特制的薄煎饼、青葱和甜酱。句子说的是一般情况，要用一般现在时态；句子主语Beijing
Roast
Duck是单数第三人称，和谓语动词serve之间是被动关系，所以推知句子要用一般现在时态的被动语态，故答案为C。
34.
D
【解析】考查时态。句意：Rosa已经使用这台洗衣机超过10年了，她正在考虑买一个新的。表示从过去某个时间持续到现在一直发生的动作用现在完成时态或现在完成进行时态，故选D。
35.
B
【解析】考查动词的时态。句意：——我说到哪里？——你说到你不喜欢你的工作。结合语境可知，下文描述的是过去的刚刚发生的动作，故用过去时态。选B。
36.
C
【解析】考查时态。句意：——附近有医院吗？我伤了脚踝，现在不能移动。——离这里大约3个街区远。我将带你去那里。此处表示主观上的意愿，用一般将来时态，故选C。
37.
C
【解析】考查时态。根据I
had
intended
to,
but
I
couldn’t
spare
any
time可知，那个时间我正在写一份报告呢，故用过去进行时。句意：——爸爸，今天早上你应该带我去看足球赛。——我本打算去的，但我抽不出任何时间，我那时在写一份报告呢。故选C。
38.
A
【解析】考查情态动词+have
done结构。句意：我不能肯定狗生病的原因，但它也许吃得太多了。根据前句I’m
not
sure
of
the
reason
for
the
dog’s
illness（我不能肯定狗生病的原因）可知，这里为不肯定的推测，故用may
have
done（过去可能做某事）。故选A。
39.
B
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：——你喜欢手机游戏旅行青蛙吗？——是的，关于虚拟绿蛙的帖子已经被阅读了400多万次。The
posts和read是被动关系，用被动语态，“已经被阅读过了”用完成时态，故选B。
40.
D
【解析】D考查时态。句意：我们的国家已经发起了一项禁止在公共场所吸烟的运动，这与一些烟瘾很大的人有关。短语be
concerned
with“与…有关”，主句用了现在完成时态，which定语从句用一般现在时态，故选D。
41.
B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：安娜自从大清早就开始准备，我想现在已经完成了包装。此处是since自从---以来，引导的时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时态，主句用现在完成时态，故选B。
42.
A
【解析】考查动词时态。上句：凯西今晚不会来参加你的生日聚会。下句：但是她许诺要来。可知“许诺”是过去发生的事，所以用一般过去时态，故答案为A。
43.
D
【解析】考查被动语态。上句：修理被完成了吗？下句：是的，当我回到家的时候它们已经被完成。根据句意可知句子用过去完成时态的被动语态，故选D。
44.
B
【解析】
考查时态和虚拟语气。句意：那不是他第一次背叛我们。我认为我们早该对他采取强硬措施了。That
is/was
the
first
time
that+完成时，是固定句型；句中使用的是“That
was…”，故应使用过去完成时。在固定搭配it’s
(high/about)
time…中，从句应使用过去时表示虚拟语气。故选B。
45.
C
【解析】考查时态。——你好，我打电话是想问明天我能订一张去海南的机票吗？——对不起，我们已经卖完了。根据时间状语tomorrow和句意可知句子用现在进行时态，表示正在打电话。故答案为C。
46.
D
【解析】考查现在完成时。句意：自去年年中以来，自行车分享市场在北京蓬勃发展。句中since连接的时间状语，表示从过去到现在的时间，是现在完成时态的用法，故选D。
47.
D
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——拿到你的驾驶执照了吗?
——没有，我太忙了没有足够的练习，所以我上周没有参加驾驶考试。表示上周考试之前很忙，用过去完成时。故选D。
48.
D
【解析】
考查时态。上句：所以杰克没有被他梦想中的大学录取，感觉很沮丧。下句：他活该，我不止一次提醒他认真对待他的学习。此空的动作指的是“过去的过去”所以用过去完成时态，故选D。
49.
B
【解析】
考查动词时态。句意：简刚才去找老师。她不知道这个问题如何解答。根据题干went以及“她不知道”是一个持续的动作，可知此题要用过去进行时。故选B项。
50.
D
【解析】考查时态。句意：李华去美国度假以前他把钱换成美元。根据句意可知用过去完成时态，故选D。
51.
C
【解析】
考查时态。句意：每年举行的世界粮食日以强调消除饥饿为目的，仍需做出努力。题目中暗含“到目前为止一直举行的世界粮食日”，故使用现在完成时。根据题意，故选C。
52.
C
【解析】考查过去进行时。句意：---你看昨天中国公开赛的最后一场比赛吗？--当然。我全神贯注地看着，忘了做晚饭。根据“yesterday”可知发生在过去，根据“the
final
match
of
China
Open”过去具体时间。在过去某个时间在做某事使用过去进行时。根据题意，故选C。
53.
D
【解析】
考查时态。句意：——你必须为晚宴做很多事吗？——我到家时，海伦已经做完了所有的工作。“到家是过去”，“做完是过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时态，答案为D。
54.
C
【解析】
考查时态。句意：我那时觉得很难完成这个项目，但是我已经改变了我的想法。根据句意，改变想法是过去的动作，但是和现在还有关系，即对现在有一定的影响，并且翻译成“已经”，符合这些特征的时态即为现在完成时。故选C。
55.
B
【解析】
考查时态和语态。句意：请在星期一穿上你最好的衣服，因为那时你们班将拍照。根据语境可知，动作发生在将来，并且是被动，故用一般将来时态的被动语态。故选B。
56.
D
【解析】
考查时态。上句：我想写这篇论文要花你很长时间。下句：我写了差不多一个月了。写论文这个动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，根据语境，可能仍然要继续下去，所以要用现在完成进行时，故答案为D。
57.
D
【解析】
考查谓语动词的时态。句意：——所有集装箱都已卸下！这是弗兰克做的吗？——不可能！昨天晚上（那个时候）他在修汽车。根据前面的Impossible可知，是说昨天卸集装箱时他正在修汽车，表示在过去的某个时间正在进行的动作，故用过去进行时。故选D。
58.
D
【解析】
考查时态。句意：——我在这里抽烟你介意吗?——对不起，最好不要。你在办公室里吸烟会打扰到我的。根据语境可知对方还没有吸烟，打扰应是发生在将来，故选D。
59.
D
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：在这个地区大量的土壤被冲走了，结果导致自然灾害数量增加。句中soil和wash
away是被动关系，此处指土壤已经被冲走并对现在造成影响，故要用现在完成时，要用现在完成时的被动语态，故选D。
60.
B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——你已经同意去了，因此为什么还没准备好？——但我并没有意识到我被期望马上出发。此处指说话之前没有意识到，表示过去时间发生的动作用一般过去时，故选B。08
时态和语态
一
动词的时态
在英语中，不同时间里发生的动作或存在的状态需要用动词的不同形式表示出来，动词的这种不同形式就构成了动词的时态。英语中的时态按动作发生时间分为现在时态、过去时态、将来时态
一、时态的分类和构成
现在时
一般现在时do/
does
现在完成时have/has
done
现在进行时am/
is/
are
doing
现在完成进行时have/has
been
doing
过去时
一般过去时did
过去完成时had
done
过去进行时was/were
doing
过去完成进行时had
been
doing
将来时
一般将来时will/
shall
do
将来完成时will/shall
have
done
将来进行时shall/
will
be
doing
将来完成进行时shall/
will
have
been
doing
过去将来
一般过去将来时should/
would
do
二、时态的基本用法
（一）一般体：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时
1.
一般现在时：一般现在时是描述现在或经常性的动作性质或状态的时态。常和表示频率、时间的副词（短语）always,
every
time,
now
and
then,
occasionally,
often,
seldom,
sometimes,
usually等连用。
1）表示经常性或习惯性的动作。
We
have
three
meals
a
day.
2）表示客观事实、真理和自然现象。
Knowledge
is
power.
3）表示现在的情况或状态。
I
live
in
Beijing.
4）表示已经“列入日程”的将来的事件，尤其指计划中的和安排好的将来的动作，这些动词往往表示“出发，到达”等含义的词，
如，arrive,
begin,
go,
leave,
start,
stay等。
The
train
arrives
at
10:30.
There's
plenty
of
time.
。
考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。
如：I
learned
that
the
earth
goes
around
the
sun
when
I
was
in
primary
school.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when,
until,
after,
before,
as
soon
as,
once,
the
moment/the
minute,
the
day;
条件：if,
unless,
provided.
If
he
accepts
the
job,
he
will
get
more
money
soon.
考点三：在make
sure
(certain),
see
to
it,
mind,
care,
matter
＋宾语从句，
从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So
long
as
he
works
hard,
I
don’t
mind
when
he
finishes
the
experiment.
考点四：在the
more…
the
more
…
(越……越……)
句型中,
若主句是一般将来时,
从句通常用一般现在时。
The
harder
you
study,
the
better
results
you
will
get.
2.
一般过去时：一般过去时表示过去发生的动作、存在的状态，或反复发生的动作，句中一般都有表示过去具体时间的时间状语。
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或状态。此时与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,
last
week,
an
hour
ago,
the
other
day,
in1998等。
Where
did
you
go
yesterday?？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When
I
was
a
child,
I
often
played
football
in
the
street.
3）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。
If
he
were
here
now,
we
could
turn
to
him
for
help.
4）句中有延续性时间状语，但表示与现在没有关联的过去某段时间做了某事，此时用一般过去时。
This
is
the
primary
school
where
our
manager
Mr.
Smith
studied
for
six
years.
3.
一般将来时：一般将来时用来表示将要发生的事。
1）shall用于第一人称，常被will代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
will
(shall)
+
动词原形
There
is
still
much
to
discuss.
We
shall
return
to
this
item
at
our
next
meeting.
2）be
going
to
+
动词原形，表示将来。
（1）主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事。
What
are
you
going
to
do
this
Sunday
morning?
（2）计划、安排要发生的事。
I'm
going
to
the
airport
to
pick
up
my
aunt
from
America
this
afternoon.
（3）有迹象要发生的事。
Look
at
the
dark
clouds;
there
is
going
to
be
a
storm.
注意：be
going
to与will的区别
be
going
to既可指主观打算做某事，也可指客观迹象表明将要发生某事；
will往往指没有经过计划而临时出现的意图，常伴有说话者的主观意识或表示将来必然发生的事。
I'm
going
to
quit
my
present
job.
（现在的打算，事先经过思考，指向将来）
I'll
answer
the
door.
（未经事先考虑的意图）
The
little
boy
is
going
to
fall
over.
（根据客观迹象判断）
I
hope
it
will
be
fine
tomorrow.
（主观意愿）
3）“be
+
不定式”表将来，表示按计划安排的事或按职责、义务或要求必须去做的事等。
We
are
to
discuss
the
report
next
Saturday.
The
meeting
is
to
take
place
at
8:00
tomorrow
morning.
注意：be
to
和be
going
to的用法比较
be
to表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
I
am
to
play
football
tomorrow
afternoon.
（客观安排）
be
going
to则表示主观的打算或计划。
I
am
going
to
play
football
tomorrow
afternoon.
(主观安排）
4）“be
about
to
do”意为“马上做某事”，表示即将发生某事，该事将发生在很近的将来，不能与tomorrow,
next
week等表示明确将来的时间状语连用。
He
is
about
to
leave
for
Beijing.
考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We
will
begin
our
class
as
soon
as
the
teacher
comes.
（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）
考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive,
come,
go,
leave,
start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。
I
am
leaving
for
Beijing
tomorrow.
考点三：“祈使句
+
and/or
+
句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。
Use
your
head
and
you
will
find
a
way.
4.
过去将来时：过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
注意：这种时态常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中，表示从句的动作发生在主句之后。过去将来时同一般将来时类似，除了用would
do
表示外，也可以用be
going
to
do,
be
to
do,
be
about
to
do及过去进行时等方式表示。
He
was
sixty-eight
and
in
two
years,
he
would
be
seventy.
You
were
going
to
give
me
your
address
but
you
didn't.
I
was
about
to
turn
on
the
power
of
the
computer
when
the
electricity
was
cut
off.
（二）完成体：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时和过去将来完成时
1.
现在完成时：常用的时间状语有：so
far,
recently,
lately,
before,
ever,
by
now,
in
the
last/
past
few
years,
over
a
long
time,
up
to
now,yet,
already,
just,
since,
for+
一段时间等。
1）表示说话之前已经完成的动作，常与already,
yet,
just,
by
this
time,so
far,
by
now等时间状语连用。此时句子中的谓语动词一般为非延续性动词且句子一般不与表示“一段时间”的时间状语连用。
Have
you
finished
your
task
yet?
注意：have
gone
to与have
been
to的区别
have
gone
to
表示“到某地去了”，人可能还在路上，也可能已经到达，但一定不在说话者这里。
have
been
to
表示“去过某地”，是回来之后再谈论去过某地的情况。
2）表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
He
has
lost
his
wallet
and
can't
find
it.
3）表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
They
have
been
good
friends
since
they
met
at
a
meeting.
4）表示动作反复发生，句中常用once/
twice/
three...
times
等。
You
needn't
describe
her.
I
have
met
her
many
times.
5）在时间或条件状语从句中表示在将来某个时间之前要完成某个动作。
Don't
get
off
until
the
bus
has
stopped.
注意：常用现在完成时的句型有：
1）It
is/has
been
+
一段时间
+
since
从句；
2）This/
That/
It
is
the
first/
second...
Time
+
that从句（从句用现在完成时）；
3）It/
This
is
the
best/
worst/
most
interesting
+
名词
+
that从句（从句用现在完成时）
关于现在完成时的时间状语问题:
A.现在完成时的句子里，不可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语，
比较：
We
have
bought
a
new
typewriter
.
We
bought
a
new
typewriter
yesterday.
B.
在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外，ago不能用于现在完成时的句子，但是可以用before来表示"以前"的意义。
C.非延续性动词用于现在完成时态的时候，通常不与表示时间段的时间状语连用,在这种情况下，应该用"It
has
been
…
since…"的句式来表达。
如：
He
has
been
in
the
army
for
three
years.
=
He
has
been
a
soldier
for
three
years.
=
It's
three
years
since
he
joined
the
army.
√
He
has
joined
the
army
for
three
years.
×
.D非延续性动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用，
表示这种动作的否定状态的延续。
I
haven't
heard
from
you
for
a
month.
2.
过去完成时：由“had
+
过去分词”构成，表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。在使用过去完成时时，一定要有过去的时间或动作作为参照。
By
nine
o'clock
last
night,
we
had
got
200
pictures
from
the
spaceship.
考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when;
no
sooner
...than
句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。，并且no
sooner
与hardly等位于句首时，此部分须用部分倒装。
I
had
no
sooner
got
into
the
room
than
it
began
to
snow.
No
sooner
had
I
arrived
home
than
the
telephone
rang.
（注意主谓倒装）
考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That
was
the
second
time
that
she
had
seen
her
grandfather.
考点三：动词hope,
expect,
think,
intend,
mean,
want,
suppose,
plan
表示主观想法的动词，可用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图，意为“本来想......”
They
had
wanted
to
help,
but
they
could
not
get
there
in
time.
3.
将来完成时：主要用于表示在将来某一时间点上会完成的动作，并对将来
某一时间产生影响。常与将来时间状语连用。
We
shall
have
fulfilled
the
work
by
the
end
of
next
week.
考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by
the
end
of
this
year,
by
8
o’clock
this
evening,
by
March
next
year以及由by
the
time…,
before或when等引导的副词从句。
By
the
end
of
next
month,
he
will
have
traveled
1000
miles
on
foot.
By
the
time
you
reach
the
station,
the
train
will
have
left.
By
next
Tuesday,
I
will
have
got
ready
for
the
exams.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
The
children
will
do
their
homework
the
moment
they
have
arrived
back
from
school.
（三）进行体：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时和过去将来进行时
1.
现在进行时
1）表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态。这种用法往往表示发生在过去，说话时没完成，仍在继续进行的动作或存在的状态。常与now,
right
now,
at
this
moment,
atpresent等时间状语连用。
What
are
they
quarreling
about?
2）表示现阶段某动作正在进行，但说话时未必正在进行。
I'm
teaching
part-time
in
a
middle
school.
3）表示马上就要发生。
非延续性动词用于进行时态，往往表示“马上就，即将，逐渐
地，反复地”等意思，这类动词主要有come,
go,
leave,
start,
begin,
stop,
arrive,
return等。
Are
you
staying
here
for
a
long
time?（即将）
Someone
is
knocking
at
the
door.
（反复地）
4）表示某种感彩或对某一心理的生动描述。
现在进行时与always,
constantly,
continually,
forever
(for
ever),
usually等副词连用时，往往表示生气、不满、同情、赞美、好
奇等情感或对某一心理的生动描述。
The
children
are
constantly
disturbing
us.
（讨厌、不满）
注意：下列动词一般不能用于进行时态。
1）表示心理活动的动词一般不用于进行时态。常见的此类动词有love,
like,
hate,
know,
understand,realize,
remember,
believe,
want,
hope,
wish,
need,agree等。
She
understands
you
better
now.
2）表示属性或拥有的动词不能用于进行时态。常见的此类动词有have（有），own,
possess,
belong
to,have
on,
consist
of
等。
This
dictionary
belongs
to
Peter.
3）表示感官的连系动词不能用于进行时态。常见的此类动词有seen,
appear,
look,
sound,
taste等。feel用于进行时态表示一时的感觉。
The
music
sounds
beautiful.
I'm
not
feeling
well
today.
4）表示行为结果的动词一般不用于进行时态。常见的此类动词有accept,
admit,
receive,
allow,decide,
promise等。
I
accept
your
advice.
考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。
Look
out
when
you
are
crossing
the
street.
考点二：
表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。
Marry
is
leaving
on
Friday
2.
过去进行时
1）表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。此时句中往往有表示过去的时间状语then,
at
that
moment,
at
that
time,
at
the
time,
this
time
yesterday等。没有时间状语时，需要根据上下文的语境体会。
I
was
writing
a
letter
when
you
phoned.
2）表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作，常表示“渐渐”“快要”“越来越”“马上”。
常见的此列动词有come,
go,
start,
begin,
leave,
arrive,get,
become,
turn等非持续性动词，偶尔有些持续性动词如do,
stay,
take等也常表示过去“将要”。
We
were
running
out
of
the
gas.
She
told
me
that
she
was
leaving
for
Italy
the
next
day.
3）表示特定的情感。
与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可与always,forever,
constantly等时间状语连用，表示厌烦、惊讶、褒扬等特殊情感。
She
was
always
ringing
me
up
when
I
was
in
London.
（表示厌烦）
3.将来进行时
指从现在算起的将来某时间点正在进行的动作或将要进行的动作。常与表示将来时间的短语this
time
，tomorrow,
at
10
o'clock
next
Monday等连用。
This
time
tomorrow
we'll
be
flying
to
Pairs..
（四）完成进行体
1.
现在完成进行时
表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。其动作是否继续下去，由上下文语意决定。
1）表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现
在不远的时间。多用延续性动词。
Have
you
been
waiting
long
for
me?
2）表示“刚才，近来”发生的动作，一般不再继续。
My
hands
are
dirty.
I've
been
cleaning
the
room.
3）表示动作的重复性。
You
have
been
asking
the
same
question
these
days.
注意：现在完成进行时态多用持续性动词，如live,
learn,lie,
stay,
sit,
wait,
stand,
rest,
study等，并常和allthe
time,
this
week,
this
month,
all
night,
all
the
morning,
recently等状态以及since（自从）和for（历经）所引导的状语从句或短语连用（与since和for连用时，动作常会继续下去）。
三、几个易混时态的用法区别
1.
一般过去时和过去完成时的区别
一般过去时是相对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是相对过去某一时刻而言，强调“过去的过去”发生的动作对过去某一时间的影响或持续到过去某一时间为止。
两种时态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这个时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完成时概念赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时进行区别的重要标准。
She
looked
well
when
I
last
saw
her.
（过去动作或状态）
When
I
got
there,
the
football
match
had
already
started.
（对过去的影响或产生的结果）
The
train
had
waited
there
for
half
an
hour
by
the
time
we
arrived.
（“过去的过去”动作持续到过去某一时刻为止）
2.一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
这两个时态都是谈论已经发生的事情，但是二者的差别是，一般过去时只是单独谈论过去的事情，与现在没有联系，因此只要有过去时间状语的句子只能用过去时来表达；而现在完成时所表示的动作对现在有影响，或是与现在有关，或是谈论现在以前这一段时间里发生的事情。
We
bought
the
fruit
and
flowers
in
the
supermarket
just
now.
They
haven't
seen
the
teacher
today.
四、时态的一致问题
在英语的复合句（尤其是宾语从句）中，从句谓语动词的时态往往受主句谓语动词时态的限制或影响，即主句与从句时态基本一致。
1.
名词性从句与主句时态
在一些名词性从句中，如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时，则从句的谓语可根据所要表达的内容要求运用各种时态；若主句谓语用过去的某种时态，则从句的谓语时态要作相应的调整。
1）主句是现在的某种时态或将来的某种时态时，宾语从句里的动词可按其所涉及的时间运用任何适当的时态。
I
think
Molly
went
to
the
doctor's
yesterday.。
2)
主句中的动词是过去时，宾语从句中的动词一般用过去的某种时态，但如果从句叙述的是某种真理不变的事实或对现在或将来仍然有效的事情，则从句用现在的某种时态。
Alva
told
me
that
he
had
known
the
news
already。
In
his
country
children
under
18
cannot
buy
alcohol.
2.
状语从句与主句时态
表示时间、原因、目的、条件、结果、让步等的状语从句一般要和主句的时态一致，即主句为现在（过去、将来）的某种时态，从句一般也为现在（过去、将来）的某种时态。
You'll
make
progress
if
you
keep
working
hard.
。
3.
定语从句
定语从句中的动词应依照动词本身所涉及的时间选用适当的时态，不受主句的约束和限制。
This
is
the
man
I
saw
yesterday.
。
【典例示例】
1.(2020﹒江苏)If
you
look
at
all
sides
of
the
situation,
you’ll
find
probably
a
solution
that
______
everyone.
A.
suit
B.
suited
C.
suits
D.
has
suited
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：如果你从各个方面看问题，你可能会找到一个适合每个人的解决方案。句子描述的客观事实，应使用一般现在时；此处是定语从句谓语动词，先行词是a
solution，从句谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式。故选C。
2.(2020﹒天津)—You
are
a
great
swimmer.
—Thanks.
It’s
because
I
______
a
lot
these
days.
A.
have
been
practising
B.
was
practising
C.
would
practise
D.
had
practised
【答案】A
【解析】考查时态。句意:-你游泳很棒。-谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在练习。根据时间状语these
days(这些天)可知，”练习游泳”从数天前开始，一直持续到现在，因此该句应用现在完成进行时态。故选A。
3.(2020﹒天津)The
number
of
medical
schools
reached
18
in
the
early
1990s
and
______
around
that
level
since.
A.
are
remaining
B.
have
remained
C.
is
remaining
D.
has
remained
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:20世纪90年代初，医学院的数量达到了18所，此后一直保持在这个水平。ever
since”从那以后”作时间状语，句子用现在完成时态。主语为the
number
of
medical
schools，the
number
of表示”……的数目”，中心词是number，所以是单数，作主语时，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。综上，故选D。
4.(2019﹒江苏)The
musician
along
with
his
band
members
___________
ten
performances
in
the
last
three
months.
A.
gives
B.
has
given
C.
have
given
D.
give
【答案】B
【解析】考查现在完成时与主谓一致。句意：在过去的三个月里，这名音乐家与他的乐队成员已经完成了十场演出。由“in
the
last
three
months”可知，这句话的时态为现在完成时，故排除AD选项。本句主语为the
musician，为第三人称单数形式，句中的“along
with
his
band
members”是附加成分，故谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。故选B。
5.(2019﹒江苏)A
few
months
after
he
had
arrived
in
China,
Mr.
Smith
___________
in
love
with
the
people
and
culture
there.
A.
would
fall
B.
had
fallen
C.
has
fallen
D.
fell
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词的时态。句意：他到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。发生在had
arrived之后的动作或状态应用一般过去时。故选D。
二
动词的语态
语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语动词之间的具体关系。语态分为主动语态和被动语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的发出者和执行者；被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。
注意：英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的，而被动语态则是有标记的。被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。
一、被动语态的各种形式
be+done
被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其变化形式与系动词be的完全一样。
1.
一般现在时："am/
is/
are
+
过去分词"
Mary
is
loved
by
all
her
family.
2.
一般过去时："was/
were
+
过去分词"
The
letter
was
written
in
Spanish.
。
3.
一般将来时："will/
shall/
be
going
to/
be
to
be
+
过去分词"（shall主要用于第一人称；will可用于各人称）
When
will
the
work
be
finished?
4.
现在进行时："am/
is/
are
being
+
过去分词"
The
car
accident
is
being
looken
into.
5.
过去进行时："was/
were
being
+
过去分词"
The
library
was
being
built
last
year.
I'm
not
sure
if
it
is
completed.
6.
现在完成时："have/
has
been
+
过去分词"
All
the
work
has
been
finished
by
now.。
7.
过去完成时："had
been
+
过去分词"
The
fire
had
been
put
out
when
the
firefighters
arrived.
8.
将来完成时："will/
shall
have
been
+
过去分词"
Will
all
the
photos
have
been
developed
by
tomorrow?
9.
过去将来时："would/
should
be
+
过去分词"
The
headmaster
said
he
would
be
met
by
the
mayor.
二、含情态动词的常用被动句式
主语+
情态动词+
be
+
过去分词
+...
The
computer
might
be
repaired
by
tomorrow.
三、常用的被动语态句式结构
1.
“get
+
过去分词”结构
英语中"get
+
过去分词"也构成被动语态。其中get
与"be
+
过去分词"结构中的be一样，都起助动词的作用。但get多用于口语，并且其后不能跟"by
+
执行者"，这种结构常用于谈论突然发生的、出乎意料的事件，如get
dressed,
get
killed等。
He
got/
was
drunk
for
the
first
time
in
his
life
that
night.
2.
非谓语动词的被动形式
高考重点考察动名词和不定式的被动形式。找准非谓语动词的逻辑主语是做题的关健。
The
girl
is
afraid
of
being
scolded
by
her
mother.
（scold和它的逻辑主语the
girl之间存在着被动关系）
The
book
seems
to
have
been
published
last
year.
（publish和它的逻辑主语the
book
之间存在被动关系）
四、被动语态的用法
1.
强调动作的承受者：当强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态。这
类句子常有一个by引导的短语说明动作的执行者，有时也可没有。
This
poem
was
written
by
Whitman.
2.
淡化动作的执行者：当动作的执行者是泛指时（如people,
one等），常用被动语态。
He
is
suspected
robbing
the
bank.
3.
动作的执行者是无生命的事物：
He
was
seriously
wounded
by
a
rolling
stone.
4.
某些习惯用法：有些习惯用法常以被动语态的形式出现。
I
am
determined
to
do
better
than
Mike.
五
使用被动语态的注意事项
（一）主动形式表示被动意义
1.
某些连系动词，如look,
feel,
sound,
taste,
smell,
appear,
seem,
prove等，可用主动形式表示被动意义。
The
trip
to
the
beautiful
island
this
summer
sounds
really
exciting.
。
His
plan
proved
(to
be)
practical.
2.
有一类经常用作及物动词的词，如burn,
wash,
wear,
close,
read,
write,
sell,
open,
lock,
shut,clean,
draw,
cut,
translate等,
用于强调事物本身的特点、特征、性能等，常用主动形式表被动含义。（to
blame,
to
let等也用主动形式表被动含义）
The
pen
writes
smoothly.
Officials
believe
that
more
than
one
person
may
be
to
blame
for
the
fire.
3.
be
worth后常接动名词的主动形式表被动意义。
A
lot
of
small
towns
in
the
area
are
definitely
worth
visiting.
4.
need,
want,
require,
deserve等动词后用动名词的主动形式表被动意义。
（句中主语是动名词意义上的宾语。若动名词是不及物的，其后应加相应的介词。
Most
house
plants
require
regular
watering.
The
boy
is
always
ready
to
help
others
and
deserves
making
friends
with.
5.
有些形容词后接不定式作状语时，常用主动形式表被动意义。此类形容词有easy,
hard,
difficult,
cheap,
expensive,
fit,
nice,
good,
funny,
exciting,
light,
heavy,
dangerous,
comfortable,delicious等.若不定式动词是不及物的，其后要加相应多的介词。
The
man
is
difficult
to
deal
with.
6.
有些介词短语作表语，其主动形式含有被动意义。
under
construction
在施工中
beyond
belief
令人难以置信
beyond
one's
reach
鞭长莫及
beyond
one's
control
失控
beyond
our
hope
我们始料不及
for
sale
出售for
rent
出租
in
print
在印刷中
The
question
is
now
under
discussion.
The
rumor
is
beyond
belief.
(
can't
be
believed).
（二）不用于被动语态的情形
系动词、不及物动词（短语）无被动语态，常见的有appear,
disappear,
die,
end
(vi.
结束）,fail,
happen,
take
place,
break
out,
occur,
last,
lie,
remain,
sit,
spread,
come
true,
fall
asleep,keep
silence,
lose
heart等。
The
meeting
lasted
five
hours
before
it
ended.
被动形式表示主动意义，这些
done的形态的动词形容词性化。例如，be
seated,
be
lost,
be
drunk,
be
dressed,
be
devoted，be
determined,
be
worried,
be
located,
be
exposed
,
be
involved等表示状态
【典例示例】
1.(2019﹒江苏)They
are
trying
to
make
sure
that
5G
terminals_________
by
2022
for
the
Beijing
Winer
Olympics.
A.
will
install
B.
will
have
been
installed
C.
are
installed
D.
have
been
installed
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：他们正努力确保在2022年北京冬奥会之前安装5G终端。表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作，用将来完成时。“5G终端”和“安装”之间是被动关系，用被动语态，故选B。
2.(2017﹒天津)Nowadays,
cycling,
along
with
jogging
and
swimming,
_________
as
one
of
the
best
all-round
forms
of
exercise.
A.
regard
B.
is
regarded
C.
are
regarded
D.
regards
【答案】B
【解析】试题分析：句意：现在骑自行车、慢跑和游泳被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。根据动词短语regard...as…
(把……看做……)和句意确定应该用被动语态，排除A和D；由介词短语along
with
连接的三个名词作主语，谓语动词应该就前一致，即用单数，排除C。故选B。
3.(2017﹒北京)In
the
1950s
in
the
USA,
most
families
had
just
one
phone
at
home,
and
wireless
phones
_______
yet.
A.
haven’t
invented
B.
haven’t
been
invented
C.
hadn’t
invented
D.
hadn’t
been
invented
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态。句意：在美国20世纪50年代的时候，大多数的家庭家里只有一部电话，并且无线电话还根本没有发明出来。根据句意可知用被动语态，排除A和C，事情发生在过去，与现在无关，排除B，故选D。
4.(2015﹒湖南)I
had
a
strong
desire
to
reach
in
and
play
with
the
toy,
but
________
thankfully
by
the
shop
window.
A.
am
held
back
B.
held
back
C.hold
back
D.was
held
back
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。根据主句中的had可知时态是一般过去时；hold与主语构成逻辑上的被动关系，因此用一般过去时的被动语态，故选D。句意：我极其渴望进到商店去玩那个玩具，但是幸亏被橱窗挡住了。
5.(2015﹒安徽)It
is
reported
that
a
space
station
______
on
the
moon
in
years
to
come.
A.
will
be
building
B.
will
be
built
C.
has
been
building
D.
has
been
built
【答案】B
【解析】试题分析：句意：据报道，人们在接下来的几年里将在月球上建一个空间站。根据“in
years
to
come”可知用将来时，space
station和build是动宾关系，应该使用被动语态，故选B。
【检测过关】
1.
Everyone
wants
to
live
on
the
top
of
the
mountain,
but
growth
occurs
while
you
_____
it.
A.
climbed
B.
have
climbed
C.
are
climbing
D.
have
been
climbing
2.
The
works
of
Du
Fu,
China’s
greatest
poet,
_____
a
precious
cultural
heritage
for
the
entire
world,
not
just
for
China.
A.
represented
B.
represent
C.
will
represent
D.
have
represented
3.
—
Do
you
like
your
new
place?
—
Yes,I
do.But
it's
a
little
far
from
my
college,and
the
traffic____________me.
A.
killed
B.
has
killed
C.
had
killed
D.
is
killing
4.
—
Fancy
meeting
you
here!
Are
you
a
librarian?
—
Not
really.
I________my
volunteer
effort
until
the
new
term
begins.
A.
will
just
contribute
B.
have
just
contributed
C.
just
contribute
D.
am
just
contributing
5.
—What
about
your
trip
to
Nantong
Printed
Blue
Nankeen
Museum?
—It
displays
traditional
Chinese
art
and
craft
and
we
____
a
great
time
there.
A.
had
B.
have
C.
would
have
D.
had
had
6.
—
What’s
wrong?
You
look
really
stressed
out.
—I
________
the
whole
week
preparing
for
my
graduation
paper.
A.
work
B.
have
worked
C.
have
been
working
D.
worked
7.
--Did
you
enjoy
yourself
in
watching
the
film
Frozen
II
last
night?
--You
bet!
I
______
it
for
6
years.
A.
was
to
anticipate
B.
have
been
anticipating
C.
was
anticipating
D.
had
been
anticipating
8.
---
Hi,
it's
time
we
worked
out
a
plan
for
the
research
project.
---Sorry,
I'm
not
available
right
now.
I
_____
for
the
upcoming
final
exam.
A.
am
preparing
B.
prepared
C.
have
prepared
D.
will
be
preparing
9.
By
the
time
your
habit
of
managing
time
is
developed,
you
better
decisions
about
how
to
spend
your
time
in
your
future
career.
A.
will
have
made
B.
will
be
made
C.
are
to
make
D.
have
been
making
10.
―Why
are
you
so
excited?
—I
met
Tommy
just
now.
We
_____
each
other
for
ages.
A.
haven’t
seen
B.
didn't
see
C.
hadn't
seen
D.
don't
see
11.
—Where
is
my
phone?
I
can’t
find
it.
—Oh,
you
must
have
left
it
in
the
library
where
we
________
the
novel.
A.
are
reading
B.
read
C.
have
read
D.
had
read
12.
-
-Did
you
watch
the
news
about
the
success
story
of
a
farmer
in
Longhu
last
night?
Yes.
By
using
an
e-commerce
platform,
his
fruit
business
____
nationwide.
A.
is
expanding
B.
has
expanded
C.
would
expand
D.
was
expanding
13.
—Have
you
finished
your
research
essay?
—I
haven’t
started
yet.
I
________
relevant
materials
the
whole
of
last
week.
A.
have
collected
B.
was
collecting
C.
would
collect
D.
had
collected
14.
-Is
your
father
still
teaching
at
Tsinghua
University?
-No,
he
retired
three
months
ago.
But
he
______________
at
the
school
for
thirty
years.
A.
has
taught
B.
has
been
teaching
C.
taught
D.
teaches
15.
—What
do
you
think
of
the
Great
Wall
of
China?
—Splendid!
When
I
was
in
Beijing,
I
________
it
twice.
A.
had
visited
B.
visited
C.
have
visited
D.
would
visit
16.
—What
an
amazing
picture!
—The
little
boy
____the
soldiers,
and
I
caught
them
in
an
unguarded
moment.
A.
was
saluting
B.
saluted
C.
had
saluted
D.
would
salute
17.
Don't
give
up
half
way,
and
you
will
find
the
scenery
is
more
beautiful
when
you
reach
the
destination
than
when
you
_______.
A.
start
off
B.
have
started
off
C.
started
off
D.
will
start
off
18.
—Have
you
found
the
new
flat
advertised
in
the
newspaper?
—
Yes.
But
the
community____
very
large
and
I
nearly
got
lost
just
now.
A.
had
been
B.
was
C.
will
be
D.
is
19.
—Why
are
you
so
upset?
—I
had
my
computer
repaired
yesterday,
but
it
________
work
again.
A.
doesn’t
B.
didn’t
C.
won’t
D.
wouldn’t
20.
---Jenny
is
becoming
slimmer
and
slimmer.
----
It
is
said
that
she
hired
a
fitness
instructor
last
year
and
_____
since.
A.
is
working
out
B.
worked
out
C.
has
been
working
out
D.
had
worked
out
21.
---Professor
Li
is
wanted
on
the
phone.
Where
is
he?
---
I
saw
him
coming,
but
in
a
minute,
he
_____.
A.
will
disappear
B.
has
disappeared
C.
disappears
D.
disappeared
22.
After
nine
years
working
to
protect
Siberian
tigers,
Yang
Jun
_____
his
efforts
recognized
at
the
annual
award
ceremony
in
Beijing
where
he
was
named
a
"wildlife
protector".
A.
had
B.
had
had
C.
has
had
D.
has
23.
—I
heard
Mr.
Morgan
would
be
here
at
4:00
pm.
next
Thursday.
—No,
he
_____
at
that
time.
A.
was
boarding
B.
would
be
boarding
C.
will
be
boarding
D.
is
boarding
24.
—Ted
has
never
been
so
rude!
—He
______something
he
shouldn’t
have,
but
I
guess
he
didn’t
mean
that.
A.
has
said
B.
had
said
C.
said
D.
was
saying
25.
Evelyn
is
supposed
to
attend
church
soon,
but
nobody
is
sure
whether
she
or
not.
A.
does
B.
is
C.
had
D.
will
26.
—Mr.
Smith
_____
in
Russia
for
10
years.
—No
wonder
he
can
speak
Russian
fluently
and
now
teaches
Russian
in
a
Chinese
college.
A.
had
stayed
B.
has
stayed
C.
stayed
D.
stays
27.
—Did
you
have
difficulty
finding
Ann'house?
—Not
really.She___us
clear
directions
and
we
were
able
to
find
it
easily。
A.
was
to
give
B.
had
given
C.
was
giving
D.
would
give
28.
I’ve
finally
finished
my
paper
and
it________
me
an
entire
month.
A.
was
taken
B.
takes
C.
took
D.
had
taken
29.
In
Beijing,
more
than
21,100
people
________
to
donate
their
bodies
by
the
end
of
2017,
as
the
city
promoted
a
body
donation
campaign
from
1999.
A.
have
applied
B.
had
applied
C.
would
have
applied
D.
applied
30.
—Did
your
father
enjoy
seeing
his
old
friends
yesterday?
—Yes,
he
did.
They
each
other
for
ages.
A.
didn’t
see
B.
wouldn’t
see
C.
haven’t
seen
D.
hadn’t
seen
31.
As
things
didn’t
work
out
the
way
we
________,
we
found
ourselves
trying
to
force
them
and
struggling
to
finish
them.
A.
plan
B.
are
planning
C.
had
planned
D.
will
be
planning
32.
Your
donation
greatly
appreciated
and
the
money
will
be
used
to
help
the
students
from
poor
families.
A.
has
been
B.
is
C.
was
D.
had
been
33.
Usually
Beijing
Roast
Duck
_____
together
with
special
pancakes,
green
onions
and
sweet
sauce.
A.
was
served
B.
will
serve
C.
is
served
D.
served
34.
Rosa
_____
this
washing
machine
for
more
than
ten
years.
She
is
thinking
about
buying
a
new
one.
A.
is
using
B.
used
C.
had
used
D.
has
been
using
35.
—Where
was
I?
—You
________
you
didn’t
like
your
job.
A.
had
said
B.
said
C.
were
saying
D.
has
said
36.
—Is
there
a
hospital
nearby?
I
hurt
my
ankle,
and
cannot
move
now.
—It’s
about
3
blocks
away.
I
_____
you
there.
A.
took
B.
take
C.
will
take
D.
have
taken
37.
—Dad,
you
should
have
taken
me
to
the
football
match
this
morning.
—I
had
intended
to,
but
I
couldn’t
spare
any
time,
I
_____
a
report.
A.
had
written
B.
wrote
C.
was
writing
D.
would
write
38.
I’m
not
sure
of
the
reason
for
the
dog’s
illness,
but
it
____
by
eating
too
much.
A.
may
have
been
caused
B.
need
have
been
caused
C.
should
have
been
caused
D.
must
have
been
caused
39.
—Do
you
like
the
mobile
game
Traveling
Frog?
—Yes,
the
posts
about
the
virtual
green
frog
________
over
4
million
times.
A.
have
read
B.
have
been
read
C.
would
be
read
D.
are
reading
40.
Our
country
has
launched
a
campaign
to
ban
smoking
in
public
places,
which
with
some
heavy
smokers.
A.
concerns
B.
was
concerned
C.
concerned
D.
is
concerned
41.
I
think
Ana
______
her
packing
since
she
started
getting
things
ready
early
this
morning.
A.
finishes
B.
has
finished
C.
had
finished
D.
would
finish
42.
––Cathy
is
not
coming
to
your
birthday
party
tonight.
––But
she
______!
A.
promised
B.
promises
C.
will
promise
D.
had
promised
43.
––Are
the
repairs
finished
yet?
––Yes,
they
______
when
I
came
back
home.
A.
would
be
completed
B.
would
complete
C.
had
completed
D.
had
been
completed
44.
That
was
not
the
first
time
he
____
us.
I
think
it's
high
time
we
____
strong
actions
against
him.
A.
betrayed,
take
B.
had
betrayed,
took
C.
has
betrayed,
took
D.
has
betrayed,
take
45.
—
Hello,
I
________
to
ask
if
I
can
book
a
flight
ticket
to
Hainan
tomorrow?
—
Sorry,
we’ve
already
sold
out.
A.
phone
B.
will
phone
C.
am
phoning
D.
have
phoned
46.
Since
the
middle
of
the
last
year,
the
bike-sharing
market
_____in
Beijing.
A.
boomed
B.
was
booming
C.
will
boom
D.
has
boomed
47.
—Got
your
driving
license?
—No.
I
too
busy
to
have
enough
practice,
so
I
didn’t
take
the
driving
test
last
week.
A.
was
B.
am
C.
have
been
D.
had
been
48.
----So
Jack
failed
to
be
admitted
by
his
dream
university
and
is
feeling
quite
depressed
these
days.
----It
serves
him
right.
I
____him
more
than
once
to
take
his
study
seriously.
A.
reminded
B.
have
reminded
C.
have
been
reminding
D.
had
reminded
49.
Jane
went
to
her
teacher
just
now.
She
________
about
the
solution
to
the
problem.
A.
wondered
B.
was
wondering
C.
had
wondered
D.
would
wonder
50.
Li
Hua
____
his
money
for
dollars
before
he
went
on
a
holiday
in
America.
A.
exchanges
B.
has
exchanged
C.
will
exchange
D.
had
exchanged
51.
World
Food
Day
is
held
each
year
to
underline
the
progress
that
________
against
hunger
and
that
still
needs
to
be
made.
A.
is
made
B.
was
made
C.
has
been
made
D.
will
be
made
52.
---
Did
you
watch
the
final
match
of
China
Open
yesterday?
---Sure.
I
it
so
attentively
that
I
forgot
to
cook
supper.
A.
watched
B.
had
watched
C.
was
watching
D.
was
to
watch
53.
––Did
you
have
to
do
much
for
the
dinner
party?
––Helen
________
everything
by
the
time
I
got
home.
A.
finished
B.
was
finishing
C.
would
finish
D.
had
finished
54.
I
thought
it
hard
to
complete
the
project
then,
but
I
________
my
mind.
A.
will
change
B.
would
changed
C.
have
changed
D.
had
changed
55.
Please
wear
your
best
clothes
on
Monday,
as
your
class
photos
______
then.
A.
will
take
B.
will
be
taken
C.
have
taken
D.
have
been
taken
56.
—I
think
the
paper
is
taking
you
a
long
time
to
write.
—I
______
on
it
for
almost
a
month
now.
A.
worked
B.
was
working
C.
am
working
D.
have
been
working
57.
—All
the
containers
have
been
unloaded!
Can
it
have
been
done
by
Frank?
—Impossible!
He
________
his
car
last
night.
A.
has
fixed
B.
had
fixed
C.
would
fix
D.
was
fixing
58.
—Would
you
mind
if
I
smoked
here?
—Sorry,
you’d
better
not.
Your
smoking
in
the
office
________me!
A.
bothered
B.
is
bothering
C.
has
bothered
D.
will
bother
59.
Quantities
of
soil
________
in
the
area,
resulting
in
the
increasing
number
of
natural
disasters.
A.
is
washed
away
B.
have
washed
away
C.
have
washed
away
D.
have
been
washed
away
60.
—You’ve
agreed
to
go,
so
why
aren’t
you
getting
ready?
—But
I
________
that
I
was
expected
to
set
off
at
once.
A.
don’t
realize
B.
didn’t
realize
C.
haven’t
realized
D.
hadn’t
realized
