45
概要写作之三步优化语言表达
概要写作语言优化三步走
概要写作的评分原则之一是“对各要点表达的独立性情况”，即要用自己的语言表述原文要点，不能照抄原文的语句。同时各要点之间应注意利用恰当的过渡衔接词汇，使所写的句子连贯流畅。
第一步：替换单词/短语
在找出文中的要点后，利用替换单词、短语等方法来增强语言表达的独立性。
①利用同义词(短语)或近义词(短语)代替原文单词或短语。
②将原文动词短语转换为介词短语、名词短语替换成动词短语、动词转换为名词、形容词转换为副词等。
第二步：合理地调整句式
除了用替换单词、短语等方式增强语言表达的独立性外，还可以采用灵活调整句式的方式达到语气目标。
(1)长变短：压缩长的句子和词组，使其变得短小精悍，如两个简单句整合为一个并列句或主从复合句；复合句或并列句简化为简单句、从句简化为介词短语或者分词短语等。
(2)主动变被动：主动句变为被动句式，更生动更符合英语表达。
(3)善用定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、倒装句、强调句、省略句等丰富的句型结构等。
第三步：使用恰当的过渡衔接
概要写作的评分标准之一是上下文的连贯性，要求你有效运用一定的衔接手段。
3种使上下文连贯的衔接手段
①词汇衔接：运用原词、近义词或反义词、上下义词等的复现。
②逻辑衔接：利用表逻辑关系的过渡词衔接上下文，如besides,
in
addition,
therefore等，在选用过渡衔接词时，应考虑前后句子之间的内在逻辑关系。
③语法衔接：常见的语法衔接有替代和省略。
替代：用代词替代前面的名词(短语)和句子，用助动词代替前面的动词(短语)。
省略：在语境表达清晰的情况下，为了表达简洁，省略上文或下文的某个词句。
【策略演示】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
(2019年6月，浙江高考)Parents
everywhere
praise
their
kids.
Jenn
Berman,
author
of
The
A
to
Z
Guide
to
Raising
Happy
and
Confident
Kids,
says,
“We've
gone
to
the
opposite
extreme
of
a
few
decades
ago
when
.”
By
giving
kids
a
lot
of
praise,
parents
think
they're
building
their
children's
confidence,
when,
in
fact,
it
may
be
just
the
opposite.
and,
when
given
in
a
way
that's
insincere,
make
kids
afraid
to
try
new
things
or
take
a
risk
for
fear
of
not
being
able
to
stay
on
top
where
their
parents'
praise
has
put
them.
Still,
don't
go
too
far
in
the
other
direction.
.
Kids
will
feel
like
and,
as
a
result,
may
see
no
point
in
trying
hard
for
their
accomplishments.
So
what
is
the
right
amount
of
praise?
Experts
say
that
.
If
praise
is
sincere
and
focused
on
the
effort
not
the
outcome,
you
can
.
“We
should
especially
recognize
our
children's
efforts
to
push
themselves
and
work
hard
to
achieve
a
goal，”
says
Donahue,
author
of
Parenting
Without
Fear:
Letting
Go
of
Worry
and
Focusing
on
What
Really
Matters.
“One
thing
to
remember
is
that
it's
the
process
not
the
end
product
that
.”
Your
son
may
not
be
the
best
basketball
player
on
his
team.
But
if
he's
out
there
every
day
and
playing
hard,
you
should
praise
his
effort
regardless
of
whether
his
team
wins
or
loses.
can
also
mean
recognizing
your
child
when
she
has
worked
hard
to
clean
the
yard,
cook
dinner,
or
finish
a
book
report.
But
whatever
it
is,
praise
should
be
given
on
a
case?by?case
basis
and
be
proportionate
.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【思路点拨】
第1步 读懂原文，明确篇章结构
本文是议论文，提出当前父母对孩子进行过度赞扬和不表扬是同样有害的，正确的做法是找到其闪光点进行适度的表扬，以培养其自信乐观的心态。文章四个自然段，就是4个意义段，对应4个要点。
第一段：指出过度表扬不利于孩子的成长。
第二段：对孩子的表扬不足同样有害。
第三段：对孩子的表扬要恰当而且适时。
第四段：关注孩子的努力，不必太过关注结果。
第2
步 去次留精，提炼关键信息
本文关键信息已在文中用画线和阴影形式体现，
其中画线词为与主题句相关的关键词，其他则为次要信息。
第3步 归纳要点，合理转换表达
采用同义转述、句式转换等方法灵活准确归纳要点，如：
①第一段主题句可归纳为要点1：该要点中的“the
opposite”可利用同义表达改为contrary
to；“stay
on
top
where
their
parents'
praise
has
put
them”(指的是父母对孩子过度表扬而设定的目标)可转换为
unrealistic
goals。
②第二段主题句可归纳为要点2：该要点中的“Not
giving
enough
praise”可转换为inadequate
praise;
“they're
not
good
enough
or
that
you
don't
care”可转换为they
are
not
doing
well
or
they
are
ignored。
第4步 句式多样，注意过渡衔接
句式要多样，可利用非谓语动词、定语从句和名词性从句，归纳整合要点。
要点1指出过度表扬不利于孩子的成长，而要点2说明对孩子的表扬不足同样有害，由此前两个要点为转折关系，可利用however衔接；第3个要点说明要给予恰当适时的表扬，由此可知该要点与前两个要点是因果关系可利用therefore衔接；第3个要点中的恰当适时的表扬与第4个要点中的表扬努力为并列关系，
可利用表“并列，顺承”的过渡衔接词汇，如besides,
additionally等。
【参考范文】
Contrary
to
the
past,
some
parents
are
likely
to
overpraise
their
kids,
making
them
feel
given
unrealistic
goals.
(要点1)
，
others
give
their
kids
inadequate
praise,
which
gives
them
a
false
idea
that
they
are
not
doing
well
or
they
are
ignored.
(要点2)
，
praising
them
properly
and
punctually
is
definitely
favorable.
(要点3)
，
to
do
so
parents
are
advised
to
focus
on
their
kids'
effort
instead
of
the
result.
(要点4)
【检测训练】
1.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Eighty-five
percent
of
the
jobs
that
today's
students
will
do
in
2030
don't
exist
yet,the
Institute
for
the
Future
has
predicted.That
might
seem
like
a
high
number
to
reach
in
only
10
years.But
think
about
the
non-mainstream
careers
that
did
not
exist
just
a
handful
of
years
ago:
social
media
manager,app
developer
and
cloud
computing
engineer,etc.What
role
should
colleges
and
universities
play
in
preparing
students
for
a
workplace
that
is
constantly
changing?
Educational
institutions
are
trying
to
answer
that
question."We
hope
they
will
not
only
be
prepared
for
whatever
the
job
market
looks
like
in
10,20
or
50
years
but
be
the
ones
shaping
it,"
said
Jenn
Stringer,professor
at
the
University
of
Californian,Berkeley.Here
are
some
of
the
approaches
they're
taking.
Some
experts
argue
that
the
four-year
learning
model
needs
to
be
rethought
in
a
big
way.
They
say
education
can
no
longer
be
seen
as
something
that
stops
when
a
person
graduates
from
college.If
students
could
take
a
year
or
two
off
school,get
a
job,and
then
return
to
school
a
few
years
later,the
education
system
would
offer
true
life-long
learning
and
better
adapt
to
changing
technology.
Fewer
employers
are
willing
to
train
people
on
the
job
than
the
employers
50
years
ago,
largely
as
part
of
an
effort
to
cut
costs.To
fill
the
job
skills
gap,some
courses
are
offered
as
an
add-on
to
a
student's
main
degree.For
example,the
courses
may
include
data
analysis,web
design
and
digital
marketing.The
goal
is
to
offer
students,a
degree
aside,some
advantages
when
they
seek
jobs
or
promotions
in
the
future.
Other
institutions
are
trying
to
imitate
the
workplace
within
the
traditional
classroom.
Several
colleges
have
partnered
with
private
companies,such
as
the
software
company
Adobe,
to
integrate
their
products
into
the
classroom.Professors
at
schools
who
partner
with
the
company
are
encouraged
to
use
the
product
for
assignments.The
idea
is
that
students
learn
how
to
create
a
project
that
can
be
used
in
the
real
world
and
the"soft
skills"such
as
teamwork
and
creativity.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
These
days,
football
is
one
of
the
most
popular
sports
in
the
world.
Given
that
Neil
Armstrong
wanted
to
take
a
football
to
the
Moon,
we
could
even
say
that
it
is
also
the
most
popular
sport
out
of
this
world!
The
history
of
the
game
goes
back
over
two
thousand
years
to
Ancient
China.
It
was
then
known
as
cuju(kick
ball),
a
game
using
a
ball
of
animal
skins
with
hair
inside.
Goals
were
hung
in
the
air.
Football
as
we
know
it
today
started
in
Great
Britain,
where
the
game
was
given
new
rules.
That
football
is
such
a
simple
game
to
play
is
perhaps
the
basis
of
its
popularity.
It
is
also
a
game
that
is
very
cheap
to
play.
You
don't
need
expensive
equipment;
even
the
ball
doesn't
have
to
cost
much
money.
All
over
the
world
you
can
see
kids
playing
to
their
hearts
'content
with
a
ball
made
of
plastic
bags;
just
like
Pele
did
when
he
was
a
boy.
Another
factor
behind
football's
global
popularity
is
the
creativity
and
excitement
on
the
field.
It
is
fun
enough
to
attract
millions
of
people.
You
do
not
have
to
be
a
fan
to
recognize
the
skill
of
professional
player-how
they
use
their
bodies
to
pass,
score
and
defend
can
be
amazing
to
see-or
to
feel
the
excitement
of
a
game
ending
with
a
surprising
twist.
What's
more,
football
has
become
one
of
the
best
ways
for
people
to
communicate:
it
does
not
require
words,
but
everyone
understands
it.
It
breaks
down
walls
and
brings
people
together
on
and
off
the
field.
Take,
for
example,
the
famous
football
game
on
Christmas
Day
1914.
World
War
I
had
broken
out
months
before,
but
British
and
German
soldiers
put
down
their
guns
and
played
football
together-one
moment
of
peace
to
remember
during
years
of
conflict.
“Some
people
believe
football
is
a
matter
of
life
and
death,
......
“said
Bill
Shankly,
the
famous
footballer
and
manager.
“I
can
assure
you
it
is
much,
much
more
important
than
that.”
This
might
sound
funny,
but
one
only
has
to
think
about
the
Earth
to
realize
that
our
planet
is
shaped
like
a
football.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It
was
once
common
to
regard
Britain
as
a
society
with
class
distinction.
Each
class
had
unique
characteristics.
In
recent
years,
many
writers
have
begun
to
speak
of
the
“decline
of
class”
and
“classless
society”
in
Britain.
And
in
modern
day
consumer
society
everyone
is
considered
to
be
middle
class.
But
pronouncing
the
death
of
class
is
too
early.
A
recent
wide-ranging
study
of
public
opinion
found
90
percent
of
people
still
placing
themselves
in
a
particular
class;
73
percent
agreed
that
class
was
still
a
vital
part
of
British
society;
and
52
percent
thought
there
were
still
sharp
class
differences.
Thus,
class
may
not
be
culturally
and
politically
obvious,
yet
it
remains
an
important
part
of
British
society.
Britain
seems
to
have
a
love
of
classes.
One
unchanging
aspect
of
a
British
person's
class
position
is
accent.
The
words
a
person
speaks
show
her
or
his
class.
A
study
of
British
accents
during
the
1970s
found
that
a
voice
sounding
like
a
BBC
newsreader
was
viewed
as
the
most
attractive
voice.
Most
people
said
this
accent
sounded
“educated”
and
“soft”.
The
accents
placed
at
the
bottom
in
this
study,
on
the
other
hand,
were
regional
(地区的)
city
accents.
These
accents
were
seen
as
“common”
and
“ugly”.
However,
a
similar
study
of
British
accents
in
the
US
turned
these
results
upside
down
and
placed
some
regional
accents
as
the
most
attractive
and
BBC
English
as
the
least.
This
suggests
that
British
attitudes
towards
accent
have
deep
roots
and
are
based
on
class
prejudice.
In
recent
years,
however,
young
upper
middle-class
people
in
London,
have
begun
to
adopt
some
regional
accents,
in
order
to
hide
their
class
origins.
This
is
an
indication
of
class
becoming
unnoticed.
However,
the
1995
pop
song
“Common
People”
puts
forward
the
view
that
though
a
middle-class
person
may
“want
to
live
like
common
people”
they
can
never
appreciate
the
reality
of
a
working-class
life.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇
60
词左右的内容概要。
With
the
development
of
the
computer,
virtual
reality
(
虚
拟
现
实
)
steps
in
our
life.
If
something
is
virtual,
then
it
is
created
by
computer
technology
and
appears
as
if
it
were
real.VR
is
a
computer
system
with
a
special
headset(耳机).
When
you
put
on
the
headset,
you
will
look
at
two
tiny
television
screens.
They
are
so
close
to
your
eyes
as
if
you
see
just
one
picture
and
you
will
believe
that
you
have
entered
a
different
world.
In
many
systems,
you
also
wear
special
gloves.
With
the
gloves
you
can
reach
out
and
touch
things
in
the
unreal
world.
The
first
VR
games,
which
have
already
been
sold
around
the
world,enable
you
to
drive
a
sports
car,fly
a
plane,
or
fight
an
enemy.In
the
future,
it
may
be
difficult
to
tell
the
virtual
world
of
the
games
from
the
real
world
outside.
However,
VR
is
not
just
for
entertainment.
One
day,
delighted
children
will
be
able
to
learn
history
by
visiting
the
pyramids
of
Egypt.
In
addition,businesses
will
be
able
to
use
VR
for
many
tasks.
Pilot
will
be
able
to
practise
flying
virtual
planes
before
they
go
into
the
air.
VR
can
help
us
improve
the
world
in
hundreds
of
ways.
However,
some
people
have
warned
that
there
could
be
dangers.
It
might
be
dangerous
if
we
do
something
wrong,
or
if
people
do
not
want
to
return
to
reality
because
it
is
safer
than
real
life.
Besides,
we
will
forget
how
to
live
and
work
with
real
people.
There
will
be
some
problems
with
VR,
as
it
is
new
for
us.
However,one
thing
is
for
sure:
VR
is
here
to
stay.Get
ready
to
step
into
another
world!
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents
everywhere
praise
their
kids.
Jenn
Berman,
author
of
The
A
to
Z
Guide
to
Raising
Happy
and
Confident
Kids,
says,
“We’ve
gone
to
the
opposite
extreme
of
a
few
decades
ago
when
parents
tended
to
be
more
strict.”
By
giving
kids
a
lot
of
praise,
parents
think
they’re
building
their
children’s
confidence,
when,
in
fact,
it
may
be
just
the
opposite.
Too
much
praise
can
backfire
and,
when
given
in
a
way
that’s
insincere,
make
kids
afraid
to
try
new
things
or
take
a
risk
for
fear
of
not
being
able
to
stay
on
top
where
their
parents’
praise
has
put
them.
Still,
don’t
go
too
far
in
the
other
direction.
Not
giving
enough
praise
can
be
just
as
damaging
as
giving
too
much.
Kids
will
feel
like
they’re
not
good
enough
or
that
you
don’t
care
and,
as
a
result,
may
see
no
point
in
trying
hard
for
their
accomplishments.
So
what
is
the
right
amount
of
praise?
Experts
say
that
the
quality
of
praise
is
more
important
than
the
quantity.
If
praise
is
sincere
and
focused
on
the
effort
not
the
outcome,
you
can
give
it
as
often
as
your
child
does
something
that
deserves
a
verbal
reward.
“We
should
especially
recognize
our
children’s
efforts
to
push
themselves
and
work
hard
to
achieve
a
goal,”
says
Donahue,
author
of
Parenting
Without
Fear:
Letting
Go
of
Worry
and
Focusing
on
What
Really
Matters.
“One
thing
to
remember
is
that
it’s
the
process
not
the
end
product
that
matters.”
Your
son
may
not
be
the
best
basketball
player
on
his
team.
But
if
he’s
out
there
every
day
and
playing
hard,
you
should
praise
his
effort
regardless
of
whether
his
team
wins
or
loses.
Praising
the
effort
and
not
the
outcome
can
also
mean
recognizing
your
child
when
she
has
worked
hard
to
clean
the
yard,
cook
dinner,
or
finish
a
book
report.
But
whatever
it
is,
praise
should
be
given
on
a
case-by-case
basis
and
be
proportionate(相称的)
to
the
amount
of
effort
your
child
has
put
into
it.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________45
概要写作之三步优化语言表达
概要写作语言优化三步走
概要写作的评分原则之一是“对各要点表达的独立性情况”，即要用自己的语言表述原文要点，不能照抄原文的语句。同时各要点之间应注意利用恰当的过渡衔接词汇，使所写的句子连贯流畅。
第一步：替换单词/短语
在找出文中的要点后，利用替换单词、短语等方法来增强语言表达的独立性。
①利用同义词(短语)或近义词(短语)代替原文单词或短语。
②将原文动词短语转换为介词短语、名词短语替换成动词短语、动词转换为名词、形容词转换为副词等。
第二步：合理地调整句式
除了用替换单词、短语等方式增强语言表达的独立性外，还可以采用灵活调整句式的方式达到语气目标。
(1)长变短：压缩长的句子和词组，使其变得短小精悍，如两个简单句整合为一个并列句或主从复合句；复合句或并列句简化为简单句、从句简化为介词短语或者分词短语等。
(2)主动变被动：主动句变为被动句式，更生动更符合英语表达。
(3)善用定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、倒装句、强调句、省略句等丰富的句型结构等。
第三步：使用恰当的过渡衔接
概要写作的评分标准之一是上下文的连贯性，要求你有效运用一定的衔接手段。
3种使上下文连贯的衔接手段
①词汇衔接：运用原词、近义词或反义词、上下义词等的复现。
②逻辑衔接：利用表逻辑关系的过渡词衔接上下文，如besides,
in
addition,
therefore等，在选用过渡衔接词时，应考虑前后句子之间的内在逻辑关系。
③语法衔接：常见的语法衔接有替代和省略。
替代：用代词替代前面的名词(短语)和句子，用助动词代替前面的动词(短语)。
省略：在语境表达清晰的情况下，为了表达简洁，省略上文或下文的某个词句。
【策略演示】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
(2019年6月，浙江高考)Parents
everywhere
praise
their
kids.
Jenn
Berman,
author
of
The
A
to
Z
Guide
to
Raising
Happy
and
Confident
Kids,
says,
“We've
gone
to
the
opposite
extreme
of
a
few
decades
ago
when
.”
By
giving
kids
a
lot
of
praise,
parents
think
they're
building
their
children's
confidence,
when,
in
fact,
it
may
be
just
the
opposite.
and,
when
given
in
a
way
that's
insincere,
make
kids
afraid
to
try
new
things
or
take
a
risk
for
fear
of
not
being
able
to
stay
on
top
where
their
parents'
praise
has
put
them.
Still,
don't
go
too
far
in
the
other
direction.
.
Kids
will
feel
like
and,
as
a
result,
may
see
no
point
in
trying
hard
for
their
accomplishments.
So
what
is
the
right
amount
of
praise?
Experts
say
that
.
If
praise
is
sincere
and
focused
on
the
effort
not
the
outcome,
you
can
.
“We
should
especially
recognize
our
children's
efforts
to
push
themselves
and
work
hard
to
achieve
a
goal，”
says
Donahue,
author
of
Parenting
Without
Fear:
Letting
Go
of
Worry
and
Focusing
on
What
Really
Matters.
“One
thing
to
remember
is
that
it's
the
process
not
the
end
product
that
.”
Your
son
may
not
be
the
best
basketball
player
on
his
team.
But
if
he's
out
there
every
day
and
playing
hard,
you
should
praise
his
effort
regardless
of
whether
his
team
wins
or
loses.
can
also
mean
recognizing
your
child
when
she
has
worked
hard
to
clean
the
yard,
cook
dinner,
or
finish
a
book
report.
But
whatever
it
is,
praise
should
be
given
on
a
case?by?case
basis
and
be
proportionate
.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【思路点拨】
第1步 读懂原文，明确篇章结构
本文是议论文，提出当前父母对孩子进行过度赞扬和不表扬是同样有害的，正确的做法是找到其闪光点进行适度的表扬，以培养其自信乐观的心态。文章四个自然段，就是4个意义段，对应4个要点。
第一段：指出过度表扬不利于孩子的成长。
第二段：对孩子的表扬不足同样有害。
第三段：对孩子的表扬要恰当而且适时。
第四段：关注孩子的努力，不必太过关注结果。
第2
步 去次留精，提炼关键信息
本文关键信息已在文中用画线和阴影形式体现，
其中画线词为与主题句相关的关键词，其他则为次要信息。
第3步 归纳要点，合理转换表达
采用同义转述、句式转换等方法灵活准确归纳要点，如：
①第一段主题句可归纳为要点1：该要点中的“the
opposite”可利用同义表达改为contrary
to；“stay
on
top
where
their
parents'
praise
has
put
them”(指的是父母对孩子过度表扬而设定的目标)可转换为
unrealistic
goals。
②第二段主题句可归纳为要点2：该要点中的“Not
giving
enough
praise”可转换为inadequate
praise;
“they're
not
good
enough
or
that
you
don't
care”可转换为they
are
not
doing
well
or
they
are
ignored。
第4步 句式多样，注意过渡衔接
句式要多样，可利用非谓语动词、定语从句和名词性从句，归纳整合要点。
要点1指出过度表扬不利于孩子的成长，而要点2说明对孩子的表扬不足同样有害，由此前两个要点为转折关系，可利用however衔接；第3个要点说明要给予恰当适时的表扬，由此可知该要点与前两个要点是因果关系可利用therefore衔接；第3个要点中的恰当适时的表扬与第4个要点中的表扬努力为并列关系，
可利用表“并列，顺承”的过渡衔接词汇，如besides,
additionally等。
【参考范文】
Contrary
to
the
past,
some
parents
are
likely
to
overpraise
their
kids,
making
them
feel
given
unrealistic
goals.
(要点1)
，
others
give
their
kids
inadequate
praise,
which
gives
them
a
false
idea
that
they
are
not
doing
well
or
they
are
ignored.
(要点2)
，
praising
them
properly
and
punctually
is
definitely
favorable.
(要点3)
，
to
do
so
parents
are
advised
to
focus
on
their
kids'
effort
instead
of
the
result.
(要点4)
【检测训练】
1.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Eighty-five
percent
of
the
jobs
that
today's
students
will
do
in
2030
don't
exist
yet,the
Institute
for
the
Future
has
predicted.That
might
seem
like
a
high
number
to
reach
in
only
10
years.But
think
about
the
non-mainstream
careers
that
did
not
exist
just
a
handful
of
years
ago:
social
media
manager,app
developer
and
cloud
computing
engineer,etc.What
role
should
colleges
and
universities
play
in
preparing
students
for
a
workplace
that
is
constantly
changing?
Educational
institutions
are
trying
to
answer
that
question."We
hope
they
will
not
only
be
prepared
for
whatever
the
job
market
looks
like
in
10,20
or
50
years
but
be
the
ones
shaping
it,"
said
Jenn
Stringer,professor
at
the
University
of
Californian,Berkeley.Here
are
some
of
the
approaches
they're
taking.
Some
experts
argue
that
the
four-year
learning
model
needs
to
be
rethought
in
a
big
way.
They
say
education
can
no
longer
be
seen
as
something
that
stops
when
a
person
graduates
from
college.If
students
could
take
a
year
or
two
off
school,get
a
job,and
then
return
to
school
a
few
years
later,the
education
system
would
offer
true
life-long
learning
and
better
adapt
to
changing
technology.
Fewer
employers
are
willing
to
train
people
on
the
job
than
the
employers
50
years
ago,
largely
as
part
of
an
effort
to
cut
costs.To
fill
the
job
skills
gap,some
courses
are
offered
as
an
add-on
to
a
student's
main
degree.For
example,the
courses
may
include
data
analysis,web
design
and
digital
marketing.The
goal
is
to
offer
students,a
degree
aside,some
advantages
when
they
seek
jobs
or
promotions
in
the
future.
Other
institutions
are
trying
to
imitate
the
workplace
within
the
traditional
classroom.
Several
colleges
have
partnered
with
private
companies,such
as
the
software
company
Adobe,
to
integrate
their
products
into
the
classroom.Professors
at
schools
who
partner
with
the
company
are
encouraged
to
use
the
product
for
assignments.The
idea
is
that
students
learn
how
to
create
a
project
that
can
be
used
in
the
real
world
and
the"soft
skills"such
as
teamwork
and
creativity.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
To
help
students
better
suit
and
reshape
the
ever-shifting
work
landscape,
colleges
are
taking
various
measures.
(要点1)
Firstly,
life-long
and
adaptive
learning
model
is
expected
to
replace
the
present
4-year
one.
(要点2)
Besides,
additional
training
programs
beneficial
to
acquiring
practical
job
skills
are
provided
for
college
students.
(要点3)
Moreover,
some
colleges
cooperate
with
enterprises
to
make
classrooms
more
like
workplaces
and
enhance
students’
all
round
capabilities.
(要点4)
【写作步骤】
第1步:根据文章内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。文章第一段用提问的方式引出主题：大学在帮助学生们适应不断变化的职场起到什么角色？所以本文的内容概要是为了帮助学生更好适应职场，大学采取了各种各样的措施。要点1要先写出文章目的。要点2第二段讲到第一点措施offer
true
life-long
learning
and
better
adapt
to
changing
technology.终身和适应型学习模式预计会替换现在4年教育。要点3在第三段some
courses
are
offered
as
an
add-on
to
a
student's
main
degree.有益于获得工作技能的格外的培训项目被提供给大学生。要点4.在最后一段：大学和公司合作把课堂营造成职场并加强学生全面能力。
第2步:根据写作要求,确定关键词(组)
,?如:
beneficial
to
有益的；
are
provided
for
被提供
Moreover
而且,
some
colleges
cooperate
with
合作；enhance
students’
all
round
capabilities增强全面的技能.?等。
第3步:根据提示及关键词(组)进行遣词造句,注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步:连句成文,注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
【写作亮点】
本文内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式,如To
help
students
better
suit
and
reshape
the
ever-shifting
work
landscape,
和Moreover,
some
colleges
cooperate
with
enterprises
to
make
classrooms
more
like
workplaces
and
enhance
students’
all
round
capabilities.中都出现非谓语动词的运用，全文中没有中国式英语的句式,显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外,?文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然,为文章增色添彩。
2.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
These
days,
football
is
one
of
the
most
popular
sports
in
the
world.
Given
that
Neil
Armstrong
wanted
to
take
a
football
to
the
Moon,
we
could
even
say
that
it
is
also
the
most
popular
sport
out
of
this
world!
The
history
of
the
game
goes
back
over
two
thousand
years
to
Ancient
China.
It
was
then
known
as
cuju(kick
ball),
a
game
using
a
ball
of
animal
skins
with
hair
inside.
Goals
were
hung
in
the
air.
Football
as
we
know
it
today
started
in
Great
Britain,
where
the
game
was
given
new
rules.
That
football
is
such
a
simple
game
to
play
is
perhaps
the
basis
of
its
popularity.
It
is
also
a
game
that
is
very
cheap
to
play.
You
don't
need
expensive
equipment;
even
the
ball
doesn't
have
to
cost
much
money.
All
over
the
world
you
can
see
kids
playing
to
their
hearts
'content
with
a
ball
made
of
plastic
bags;
just
like
Pele
did
when
he
was
a
boy.
Another
factor
behind
football's
global
popularity
is
the
creativity
and
excitement
on
the
field.
It
is
fun
enough
to
attract
millions
of
people.
You
do
not
have
to
be
a
fan
to
recognize
the
skill
of
professional
player-how
they
use
their
bodies
to
pass,
score
and
defend
can
be
amazing
to
see-or
to
feel
the
excitement
of
a
game
ending
with
a
surprising
twist.
What's
more,
football
has
become
one
of
the
best
ways
for
people
to
communicate:
it
does
not
require
words,
but
everyone
understands
it.
It
breaks
down
walls
and
brings
people
together
on
and
off
the
field.
Take,
for
example,
the
famous
football
game
on
Christmas
Day
1914.
World
War
I
had
broken
out
months
before,
but
British
and
German
soldiers
put
down
their
guns
and
played
football
together-one
moment
of
peace
to
remember
during
years
of
conflict.
“Some
people
believe
football
is
a
matter
of
life
and
death,
......
“said
Bill
Shankly,
the
famous
footballer
and
manager.
“I
can
assure
you
it
is
much,
much
more
important
than
that.”
This
might
sound
funny,
but
one
only
has
to
think
about
the
Earth
to
realize
that
our
planet
is
shaped
like
a
football.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Football
enjoys
universal
popularity
with
a
history
tracing
back
to
Ancient
China
and
its
modern
rules
originating
from
Great
Britain.
(要点1)Such
popularity
lies
first
in
the
simplicity
and
low
cost
of
playing
the
game.
(要点2)Creative
football
skills
and
exciting
game
atmosphere
also
contribute
to
its
popularity.
(要点3)Furthermore,
football
is
a
means
of
communication
beyond
words,
powerful
enough
to
dissolve
barriers
and
promote
peace.
(要点4)
Accordingly,
football
is
more
than
just
a
sport.
(要点5)(71
words)
【写作步骤】
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了足球的历史可以追溯到古代中国，它的现代规则起源于英国。这种流行首先在于游戏的简单和低成本。创造性的足球技巧和激动人心的比赛气氛也有助于它的流行。此外，足球是一种超越语言的交流手段，它足以消除障碍，促进和平。因此，足球不仅仅是一项运动。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
3.
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It
was
once
common
to
regard
Britain
as
a
society
with
class
distinction.
Each
class
had
unique
characteristics.
In
recent
years,
many
writers
have
begun
to
speak
of
the
“decline
of
class”
and
“classless
society”
in
Britain.
And
in
modern
day
consumer
society
everyone
is
considered
to
be
middle
class.
But
pronouncing
the
death
of
class
is
too
early.
A
recent
wide-ranging
study
of
public
opinion
found
90
percent
of
people
still
placing
themselves
in
a
particular
class;
73
percent
agreed
that
class
was
still
a
vital
part
of
British
society;
and
52
percent
thought
there
were
still
sharp
class
differences.
Thus,
class
may
not
be
culturally
and
politically
obvious,
yet
it
remains
an
important
part
of
British
society.
Britain
seems
to
have
a
love
of
classes.
One
unchanging
aspect
of
a
British
person's
class
position
is
accent.
The
words
a
person
speaks
show
her
or
his
class.
A
study
of
British
accents
during
the
1970s
found
that
a
voice
sounding
like
a
BBC
newsreader
was
viewed
as
the
most
attractive
voice.
Most
people
said
this
accent
sounded
“educated”
and
“soft”.
The
accents
placed
at
the
bottom
in
this
study,
on
the
other
hand,
were
regional
(地区的)
city
accents.
These
accents
were
seen
as
“common”
and
“ugly”.
However,
a
similar
study
of
British
accents
in
the
US
turned
these
results
upside
down
and
placed
some
regional
accents
as
the
most
attractive
and
BBC
English
as
the
least.
This
suggests
that
British
attitudes
towards
accent
have
deep
roots
and
are
based
on
class
prejudice.
In
recent
years,
however,
young
upper
middle-class
people
in
London,
have
begun
to
adopt
some
regional
accents,
in
order
to
hide
their
class
origins.
This
is
an
indication
of
class
becoming
unnoticed.
However,
the
1995
pop
song
“Common
People”
puts
forward
the
view
that
though
a
middle-class
person
may
“want
to
live
like
common
people”
they
can
never
appreciate
the
reality
of
a
working-class
life.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Currently
Britain
seems
to
be
classless
in
the
consumer
society.
(要点1)However,
a
study
shows
British
still
have
a
strong
sense
of
class
which
continues
to
be
a
crucial
part
for
them.
(要点2)
What
remains
the
same
is
that
the
accent
represents
a
person's
class
while
people's
attitudes
to
the
accent
are
related
to
class
prejudice.
(要点3)Nevertheless,
nowadays
the
young
upper
middle
class
cover
up
their
origins
with
other
accents.
(要点4)
4.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇
60
词左右的内容概要。
With
the
development
of
the
computer,
virtual
reality
(
虚
拟
现
实
)
steps
in
our
life.
If
something
is
virtual,
then
it
is
created
by
computer
technology
and
appears
as
if
it
were
real.VR
is
a
computer
system
with
a
special
headset(耳机).
When
you
put
on
the
headset,
you
will
look
at
two
tiny
television
screens.
They
are
so
close
to
your
eyes
as
if
you
see
just
one
picture
and
you
will
believe
that
you
have
entered
a
different
world.
In
many
systems,
you
also
wear
special
gloves.
With
the
gloves
you
can
reach
out
and
touch
things
in
the
unreal
world.
The
first
VR
games,
which
have
already
been
sold
around
the
world,enable
you
to
drive
a
sports
car,fly
a
plane,
or
fight
an
enemy.In
the
future,
it
may
be
difficult
to
tell
the
virtual
world
of
the
games
from
the
real
world
outside.
However,
VR
is
not
just
for
entertainment.
One
day,
delighted
children
will
be
able
to
learn
history
by
visiting
the
pyramids
of
Egypt.
In
addition,businesses
will
be
able
to
use
VR
for
many
tasks.
Pilot
will
be
able
to
practise
flying
virtual
planes
before
they
go
into
the
air.
VR
can
help
us
improve
the
world
in
hundreds
of
ways.
However,
some
people
have
warned
that
there
could
be
dangers.
It
might
be
dangerous
if
we
do
something
wrong,
or
if
people
do
not
want
to
return
to
reality
because
it
is
safer
than
real
life.
Besides,
we
will
forget
how
to
live
and
work
with
real
people.
There
will
be
some
problems
with
VR,
as
it
is
new
for
us.
However,one
thing
is
for
sure:
VR
is
here
to
stay.Get
ready
to
step
into
another
world!
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
VR
is
a
computer
system
with
a
special
headset
and
special
gloves,
which
enables
people
to
enter
an
unreal
world.
It
is
applied
to
more
and
more
fields,
such
as,
entertaining
people,educating
children,
dealing
with
business
and
training
pilots.
However,
it
might
be
dangerous
if
people
don’t
use
it
properly.
In
conclusion,
no
matter
what
problems
it
brings,
VR
is
sure
to
be
part
of
people’s
life
in
the
near
future.
【写作分析】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了什么是虚拟现实技术以及它的应用。如果不正确使用的话，将会有危险。
阅读短文可知，文章主要描述了虚拟现实技术，介绍了虚拟现实技术的定义以及其用途。以及若不正确使用的话会有危险。但是总之，不管它带来什么问题，虚拟现实在不久的将来一定会成为人们生活的一部分。
结合大意进行英文写作，可参考短文内容，注意字数在60字左右。
5.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents
everywhere
praise
their
kids.
Jenn
Berman,
author
of
The
A
to
Z
Guide
to
Raising
Happy
and
Confident
Kids,
says,
“We’ve
gone
to
the
opposite
extreme
of
a
few
decades
ago
when
parents
tended
to
be
more
strict.”
By
giving
kids
a
lot
of
praise,
parents
think
they’re
building
their
children’s
confidence,
when,
in
fact,
it
may
be
just
the
opposite.
Too
much
praise
can
backfire
and,
when
given
in
a
way
that’s
insincere,
make
kids
afraid
to
try
new
things
or
take
a
risk
for
fear
of
not
being
able
to
stay
on
top
where
their
parents’
praise
has
put
them.
Still,
don’t
go
too
far
in
the
other
direction.
Not
giving
enough
praise
can
be
just
as
damaging
as
giving
too
much.
Kids
will
feel
like
they’re
not
good
enough
or
that
you
don’t
care
and,
as
a
result,
may
see
no
point
in
trying
hard
for
their
accomplishments.
So
what
is
the
right
amount
of
praise?
Experts
say
that
the
quality
of
praise
is
more
important
than
the
quantity.
If
praise
is
sincere
and
focused
on
the
effort
not
the
outcome,
you
can
give
it
as
often
as
your
child
does
something
that
deserves
a
verbal
reward.
“We
should
especially
recognize
our
children’s
efforts
to
push
themselves
and
work
hard
to
achieve
a
goal,”
says
Donahue,
author
of
Parenting
Without
Fear:
Letting
Go
of
Worry
and
Focusing
on
What
Really
Matters.
“One
thing
to
remember
is
that
it’s
the
process
not
the
end
product
that
matters.”
Your
son
may
not
be
the
best
basketball
player
on
his
team.
But
if
he’s
out
there
every
day
and
playing
hard,
you
should
praise
his
effort
regardless
of
whether
his
team
wins
or
loses.
Praising
the
effort
and
not
the
outcome
can
also
mean
recognizing
your
child
when
she
has
worked
hard
to
clean
the
yard,
cook
dinner,
or
finish
a
book
report.
But
whatever
it
is,
praise
should
be
given
on
a
case-by-case
basis
and
be
proportionate(相称的)
to
the
amount
of
effort
your
child
has
put
into
it.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Parents
tend
to
go
to
extremes
when
it
comes
to
praising
their
kids.
(要点一)
Yet,
both
too
much
and
too
little
praise
can
be
equally
damaging.
(要点二)
When
giving
praise,
parents
should
be
sincere
and
concentrate
on
the
process
instead
of
the
result.
(要点三)
Similarly,
they
ought
to
give
praise
for
how
much
effort
their
kids
have
invested
in
the
work
they’re
involved
in.
(要点四)
