43
概要写作之语篇类型特征分析
概要写作与语篇类型
概要写作实际上就是对所读过的文章简要而概括地写出文章的中心大意。写概要时，考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的句子。写概要也不是把细节性的信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、短语和句子进行合理转换，重新组织文章的信息，再用合适的语言进行表述。这种写作形式能考查考生的阅读理解能力和对文章的大意进行归纳概括、重新构造、创新输出的能力。
[写作技法]
一、题型特点
要求考生进行概要写作的阅读材料原文词数一般为300词左右。文章体裁可以是记叙文、说明文或者议论文。写作要求考生在对原文阅读后根据其内容写出一篇约60词的内容概要。概要所用语句既要用词准确，结构合理，语义连贯，不得抄写原文，又要能完全概括出文章的中心大意。
二、注意事项
1．词数要限制在60词左右，上下限不得超过10个单词。
2．要根据文章的体裁特点进行概要写作。
3．人称和时态要与所给文章中的人称和时态保持一致，但必要时也可变换成第三人称。
4．写作时尽可能地使用复合句，必要时可转换词性，不得完全照搬照抄原文。
三、写作步骤
第一步：仔细审题
速读文章，确定文章的体裁和题材、人称和时态以及写作要求等。
第二步：细读全文
阅读语篇时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：
记叙文
圈出记叙文的六要素(who,
when,
where,
what,
how,
why)，如果是夹叙夹议文，还要写出故事给读者带来的启示或寓意
说明文
找出文章要说明的对象、观点或建议
议论文
提取议论文的三要素(论点、论据、结论)
第三步：初写成文
初写概要时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：
记叙文
先用一两句话串联人、时、地、事等要素，再用三到五个句子简要描述事情的经过和结果
说明文
找出要说明对象的现象、原因等或解决问题的措施、建议等
议论文
把议论文的三个要素(论点、论据、结论)进行合理地排序、整合和概括，使之语义上具有逻辑性和连贯性
第四步：润色升级
初写成文后，要对概要进行润色升级，使用高级词汇和高级句式代替平庸词汇和一般句式，使之锦上添花。
第五步：复查定稿
写好概要后，要从语法和语义角度进行通读。对语法错误和语义不连贯处进行修改润色。最后规范誊写在答题卷的指定位置。
说明文的概要写作
??一、说明文的写作顺序
????????一是以空间为序对事物进行描写；二是以时间为序对事物进行描写；三是按逻辑顺序对事物进行描写。其中，按“逻辑顺序”描写的说明文又分下面几种：
????????一是描写某事物的性质功用；二是针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施；三是介绍某现象及其原因或本质。
????????在“读写任务”中，纯粹的说明文作为原文的形式出现比较少，不少文章的文体都是介于“说明”和“议论”之间的，单纯的说明文作为“读写任务”的原文主要是以“逻辑顺序”出现，因为这样才能更好地为主体部分的议论或叙述服务。
?二、说明文的构成
????????说明文通常由三部分构成，第一部分为文章的第一段，呈献文章所要介绍/说明的对象或阐述的内容；第二部分为文章的主体，或介绍事物的方位，或描述事物的性质、功用，或提出解决方法，或说明某种现象等；第三部分为结尾段，呼应首段，归结主题。为此，说明文的写作，当以简洁明了的语言描述事物、现象或过程。通常，说明文中常会（在每段）有topic
sentence出现，这为考生写作summary提供了帮助，但考生须对其作变通以免落下照抄原句之嫌。
??三、概要写作模板
????????1.
描写事物性质功用
????????In
the
passage
the
writer
introduces
...(对象)to
us,
especially
its
...
(性质或功用),
from
which
we
know...
(对象带来的利好).
????????2.
问题+解决方法
????????The
passage
represents...(问题)
and
brings
forth
several
measures/methods
to
solve
the
problem,
which
include...
(方法1),...(方法2)
and
...(方法3).
????????3.
现象+原因/本质
????????(The
author/writer
represents/introduces)
...(现象)
of
...
,
because
/but...(原因/本质1),
and
...
(原因/本质2).
四、概要写作句式
（一）提出问题:
(现象，变化，影响，作用,
例举)
1.
More
and
more
(an
increasing
number
of)
experts
argue
(believe)
that
colors
influence
(affect)
our
mood,
career
and
health.
2.
What
attracts
customers?
Obviously
the
logo
contributes
a
great
deal.
(The
logo
plays
an
important
role
in
/
has
a
positive
effect
on
attracting
customers.)
3.
The
first
metal
detectors
were
meant
to
help
miners.
They
cost
a
lot
of
money.
And
worst
of
all,
they
didn’t
function
properly.
(
Metal
detectors
were
first
used
to
help
miners,
but
they
cost
much,
and
didn’t
work
well.
)
4.
They
are
in
airports.
They
are
in
courthouses.
Some
schools
use
them.
(Many
detectors
are
being
used
in
many
places
such
as
schools,
courthouses,
and
airports.
)
5.
The
distance
at
which
people
stand
when
they
speak
tends
to
be
smaller
in
China,
while
in
Nordic
cultures
people
usually
stand
further
apart.
(
For
example,
not
all
people
stand
at
the
same
distance
when
speaking
to
others.
)
（二）分析问题
（原因，结果）
1.
Their
calls
have
become
ten
times
louder,
as
the
seas
have
become
noisier
than
before.
(Whales
learn
to
shout
as
a
result
of
increased
noises
in
the
ocean.
)
2.
As
robots
start
doing
more
and
more
work
we
used
to
do,
and
doing
it
much
more
efficiently,
what
if
the
need
for
jobs
disappears
altogether?
What
if
the
robots
end
up...
(
People
worry
about
the
problems
caused
by
robots’
high
efficiency
and
so
on.
)
3.
Psychologists
suggest
there
are
several
reasons
for
a
shopping
addiction.
For
some
people,
...
For
others,...
(There
are
different
reasons
why
people
become
shopaholics,
such
as
reducing
stress,
fighting
loneliness
and
so
on.)
4.
Some
studies
show
that
patients
suffering
from
depression
were
helped
by
simply
taking
a
shower.
(
Taking
cold
showers
lead
to
less
stress.)
5.
Smoking
is
said
to
lead
to
more
heart
disease-related
deaths.
(Besides,
smoking
is
more
likely
to
cause
heart
disease-
related
deaths.
)
（三）解决问题
(目的，提倡，避免，想法）
1.
What
you
should
be
looking
for
is
flat
ground.
+
If
it’s
possible,
you
are
supposed
to
pitch
camp
in
a
shady
place.
(It
is
important/necessary
to
find
flat
ground
with
shade.
)
2.
Do
not
pitch
your
tent
too
close
to
dead
trees,
because
of
the
danger
of
fallen
branches.
(However,
it
is
not
a
good
idea
(not
advisable)
to
place
your
tent
next
to
dead
trees,
as
you
may
be
in
danger
of
fallen
branches.)
3.
It
is
vital
to
have
a
strong
image,
which
is
immediately
recognisable.
We
should
renew
logos
constantly.
(To
be
better
recognized,
logos
should
be
renewed
timely.
不定式和被动结构！)
4.
By
getting
rid
of
the
need
for
people
to
work,
robots
would
free
us
up
to
think
more
about
what
really
makes
us
human.
(Furthermore,
as
robots
save
us
a
lot
of
labor,
we
humans
should
focus
on
thinking
about
the
value
of
humans.
增加因果关系)
5.
In
fact,
it’s
a
relationship
without
any
responsibility.
Wesch
believes
that
it’s
vital
for
people
to
use
digital
media
in
positive
new
ways.
(Although
Wesch
points
out
that
this
relationship
involves
no
real
responsibility,
he
still
insists
that
it
is
important
for
people
to
apply
the
digital
media
positively.
增加转折关系)
（五）研究报告
(1)表示文章的内容以及研究目的
①This
paper
is
aimed
at/covers/mainly
deals
with...
②The
article
focuses
on
the
topic
of...
(2)表示研究的结论
①The
result
showed
that...
②The
author
found
that...
③It
was
concluded
that...
(3)表示推荐、观点或建议
The
author
suggests/considers
that...
Suggestions
are
made
for...
【检测训练】
1.
阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It
is
no
one’s
job
to
believe
in
you,
and
no
one
will,
unless
you
believe
in
yourself.
Belief
that
you
can
achieve
whatever
you
set
your
mind
to
will
keep
you
working
when
others
give
up,
and
it
will
give
you
the
tools
you
need
to
craft
your
own
success
from
any
situation.
Any
natural
talent
you
have
is
not
enough.
Talent
is
only
the
beginning.
Success
is
only
achieved
through
hours
and
hours
of
hard
work,
of
being
knocked
down
but
refusing
to
quit,
and
if
you
are
unwilling
to
put
in
the
effort,
you
will
be
overtaken
by
those
who
simply
want
it
more.
Part
of
success
is
being
able
to
cope
with
failure.
What
if
you
give
your
best,
and
you
still
fail?
My
answer
to
that,
is
this:
I
would
sooner
look
myself
in
the
eye
and
know
I
did
my
best,
than
know
I
failed
because
I
was
held
back
by
fear.
There
is
no
honour
in
being
able
to
say
that
you
could
have
done
better
if
you
had
tried
harder.
The
rowing
race
that
I
am
most
proud
of
was
actually
one
that
I
lost,
as
it
is
the
one
I
know
I
gave
my
all
to.
No
one
can
ask
for
more
than
your
best,
and
if
you
give
your
best
then
you
have
not
failed.
So
how
do
you
stop
the
task
at
hand
from
feeling
too
overwhelming?
How
do
you
pace
yourself
for
a
goal
you
know
will
take
two
years
to
achieve?
How
do
you
cope
with
the
pressure?
There
is
a
skill
to
not
thinking
too
far
ahead.
You
must
discipline
yourself
to
focus
on
what
you
need
to
do
on
a
day-by-day
basis.
Big
dreams
are
made
of
little
goals.
Complete
one
task
at
a
time,
brilliantly,
and
then
the
next,
and
the
next.
Do
this
for
long
enough,
and
you
will
get
there.
When
you
do,
you
can
finally
step
back
and
appreciate
that
you
have
achieved
something
incredible.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.
阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
As
is
known,
if
we
are
united
no
one
can
defeat
us.
But
if
we
constantly
have
conflicts
or
misunderstandings,
we
may
attract
outsiders
to
take
advantage
of
ourselves,
which
may
ultimately
result
in
our
failure.
Unity
is
the
source
of
strength
and
people
who
are
united
have
the
capability
to
tackle
any
kind
of
situation
as
they
share
each
other’s
burdens
and
hardships.
In
olden
days,
man
lived
alone.
He
travelled
and
hunted
all
by
himself,
which
sometimes
gave
opportunities
to
fierce
animal
to
attack
and
kill
him.
Then
he
realized
that
if
he
joined
hands
with
other
hunters,
he
would
be
able
to
face
several
common
dangers
and
challenges.
This
is
how,
villages
got
formed,
which
later
got
developed
into
the
towns
and
cities.
In
the
sports
ground,
be
it
cricket,
football,
baseball,
basketball
or
any
kind
of
sport,
a
united
team
and
an
appropriate
strategy
may
contribute
to
the
success
of
the
team,
but
if
there
is
a
conflict
or
unhealthy
competition
or
unnecessary
misunderstanding
among
the
team
members,
they
may
invite
the
opponents
to
take
advantage
of
their
shortcomings
and
win
the
game.
Likewise,
if
the
members
of
a
family
stay
together
and
support
each
other
in
every
phase
of
life,
no
outsiders
can
harm
the
family.
There
was
once
an
old
man
who
lived
in
a
village
with
his
three
sons.
The
sons
always
fought
with
each
other
and
would
not
pay
any
attention
to
their
father.
The
man
fell
sick
and
assumed
that
he
would
die
soon;
he
was
very
worried
about
the
fact
that
once
he
died,
people
would
take
advantage
of
his
sons’
conflicts.
He
called
all
his
sons
and
asked
them
to
break
a
bundle
of
sticks,
one
by
one.
None
of
them
could
do
it.
He
then
untied
the
bundle
and
gave
each
stick
to
each
one
of
them
asking
them
to
break,
which
they
could
very
conveniently
accomplish.
He
then
told
his
sons
that
they
should
stay
like
the
bundle
of
sticks
so
that
no
one
can
break
them;
but
if
they
keep
on
fighting,
they
will
be
broken
by
the
outsiders
easily.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.
阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
If
you’re
anything
like
us,
it
seems
that
your
stomach
starts
to
grumble(隆隆响)as
soon
as
McDonald’s
golden
arches
come
into
view.
The
reason
behind
that
isn’t
the
mouthwatering
taste
of
their
delicious
fries—this
is
how
they
get
them
to
taste
so
good
by
the
way—it’s
actually
psychological,
and
it
has
to
do
with
the
colors
of
their
logo.
The
colors
red
and
yellow
were
chosen
for
a
specific
reason,
and
it
wasn’t
because
they
looked
nice
with
Ronald
McDonald’s
clown-like
face.
It
actually
has
to
do
with
science.
The
color
red
is
stimulating
and
is
associated
with
being
active.
It
also
increases
heart
rate,
which
helps
to
jumpstart
your
appetite.
The
color
yellow
is
associated
with
happiness
and
is
the
most
visible
color
in
daylight,
so
that’s
why
a
McDonald’s
sign
is
so
easy
to
spot
on
a
crowded
road.
The
brain
processes
color
before
it
processes
words
or
shapes,
so
that’s
why
the
fast-food
chain
chose
these
two
colors
for
their
logo
and
brand.
Red
and
yellow
makes
you
hungry,
encouraging
you
to
want
to
buy
the
product
they
sell,
while
also
making
you
feel
happy.
McDonald’s
has
started
to
use
this
color
philosophy
to
influence
and
change
the
way
people
currently
think
about
their
brand
as
well.
Many
franchises(授权经销商)in
Europe
have
started
to
incorporate
more
of
the
color
green
into
their
storefronts
and
interior
design
because
it’s
associated
with
nature
and
being
environmentally
friendly,
something
McDonald’s
has
been
criticized
for
not
being
in
the
past.
The
company
has
been
working
to
become
greener
by
using
environmentally
friendly
refrigeration
and
converting
used
oil
into
biodiesel(生物柴油)fuel.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.
阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
An
allergy,
also
known
as
an
allergic
disease,
is
an
immune
system
reaction
to
normally
harmless
things,
such
as
dust，plants,
animals
or
certain
foods.
Symptoms
vary
depending
on
the
allergy.
Common
cold
symptoms
such
as
low
fever,
sneezing,
and
a
sore
throat
may
all
indicate
allergies.
What
causes
an
allergic
reaction
is
a
question
still
puzzling
scientists.
Types
of
allergies
have
greatly
increase
since
the
mid-20th
century，
leading
some
experts
to
suggest
the
increased
environmental
pollution
is
held
responsible.
Some
experts
suggest
that
allergies
are
related
with
genes
with
twins
being
particularly
likely
to
share
the
same
problems.
Often，an
allergic
reaction
will
develop
in
childhoods
but
since
many
reactions
are
likely
to
worsen
with
repeated
exposure,
symptoms
can
start
to
appear
at
any
age.
However，some
people
may
overcome
childhood
allergies
with
age
growing.
Testing
for
an
allergy
can
be
a
tricky
process，particularly
if
an
allergic
reaction
could
threaten
the
victim's
life.
Doctors
often
use
a
skin
test
method
for
a
variety
of
possible
allergic
reactions.
In
skin
testing,
a
tiny
amount
of
an
allergen
(过敏原)
is
shot
into
a
marked
place
of
skin
to
see
if
the
skin
reacts
negatively.
If
serious
reactions
are
a
concern
,
doctors
can
also
use
a
blood
test，
although
this
takes
more
time
and
may
be
less
accurate
than
skin
testing.
Treatment
may
depend
on
the
type
and
severe
degree
of
the
patient
allergic
response.
In
some
mild
cases，
such
as
sneezing
caused
by
animal
exposure，
patients
are
told
to
avoid
exposure
when
possible.
Avoiding
the
food
is
also
key
with
many
food
allergies,
particularly
those
that
can
cause
severe
responses.
When
avoiding
is
impossible,some
doctors
may
recommend
shots.
This
intends
to
build
up
tolerance
in
the
immune
system
by
exposing
the
patient
to
increasing
small
amounts
of
the
allergen
over
time.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.
阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
College
students
need
textbooks
to
help
them
learn
and
earn
an
academic
degree.
However,
on
top
of
tuition,
room
and
board
and
meals,
why
are
textbooks
so
expensive?
Textbooks
cover
many
areas
of
knowledge.
They
are
prepared
specifically
with
a
lot
of
information
that
include
many
original
pictures,
special
charts,
and
specific
data.
Textbooks
are
extremely
useful
to
students
for
learning
and
profitable
for
the
companies
that
publish
them.
While
textbooks
can
be
a
financial
burden
on
the
student,
they
can
be
profitable
for
a
book
scouter
(侦察员).
A
book
scouter
is
an
opportunist
who
buys
cheap
used
books
at
thrift
stores
(二手店)
or
book
sales,
and
sells
them
for
more
money.
Brand
new
textbooks
are
the
most
desired
of
books
for
scouters
since
they
typically
cost
over
$100.
Of
course,
used
textbooks
don’t
cost
as
much.
But
when
the
scouter
goes
to
a
thrift
store
and
book
sales
at
libraries,
textbooks
can
cost
as
little
as
several
dollars.
So,
buying
used
textbooks
that
are
new
is
one
of
the
most
profitable
books
that
sellers
can
buy.
Unfortunately,
many
college
textbook
editions
change
every
year,
which
eliminates
(消除)
the
student’s
chance
to
use
last
year’s
edition.
So,
they
will
have
to
pay
more
money
for
brand
new
textbooks.
The
sad
reality
is
that
very
few
changes
are
generally
made
between
editions.
Book
scouters
search
for
textbooks
as
well
as
other
categories
of
books
available
at
local
thrift
stores
or
book
sales.
Textbooks
that
are
new
or
relatively
new
are
marked
down
to
just
a
few
dollars.
Then
they
can
be
sold
on
Amazon
for
potentially
high
profits.
Amazon
buys
new
textbooks
for
a
lot
more
money
than
most
other
types
of
books.
If
you
want
to
try
scouting
textbooks
to
make
a
profit,
buy
their
newest
editions
or
the
ones
ahead
of
them.
Buy
it
in
the
best
condition
possible.
If
you
live
in
a
town
or
city
where
there
is
a
university,
you
have
a
better
chance
of
finding
good
textbooks.
Although
textbooks
can
be
expensive
for
the
average
student,
he
or
she
could
potentially
sell
them
on
Amazon
for
the
same
price
that
they
were
purchased.
Just
remember,
knowledge
is
power
and
can
be
profitable
too.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6.
阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Bees
are
very
strange
creatures.
They
have
their
own
way
of
telling
each
other
that
they
have
found
a
new
flower.
They
bring
some
of
its
nectar
(花蜜)
back
home
and
then
do
a
little
dance
that
shows
where
the
flower
is
and
how
far
away
it
is.
In
autumn
the
worker
bees
go
out
and
collect
as
much
nectar
and
pollen
(花粉)
as
they
can
carry.
Then
they
return
to
make
honey
and
store
it
for
the
long
cold
winter.
Bees
build
their
own
houses
but
they
do
not
always
have
round
tops
like
people
draw
them
in
storybooks.
They
are
usually
five
storeys
high.
The
queen
bee
always
has
the
bottom
storey.
In
between
the
bottom
storey
and
all
the
rest
there
are
bars
only
just
wide
enough
for
the
workers
to
pass
through.
The
queen
bee
can
never
go
up
to
the
other
floors
because
she
is
bigger
than
all
the
other
bees.
The
storeys
the
queen
can’t
enter
are
where
the
store
rooms
are.
There
are
rooms
for
pollen,
nectar
and
royal
jellies
(蜂王浆).
If
there
is
a
fire
the
workers
have
to
cover
the
walls
and
entrance
of
the
rooms.
They
have
to
move
the
honey
and
the
nectar
and
pollen
away
from
the
hot
walls
of
the
room.
The
queen
is
the
only
that
can
lay
eggs.
She
mates
with
a
male
bee
called
a
drone.
Once
the
queen
has
laid
the
eggs
she
throws
the
drone
out
because
a
drone
just
sits
around
eating
honey
and
nectar.
He
cannot
go
out
and
collect
pollen
because
drones
do
not
have
pollen-carrying
things
on
their
legs
like
the
workers
have.
Young
bees
are
called
nurses
because
they
have
to
nurse
the
newborn
bees
whether
they
like
it
or
not.
What
a
bee
ends
up
being
when
it
grows
up
depends
on
what
it
eats.
If
it
is
to
be
a
queen
it
must
feed
on
royal
jellies
and
it
must
never,
ever
set
eyes
on
another
queen.
If
it
does
they
must
fight
till
only
one
of
them
is
still
alive.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________43
概要写作之语篇类型特征分析
概要写作与语篇类型
概要写作实际上就是对所读过的文章简要而概括地写出文章的中心大意。写概要时，考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的句子。写概要也不是把细节性的信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、短语和句子进行合理转换，重新组织文章的信息，再用合适的语言进行表述。这种写作形式能考查考生的阅读理解能力和对文章的大意进行归纳概括、重新构造、创新输出的能力。
[写作技法]
一、题型特点
要求考生进行概要写作的阅读材料原文词数一般为300词左右。文章体裁可以是记叙文、说明文或者议论文。写作要求考生在对原文阅读后根据其内容写出一篇约60词的内容概要。概要所用语句既要用词准确，结构合理，语义连贯，不得抄写原文，又要能完全概括出文章的中心大意。
二、注意事项
1．词数要限制在60词左右，上下限不得超过10个单词。
2．要根据文章的体裁特点进行概要写作。
3．人称和时态要与所给文章中的人称和时态保持一致，但必要时也可变换成第三人称。
4．写作时尽可能地使用复合句，必要时可转换词性，不得完全照搬照抄原文。
三、写作步骤
第一步：仔细审题
速读文章，确定文章的体裁和题材、人称和时态以及写作要求等。
第二步：细读全文
阅读语篇时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：
记叙文
圈出记叙文的六要素(who,
when,
where,
what,
how,
why)，如果是夹叙夹议文，还要写出故事给读者带来的启示或寓意
说明文
找出文章要说明的对象、观点或建议
议论文
提取议论文的三要素(论点、论据、结论)
第三步：初写成文
初写概要时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：
记叙文
先用一两句话串联人、时、地、事等要素，再用三到五个句子简要描述事情的经过和结果
说明文
找出要说明对象的现象、原因等或解决问题的措施、建议等
议论文
把议论文的三个要素(论点、论据、结论)进行合理地排序、整合和概括，使之语义上具有逻辑性和连贯性
第四步：润色升级
初写成文后，要对概要进行润色升级，使用高级词汇和高级句式代替平庸词汇和一般句式，使之锦上添花。
第五步：复查定稿
写好概要后，要从语法和语义角度进行通读。对语法错误和语义不连贯处进行修改润色。最后规范誊写在答题卷的指定位置。
说明文的概要写作
??一、说明文的写作顺序
????????一是以空间为序对事物进行描写；二是以时间为序对事物进行描写；三是按逻辑顺序对事物进行描写。其中，按“逻辑顺序”描写的说明文又分下面几种：
????????一是描写某事物的性质功用；二是针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施；三是介绍某现象及其原因或本质。
????????在“读写任务”中，纯粹的说明文作为原文的形式出现比较少，不少文章的文体都是介于“说明”和“议论”之间的，单纯的说明文作为“读写任务”的原文主要是以“逻辑顺序”出现，因为这样才能更好地为主体部分的议论或叙述服务。
?二、说明文的构成
????????说明文通常由三部分构成，第一部分为文章的第一段，呈献文章所要介绍/说明的对象或阐述的内容；第二部分为文章的主体，或介绍事物的方位，或描述事物的性质、功用，或提出解决方法，或说明某种现象等；第三部分为结尾段，呼应首段，归结主题。为此，说明文的写作，当以简洁明了的语言描述事物、现象或过程。通常，说明文中常会（在每段）有topic
sentence出现，这为考生写作summary提供了帮助，但考生须对其作变通以免落下照抄原句之嫌。
??三、概要写作模板
????????1.
描写事物性质功用
????????In
the
passage
the
writer
introduces
...(对象)to
us,
especially
its
...
(性质或功用),
from
which
we
know...
(对象带来的利好).
????????2.
问题+解决方法
????????The
passage
represents...(问题)
and
brings
forth
several
measures/methods
to
solve
the
problem,
which
include...
(方法1),...(方法2)
and
...(方法3).
????????3.
现象+原因/本质
????????(The
author/writer
represents/introduces)
...(现象)
of
...
,
because
/but...(原因/本质1),
and
...
(原因/本质2).
四、概要写作句式
（一）提出问题:
(现象，变化，影响，作用,
例举)
1.
More
and
more
(an
increasing
number
of)
experts
argue
(believe)
that
colors
influence
(affect)
our
mood,
career
and
health.
2.
What
attracts
customers?
Obviously
the
logo
contributes
a
great
deal.
(The
logo
plays
an
important
role
in
/
has
a
positive
effect
on
attracting
customers.)
3.
The
first
metal
detectors
were
meant
to
help
miners.
They
cost
a
lot
of
money.
And
worst
of
all,
they
didn’t
function
properly.
(
Metal
detectors
were
first
used
to
help
miners,
but
they
cost
much,
and
didn’t
work
well.
)
4.
They
are
in
airports.
They
are
in
courthouses.
Some
schools
use
them.
(Many
detectors
are
being
used
in
many
places
such
as
schools,
courthouses,
and
airports.
)
5.
The
distance
at
which
people
stand
when
they
speak
tends
to
be
smaller
in
China,
while
in
Nordic
cultures
people
usually
stand
further
apart.
(
For
example,
not
all
people
stand
at
the
same
distance
when
speaking
to
others.
)
（二）分析问题
（原因，结果）
1.
Their
calls
have
become
ten
times
louder,
as
the
seas
have
become
noisier
than
before.
(Whales
learn
to
shout
as
a
result
of
increased
noises
in
the
ocean.
)
2.
As
robots
start
doing
more
and
more
work
we
used
to
do,
and
doing
it
much
more
efficiently,
what
if
the
need
for
jobs
disappears
altogether?
What
if
the
robots
end
up...
(
People
worry
about
the
problems
caused
by
robots’
high
efficiency
and
so
on.
)
3.
Psychologists
suggest
there
are
several
reasons
for
a
shopping
addiction.
For
some
people,
...
For
others,...
(There
are
different
reasons
why
people
become
shopaholics,
such
as
reducing
stress,
fighting
loneliness
and
so
on.)
4.
Some
studies
show
that
patients
suffering
from
depression
were
helped
by
simply
taking
a
shower.
(
Taking
cold
showers
lead
to
less
stress.)
5.
Smoking
is
said
to
lead
to
more
heart
disease-related
deaths.
(Besides,
smoking
is
more
likely
to
cause
heart
disease-
related
deaths.
)
（三）解决问题
(目的，提倡，避免，想法）
1.
What
you
should
be
looking
for
is
flat
ground.
+
If
it’s
possible,
you
are
supposed
to
pitch
camp
in
a
shady
place.
(It
is
important/necessary
to
find
flat
ground
with
shade.
)
2.
Do
not
pitch
your
tent
too
close
to
dead
trees,
because
of
the
danger
of
fallen
branches.
(However,
it
is
not
a
good
idea
(not
advisable)
to
place
your
tent
next
to
dead
trees,
as
you
may
be
in
danger
of
fallen
branches.)
3.
It
is
vital
to
have
a
strong
image,
which
is
immediately
recognisable.
We
should
renew
logos
constantly.
(To
be
better
recognized,
logos
should
be
renewed
timely.
不定式和被动结构！)
4.
By
getting
rid
of
the
need
for
people
to
work,
robots
would
free
us
up
to
think
more
about
what
really
makes
us
human.
(Furthermore,
as
robots
save
us
a
lot
of
labor,
we
humans
should
focus
on
thinking
about
the
value
of
humans.
增加因果关系)
5.
In
fact,
it’s
a
relationship
without
any
responsibility.
Wesch
believes
that
it’s
vital
for
people
to
use
digital
media
in
positive
new
ways.
(Although
Wesch
points
out
that
this
relationship
involves
no
real
responsibility,
he
still
insists
that
it
is
important
for
people
to
apply
the
digital
media
positively.
增加转折关系)
（五）研究报告
(1)表示文章的内容以及研究目的
①This
paper
is
aimed
at/covers/mainly
deals
with...
②The
article
focuses
on
the
topic
of...
(2)表示研究的结论
①The
result
showed
that...
②The
author
found
that...
③It
was
concluded
that...
(3)表示推荐、观点或建议
The
author
suggests/considers
that...
Suggestions
are
made
for...
【检测训练】
1.
阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It
is
no
one’s
job
to
believe
in
you,
and
no
one
will,
unless
you
believe
in
yourself.
Belief
that
you
can
achieve
whatever
you
set
your
mind
to
will
keep
you
working
when
others
give
up,
and
it
will
give
you
the
tools
you
need
to
craft
your
own
success
from
any
situation.
Any
natural
talent
you
have
is
not
enough.
Talent
is
only
the
beginning.
Success
is
only
achieved
through
hours
and
hours
of
hard
work,
of
being
knocked
down
but
refusing
to
quit,
and
if
you
are
unwilling
to
put
in
the
effort,
you
will
be
overtaken
by
those
who
simply
want
it
more.
Part
of
success
is
being
able
to
cope
with
failure.
What
if
you
give
your
best,
and
you
still
fail?
My
answer
to
that,
is
this:
I
would
sooner
look
myself
in
the
eye
and
know
I
did
my
best,
than
know
I
failed
because
I
was
held
back
by
fear.
There
is
no
honour
in
being
able
to
say
that
you
could
have
done
better
if
you
had
tried
harder.
The
rowing
race
that
I
am
most
proud
of
was
actually
one
that
I
lost,
as
it
is
the
one
I
know
I
gave
my
all
to.
No
one
can
ask
for
more
than
your
best,
and
if
you
give
your
best
then
you
have
not
failed.
So
how
do
you
stop
the
task
at
hand
from
feeling
too
overwhelming?
How
do
you
pace
yourself
for
a
goal
you
know
will
take
two
years
to
achieve?
How
do
you
cope
with
the
pressure?
There
is
a
skill
to
not
thinking
too
far
ahead.
You
must
discipline
yourself
to
focus
on
what
you
need
to
do
on
a
day-by-day
basis.
Big
dreams
are
made
of
little
goals.
Complete
one
task
at
a
time,
brilliantly,
and
then
the
next,
and
the
next.
Do
this
for
long
enough,
and
you
will
get
there.
When
you
do,
you
can
finally
step
back
and
appreciate
that
you
have
achieved
something
incredible.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
There
are
three
keys
to
success:
believing
in
yourself,
facing
failure
bravely
and
starting
from
small
goals.
Once
you
set
a
goal,
do
strive
hard.
(要点1)
Even
if
failure
occurs
to
you,
face
it
bravely
and
pay
attention
to
what
and
you
do
and
how
you
do
it
on
the
way.
(要点2)
You
shouldn’t
be
easily
defeated
by
failure.
There
are
skills
to
succeed
in
accomplishing
goals:
breaking
big
dreams
into
small
goals
one
by
one,
and
accomplishing
them
gradually.
(要点3)
【写作分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章议论了成功的三个关键：相信自己，勇敢面对失败，从小目标做起。
【写作步骤】
1.要点摘录
① It
is
no
one’s
job
to
believe
in
you,
and
no
one
will,
unless
you
believe
in
yourself.
② Success
is
only
achieved
through
hours
and
hours
of
hard
work,
of
being
knocked
down
but
refusing
to
quit,
and
if
you
are
unwilling
to
put
in
the
effort,
you
will
be
overtaken
by
those
who
simply
want
it
more.
③ Part
of
success
is
being
able
to
cope
with
failure.
④ There
is
a
skill
to
not
thinking
too
far
ahead.
⑤ Big
dreams
are
made
of
little
goals.
Complete
one
task
at
a
time,
brilliantly,
and
then
the
next,
and
the
next.
2.缜密构思将第1、2和4、5两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
There
are
three
keys
to
success:
believing
in
yourself,
facing
failure
bravely
and
starting
from
small
goals.
Once
you
set
a
goal,
do
strive
hard.
Even
if
failure
occurs
to
you,
face
it
bravely
and
pay
attention
to
what
and
you
do
and
how
you
do
it
on
the
way.
You
shouldn’t
be
easily
defeated
by
failure.
There
are
skills
to
succeed
in
accomplishing
goals:
breaking
big
dreams
into
small
goals
one
by
one,
and
accomplishing
them
gradually.
【写作亮点】
[高分句型1]：Once
you
set
a
goal,
do
strive
hard.该句对文章第一段进行概括，句中，once引导条件状语从句，表达高级。
[高分句型2]：Even
if
failure
occurs
to
you,
face
it
bravely
and
pay
attention
to
what
and
you
do
and
how
you
do
it
on
the
way.句中，what和how引导名词性宾语从句，表达高级。
2.
阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
As
is
known,
if
we
are
united
no
one
can
defeat
us.
But
if
we
constantly
have
conflicts
or
misunderstandings,
we
may
attract
outsiders
to
take
advantage
of
ourselves,
which
may
ultimately
result
in
our
failure.
Unity
is
the
source
of
strength
and
people
who
are
united
have
the
capability
to
tackle
any
kind
of
situation
as
they
share
each
other’s
burdens
and
hardships.
In
olden
days,
man
lived
alone.
He
travelled
and
hunted
all
by
himself,
which
sometimes
gave
opportunities
to
fierce
animal
to
attack
and
kill
him.
Then
he
realized
that
if
he
joined
hands
with
other
hunters,
he
would
be
able
to
face
several
common
dangers
and
challenges.
This
is
how,
villages
got
formed,
which
later
got
developed
into
the
towns
and
cities.
In
the
sports
ground,
be
it
cricket,
football,
baseball,
basketball
or
any
kind
of
sport,
a
united
team
and
an
appropriate
strategy
may
contribute
to
the
success
of
the
team,
but
if
there
is
a
conflict
or
unhealthy
competition
or
unnecessary
misunderstanding
among
the
team
members,
they
may
invite
the
opponents
to
take
advantage
of
their
shortcomings
and
win
the
game.
Likewise,
if
the
members
of
a
family
stay
together
and
support
each
other
in
every
phase
of
life,
no
outsiders
can
harm
the
family.
There
was
once
an
old
man
who
lived
in
a
village
with
his
three
sons.
The
sons
always
fought
with
each
other
and
would
not
pay
any
attention
to
their
father.
The
man
fell
sick
and
assumed
that
he
would
die
soon;
he
was
very
worried
about
the
fact
that
once
he
died,
people
would
take
advantage
of
his
sons’
conflicts.
He
called
all
his
sons
and
asked
them
to
break
a
bundle
of
sticks,
one
by
one.
None
of
them
could
do
it.
He
then
untied
the
bundle
and
gave
each
stick
to
each
one
of
them
asking
them
to
break,
which
they
could
very
conveniently
accomplish.
He
then
told
his
sons
that
they
should
stay
like
the
bundle
of
sticks
so
that
no
one
can
break
them;
but
if
they
keep
on
fighting,
they
will
be
broken
by
the
outsiders
easily.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
It
is
well
known
that
united
we
stand
and
divided
we
fall.(要点1)In
ancient
times,
hunters
made
joint
efforts
to
cope
with
dangers
and
challenges,
thus
forming
villages
and
later
developing
into
towns
and
cities.(要点2)Surely,
unity
has
a
great
significance
in
people’s
lives
whether
in
the
sports
ground
or
in
a
family.(要点3)The
dying
man’s
story
of
sticks
also
shows
the
importance
of
unity.(要点4)
【写作分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，众所周知，合则立，分则亡。在古代，猎人共同努力应对危险和挑战，因此形成了村庄，后来发展成城镇和城市。当然，团结在人们的生活中有着重要的意义，无论是在体育场上还是在家庭中。这个垂死之人的故事也显示了团结的重要性。
【写作步骤】
1.要点摘录
①As
is
known,
if
we
are
united
no
one
can
defeat
us.
But
if
we
constantly
have
conflicts
or
misunderstandings,
we
may
attract
outsiders
to
take
advantage
of
ourselves,
which
may
ultimately
result
in
our
failure.
②Then
he
realized
that
if
he
joined
hands
with
other
hunters,
he
would
be
able
to
face
several
common
dangers
and
challenges.
This
is
how,
villages
got
formed,
which
later
got
developed
into
the
towns
and
cities.
③a
united
team
and
an
appropriate
strategy
may
contribute
to
the
success
of
the
team,
but
if
there
is
a
conflict
or
unhealthy
competition
or
unnecessary
misunderstanding
among
the
team
members,
they
may
invite
the
opponents
to
take
advantage
of
their
shortcomings
and
win
the
game.
Likewise,
if
the
members
of
a
family
stay
together
and
support
each
other
in
every
phase
of
life,
no
outsiders
can
harm
the
family.
④He
then
told
his
sons
that
they
should
stay
like
the
bundle
of
sticks
so
that
no
one
can
break
them;
but
if
they
keep
on
fighting,
they
will
be
broken
by
the
outsiders
easily.
2.缜密构思
将第1要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
It
is
well
known
that
united
we
stand
and
divided
we
fall.
In
ancient
times,
hunters
made
joint
efforts
to
cope
with
dangers
and
challenges,
thus
forming
villages
and
later
developing
into
towns
and
cities.
Surely,
unity
has
a
great
significance
in
people’s
lives
whether
in
the
sports
ground
or
in
a
family.
The
dying
man’s
story
of
sticks
also
shows
the
importance
of
unity.
【写作亮点】
[高分句型1]
It
is
well
known
that
united
we
stand
and
divided
we
fall.运用一个主语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2]
)In
ancient
times,
hunters
made
joint
efforts
to
cope
with
dangers
and
challenges,
thus
forming
villages
and
later
developing
into
towns
and
cities.运用现在分词，对第二段进行了概括。
3.
阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
If
you’re
anything
like
us,
it
seems
that
your
stomach
starts
to
grumble(隆隆响)as
soon
as
McDonald’s
golden
arches
come
into
view.
The
reason
behind
that
isn’t
the
mouthwatering
taste
of
their
delicious
fries—this
is
how
they
get
them
to
taste
so
good
by
the
way—it’s
actually
psychological,
and
it
has
to
do
with
the
colors
of
their
logo.
The
colors
red
and
yellow
were
chosen
for
a
specific
reason,
and
it
wasn’t
because
they
looked
nice
with
Ronald
McDonald’s
clown-like
face.
It
actually
has
to
do
with
science.
The
color
red
is
stimulating
and
is
associated
with
being
active.
It
also
increases
heart
rate,
which
helps
to
jumpstart
your
appetite.
The
color
yellow
is
associated
with
happiness
and
is
the
most
visible
color
in
daylight,
so
that’s
why
a
McDonald’s
sign
is
so
easy
to
spot
on
a
crowded
road.
The
brain
processes
color
before
it
processes
words
or
shapes,
so
that’s
why
the
fast-food
chain
chose
these
two
colors
for
their
logo
and
brand.
Red
and
yellow
makes
you
hungry,
encouraging
you
to
want
to
buy
the
product
they
sell,
while
also
making
you
feel
happy.
McDonald’s
has
started
to
use
this
color
philosophy
to
influence
and
change
the
way
people
currently
think
about
their
brand
as
well.
Many
franchises(授权经销商)in
Europe
have
started
to
incorporate
more
of
the
color
green
into
their
storefronts
and
interior
design
because
it’s
associated
with
nature
and
being
environmentally
friendly,
something
McDonald’s
has
been
criticized
for
not
being
in
the
past.
The
company
has
been
working
to
become
greener
by
using
environmentally
friendly
refrigeration
and
converting
used
oil
into
biodiesel(生物柴油)fuel.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
The
reason
why
people
can’t
resist
the
temptation
of
McDonald’s
is
psychologically
connected
with
colors
of
the
logo.(要点1)Yellow
and
red
were
chosen
to
help
increase
people’s
appetite
and
make
the
store
sign
easy
to
spot.(要点2)Another
reason
is
that
the
human
brain
processes
color
before
words
or
shapes.(要点3)Nowadays
McDonald’s
takes
advantage
of
the
color
philosophy
to
become
more
environmentally
friendly
by
incorporating
more
green
color
into
their
store
design.(要点4)
【写作分析】这是一篇说明文。人们之所以无法抗拒麦当劳的诱惑，与logo的颜色有心理上的联系。选择黄色和红色是为了增加人们的食欲，让商店的招牌更容易被发现。另一个原因是，人类大脑在处理文字或形状之前处理颜色。如今，麦当劳利用色彩理念，将更多的绿色融入到他们的店面设计中，从而变得更加环保。
【写作步骤】
1
要点摘录
①The
reason
behind
that
isn’t
the
mouthwatering
taste
of
their
delicious
fries—this
is
how
they
get
them
to
taste
so
good
by
the
way—it’s
actually
psychological,
and
it
has
to
do
with
the
colors
of
their
logo.
②The
colors
red
and
yellow
were
chosen
for
a
specific
reason.
③It
also
increases
heart
rate,
which
helps
to
jumpstart
your
appetite.
④The
color
yellow
is
associated
with
happiness
and
is
the
most
visible
color
in
daylight,
so
that’s
why
a
McDonald’s
sign
is
so
easy
to
spot
on
a
crowded
road.
⑤The
brain
processes
color
before
it
processes
words
or
shapes,
so
that’s
why
the
fast-food
chain
chose
these
two
colors
for
their
logo
and
brand.
⑥McDonald’s
has
started
to
use
this
color
philosophy
to
influence
and
change
the
way
people
currently
think
about
their
brand
as
well.
⑦Many
franchises
in
Europe
have
started
to
incorporate
more
of
the
color
green
into
their
storefronts
and
interior
design
because
it’s
associated
with
nature
and
being
environmentally
friendly
2.缜密构思
将第2、3、4个要点整合，将第6、7个要点整合。
3.遣词造句
It
is
psychologically
connected
with
colors
of
the
logo
why
people
can’t
resist
the
temptation
of
McDonald’s.
The
reason
why
yellow
and
red
were
chosen
is
that
they
can
help
increase
people’s
appetite
and
make
the
store
sign
easy
to
spot.
【写作亮点】
[高分句型1]
The
reason
why
people
can’t
resist
the
temptation
of
McDonald’s
is
psychologically
connected
with
colors
of
the
logo.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段进行了概括。其中why引导的定语从句表达高级。
[高分句型2]：Yellow
and
red
were
chosen
to
help
increase
people’s
appetite
and
make
the
store
sign
easy
to
spot.
用to
do不定式表目的对第二段进行了概括，且用easy作宾语补足语，表达非常高级。
[高分句型3]：Another
reason
is
that
the
human
brain
processes
color
before
words
or
shapes.
用一个复杂的主从复合句概括了第三段内容。其中that引导的表语从句表达比较高级。
4.
阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
An
allergy,
also
known
as
an
allergic
disease,
is
an
immune
system
reaction
to
normally
harmless
things,
such
as
dust，plants,
animals
or
certain
foods.
Symptoms
vary
depending
on
the
allergy.
Common
cold
symptoms
such
as
low
fever,
sneezing,
and
a
sore
throat
may
all
indicate
allergies.
What
causes
an
allergic
reaction
is
a
question
still
puzzling
scientists.
Types
of
allergies
have
greatly
increase
since
the
mid-20th
century，
leading
some
experts
to
suggest
the
increased
environmental
pollution
is
held
responsible.
Some
experts
suggest
that
allergies
are
related
with
genes
with
twins
being
particularly
likely
to
share
the
same
problems.
Often，an
allergic
reaction
will
develop
in
childhoods
but
since
many
reactions
are
likely
to
worsen
with
repeated
exposure,
symptoms
can
start
to
appear
at
any
age.
However，some
people
may
overcome
childhood
allergies
with
age
growing.
Testing
for
an
allergy
can
be
a
tricky
process，particularly
if
an
allergic
reaction
could
threaten
the
victim's
life.
Doctors
often
use
a
skin
test
method
for
a
variety
of
possible
allergic
reactions.
In
skin
testing,
a
tiny
amount
of
an
allergen
(过敏原)
is
shot
into
a
marked
place
of
skin
to
see
if
the
skin
reacts
negatively.
If
serious
reactions
are
a
concern
,
doctors
can
also
use
a
blood
test，
although
this
takes
more
time
and
may
be
less
accurate
than
skin
testing.
Treatment
may
depend
on
the
type
and
severe
degree
of
the
patient
allergic
response.
In
some
mild
cases，
such
as
sneezing
caused
by
animal
exposure，
patients
are
told
to
avoid
exposure
when
possible.
Avoiding
the
food
is
also
key
with
many
food
allergies,
particularly
those
that
can
cause
severe
responses.
When
avoiding
is
impossible,some
doctors
may
recommend
shots.
This
intends
to
build
up
tolerance
in
the
immune
system
by
exposing
the
patient
to
increasing
small
amounts
of
the
allergen
over
time.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
An
allergy
is
a
reaction
performed
by
the
immune
system
to
common
things
with
various
symptoms.
As
is
suggested,
it
is
connected
with
environmental
pollution
or
genes,
while
its
real
causes
are
still
unclear.
Besides，most
allergies
will
develop
with
repeated
exposure,
but
some
may
be
overcome.
To
test
for
an
allergy,
a
skin
test
is
often
available,
and
a
blood
test
is
also
applied
if
necessary.
Moreover，in
case
of
the
actual
conditions，with
avoiding
exposure
being
most
important,
different
treatments
are
used
accordingly.
【写作分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍过敏。过敏可能表现出各种症状。过敏的测试过程是很困难的，只有避免接触过敏原才能避免过敏。
【写作步骤】
1
要点摘录
①An
allergy,
also
known
as
an
allergic
disease,
is
an
immune
system
reaction
to
normally
harmless
things.
②What
causes
an
allergic
reaction
is
a
question
still
puzzling
scientists.
③Some
experts
suggest
the
increased
environmental
pollution
is
held
responsible.
④Some
experts
suggest
that
allergies
are
related
with
genes
with
twins
being
particularly
likely
to
share
the
same
problems.
⑤Testing
for
an
allergy
can
be
a
tricky
process.
⑥Doctors
often
use
a
skin
test
method
for
a
variety
of
possible
allergic
reactions.If
serious
reactions
are
a
concern,
doctors
can
also
use
a
blood
test.
⑦Treatment
may
depend
on
the
type
and
severe
degree
of
the
patient
allergic
response.
2.缜密构思
将第1个要点进行简写；第2、3、4三个要点进行重组；将第5、6两个要点进行整合；将第7个要点进行重写。
3.遣词造句
An
allergy
is
a
reaction
performed
by
the
immune
system
to
common
things
with
various
symptoms.
As
is
suggested,
it
is
connected
with
environmental
pollution
or
genes,
while
its
real
causes
are
still
unclear.
To
test
for
an
allergy,
a
skin
test
is
often
available,
and
a
blood
test
is
also
applied
if
necessary.
In
case
of
the
actual
conditions，with
avoiding
exposure
being
most
important
different
treatments
are
used
accordingly.
【写作亮点】
[高分句型1]
As
is
suggested,
it
is
connected
with
environmental
pollution
or
genes,
while
its
real
causes
are
still
unclear.
运用了as引导的非限制性定语从句，把要点3、4进行了重组，while表示对比，对第二个要点进行了阐述。
[高分句型2]
To
test
for
an
allergy,
a
skin
test
is
often
available,
and
a
blood
test
is
also
applied
if
necessary.运用了不定式做目的状语，引出第5个要点，同时其后使用了and的并列句，对第6个要点进行了压缩。
5.
阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
College
students
need
textbooks
to
help
them
learn
and
earn
an
academic
degree.
However,
on
top
of
tuition,
room
and
board
and
meals,
why
are
textbooks
so
expensive?
Textbooks
cover
many
areas
of
knowledge.
They
are
prepared
specifically
with
a
lot
of
information
that
include
many
original
pictures,
special
charts,
and
specific
data.
Textbooks
are
extremely
useful
to
students
for
learning
and
profitable
for
the
companies
that
publish
them.
While
textbooks
can
be
a
financial
burden
on
the
student,
they
can
be
profitable
for
a
book
scouter
(侦察员).
A
book
scouter
is
an
opportunist
who
buys
cheap
used
books
at
thrift
stores
(二手店)
or
book
sales,
and
sells
them
for
more
money.
Brand
new
textbooks
are
the
most
desired
of
books
for
scouters
since
they
typically
cost
over
$100.
Of
course,
used
textbooks
don’t
cost
as
much.
But
when
the
scouter
goes
to
a
thrift
store
and
book
sales
at
libraries,
textbooks
can
cost
as
little
as
several
dollars.
So,
buying
used
textbooks
that
are
new
is
one
of
the
most
profitable
books
that
sellers
can
buy.
Unfortunately,
many
college
textbook
editions
change
every
year,
which
eliminates
(消除)
the
student’s
chance
to
use
last
year’s
edition.
So,
they
will
have
to
pay
more
money
for
brand
new
textbooks.
The
sad
reality
is
that
very
few
changes
are
generally
made
between
editions.
Book
scouters
search
for
textbooks
as
well
as
other
categories
of
books
available
at
local
thrift
stores
or
book
sales.
Textbooks
that
are
new
or
relatively
new
are
marked
down
to
just
a
few
dollars.
Then
they
can
be
sold
on
Amazon
for
potentially
high
profits.
Amazon
buys
new
textbooks
for
a
lot
more
money
than
most
other
types
of
books.
If
you
want
to
try
scouting
textbooks
to
make
a
profit,
buy
their
newest
editions
or
the
ones
ahead
of
them.
Buy
it
in
the
best
condition
possible.
If
you
live
in
a
town
or
city
where
there
is
a
university,
you
have
a
better
chance
of
finding
good
textbooks.
Although
textbooks
can
be
expensive
for
the
average
student,
he
or
she
could
potentially
sell
them
on
Amazon
for
the
same
price
that
they
were
purchased.
Just
remember,
knowledge
is
power
and
can
be
profitable
too.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Textbook
burdens
students
financially
but
is
profitable
for
book
scouters.
(要点1)
They
buy
used
but
new
books
and
sell
them
out
for
extra
money.
(要点2)
However,
because
of
the
subtle
editions
change,
students
have
to
buy
new
books.
(要点3)
Therefore,
it’s
wise
to
buy
the
newest
version
for
more
profits.
(要点4)
And
students
can
sell
their
books
out
again
for
the
same
price
they
bought
when
they
don’t
use
them
any
more.
(要点5)
【写作分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了二手教科书回收者通过回收使用过但是依旧保存良好的的课本并出售来赚钱这一现象。
【写作步骤】
1
要点摘录
①While
textbooks
can
be
a
financial
burden
on
the
student,
they
can
be
profitable
for
a
book
scouter.
②So,
buying
used
textbooks
that
are
new
is
one
of
the
most
profitable
books
that
sellers
can
buy.
③Unfortunately,
many
college
textbook
editions
change
every
year,
which
makes
students
pay
more
money
for
brand
new
textbooks.
④If
you
want
to
try
scouting
textbooks
to
make
a
profit,
buy
their
newest
editions
or
the
ones
ahead
of
them.
⑤Although
textbooks
can
be
expensive
for
the
average
student,
he
or
she
could
potentially
sell
them
on
Amazon
for
the
same
price
that
they
were
purchased.
2.缜密构思
将各要点进行整合，使得逻辑连贯。
3.遣词造句
Textbooks
can
be
a
financial
burden
on
the
student
but
be
profitable
for
a
book
scouter.
Book
scouters
buy
used
books
which
are
new
and
sell
them
out
for
profits.
However,
textbook
editions
have
subtle
change
every
year,
which
makes
students
have
to
buy
brand
new
textbooks.
Therefore,
if
you
want
to
make
more
profit,
buy
the
newest
version.
Students
can
also
sell
their
books
out
for
the
same
price
that
they
were
purchased
when
they
don’t
use
them
any
more.
【写作亮点】
[高分句型1]
However,
because
of
the
subtle
editions
change,
students
have
to
buy
new
books.
运用介词短语because
of…作状语对第三段大部分内容进行了概括。
[高分句型2]
And
students
can
sell
their
books
out
again
for
the
same
price
they
bought
when
they
don’t
use
them
any
more.
用省略关系代词的定语从句和when引导的时间状语从句对最后一段进行了概括。
6.
阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Bees
are
very
strange
creatures.
They
have
their
own
way
of
telling
each
other
that
they
have
found
a
new
flower.
They
bring
some
of
its
nectar
(花蜜)
back
home
and
then
do
a
little
dance
that
shows
where
the
flower
is
and
how
far
away
it
is.
In
autumn
the
worker
bees
go
out
and
collect
as
much
nectar
and
pollen
(花粉)
as
they
can
carry.
Then
they
return
to
make
honey
and
store
it
for
the
long
cold
winter.
Bees
build
their
own
houses
but
they
do
not
always
have
round
tops
like
people
draw
them
in
storybooks.
They
are
usually
five
storeys
high.
The
queen
bee
always
has
the
bottom
storey.
In
between
the
bottom
storey
and
all
the
rest
there
are
bars
only
just
wide
enough
for
the
workers
to
pass
through.
The
queen
bee
can
never
go
up
to
the
other
floors
because
she
is
bigger
than
all
the
other
bees.
The
storeys
the
queen
can’t
enter
are
where
the
store
rooms
are.
There
are
rooms
for
pollen,
nectar
and
royal
jellies
(蜂王浆).
If
there
is
a
fire
the
workers
have
to
cover
the
walls
and
entrance
of
the
rooms.
They
have
to
move
the
honey
and
the
nectar
and
pollen
away
from
the
hot
walls
of
the
room.
The
queen
is
the
only
that
can
lay
eggs.
She
mates
with
a
male
bee
called
a
drone.
Once
the
queen
has
laid
the
eggs
she
throws
the
drone
out
because
a
drone
just
sits
around
eating
honey
and
nectar.
He
cannot
go
out
and
collect
pollen
because
drones
do
not
have
pollen-carrying
things
on
their
legs
like
the
workers
have.
Young
bees
are
called
nurses
because
they
have
to
nurse
the
newborn
bees
whether
they
like
it
or
not.
What
a
bee
ends
up
being
when
it
grows
up
depends
on
what
it
eats.
If
it
is
to
be
a
queen
it
must
feed
on
royal
jellies
and
it
must
never,
ever
set
eyes
on
another
queen.
If
it
does
they
must
fight
till
only
one
of
them
is
still
alive.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Bees
are
weird
animals
and
have
a
unique
way
to
communicate
with
one
another.
(要点1)
Worker
bees
work
tirelessly
to
store
food.
(要点2)
Unlike
worker
bees,
the
relaxing
queen
bee
takes
up
the
bottom
storey
of
the
five-storey
house.
(要点3)
She
even
deserts
the
drone
after
she
finishes
using
him.
(要点4)
Same
as
worker
bees,
young
bees
need
to
work
to
care
for
newborn
bees,
but
they
can
only
leave
their
futures
to
what
they
eat.
(要点5)
【写作分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍蜜蜂家族生存习性、不同分工及蜂房布局。
【写作步骤】
1
要点摘录
1Bees
are
very
strange
creatures.
They
have
their
own
way
of
telling
each
other
that
they
have
found
a
new
flower.
2）In
autumn
the
worker
bees
go
out
and
collect
as
much
nectar
and
pollen
(花粉)
as
they
can
carry.
Then
they
return
to
make
honey
and
store
it
for
the
long
cold
winter.
3）They
are
usually
five
storeys
high.
The
queen
bee
always
has
the
bottom
storey.
4）The
queen
is
the
only
that
can
lay
eggs.
She
mates
with
a
male
bee
called
a
drone.
5Young
bees
are
called
nurses
because
they
have
to
nurse
the
newborn
bees
whether
they
like
it
or
not.
2.缜密构思
将1、2、3、4、5段各概括为一个要点，共5个要点。
3.遣词造句Bees
are
weird
animals
and
have
a
strange
way
to
communicate
with
each
another.
Worker
bees
work
very
hard
to
store
food.
Unlike
worker
bees,
the
relaxing
queen
bee
always
takes
up
the
bottom
storey
of
the
five-storey
house.
She
even
throws
the
drone
out
after
she
finishes
using
him.
Young
bees
need
to
work
to
care
for
newborn
bees,
but
they
can
only
leave
their
futures
to
what
they
eat.
【写作亮点】
[高分句型1]
Unlike
worker
bees,
the
relaxing
queen
bee
takes
up
the
bottom
storey
of
the
five-storey
house.运用介词短语作状语，对第三段内容进行概括，简练明白。
[高分句型2]She
even
deserts
the
drone
after
she
finishes
using
him.运用含有时间状语从句的复合句对第四段内容进行高度概括。
[高分句型3]Same
as
worker
bees,
young
bees
need
to
work
to
care
for
newborn
bees,
but
they
can
only
leave
their
futures
to
what
they
eat.
运用文章纽带衔接词but，以及名词性从句what
they
eat将第五段进行高度概括。
