01名词
【命题解读】
名词是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题型中。名词部分主要考查：
①
名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配
②名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）
③名词的所有格
④抽象名词的具体化
⑤名词和冠词的搭配
【命题预测】
语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。
【名师指导】
1.
整体把握，注意语境
从近年高考试题看，高考语法填空对名词的考查离不开具体的语境，在语境中考查名词的相关知识。做题时，既要全面、整体地看题干，还要注意分析句子成分，并根据提示词来确定名词的相关考点。通常，涉及名词考点的试题包括：
（1）根据语境判断名词的单复数；
（2）提示词是形容词、动词等此类，根据句子成分和词缀知识加上相应的后缀变成名词；
（3）名词的固定搭配；
（4）名词的所有格及名词的其他相关知识
2.
确定考点，注意搭配
语法填空对名词的考查涉及名词各方面的知识，解题时要注意首先根据提示信息确定考点，试题是考查名词的词类转换，还是考查复数名词、名词的所有格、名词的固定搭配等，确定了考点之后，再结合其他相关知识来做出正确解答。
3.
多记单词，积累词缀
高考对名词的考查注重基础，我们在平时的复习中要打好基础，掌握足够的考纲词汇，并熟知其常见搭配和用法，并注意熟练掌握常用的名词词缀知识。
4.
巧用就近原则
当主语是由or,
nor,
either…or,
neither…nor,
not
only…but
also连接的并列成分时以及在there
be句型中，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。
一
可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加－s
students，teachers，doc
tors，tables
以s，x，ch，sh结尾
加－es
glasses，dishes，boxes，watches但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs
以辅音字母＋y结尾
变y为i再加－es
families，babies，armies，bodies
以元音字母＋y结尾
加－s
boys，toys，pianos，photos
以f或fe结尾
大都变f或fe为v，再加－es
thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s
beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs
以o结尾
通常加－s
radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos
有的加－es
heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
【名师点睛】
①以－o结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，
potatoes，tomatoes。
但下列以－o结尾的名词既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos
(mosquitoes)
蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。
②以－f或－fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves，它们是＂为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手
里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半＂，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，
wolves，halves。
但下列以－f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加－ves，也可以直接加－s，如：handkerchiefs
(handkerchieves)
手帕。
③名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man
或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman
doctor→women
doctors
(2)不规则变化
①自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→children
man男人→men
tooth牙→teeth
foot脚，英尺→feet
mouse老鼠→mice
phenomenon现象→phenomena
medium传播媒介→media
②常见单复数同形的名词：
Chinese
中国人；sheep
绵羊；deer鹿；series
系列；means
方式；works
工厂；fish
鱼；fruit
水果等。
其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。
?Some
deer
are
eating
grass
at
the
bottom
of
the
hill.
?Every
possible
means
has
been
tried,
but
none
has
worked.
③合成名词的复数形式：
son-in-law
→
sons-in-law
passer-by
→
passers-by
story-teller
→
story-tellers
【名师点睛】
名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girl
student
→
girl
students
但是man/woman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：
woman
singer
→
women
singers
【典例示例】
1.（2020·江苏卷）The
health
security
systems
of
many
countries
are
undergoing
considerable
______.
A.reservation
B.transformation
C.distinction
D.submission
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多国家的卫生安全系统正在经历重大变革。A.
reservation预订；B.
transformation改革，变革；C.
distinction区别；D.
submission提交。根据前文The
health
security
systems可知，此处指“卫生安全系统的变革”。故选B。
2.
（2019
?
江苏卷）Nowadays
the
___________
for
travelling
is
shifted
from
shopping
to
food
and
scenery.
A.
priority
B.
potential
C
proportion
D.
pension
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A.
priority优先；优先权；B.
potential潜在的，可能的；C.
proportion比例，占比；D.
pension退休金，抚恤金。故选A。
3.（2019·天津卷）We
can
observe
that
artificial
intelligence
has
already
made
a(n)
___________on
our
lives
in
many
ways.
A.
statement
B.
impact
C.
impression
D.
judgment
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。
statement＂陈述说明＂；
impact＂强烈的影响，冲击力＂；
impression＂印象，感想＂；
judgement
＂判断力判断＂。故选B。
4.（2018·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Two
of
the
authors
of
the
review
also
made
a
study
published
in
2014
66that/which
showed
a
mere
five
to
10
minutes
a
day
of
running
reduced
the
risk
of
heart
disease
and
early
deaths
from
all
67
(cause).
【答案】causes
【解析】考查单复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。
5.
（2018·全国新课标卷I·短文改错）Last
winter
when
I
went
here（改为there）
again,
they
had
a
big
separate
house
to
raise
dozens
of
chicken.
【答案】chicken改为chickens
【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens
of可知，其后用名词复数形式。
6.
（2018·全国新课标卷Ⅱ·短文改错）After
supper,
we
would
play
card
games
of
all
sort
in
the
sitting
room.
【答案】sort改为sorts
【解析】sort在此意为＂种类＂，是可数名词，和all搭配时用复数形式。故将sort改为sorts.
7.
（2017·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）This
trend,
which
was
started
by
the
medical
community（医学界）
as
a
method
of
fighting
heart
disease,
has
had
some
unintended
side
62
(effect)
such
as
overweight
and
heart
disease
—
the
very
thing
the
medical
community
was
trying
to
fight.
【答案】effects
【解析】考查单复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是＂一些不为人知的副作用＂，根据前文的some可知＂side
effect＂(副作用)有很多，故填effects。
二
不可数名词
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议，
furniture家具，
fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻，
weather天气，
progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
success
成功
成功的人或事
pleasure
乐趣
令人高兴的事
beauty
美；美丽
美丽的人或事物
comfort
安慰；慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger
危险
危险的人或因素
delight
高兴
令人高兴的事
failure
失败
失败的人或事物
surprise
惊奇
令人惊奇的事情
shock
震惊
令人震惊的事情
pride
骄傲
令人骄傲的事情
Your
contribution
will
certainly
make
the
event
a
huge
success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。
②物质名词具体化
drink饮料→two
drinks
两杯饮料 coffee咖啡→a
coffee一杯咖啡 chalk
粉笔→a
chalk
一支粉笔 hair
头发→a
hair
一根头发
③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：
Being
able
to
afford
a
drink
would
be
a
comfort
in
those
tough
times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。
【典例示例】
1.（2020·天津卷）His
vivid
descriptions
of
country
life
quickly
became
popular,
which
established
his
_____________as
one
of
America's
greatest
writers.
A.trust
B.contact
C.reputation
D.theory
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来，这树立了他作为美国伟大作家之一的声誉。A.
trust信任；B.
contact联系；C.
reputation声誉；D.
theory理论。根据句意，尤其是greatest
writers可知此处用reputation“声誉”符合语境，故选C项。
2.
She
has
gained
many
unforgettable
_____
about
animals
when
_____
in
the
forest
doing
research.
A.
experiences;
stayed
B.
experiences;
staying
C.
experience;
stayed
D.
experience;
staying
【答案】B
【解析】根据句意可知，experience在这里表示经历，因此为可数名词，所以排除C项和D项。When引导的从句其实是when
she
is
staying
in
the
forest
doing
research.当主句主语和从句主语一致，并且从句中有系动词时，可以把从句中的主语连同系动词一起省略，故用staying。所以B项正确。句意：当停留在森林里做研究时，她已经获得了许多关于动物的难忘的经历。
三
名词所有格
(1)-’s所有格
①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s
或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。
Tom’s
and
Jim’s
rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。
Tom
and
Jim’s
room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。
②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at
the
barber’s在理发店
at
the
teacher’s在老师办公室
(2)of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the
content
of
the
novel小说的内容
the
name
of
the
girl
over
there那边那位女孩的名字
(3)双重所有格
指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。
a
play
of
Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)
a
friend
of
mine(我的一个朋友)
【典例示例】
1.
（2018·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）When
I
was
little,
Friday’s
night
was
our
family
game
night.
【答案】Friday’s改为Friday。
【解析】考查名词的格。名词作定语，往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的或用途、材料或来源等。名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。此处表示＂星期五晚上＂，并不是所有关系，故把Friday’s改为Friday。
2.
The
village
is
far
away
from
here
indeed.
It’s
_________
walk.
A.
a
four
hour
B.
a
four
hour’s
C.
a
four-hours
D.
a
four
hours’
【答案】D
【解析】’s属格除了用在表示有生命的东西（人或物）的名词后，有时还用于某些无生命的名词（如表示时间的名词）后，一般是在名词词尾加’s，如果该名词词尾已有-s或-es，则是在其后加"‘
"。故选D。
四
名词的语法功能
1.作主语
The
young
woman
played
an
important
part
in
the
matter.
那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。
His
grandpa
joined
the
Red
Army
at
the
age
of
fifteen.
他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。
2.作宾语
（1）作及物动词的直接宾语
I
met
your
elder
brother
in
the
street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。
Have
you
finished
the
letter
to
Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？
（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。
I
told
my
students
a
funny
story.
我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。
She
asked
the
doctor
another
question.
她问了医生另一个问题。
（3）作介词的宾语。
After
20
years’
traveling,
he
settled
down
in
Liangxiang.
二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。
Do
you
still
ask
your
parents
for
money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？
3.作表语
It’s
a
good
idea
to
plant
trees
here
.
在这里栽些树是个好主意。
She
is
now
a
professor
while
her
husband
remains
a
worker.
也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。
4.作宾语的补足语
They
elected
Tom
head
of
the
workshop.
他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）
The
old
man
called
my
uncle
Xiao
Li.
老人喊我叔叔小李。
5.作定语
（1）直接作定语,
通常用单数形式。
college
students大学生
girl
friend女友
vegetable
garden菜园
basketball
match篮球赛
Let’s
stop
by
the
book
store
on
the
way
home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！
He
bought
the
shoes
in
that
shoe
shop.
这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。
（2）名词所有格作定语。
students’
books学生用书
China’s
capital中国的首都
the
world’s
population世界人口
（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语
man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。
He
said
that
two
women
doctors
would
come
to
our
village
the
next
day.
他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。
There
are
many
men
teachers
in
our
school.
我们学校有很多男教师。
（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语
某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。
arms
production
武器生产
clothes
shop服装商店
sales
department营业部
a
goods
train货车
savings
bank
储蓄所
foreign
languages
department外语系
（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。
Learning
Skills
center学习技巧交流中心
The
Boys
Club
男孩俱乐部
（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。
a
peasant
family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语)
a
worker’s
family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)
（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。
women
drivers女司机
the
woman’s
driver这位妇女的司机
girl
friend女朋友
the
girl’s
friend
这女孩的朋友
mother
tongue母语
mother’s
tongue母亲的舌头
（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性
gold
watch
金表
(指手表是含金的)
golden
watch
金色的表
(指表是金色的，但不一定含金)
6.作状语
时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。
The
soldiers
walked
50
kilometers
at
a
night.
战士们一夜行军五十公里
Your
suitcase
weighs
10
kilograms.
你的手提箱重10千克。
【检测过关】
1.
It’s
said
that
dogs
will
keep
you
_______
for
as
long
as
you
want
when
you
are
feeling
lonely.
A.
companion
B.
colleague
C.
company
D.
relation
2.
I
have
heard
that
it
is
a
common
_______
in
that
country
to
hold
a
big
party
to
celebrate
when
a
child
turns
15.
A.
practice
B.
method
C.
evidence
D.
effects
3.
—What’s
the
matter,
doctor?
—Nothing
serious.
Take
this
medicine
according
to
the
________,
and
you
will
get
better
soon.
A.
introductions
B.
explanations
C.
suggestions
D.
instructions
4.
In
all
aspects
of
the
society,
there
are
many
heroes
dedicated
to
their
work.
So
they
should
get
the
________
they
deserves.
A.
award
B.
ceremony
C.
price
D.
credit
5.
Thanksgiving
Day
offers
us
an
opportunity
to
express
________
to
our
family,
friends
and
even
strangers.
A.
satisfaction
B.
appreciation
C.
reputation
D.
cooperation
6.
The
stronger
the________
is,
the
more
quickly
a
man
will
learn
a
new
skill.
In
other
words,
it
is
up
to
whether
he
has
an
interest
in
it.
A.
motivation
B.
ambition
C.
effect
D.
imagination
7.
The
new
law
makes
no
________
between
adults
and
children,
so
everyone
is
treated
equally.
A.
distinction
B.
comparison
C.
assumption
D.
division
8.
—Will
you
take
my
previous
experience
into________
when
you
fix
my
salary?
—You
bet.
We
always
do
for
senior-level
positions.
A.
mind
B.
thought
C.
reference
D.
account
9.
The
environmentalists
said
wild
goats’
______
on
the
vast
grasslands
was
a
good
indication
of
the
better
environment.
A.
accommodation
B.
absence
C.
attendance
D.
appearance
10.
You'd
better
pay
your
loan
on
time,
as
late
payments
may
affect
your
________
.
A.
condition
B.
credit
C.
income
D.
status
11.
---
I
don't
feel
I
can
accept
her
words.
---But
what
she
said
was
fair
________.
A.
content
B.
comment
C.
contact
D.
concern
12.
The
trip
aims
to
provide
the
children
with
a________
of
the
countryside
first-hand.
A.
taste
B.
reach
C.
touch
D.
load
13.
Lao
Gan
Ma,
a
popular
chilli
sauce,
built
up
its
______by
providing
high-quality
products
at
a
relatively
low
price.
A.
reputation
B.
campaign
C.
appetite
D.
occupation
14.
We
are
going
to
lose
anyway,
but
the
________
of
playing
is
not
to
win
but
to
participate.
A.
honour
B.
point
C.
term
D.
favour
15.
We
are
deeply
impressed
by
his
________
to
teaching.
A.
consideration
B.
celebration
C.
devotion
D.
description
16.
—Do
you
think
I
should
wear
a
hat
to
the
party?
—It
all
depends
on
your
own________.
A.
personality
B.
preference
C.
convenience
D.
selection
17.
The________
people
take
to
cloning
varies
widely
from
country
to
country.
A.
attitude
B.
advantage
C.
pride
D.
part
18.
—Have
you
ever
been
to
Mount
Wuyi?
—Yes.
It
is
one
of
the
most
famous
________in
Fujian.
A.
attractions
B.
expressions
C.
instructions
D.
attentions
19.
What
was
Jeff's
____
to
the
news
that
he
was
chosen
to
be
chairman
of
the
students'
union?
A.
reaction
B.
impression
C.
permission
D.
conclusion
20.
Some
countries
are
increasing
their
use
of
natural
gas,
and
other
forms
of
.
A.
source
B.
energy
C.
power
D.
material
21.
We
have
many
animals
on
the
farm,
including
three____________
and
six____________
.
A.
sheeps;
chickens
B.
sheeps;
chicken
C.
sheep;
chickens
D.
sheep;
chicken
22.
Her_____
for
writing
was
a
desire
for
women
to
get
the
right
to
higher
education.
A.
motivation
B.
qualification
C.
talent
D.
technique
23.
He
gave
him
a
new
name
to
hide
his
_______
when
he
went
to
carry
out
the
secret
task.
A.
emotion
B.
talent
C.
identity
D.
devotion
24.
Some
of
the
language
used
on
the
Internet
is
different
from
that
used
in
other
forms
of
____________________.
A.
communication
B.
exchange
C.
literature
D.
transport
25.
He
tried
to
avoid
making
mistakes,
but
the
added
pressure
caused
him
to
make
more
than
his
usual .
A.
size
B.
space
C.
share
D.
state
26.
He
doesn’t
like
having
for
supper.
A.
chick
B.
chicken
C.
chickens
D.
chicks
27.
One
day
Mary’s
mother
told
her
best
friend
of
all
her
.
A.
hope
and
fear
B.
hope
and
fears
C.
hopes
and
fears
D.
hopes
and
fear
28.
—Can
I
help
you,
sir?
—Yes,
what’s
the
price
of
the
apple?
—Ninety-seven
_______
per
kilogram.
A.
pences
B.
pence
C.
penny
D.
pennys
29.
Coming
on
as
a
______
for
a
regular
player,
Jones
scored
four
crucial
goals
for
his
team.
A.
symbol
B.
sacrifice
C.
superior
D.
substitute
30.
You
can
read
about
other
countries,
but
there’s
no
_____
for
visiting
them
yourself.
A.
compensation
B.
criterion
C.
sacrifice
D.
substitute
31.
This
article
gives
us
a
real
_____
into
the
causes
of
the
present
crisis
in
the
world.
A.
enquiry
B.
admission
C.
insight
D.
division
32.
Promoting
the
______of
energy
and
carbon
footprint
reduction
is
an
essential
part
of
building
an
ecological
civilization.
A.
consumption
B.
conservation
C.
constitution
D.
construction
33.
The
company
is
running
out
of
its
fund__________and
may
soon
be
unable
to
pay
its
bills.
A.
reserves
B.
sources
C.
incomes
D.
collections
34.
Children
have
a
natural
_________about
the
world
around
them
and
they
tend
to
keep
asking
questions
about
it.
A.
phenomenon
B.
atmosphere
C.
appreciation
D.
curiosity
35.
I'm
never
going
to
guess
the
answer
if
you
don't
give
me
a
_______.
A.
relief
B.
clue
C.
route
D.
preview
36.
Most
schools
nowadays
prefer
to
use
continuous_________,
because
it
gives
a
fairer
picture
of
how
the
student
has
done
during
the
whole
year.
A.
arrangement
B.
assessment
C.
argument
D.
approach
37.
Most
passengers
like
sitting
in
the
front
of
a
bus
to
have
a
better
view.
What's
more,
they
believe
it's
less
likely
that
_______will
happen.
A.
car-accident
B.
car-sickness
C.
car-trouble
D.
car-crash
38.
Our
aim
is
to
help
him,
not
to
stand
by
and
pass___________on
what
he
has
done.
A.
appreciation
B.
judgment
C.
approval
D.
response
39.
Recently
there
has
been
a
in
young
people
toward
watching
professional
video
games.
A.
trend
B.
routine
C.
reaction
D.
motivation
40.
The
study
of
a
modern
language
has
a
unique
______
to
make
to
the
development
of
cultural
awareness.
A.
influence
B.
connection
C.
contribution
D.
devotion
41.
The
composition
seems
imperfect
but
you
should
make_________
for
the
fact
that
the
author
is
only
seven.
A.
appointments.
B.
assumptions.
C.
allowances.
D.
arrangements
42.
Don’t
say
any
more,
we
all
believe
the
facts
more
than
your
words.
What
you
have
explained
doesn’t
make
.
A.
sense
B.
fun
C.
use
D.
meaning
43.
These
motorized
bikes
are
highly
effective
for
city
traffic
as
you
will
never
run
out
of
______
to
park.
A.
options
B.
patience
C.
resources
D.
universe
44.
The
punishment
a
criminal
deserves
should
be
in
proportion
to
the______of
the
offence.
A.
gravity
B.
division
C.
analysis
D.
composition
45.
There’s
a
____between
Japan
and
IOC
that
2020
Tokyo
Olympic
Games
will
be
postponed
by
one
year.
A.
criterion
B.
coincidence
C.
consensus
D.
conflict01名词
【命题解读】
名词是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题型中。名词部分主要考查：
①
名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配
②名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）
③名词的所有格
④抽象名词的具体化
⑤名词和冠词的搭配
【命题预测】
语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。
【名师指导】
1.
整体把握，注意语境
从近年高考试题看，高考语法填空对名词的考查离不开具体的语境，在语境中考查名词的相关知识。做题时，既要全面、整体地看题干，还要注意分析句子成分，并根据提示词来确定名词的相关考点。通常，涉及名词考点的试题包括：
（1）根据语境判断名词的单复数；
（2）提示词是形容词、动词等此类，根据句子成分和词缀知识加上相应的后缀变成名词；
（3）名词的固定搭配；
（4）名词的所有格及名词的其他相关知识
2.
确定考点，注意搭配
语法填空对名词的考查涉及名词各方面的知识，解题时要注意首先根据提示信息确定考点，试题是考查名词的词类转换，还是考查复数名词、名词的所有格、名词的固定搭配等，确定了考点之后，再结合其他相关知识来做出正确解答。
3.
多记单词，积累词缀
高考对名词的考查注重基础，我们在平时的复习中要打好基础，掌握足够的考纲词汇，并熟知其常见搭配和用法，并注意熟练掌握常用的名词词缀知识。
4.
巧用就近原则
当主语是由or,
nor,
either…or,
neither…nor,
not
only…but
also连接的并列成分时以及在there
be句型中，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。
一
可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加－s
students，teachers，doc
tors，tables
以s，x，ch，sh结尾
加－es
glasses，dishes，boxes，watches但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs
以辅音字母＋y结尾
变y为i再加－es
families，babies，armies，bodies
以元音字母＋y结尾
加－s
boys，toys，pianos，photos
以f或fe结尾
大都变f或fe为v，再加－es
thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s
beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs
以o结尾
通常加－s
radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos
有的加－es
heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
【名师点睛】
①以－o结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，
potatoes，tomatoes。
但下列以－o结尾的名词既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos
(mosquitoes)
蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。
②以－f或－fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves，它们是＂为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手
里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半＂，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，
wolves，halves。
但下列以－f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加－ves，也可以直接加－s，如：handkerchiefs
(handkerchieves)
手帕。
③名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man
或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman
doctor→women
doctors
(2)不规则变化
①自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→children
man男人→men
tooth牙→teeth
foot脚，英尺→feet
mouse老鼠→mice
phenomenon现象→phenomena
medium传播媒介→media
②常见单复数同形的名词：
Chinese
中国人；sheep
绵羊；deer鹿；series
系列；means
方式；works
工厂；fish
鱼；fruit
水果等。
其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。
?Some
deer
are
eating
grass
at
the
bottom
of
the
hill.
?Every
possible
means
has
been
tried,
but
none
has
worked.
③合成名词的复数形式：
son-in-law
→
sons-in-law
passer-by
→
passers-by
story-teller
→
story-tellers
【名师点睛】
名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girl
student
→
girl
students
但是man/woman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：
woman
singer
→
women
singers
【典例示例】
1.（2020·江苏卷）The
health
security
systems
of
many
countries
are
undergoing
considerable
______.
A.reservation
B.transformation
C.distinction
D.submission
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多国家的卫生安全系统正在经历重大变革。A.
reservation预订；B.
transformation改革，变革；C.
distinction区别；D.
submission提交。根据前文The
health
security
systems可知，此处指“卫生安全系统的变革”。故选B。
2.
（2019
?
江苏卷）Nowadays
the
___________
for
travelling
is
shifted
from
shopping
to
food
and
scenery.
A.
priority
B.
potential
C
proportion
D.
pension
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A.
priority优先；优先权；B.
potential潜在的，可能的；C.
proportion比例，占比；D.
pension退休金，抚恤金。故选A。
3.（2019·天津卷）We
can
observe
that
artificial
intelligence
has
already
made
a(n)
___________on
our
lives
in
many
ways.
A.
statement
B.
impact
C.
impression
D.
judgment
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。
statement＂陈述说明＂；
impact＂强烈的影响，冲击力＂；
impression＂印象，感想＂；
judgement
＂判断力判断＂。故选B。
4.（2018·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Two
of
the
authors
of
the
review
also
made
a
study
published
in
2014
66that/which
showed
a
mere
five
to
10
minutes
a
day
of
running
reduced
the
risk
of
heart
disease
and
early
deaths
from
all
67
(cause).
【答案】causes
【解析】考查单复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。
5.
（2018·全国新课标卷I·短文改错）Last
winter
when
I
went
here（改为there）
again,
they
had
a
big
separate
house
to
raise
dozens
of
chicken.
【答案】chicken改为chickens
【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens
of可知，其后用名词复数形式。
6.
（2018·全国新课标卷Ⅱ·短文改错）After
supper,
we
would
play
card
games
of
all
sort
in
the
sitting
room.
【答案】sort改为sorts
【解析】sort在此意为＂种类＂，是可数名词，和all搭配时用复数形式。故将sort改为sorts.
7.
（2017·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）This
trend,
which
was
started
by
the
medical
community（医学界）
as
a
method
of
fighting
heart
disease,
has
had
some
unintended
side
62
(effect)
such
as
overweight
and
heart
disease
—
the
very
thing
the
medical
community
was
trying
to
fight.
【答案】effects
【解析】考查单复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是＂一些不为人知的副作用＂，根据前文的some可知＂side
effect＂(副作用)有很多，故填effects。
二
不可数名词
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议，
furniture家具，
fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻，
weather天气，
progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
success
成功
成功的人或事
pleasure
乐趣
令人高兴的事
beauty
美；美丽
美丽的人或事物
comfort
安慰；慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger
危险
危险的人或因素
delight
高兴
令人高兴的事
failure
失败
失败的人或事物
surprise
惊奇
令人惊奇的事情
shock
震惊
令人震惊的事情
pride
骄傲
令人骄傲的事情
Your
contribution
will
certainly
make
the
event
a
huge
success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。
②物质名词具体化
drink饮料→two
drinks
两杯饮料 coffee咖啡→a
coffee一杯咖啡 chalk
粉笔→a
chalk
一支粉笔 hair
头发→a
hair
一根头发
③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：
Being
able
to
afford
a
drink
would
be
a
comfort
in
those
tough
times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。
【典例示例】
1.（2020·天津卷）His
vivid
descriptions
of
country
life
quickly
became
popular,
which
established
his
_____________as
one
of
America's
greatest
writers.
A.trust
B.contact
C.reputation
D.theory
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来，这树立了他作为美国伟大作家之一的声誉。A.
trust信任；B.
contact联系；C.
reputation声誉；D.
theory理论。根据句意，尤其是greatest
writers可知此处用reputation“声誉”符合语境，故选C项。
2.
She
has
gained
many
unforgettable
_____
about
animals
when
_____
in
the
forest
doing
research.
A.
experiences;
stayed
B.
experiences;
staying
C.
experience;
stayed
D.
experience;
staying
【答案】B
【解析】根据句意可知，experience在这里表示经历，因此为可数名词，所以排除C项和D项。When引导的从句其实是when
she
is
staying
in
the
forest
doing
research.当主句主语和从句主语一致，并且从句中有系动词时，可以把从句中的主语连同系动词一起省略，故用staying。所以B项正确。句意：当停留在森林里做研究时，她已经获得了许多关于动物的难忘的经历。
三
名词所有格
(1)-’s所有格
①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s
或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。
Tom’s
and
Jim’s
rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。
Tom
and
Jim’s
room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。
②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at
the
barber’s在理发店
at
the
teacher’s在老师办公室
(2)of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the
content
of
the
novel小说的内容
the
name
of
the
girl
over
there那边那位女孩的名字
(3)双重所有格
指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。
a
play
of
Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)
a
friend
of
mine(我的一个朋友)
【典例示例】
1.
（2018·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）When
I
was
little,
Friday’s
night
was
our
family
game
night.
【答案】Friday’s改为Friday。
【解析】考查名词的格。名词作定语，往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的或用途、材料或来源等。名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。此处表示＂星期五晚上＂，并不是所有关系，故把Friday’s改为Friday。
2.
The
village
is
far
away
from
here
indeed.
It’s
_________
walk.
A.
a
four
hour
B.
a
four
hour’s
C.
a
four-hours
D.
a
four
hours’
【答案】D
【解析】’s属格除了用在表示有生命的东西（人或物）的名词后，有时还用于某些无生命的名词（如表示时间的名词）后，一般是在名词词尾加’s，如果该名词词尾已有-s或-es，则是在其后加"‘
"。故选D。
四
名词的语法功能
1.作主语
The
young
woman
played
an
important
part
in
the
matter.
那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。
His
grandpa
joined
the
Red
Army
at
the
age
of
fifteen.
他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。
2.作宾语
（1）作及物动词的直接宾语
I
met
your
elder
brother
in
the
street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。
Have
you
finished
the
letter
to
Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？
（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。
I
told
my
students
a
funny
story.
我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。
She
asked
the
doctor
another
question.
她问了医生另一个问题。
（3）作介词的宾语。
After
20
years’
traveling,
he
settled
down
in
Liangxiang.
二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。
Do
you
still
ask
your
parents
for
money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？
3.作表语
It’s
a
good
idea
to
plant
trees
here
.
在这里栽些树是个好主意。
She
is
now
a
professor
while
her
husband
remains
a
worker.
也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。
4.作宾语的补足语
They
elected
Tom
head
of
the
workshop.
他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）
The
old
man
called
my
uncle
Xiao
Li.
老人喊我叔叔小李。
5.作定语
（1）直接作定语,
通常用单数形式。
college
students大学生
girl
friend女友
vegetable
garden菜园
basketball
match篮球赛
Let’s
stop
by
the
book
store
on
the
way
home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！
He
bought
the
shoes
in
that
shoe
shop.
这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。
（2）名词所有格作定语。
students’
books学生用书
China’s
capital中国的首都
the
world’s
population世界人口
（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语
man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。
He
said
that
two
women
doctors
would
come
to
our
village
the
next
day.
他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。
There
are
many
men
teachers
in
our
school.
我们学校有很多男教师。
（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语
某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。
arms
production
武器生产
clothes
shop服装商店
sales
department营业部
a
goods
train货车
savings
bank
储蓄所
foreign
languages
department外语系
（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。
Learning
Skills
center学习技巧交流中心
The
Boys
Club
男孩俱乐部
（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。
a
peasant
family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语)
a
worker’s
family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)
（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。
women
drivers女司机
the
woman’s
driver这位妇女的司机
girl
friend女朋友
the
girl’s
friend
这女孩的朋友
mother
tongue母语
mother’s
tongue母亲的舌头
（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性
gold
watch
金表
(指手表是含金的)
golden
watch
金色的表
(指表是金色的，但不一定含金)
6.作状语
时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。
The
soldiers
walked
50
kilometers
at
a
night.
战士们一夜行军五十公里
Your
suitcase
weighs
10
kilograms.
你的手提箱重10千克。
【检测过关】
1.
It’s
said
that
dogs
will
keep
you
_______
for
as
long
as
you
want
when
you
are
feeling
lonely.
A.
companion
B.
colleague
C.
company
D.
relation
2.
I
have
heard
that
it
is
a
common
_______
in
that
country
to
hold
a
big
party
to
celebrate
when
a
child
turns
15.
A.
practice
B.
method
C.
evidence
D.
effects
3.
—What’s
the
matter,
doctor?
—Nothing
serious.
Take
this
medicine
according
to
the
________,
and
you
will
get
better
soon.
A.
introductions
B.
explanations
C.
suggestions
D.
instructions
4.
In
all
aspects
of
the
society,
there
are
many
heroes
dedicated
to
their
work.
So
they
should
get
the
________
they
deserves.
A.
award
B.
ceremony
C.
price
D.
credit
5.
Thanksgiving
Day
offers
us
an
opportunity
to
express
________
to
our
family,
friends
and
even
strangers.
A.
satisfaction
B.
appreciation
C.
reputation
D.
cooperation
6.
The
stronger
the________
is,
the
more
quickly
a
man
will
learn
a
new
skill.
In
other
words,
it
is
up
to
whether
he
has
an
interest
in
it.
A.
motivation
B.
ambition
C.
effect
D.
imagination
7.
The
new
law
makes
no
________
between
adults
and
children,
so
everyone
is
treated
equally.
A.
distinction
B.
comparison
C.
assumption
D.
division
8.
—Will
you
take
my
previous
experience
into________
when
you
fix
my
salary?
—You
bet.
We
always
do
for
senior-level
positions.
A.
mind
B.
thought
C.
reference
D.
account
9.
The
environmentalists
said
wild
goats’
______
on
the
vast
grasslands
was
a
good
indication
of
the
better
environment.
A.
accommodation
B.
absence
C.
attendance
D.
appearance
10.
You'd
better
pay
your
loan
on
time,
as
late
payments
may
affect
your
________
.
A.
condition
B.
credit
C.
income
D.
status
11.
---
I
don't
feel
I
can
accept
her
words.
---But
what
she
said
was
fair
________.
A.
content
B.
comment
C.
contact
D.
concern
12.
The
trip
aims
to
provide
the
children
with
a________
of
the
countryside
first-hand.
A.
taste
B.
reach
C.
touch
D.
load
13.
Lao
Gan
Ma,
a
popular
chilli
sauce,
built
up
its
______by
providing
high-quality
products
at
a
relatively
low
price.
A.
reputation
B.
campaign
C.
appetite
D.
occupation
14.
We
are
going
to
lose
anyway,
but
the
________
of
playing
is
not
to
win
but
to
participate.
A.
honour
B.
point
C.
term
D.
favour
15.
We
are
deeply
impressed
by
his
________
to
teaching.
A.
consideration
B.
celebration
C.
devotion
D.
description
16.
—Do
you
think
I
should
wear
a
hat
to
the
party?
—It
all
depends
on
your
own________.
A.
personality
B.
preference
C.
convenience
D.
selection
17.
The________
people
take
to
cloning
varies
widely
from
country
to
country.
A.
attitude
B.
advantage
C.
pride
D.
part
18.
—Have
you
ever
been
to
Mount
Wuyi?
—Yes.
It
is
one
of
the
most
famous
________in
Fujian.
A.
attractions
B.
expressions
C.
instructions
D.
attentions
19.
What
was
Jeff's
____
to
the
news
that
he
was
chosen
to
be
chairman
of
the
students'
union?
A.
reaction
B.
impression
C.
permission
D.
conclusion
20.
Some
countries
are
increasing
their
use
of
natural
gas,
and
other
forms
of
.
A.
source
B.
energy
C.
power
D.
material
21.
We
have
many
animals
on
the
farm,
including
three____________
and
six____________
.
A.
sheeps;
chickens
B.
sheeps;
chicken
C.
sheep;
chickens
D.
sheep;
chicken
22.
Her_____
for
writing
was
a
desire
for
women
to
get
the
right
to
higher
education.
A.
motivation
B.
qualification
C.
talent
D.
technique
23.
He
gave
him
a
new
name
to
hide
his
_______
when
he
went
to
carry
out
the
secret
task.
A.
emotion
B.
talent
C.
identity
D.
devotion
24.
Some
of
the
language
used
on
the
Internet
is
different
from
that
used
in
other
forms
of
____________________.
A.
communication
B.
exchange
C.
literature
D.
transport
25.
He
tried
to
avoid
making
mistakes,
but
the
added
pressure
caused
him
to
make
more
than
his
usual .
A.
size
B.
space
C.
share
D.
state
26.
He
doesn’t
like
having
for
supper.
A.
chick
B.
chicken
C.
chickens
D.
chicks
27.
One
day
Mary’s
mother
told
her
best
friend
of
all
her
.
A.
hope
and
fear
B.
hope
and
fears
C.
hopes
and
fears
D.
hopes
and
fear
28.
—Can
I
help
you,
sir?
—Yes,
what’s
the
price
of
the
apple?
—Ninety-seven
_______
per
kilogram.
A.
pences
B.
pence
C.
penny
D.
pennys
29.
Coming
on
as
a
______
for
a
regular
player,
Jones
scored
four
crucial
goals
for
his
team.
A.
symbol
B.
sacrifice
C.
superior
D.
substitute
30.
You
can
read
about
other
countries,
but
there’s
no
_____
for
visiting
them
yourself.
A.
compensation
B.
criterion
C.
sacrifice
D.
substitute
31.
This
article
gives
us
a
real
_____
into
the
causes
of
the
present
crisis
in
the
world.
A.
enquiry
B.
admission
C.
insight
D.
division
32.
Promoting
the
______of
energy
and
carbon
footprint
reduction
is
an
essential
part
of
building
an
ecological
civilization.
A.
consumption
B.
conservation
C.
constitution
D.
construction
33.
The
company
is
running
out
of
its
fund__________and
may
soon
be
unable
to
pay
its
bills.
A.
reserves
B.
sources
C.
incomes
D.
collections
34.
Children
have
a
natural
_________about
the
world
around
them
and
they
tend
to
keep
asking
questions
about
it.
A.
phenomenon
B.
atmosphere
C.
appreciation
D.
curiosity
35.
I'm
never
going
to
guess
the
answer
if
you
don't
give
me
a
_______.
A.
relief
B.
clue
C.
route
D.
preview
36.
Most
schools
nowadays
prefer
to
use
continuous_________,
because
it
gives
a
fairer
picture
of
how
the
student
has
done
during
the
whole
year.
A.
arrangement
B.
assessment
C.
argument
D.
approach
37.
Most
passengers
like
sitting
in
the
front
of
a
bus
to
have
a
better
view.
What's
more,
they
believe
it's
less
likely
that
_______will
happen.
A.
car-accident
B.
car-sickness
C.
car-trouble
D.
car-crash
38.
Our
aim
is
to
help
him,
not
to
stand
by
and
pass___________on
what
he
has
done.
A.
appreciation
B.
judgment
C.
approval
D.
response
39.
Recently
there
has
been
a
in
young
people
toward
watching
professional
video
games.
A.
trend
B.
routine
C.
reaction
D.
motivation
40.
The
study
of
a
modern
language
has
a
unique
______
to
make
to
the
development
of
cultural
awareness.
A.
influence
B.
connection
C.
contribution
D.
devotion
41.
The
composition
seems
imperfect
but
you
should
make_________
for
the
fact
that
the
author
is
only
seven.
A.
appointments.
B.
assumptions.
C.
allowances.
D.
arrangements
42.
Don’t
say
any
more,
we
all
believe
the
facts
more
than
your
words.
What
you
have
explained
doesn’t
make
.
A.
sense
B.
fun
C.
use
D.
meaning
43.
These
motorized
bikes
are
highly
effective
for
city
traffic
as
you
will
never
run
out
of
______
to
park.
A.
options
B.
patience
C.
resources
D.
universe
44.
The
punishment
a
criminal
deserves
should
be
in
proportion
to
the______of
the
offence.
A.
gravity
B.
division
C.
analysis
D.
composition
45.
There’s
a
____between
Japan
and
IOC
that
2020
Tokyo
Olympic
Games
will
be
postponed
by
one
year.
A.
criterion
B.
coincidence
C.
consensus
D.
conflict
参考答案
1.
C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：据说，当你感到孤独时，只要你愿意，狗就会一直陪伴着你。A.
companion同伴；B.
colleague同事；C.
company陪伴；D.
relation联系，关联。根据空后“when
you
are
feeling
lonely”可知，此处指“狗会陪伴你”，keep
sb.
company意为“陪伴某人”。故选C。
2.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我听说在那个国家，当一个孩子满15岁时，举行一个盛大的聚会庆祝是一种常见的做法。A.
practice惯例；B.
method方法；C.
evidence证据；D.
effects影响。根据句意可知，此处表明当一个孩子满15岁时，举行一个盛大的聚会庆祝是一种常见做法，common
practice意为“惯例”，符合句意。故选A项。
3.
D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：——我的病怎么样了，医生？——不严重。按照说明服用这种药，你很快就会好起来的。A.
introductions介绍；B.
explanations解释；C.
suggestions建议；D.
instructions说明，说明书。根据上文“Take
this
medicine
according
to
the”指按照说明书服药，应用instructions。故选D。
4.
D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在社会的各个方面，都有许多英雄献身于他们的工作。所以他们应该得到他们应得的荣誉。A.award奖;
B.ceremony仪式；
C.price价格；
D.credit荣誉。根据“
there
are
many
heroes
dedicated
to
their
work.
”可知，英雄们应该得到他们应得的荣誉。故选D项。
5.
B
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意感恩节让我们有机会向家人、朋友，甚至是陌生人表达感激之情。A.
satisfaction满足，满意；B.
appreciation感激，欣赏；C.
reputation名声；D.
cooperation合作。根据句意和常识可知，感恩节的主题就是向他人表达感激之情。故选B项。
6.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：动力越强，一个人学习新技能的速度就越快。换句话说，这取决于他是否对此感兴趣。根据“
he
has
an
interest
in
it”可知，动力越强，一个人学习新技能的速度就越快。故选A项。
7.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：新法律对成人和儿童一视同仁，所以每个人都被平等对待。A.distinction区别，差别；B.comparison比照，对比；C.assumption假定，设想；D.division分配。由语意可知，每个人都被平等对待，说明新法律对成人和儿童一视同仁。故选A项。
8.
D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：——你确定我的薪水时，会把我以前的工作经验考虑进去吗？——当然。对于高级职位我们总是这样做的。A.
mind思维；B.
thought想法；C.
reference参考；D.
account描述，账户。根据句意及常识可知，此处是固定短语take…into
account“将……考虑在内”，意为“将我以前的工作经验考虑在内”。故选D。
9.
D
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：环保人士表示，野山羊出现在广阔的草原上，是环境改善的良好迹象。A.accommodation住处，膳宿；B.absence缺席；C.attendance出席；D.appearance出现。根据“a
good
indication
of
the
better
environment”可知，此处是指野山羊出现在广阔的草原上。故选D。
10.
B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：你最好按时还贷，因为逾期还款可能影响你的信誉。condition状况；credit信誉；income收入；status地位。根据常识可知，逾期还款影响信誉。故选B。
11.
B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：——我觉得我不能接受她的话。——但是她的评论是客观公平的。A.
content内容；B.
comment评论；C.
contact联系；D.
concern关心。由“I
don't
feel
I
can
accept
her
words.”可知，此句中想表达她的评论是公平的。故选B项。
12.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这次旅行的目的是让孩子们亲身体验乡村生活。A.
taste体验；B.
reach到达；C.
touch接触；D.
load负荷。根据“the
countryside
first-hand.”可知，让孩子亲身体验乡村生活。故选A。
13.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：老干妈是一种颇受欢迎的辣椒酱，它以相对低廉的价格提供高质量的产品，从而建立了自己的声誉。A.
reputation声誉，名誉；B.
campaign活动；C.
appetite胃口；D.
occupation职业。根据“by
providing
high-quality
products
at
a
relatively
low
price.”可知，通过相对低廉的价格提供高质量的产品，建立了声誉。故选A。
14.
B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：不管怎样，我们最后都会输，但比赛的目的不是为了赢而是为了参与。A.
honour荣誉；B.
point目的、重点；C.
term术语；D.
favour赞同。由下文的“not
to
win
but
to
participate”可知此处指的是“比赛的目的（point）”。故选B项。
15.
C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对教学的奉献精神给我们留下了深刻的印象。A.
consideration考虑；B.
celebration庆祝；C.
devotion奉献；D.
description描述。根据句意可知，此处为短语devotion
to...，表示“对……的奉献，忠诚”。故选C。
16.
B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：——你觉得我应该戴帽子去派对吗?——这完全取决于你自己的喜好。A.personality个性；
B.preference
偏爱；喜爱；C.convenience方便；
D.selection选择。根据句意，此处指的是根据个人的偏爱。故选B。
17.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：人们对克隆的态度因国而异。A.
attitude态度；B.
advantage优势；C.
pride骄傲；D.
part部分。根据空后?“to
cloning”可知，空处需用名词attitude，attitude
to…对……态度，固定搭配。故选A。
18.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：——你去过武夷山吗？——是的。它是福建最著名的景点之一。A.
attractions景点；B.
expressions表达，表情；C.
instructions指导，指示；D.
attentions注意。根据“Mount
Wuyi”可知，此处指的是景点。故选A。
19.
A
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：杰夫得到被选为学生会主席的消息时是什么反应?
A.
reaction反应；B.
impression印象；C.
permission许可；D.
conclusion结论。固定短语：react
to“作出反应”，此处Jeff's
是名词所有格，修饰名词。故选A。
20.
B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些国家正在增加使用天然气和其他形式的能源。A.
source（信息）来源；B.
energy能源；C.
power力量，权力；D.
material材料。根据句意和句中“natural
gas”可知，天然气是一种“能源”，因此句中指的是其他形式的“能源”，energy意为“能源”，名词词性，符合句意。故选B项。
21.
C
【解析】考查名词单复数。句意：我们农场上有很多动物，其中包括三只羊和六只鸡。sheep意为“羊”，单复数同形；chicken含义为“小鸡，鸡肉”，作“小鸡”讲时为可教名词；作“鸡肉”讲时为不可数名词。根据animals可知这里指的是动物。故选C项。
22.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:她写作的动力源自为女性获得更高教育的权利。A.
motivation动力，激励；B.
qualification
资格；C
.talent才能，天赋；D.
technique
技巧。故根据a
desire
for
women
to
get
the
right
to
higher
education.可知，她写作的动力源自为女性获得更高教育的权利。故选A。
23.
C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：当他去执行秘密任务时，他给了他一个新名字来隐藏他的身份。A.
emotion情感；B.
talent才能；C.
identity身份；D.
devotion奉献。结合上文He
gave
him
a
new
name
to
hide
his可知给新名字是为了隐藏身份的。故选C。
24.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：互联网上使用的一些语言不同于其他形式的交流。A.
communication交流；B.
exchange交换；C.
literature文学；D.
transport运输。由Some
of
the
language
used
on
the
Internet
可知，此处指互联网上的语言交流方式，它与其他形式的交流不一样，communication符合句意。故选A项。
25.
C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他试图避免犯错误，但压力的增加使他比平时犯了更多的（错误）。A.
size尺寸；B.
space空间；C.
share（参与、得到等的）份；D.
state国家、状态。由句意可知，很明显，这里说的是，增加的压力使他犯的错误比平时犯错误的（份）量要多，share符合句意。故选C项。
26.
B
【解析】考查名词。句意：他不喜欢在晚饭时吃鸡肉。分析句子的语意需要可知，此处需要填入表示“鸡肉”的单词，即chicken，它是不可数名词，不能变复数。而chick尤指“雏鸡，小鸡”，它不符合句意的需要。故选B。
27.
C
【解析】考查名词的数。句意：有一天，玛丽的母亲把她所有的希望和恐惧告诉了她最好的朋友。hope和fear在这里是抽象名词具体化，hope（强烈的愿望）和fear（恐惧的事），是可数名词，前面有all修饰，应用名词复数。故选C项。
28.
B
【解析】考查名词的数。句意：——先生，需要我帮忙吗？——是的，苹果的价格是多少？——每公斤九十七便士。?penny当作便士的“个数”
解时，复数为
pennies；penny当作便士的“价值”解时，复数为
pence，常与数词搭配来表示钱数/金额，此处指金额“九十七便士”，应用pence。故选B项。
29.
D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:作为一个替补队员上场，琼斯为他的队打进四个制胜的球。A.symbol象征，标志；代表性的人(物)；B.sacrifice牺牲；献祭，祭品；C.superior更好的；上级的；上级，上司；D.substitute代替者；(尤指)替补队员；代课老师；代替物，替代品。分析句子，划线后提到了“for
a
regular
player(为固定球员）”，可知Jones是一个替补队员。故选D项。
30.
D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：你可以读一下关于其他国家的读物，但是没有什么可以成为你亲自去参观它们的替代品。A.
compensation弥补；B.
criterion标准；C.
sacrifice牺牲；D.
substitute替代品。根据句意可知，此处用“替代品”符合语境。故选D项。
31.
C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这篇文章使我们对当前世界危机的原因有了真正的了解。A.
enquiry询问；B.
admission承认；C.
insight了解；D.
division分开。分析句意可知，这篇文章使我们了解了世界危机的原因。故选C项。
32.
B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：提升能源保护和减少碳足迹是建设生态文明的重要组成部分。A.
consumption消费；B.
conservation保护；避免浪费；C.
constitution建立；组成；D.
construction建筑；建造。根据下文的building
an
ecological
civilization可知，能源保护是生态文化的一部分，故选B。
33.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：该公司的资金储备已经用完，可能很快就无法支付账单。A.
reserves储备；B.
sources来源；C.
incomes收入；D.
collections收集。由下一句may
soon
be
unable
to
pay
its
bills可知，是资金储备用完了，可能才无法支付账单。故选A项。
34.
D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：孩子们对周围的世界有着天然的好奇心，并且他们倾向于一直问关于它的问题。A.
phenomenon现象；B.
atmosphere氛围；C.
appreciation欣赏；D.
curiosity好奇心。根据they
tend
to
keep
asking
questions
about
it.可知此处用“好奇心”符合语境，故选D项。
35.
B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你不给我提示，我绝对猜不到答案。A.
relief
释放；B.
clue
提示、线索；C.
route
路线；D.
preview预演。根据语境，空白处表示“提示”，give
a
clue意为“给提示”，呼应guess
the
answer。故选B。
36.
B
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：现在大多数学校更喜欢采用连续评估，因为这样能更公平地反映学生一年来的表现。A.
arrangement
安排；B.
assessment
评估；C.
argument争论;
争辨；D.
approach方法。根据后面的“这样能更公平地反映学生一年来的表现”，可知，此处应是对学生进行连续的评估（assessment），故选B。
37.
B
【解析】考查名词短语词义辨析。句意：大多数乘客喜欢坐在公共汽车的前部，以便看得更清楚。更重要的是，他们认为这是不太可能发生晕车的。A.
car-accident车祸；B.
car-sickness
晕车；C.
car-trouble
汽车故障；D.
car-crash车祸；汽车碰撞。分析句子，从句前提到乘客喜欢坐汽车前部是为了看清楚。同时因为发生“晕车”可能性较小。故选B项。
38.
B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们的目的是帮助他，而不是袖手旁观，还对他所做的一切作出判断。A.
appreciation欣赏；B.
judgment评价、判断；C.
approval同意；D.
response回复。由句意可知，此处指不要袖手旁观，还对他所做的一切作出判断，judgment符合句意。故选B项。
39.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近，在年轻人当中有一种观看专业选手游戏比赛录像的（流行）趋势。A.
trend趋势，趋向；B.
routine路线；C.
reaction反应，感应；D.
motivation动力，动机，积极性。在年轻人中间（in
young
people）出现的看游戏录像，是一种新流行的趋势，故选A。
40.
C
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：现代语言的研究对促进文化意识的发展有独特的贡献。A.
influence影响；B.
connection连接；C.
contribution贡献；D.
devotion
奉献。have
a
contribution
to
…，对……有贡献，这里指现代语言的研究对文化意识的发展有贡献，故选C。
41.
C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这篇作文似乎有瑕疵但是你应该考虑到作者只有7岁的事实。A.
appointments
约定；
B.
assumptions
假定，设想；
C.
allowances
允许，津贴；
D.
arrangements
安排，准备。make
allowances
for是固定搭配，表示考虑到，体谅，符合语境表达。故选C。
42.
A
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。解题步骤：1.确定各项意思：A.
sense感觉；意义；B.
fun乐趣；C.
use使用；用处；D.
meaning意思。
2.确定答案：根据空前动词make可知，所选名词应与其构成固定结构。前文“Don’t
say
any
more,
we
all
believe
the
facts
more
than
your
words.(
我们都相信事实胜于你的话。)”可知，说话人相信事实，认为对方所说的话是没有意义的。make
sense，固定结构，意为“有意义；讲得通；言之有理”符合语境。句意：你别再说了，我们都相信事实胜于你的话。你所解释的毫无意义。故选A项。
43.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些电动车在城市交通中非常高效，因为你永远不会没有停车的选择。A.
options选择；B.
patience耐心；C.
resources资源；D.
universe宇宙。根据句意可知，此处是指提供给电动车停车的选择很多，故选A项。
44.
A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：罪犯应受到的惩罚应与罪行的严重程度相称。A.
gravity严重性；B.
division分割；C.
analysis分析；D.
composition构成。由句意可知，罪犯应受到的惩罚应与罪行的严重性相称，in
proportion
to（与……相称）。故选A项。
45.
C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：日本和国际奥委会有一个共识，2020东京奥运会会被推迟一年。选项A译为“标准、准则”；选项B译为“巧合、同时发生”；选项C译为“共识、一致”；选项D译为“冲突”。根据“2020
Tokyo
Olympic
Games
will
be
postponed
by
one
year.”可知，日本和国际奥委会就推迟2020东京奥运会达成共识。故选C项。
