2022届高考英语二轮复习：阅读理解技巧指导学案（含答案）

阅读理解干扰项中常见的九大逻辑错误
思维品质，是高考阅读理解考查的重点。因此，“逻辑混乱”常常是命题者设置干扰项的重要手段。在阅读训练中，要警惕一些“诡辩”，有些表达乍看上去似乎很煽情，也有道理，但实则存在思维漏洞。做错了一道阅读理解题，最好的订正方法是，追根溯源，从逻辑这个根源上去分析我们的思维漏洞。
我们先试一试下面的几个小题，说说它们在逻辑推理上存在什么问题？
逻辑推理：
If
Jack
is
running,
then
she
is
moving.
Jack
is
not
running.
Therefore,
he
is
not
moving.?
Several
Nazis
were
members
of
the
Kaiser
Club.
Hans
was
a
member
of
the
Kaiser
Club.
Therefore,
Hans
was
a
Nazi.
Fans
make
a
lot
of
noise.
Madame
Butterfly
was
using
her
fan.
Therefore,
she
was
making
a
lot
of
noise.
Loving
one’s
neighbour
is
a
mark
of
altrusim
(利他主义).
Jack
was
a
great
lover.
It
follows
that
he
was
an
altruist.
All
the
people
at
the
table
had
their
heads
shaved.
Jack
was
at
the
table.
Therefore,
Jack
had
his
head
shaved.
Professor
A
says
Jack’s
plan
is
good.
Professor
B
says
Jack’s
plan
is
good.
Professor
C
says
Jack’s
plan
is
good.
Therefore,
Jack’s
plan
is
good.?
阅读理解干扰项中常见的九种逻辑错误
错误类型
实例
1.把相关性当成因果性。
阅读训练中有这样一个案例：在某个小镇上，当冰淇淋的销量越高，犯罪率就越高。这两件事情有相关性，但是并不代表着冰淇淋的销量高，是导致犯罪率上升的原因。事实上是由于冰淇淋销量高的时候往往是夏天，天气热，因此居民大多开着窗，因此入室盗窃作案的情况就有了显著上升……。总而言之，因果性（causality）会导致相关性（correlation），反之则不成立。
2.滥用专家意见
专家是某个特定领域的权威。在论证中，去向相关领域的专家请教是合情合理的做法。但是在向专家请教时，一定要保持警惕。我们来看以下论证:史密斯教授说项目A很好。琼斯教授说项目A很好。约翰教授说项目A很好。所以，我们应该接受项目
A。让我们假设这三个教授都是项目
A
相关领域内真正的专家。可是我们更深入地来想一下，没有任何一个教授告诉我们为什么他会认为项目A是好的。教授们没有论证。这个项目会被接受仅仅是因为他们这么说。但是，占据主导地位的应该是论证本身，而不是专家的话。?
3.偷梁换柱。
干扰项与原文高度相似，命题者在不易引人注意的地方换了一两个词汇造成句意的改变；或者把一个事物的特征说成是另一个事物的特征；或者把他人的观点说成是作者的观点。这类干扰项的特点就是“张冠李戴”。A
common
sight
is
that
of
old
Persian
men
sitting
in
the
corner
talking
loudly
about
world
topics,
watching
news
events
on
TV,
drinking
a
black
tea
known
as
Persian
chai,
and
reading
local
Persian
newspapers
all
the
while
trying
to
finish
off
their
plates
piled
with
food.57.
What
activity
is
also
mentioned
apart
from
dining
in
the
restaurant?A.
Watching
news
events
on
TV.B.
Drinking
a
kind
of
black
coffee.C.
Reading
local
English
newspapers.D.
Discussing
world
topics
in
low
voices.
4.以先后论因果
我们这里所要讨论的这种谬误，从拉丁语直接翻译过来就是“发生在其后，故因其所致”。这种谬误源自粗心。在因果关系中，原因总是先于结果发生，所以大家会有“发生在结果之前的就是原因”的错觉。比如，一个具有哲学思想倾向的原始人，有一天突然注意到，鸟儿总是在太阳升起之前歌唱。由此，他高兴地得出结论：是鸟儿的歌唱导致了每天都有日出。他犯的就是以先后论因果谬误。?
5.以偏概全。
把文章中的事实和细节当主旨，把片面的、次要的观点当成主要观点。在猜测文章或段落大意、标题以及释义题中，干扰项总是以偏概全，具体表现为:?其一，把文章中的次要观点、细节混进体现文章主要观点、中心思想的选项；其二，把超过文章讨论的东西亦作为归纳或结论混进选项；其三，把段落的主旨当作文章的主旨（The
Red
Herring）。There
is
no
necessary
connection
between
the
symbol
and
that
which
it
stands
for.
Just
as
social
positions
can
be
symbolized
by
feathers
worn
on
the
head,
by
gold
on
the
watch
chain,
or
by
a
thousand
other
things
according
to
the
culture
we
live
in,
so
the
fact
of
being
hungry
can
be
symbolized
by
a
thousand
different
noises
according
to
the
culture
we
live
in.What
can
we
conclude
from
Paragraph
2?A.
Different
noise
may
mean
different
things.B.
Our
culture
determines
what
a
symbol
stands
for.C.
The
language
we
use
symbolizes
our
social
positions.D.
Our
social
positions
determine
the
way
we
are
dressed.
6.错误分类
人类天生是分类性动物。我们将一个事物放入某个和它有某种共同点的一个大类中，以此来加深对事物的了解。对事物进行错误的分类，例如把苹果当成橙子，可能会带来严重的后果。将事物归入错误的类别是因为我们最开始就没有正确认识它们，而没有正确认识的原因是我们散漫的态度。
7.民主谬误
在一个社会中，大多数人对某个特定的事物秉持同一种观点是个有趣的心理学现象，但是没有将事物的真实与否考虑进去。大多数也不绝对代表着正确。民主谬误是说，如果大多数人都认为命题X是正确的，那么我们可以就此得出结论说X是正确的。如果社会上大多数人认为白就是黑，黑就是白，这个社会就是黑白不分的。?中世纪大多数人认为地面是平的。所以，地球是平的。这就是一个民主谬误。民主谬误的危害性在于，很少有人能站到它的对立面，因为人本能地追求社会认同，会屈从于大多数。然而，社会的进步往往就是从打破民主谬误开始的。
8.对人不对事
比如：网络上的键盘侠，就是“对人不对事”的代表型人物，凭感觉下定论，只要是他们喜欢的明星，做什么都是对的。重申一下论证中的一个重要原则：在论证中，我们要关注的是论证本身，而不是做出论证的人。如果一个人忽略论证本身而故意去攻击论证者，那么他就违反了这个原则。所谓的对人不对事，就是在与他人辩论时（比如美国的总统大选），通过向公众传达关于对手的与论证无关的信息，例如生活中的负面信息，以此来达到击败对手的目的。
9.负负得正
直观上，我们认为两个错误的命题可以得到一个正确的结论。事实上，两个错误带来的仍旧是两个错误的命题而已。我们所讨论的这个谬误，可以用如下最简单的方式表示：“It's
all
right
to
...
because
...
has
already
been
done.”?这个论证的推理有赖于如下假设：先例独立决定未来的行为。实际上先例不能为未来的行为提供有效的支持，“他们先做了，所以我们应该以牙还牙。”但是，如果他们所做的是错的，我们的行为就成了一种报复，双方都是错的也不能使这种行为立刻变成对的。
阅读理解技巧指导(1)—推理判断题
选项设置
正确选项设置特征：
1、符合原文主旨，含义深刻。2、不包含绝对化的词。3、来源于原文又高于原文。4、逻辑的推理、得出的结论符合作者意愿。
干扰选项设置特征：
1、只是重复文中的某个细节，与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动。2、包含绝对化的词语。3、符合常识，但和原文毫无关系。4、在文中找不到相关的信息而推出的结论。5、态度和观点与文章相矛盾。6、是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。7、部分正确，部分错误。
推理判断题类型
一、推断隐含意义
设题方式
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
text
that__________.
From
the
text
we
know
that
…is
most
likely__________.When
the
writer
talks
about
…,
what
the
writer
really
means
is__________.The
writer
suggests
that__________.
The
story
implies
that__________.We
can
infer
[conclude]
from
the
passage
that__________.Which
of
the
following
statements
does
the
passage
support？
With
which
of
the
following
does
the
author
agree？
[通常含有infer,
suggest,
imply,
conclude等标志性词语]
技巧点拨
1).
全面分析
2).
忠实原文
3).
不要选择表层信息
[例题1]
Did
you
ever
hear
a
strange
sound
coming
from
the
wall?
Did
it
sound
like
a
clock?
If
so,
it
may
have
been
made
by
a
beetle.
Long
ago
people
thought
the
ticking
meant
that
someone
was
about
to
die.
Thus
the
beetle
is
called
"the
deathwatch
beetle."
●
The
sound
of
this
beetle
________.A.
pleased
people.
B.
surprised
people.
C.
frightened
people.
D.
excited
people.
[答案：C]
[例题2]
It
is
fun
to
turn
over
a
big
rock
on
the
beach.
Make
sure
you
turn
the
rock
back
to
the
position
it
was
in
after
you
moved
it.
If
you
don’t
turn
it
back
over,
all
the
sea
animals
under
it
or
clinging
to（依附）the
underside
will
die.
●
You
can
tell
that
rocks
________.A.
hurt
sea
animals
B.
protect
sea
animals
C.
won’t
be
found
on
beaches
D.
can’t
be
found
on
beaches
[答案：B]
[例题3]
“And
she
has
had
fresh
flowers
in
her
hands
for
the
last
150
years.”
Karen
Biery
lives
in
Damascus,
about
five
miles
west
of
Hope
Cemetery.
She’s
written
a
book
based
on
the
legend
of
Goldie
Belle
Taylor
titled
Believe.
In
1886,
at
the
age
of
two,
young
Goldie
Belle
used
her
hands
to
sop
up
(抹去)
the
left
over
elderberry
juice
from
her
father’s
iron
kettle.
She
died
not
long
after
from
poisoning.
She
was
the
love
of
her
dad’s
life,
and
he
was
so
upset
that
he
sold
the
family
farm
to
buy
the
Italian
made
statue,
which
today
marks
her
grave.●
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
third
paragraph
__________.A.
her
father
was
poisonous
B.
the
iron
kettle
was
poisonousC.
elderberry
juice
was
poisonous
D.
it
was
her
father
that
hated
her
[答案C]
[例题4]
In
this
age
of
Internet
chat,
videogames
and
reality
television,
there
is
no
shortage
of
mindless
activities
to
keep
a
child
occupied.
Yet
despite
the
competition,
my
8-year-old
daughter
Rebecca
wants
to
spend
her
leisure
time
writing
short
stories.
She
wants
to
enter
one
of
her
stories
into
a
writing
contest,
a
competition
which
she
won
last
year.…●
What
do
we
learn
from
the
first
paragraph?A.
A
lot
of
amusements
compete
for
children’s
time
nowadays.B.
Children
have
lots
of
fun
doing
mindless
activities.C.
Rebecca
is
much
too
busy
to
enjoy
her
leisure
time.D.
Rebecca
draws
on
a
lot
of
online
materials
for
her
writing.
[答案A]
[例题5]
I
had
just
spent
weeks
correcting
her
stories
as
she
spontaneously
(自发地)
told
them.
Telling
myself
that
I
was
merely
an
experienced
writer
guiding
the
young
writer
across
the
hall,
I
offered
suggestions
for
characters,
conflicts
and
endings
for
her
tales.
The
story
about
a
fearful
angel
starting
first
grade
was
quickly
“guided”
by
me
into
the
tale
of
a
little
girl
with
a
wild
imagination
taking
her
first
music
lesson.
I
had
turned
her
contest
into
my
contest
without
even
realizing
it.●
The
author
took
great
pains
to
improve
her
daughter’s
stories
because
_______.A
.
she
wanted
to
help
Rebecca
realize
her
dreams
of
becoming
a
writerB.
she
was
afraid
Rebecca’s
imagination
might
run
wild
while
writingC.
she
did
not
want
to
disappoint
Rebecca
who
needed
her
help
so
muchD.
she
believed
she
had
the
knowledge
and
experience
to
offer
guidance
[答案D]
二、推断作者观点或态度
设题方式
The
writer’s
attitude
toward…
is______.
The
writer
thought
that______.According
to
the
author
______.
技巧点拨
注意作者表达感彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。
[例题6]
Just
as
crying
can
be
healthy,
not
crying—holding
back
tears
of
anger,
pain
or
suffering—can
be
bad
for
physical(身体的)
health.
Studies
have
shown
that
too
much
control
of
emotions
can
lead
to
high
blood
pressure,
heart
problems
and
some
other
illnesses.
If
you
have
a
health
problem,
doctors
will
certainly
not
ask
you
to
cry.
But
when
you
feel
like
crying,
don’t
fight
it.
It’s
a
natural—and
healthy—emotional
response(反应).
●
According
to
the
author,
which
of
the
following
statements
is
true?A.
Crying
is
the
best
way
to
get
help
from
others.B.
Fighting
back
tears
may
cause
some
health
problems.C.
We
will
never
know
our
deep
feelings
unless
we
cry.D.
We
must
cry
if
we
want
to
reduce
pressure.
[答案：B]
[例题7]
Why
isn’t
your
newspaper
reporting
any
good
news？All
I
read
about
is
murder,
bribery(行贿)，and
death.
Frankly，I’m
sick
of
all
the
bad
news.●
This
author’s
attitude
towards
the
newspaper
reporting
is
to
_____.A.
complain
B.
apologize
C.
amuse
D.
inform
[答案：A]
[表示作者态度的词汇汇总]
一、积极/肯定
positive
adj.肯定的,积极的,
确实的
favorable
adj.赞成的,
有利的approval
n.
赞成,
承认,
正式批准supportive
adj.支持的，支援的
enthusiastic热情的/enthusiasm
n.狂热,
热心,
积极性
defensive
为……而辩护，防卫的practical
adj.
实际的logical
符合逻辑的reasonable
合理的
rational
理性的warmhearted热心的active
主动的，积极的optimistic
adj.乐观的confident
adj.自信的,
确信的impressive
adj.给人深刻印象的,
感人的
respective
/respectful尊敬的persuasive
令人信服的，有说服力的convinced
信服的
/
convincing
令人信服的
二、消极/否定
negative
adj.否定的,
消极的,
负的,
阴性的
disapproval
不赞成/
disapproving
反对的
objection
异议，反对/
objective
反对的
opposition
反对
critical
批评的
/
criticism
批评,批判
impractical　不实际的illogical
adj.
不合逻辑的irrelevant
不相关的radical
adj.激进的biased
有偏见的
prejudiced?
有成见的；偏颇的conservative
adj.
保守的ironic讽刺的unfavorable不支持的
passive
被动的，消极的negative
消极的
pessimistic
悲观的
depressed
消沉的，压抑的，抑郁的frustrated
失意的，挫败的disappointed
失望的/disappointing令人失望的gloomy
adj.黑暗的,
阴沉的,
阴郁的indifferent
漠不关心的
unconcerned
不关心的blue
忧郁的disgusted
厌恶的discouraging
令人沮丧的uncaring
冷漠的，无同情心的
三、怀疑
suspicion
n.猜疑,怀疑
/suspicious
adj.可疑的,
怀疑的
doubt
怀疑
/
doubtful
adj.可疑的,
不确的,
疑心的puzzling
/
puzzled
adj.使迷惑的,
使莫明其妙的
confused
困惑的skeptical
怀疑的
四、客观
objective
adj.客观的
neutral
adj.中立的
impartial
adj.公平的,
不偏不倚的
impersonal
adj.
不带个人色彩的
unbiased
adj.没有偏见的
unprejudiced
adj.公平的,
无偏见的factual
adj.事实的,
实际的,根据事实的
五、主观
subjective
adj.主观的,
个人的
tolerance
n.宽容，容忍
/tolerant
宽容的
/
intolerablesensitive
敏感[锐]的,易受伤害的
scared
adj.恐惧的
/
scary
可怕的reserved
adj.保留的,
包租的
moderate
adj.中等的,
适度的,
适中的v.缓和
mild
adj.温和的,
温柔的,
淡味的,
适度的
amazed
adj.吃惊的,
惊奇的
amused
可笑的concerned
adj.关心的,
有关的
humorous
幽默的fascinated
迷人的
curious
好奇的unforgiving
不可饶恕的pitiful
可怜的，令人同情的stressful
有压力的merciful
仁慈的
mercy
仁慈innocent
无辜的，无罪的sociable
好交际的，友善的cautious
小心的，谨慎的changeable
易变的
?ambiguous模棱两可的
unexpected
意想不到的particular
挑剔的
三、推断写作目的
设题方式
(1)
考查整篇文章的写作目的A.
The
writer’s
purpose
of
writing
this
passage
is
to
_____.B.
What
is
the
purpose
of
writing
this
article?C.
In
writing
the
passage,
the
author
intends
to
_____.(2)
考查某处细节的写作意图A.
The
writer
uses
the
example
of…to
show
that
_____.B.
The
writer
uses
the
two
questions
at
the
beginning
of
the
passage
to
_____.C.
…are
mentioned
in
the
first
paragraph
to
_____.
写作目的归纳
不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的,
但写作目的通常有以下三种：(1)
to
entertain
readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑）
常见于故事类的文章。to
make
people
laugh;
to
tell
an
interesting
experience(2)
to
persuade
readers（说服读者接受某种观点）常见于广告类的文章。to
sell
a
product
or
a
service;
to
attract
more
visitors
/
readers
/
audience(3)
to
inform
readers（告知读者某些信息）多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章.
[例题8]
“Have
you
ever
been
out
on
a
boat
and
felt
it
lifted
up
by
a
wave?
Or
have
you
jumped
in
the
water
and
felt
the
rush
of
energy
as
waves
came
over
you?”
asked
Jamie
Taylor
of
the
Wave
Energy
Group
at
the
University
of
Edinburgh.
“There
is
certainly
a
lot
of
energy
in
waves,”
he
said.
●
The
writer
uses
the
two
questions
at
the
beginning
of
the
passage
to
______.
A.
test
the
readers’
knowledge
about
waves
B.
draw
the
readers’
attention
to
the
topic
C.
show
Jamie
Taylor’s
importance
D.
invite
the
readers
to
answer
them
[答案：B]实例来导入，介绍文章的主题，引起读者的兴趣
[例题9]
A
young
man
from
a
village
called
Nawalapitiya
married
a
young
woman
from
Maliyuwa,
a
nearby
village.
They
lived
with
the
man's
big
family-his
parents,
his
brothers,
their
wives
and
children.
The
family
kept
an
elephant,
in
which
the
young
woman
soon
took
a
great
interest.
Every
day
she
fed
it
with
fruit
and
sugar.
Three
months
later
the
woman
went
back
to
her
parents'
home,
having
quarreled
with
her
husband.
Soon
the
elephant
refused
to
eat
or
work.
It
appeared
to
be
ill
and
heart-broken.
One
morning
after
several
weeks
the
animal
disappeared
from
the
house.
It
went
to
the
woman‘s
home.
On
seeing
her,
the
elephant
waved
its
trunk
and
touched
her
with
it.
The
young
woman
was
so
moved
by
the
act
of
the
animal
that
she
returned
to
her
husband’s
home.
●
The
writer
wrote
the
story
in
order
to________.
A.
show
that
elephants
are
very
clever
B.
tell
how
a
woman
trained
a
wild
animal
C.
show
that
women
care
more
for
animals
than
men
do
D.
tell
how
an
animal
reunited
a
husband
and
wife
[答案：D]
排除法会犯
“以偏概全”的错误，以文章中的部分事实或观点来代替全文的主旨大意
四、推断文章出处
设题方式
The
passage
is
most
likely
to
be
taken
from______.Where
would
this
passage
most
probably
appear?The
passage
is
most
likely
a
part
of
___.
解题技巧
这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：(1)
报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称
(2)
广告：因其格式特殊，容易辨认
(3)
产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。
[例题10]
Do
you
always
understand
the
directions
on
a
bottle
of
medicine?
Do
you
know
what
is
meant
by
“Take
only
as
directed?”
Read
the
following
directions
and
see
if
you
understand
them.
To
reduce
pain,
take
two
tablets(药片)
with
water,
followed
by
one
tablet
every
eight
hours,
as
required.
For
night-time
and
early
morning
relief
(缓解疼痛)
take
two
tablets
at
bedtime.
Do
not
take
more
than
six
tablets
in
twenty-four
hours.For
children
six
to
twelve
years
old,
give
half
the
amount
(量).
For
children
under
six
years
old,
ask
your
doctor’s
advice.
Reduce
the
amount
if
you
suffer
from
restlessness
or
sleeplessness
after
taking
the
medicine.●This
text
is
most
probably
taken
from
a
______.
（2分钟）
A.
textbook
B.
newsreel
(新闻片)
C.
doctor’s
notebook
D.
bottle
of
medicine
[答案：A]
[例题11]
More
than
30,000
drivers
and
front
seat
passengers
are
killed
or
seriously
injured（受伤）each
year.
At
a
speed
of
only
30
miles
per
hour
it
is
the
same
as
falling
from
a
third
floor
window.
Wearing
a
seat
belt（安全带）saves
lives;
it
reduces
your
chance
of
death
or
serious
injury
by
more
than
half.
Therefore
drivers
or
front
seat
passengers
over
14
in
most
vehicles
must
wear
a
seat
belt.
If
you
do
not,
you
could
be
fined
up
to
$
50.
It
will
not
be
up
to
the
drivers
to
make
sure
you
wear
your
belt.
But
it
will
be
the
driver's
responsibility（责任）to
make
sure
that
children
under
14
do
not
ride
in
the
front
unless
they
are
wearing
seat
belt
of
some
kind.
However,
you
do
not
have
to
wear
a
seat
belt
if
you
are
reversing（倒退）your
vehicle
or
you
are
making
a
local
delivery（发送）or
collection
using
a
special
vehicle;
or
if
you
have
a
valid
medical
certificate
which
excuses
you
from
wearing
it.
Make
sure
these
circumstances（情形）apply
to
you
before
you
decide
not
to
wear
your
seat
belt.
Remember
you
may
be
taken
to
court
for
not
doing
so,
and
you
may
be
fined
if
you
cannot
prove
to
the
court
that
you
have
been
excused
from
wearing
it.
●This
text
is
taken
from
_____.
A.
a
medical
magazine
B.
a
police
report
C.
an
advertisement（广告）
D.
a
government
information
booklet（小册子）
[答案：B]
五、推断文脉逻辑关系
设题方式
1)推断上下文内容The
next
paragraph
would
most
probably
deal
with
_______The
paragraph
preceding
this
one
would
most
likely
discuss
______.2)推断篇章组织结构Which
of
the
following
best
shows
the
structure
of
the
passage?How
is
the
passage
organized?
解题技巧
推断上下文：1.根据作者的思路进行推理。2.关注第一段，特别是文段开始的几句话。推断组织结构：1.按段落的组织方法理解文章结构
2.按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章结构
[例题12]
When
early
humans
hunted
and
gathered
food,
they
were
not
in
control
of
their
environment.
They
could
only
interact
with
their
surroundings
as
lower
organisms
did.
When
humans
learned
to
make
fire,
however,
they
became
capable
of
altering
their
environment.
To
provide
themselves
with
fuel
they
stripped
bark
from
trees,
causing
the
trees
to
die.
Clearings
were
burned
in
forests
to
increase
the
growth
of
grass
and
to
provide
a
greater
grazing
area
for
the
wild
animals
that
humans
fed
upon.
This
development
led
to
farming
and
the
domestication
of
animals.
Fire
also
provided
the
means
for
cooking
plants
which
had
previously
been
inedible.
Only
when
the
process
of
meeting
the
basic
need
for
food
reached
a
certain
level
of
sophistication
was
it
possible
for
humans
to
follow
other
pursuits
such
as
the
founding
of
cities.
●The
paragraph
following
this
passage
would
most
likely
be
about
____________.
A.
fire
B.
hunting
C.
farming
D.
urbanization
（城市化）
[答案：D]
[例题13]
The
Diet
Zone:
A
Dangerous
Place
Diet
Coke,
diet
Pepsi,
diet
pills,
no-fat
diet,
vegetable
diet…
We
are
surrounded
by
the
word
“diet”
everywhere
we
look
and
listen.
We
have
so
easily
been
attracted
by
the
promise
and
potential
of
diet
products
that
we
have
stopped
thinking
about
what
diet
products
are
doing
to
us.
We
are
paying
for
products
that
harm
us
psychologically
and
physically（身体上）.
Diet
products
significantly
weaken
us
psychologically.
On
one
level,
we
are
not
allowing
our
brain
to
admit
that
our
weight
problems
lie
not
in
actually
losing
the
weight,
but
in
controlling
the
consumption
of
fatty,
high-calorie,
unhealthy
foods.
Diet
products
allow
us
to
jump
over
the
thinking
stage
and
go
straight
for
the
scale（秤）instead.
All
we
have
to
do
is
to
swallow
or
recognize
the
word
“diet”
in
food
labels.
On
another
level,
diet
products
have
greater
psychological
effects.
Every
time
we
have
a
zero-calorie
drink,
we
are
telling
ourselves
without
our
awareness
that
we
don’t
have
to
work
to
get
results.
Diet
products
make
people
believe
that
gain
comes
without
pain,
and
that
life
can
be
without
resistance
and
struggle.
The
danger
of
diet
products
lies
not
only
in
the
psychological
effects
they
have
on
us,
but
also
in
the
physical
harm
that
they
cause.
Diet
foods
can
indirectly
harm
our
bodies
because
consuming
them
instead
of
healthy
foods
means
we
are
preventing
our
bodies
from
having
basic
nutrients(营养成分).
Diet
foods
and
diet
pills
contain
zero
calorie
only
because
the
diet
industry
has
created
chemicals
to
produce
these
wonder
products.
Diet
products
may
not
be
nutritional,
and
the
chemical
that
go
into
diet
products
are
potentially
dangerous.
Now
that
we
are
aware
of
the
effects
that
diet
products
have
on
us,
it
is
time
to
seriously
think
about
buying
them.
Losing
weight
lies
in
the
power
of
minds,
not
in
the
power
of
chemicals.
Once
we
realize
this,
we
will
be
much
better
able
to
resist
diet
products,
and
therefore
prevent
the
psychological
harm
that
comes
from
using
them.75.
Which
of
the
following
shows
the
structure
of
the
passage?
[答案：B]
【总结】
1.
推断隐含意义,必须吃透相关文段的意思。
2.
推断作者的写作意图，应当关注主题句,同时把握文章的体裁也可以推断作者的写作目的。
3.
推断作者的观点，应当全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想。
4.
推断文脉逻辑，必须特别关注作者的思路和段落组织方法，推断下文要注意最后一段的内容,尤其是最后的两三句话。
阅读理解练习
A
People
believe
that
climbing
can
do
good
to
health.
Where
can
you
learn
the
skill
of
climbing
then?
If
you
think
that
you
have
to
go
to
the
mountains
to
learn
how
to
climb,
you’re
wrong.
Many
Americans
are
learning
to
climb
in
city
gyms(体育馆).
Here,
people
are
learning
on
special
climbing
walls.
The
climbing
wall
goes
straight
up
and
has
small
holding
places
for
hands
and
feet.
How
do
people
climb
the
wall?
To
climb，you
need
special
shoes
and
a
harness
(保护带)
around
your
chest
to
hold
you.
There
are
ropes(绳索)tied
to
your
harness.
The
ropes
hold
you
in
place
so
that
you
don’t
fall.
A
beginner’s
wall
is
usually
about
15
feet
high,
and
you
climb
straight
up.
There
are
small
pieces
of
metal
that
stick
out
for
you
to
stand
on
and
hold
on
to.
Sometimes
it’s
easy
to
see
the
next
piece
of
metal.
Sometimes,
it’s
not.
The
most
difficult
part
is
to
control
your
fear.
It’s
normal
for
humans
to
be
afraid
of
falling,
so
it’s
difficult
not
to
feel
fear.
But
when
you
move
away
from
the
wall,
the
harness
and
the
ropes
hold
you，and
you
begin
to
feel
safe.
You
move
slowly
until
you
reach
the
top.
Climbing
attracts
people
because
it’s
good
exercise
for
almost
everyone.
You
use
your
whole
body,
especially
your
arms
and
legs.
This
sport
gives
your
body
a
complete
work
out.
When
you
climb，both
your
mind
and
your
body
can
become
stronger.
1.
What
can
we
infer
from
the
passage?
A.
People
are
fairly
interested
in
climbing
nowadays.
B.
It
is
impossible
to
build
up
one’s
body
by
climbing.
C.
People
can
only
learn
the
skill
of
climbing
outdoors.
D.
It
is
always
easy
to
see
holding
places
in
climbing.
2.
The
most
difficult
thing
to
do
in
wall
climbing
is________.
A.
to
tie
ropes
to
your
harness
B.
to
control
your
fear
C.
to
move
away
from
the
wall
D.
to
climb
straight
up
3.
The
word
“workout”
underlined
in
the
last
paragraph
most
probably
means________.
A.
settlement　　　B.
exercise
C.
excitement
D.
tiredness
4.
Why
does
the
author
write
this
passage?
A.
To
tell
people
where
to
find
gyms.
B.
To
prove
the
basic
need
for
climbing.
C.
To
encourage
people
to
climb
mountains.
D.
To
introduce
the
sport
of
wall
climbing.
1.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。由本文第一段中“People
believe
that
climbing
can
do
good
to
health.Where
can
you
learn
the
skill
of
climbing
then”和第三段中“Climbing
attracts
people
because
it’s
good
exercise
for
almost
everyone.”可推断出答案。
2,【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“The
most
difficult
part
is
to
control
your
fear.”可以推断出应该控制一下恐惧心理。
3.【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。由文中最后一段最后一句“When
you
climb，both
your
mind
and
your
body
can
become
stronger.”可知，该词意为“锻炼”。
4.【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可以判断出作者主要介绍了wall
climbing这项运动。
B
A
year
ago
August,
Dave
Fuss
lost
his
job
driving
a
truck
for
a
small
company
in
west
Michigan.
His
wife,
Gerrie,
was
still
working
in
the
local
school
cafeteria,
but
work
for
Dave
was
scarce,
and
the
price
of
everything
was
rising.
The
Fusses
were
at
risk
of
joining
the
millions
of
Americans
who
have
lost
their
homes
in
recent
years.
Then
Dave
and
Gerrie
received
a
timely
gift
—
$
7,000,
a
legacy
(遗产)
from
their
neighbors
Ish
and
Arlene
Hatch,
who
died
in
an
accident.
“It
really
made
a
difference
when
we
were
going
under
financially，”
says
Dave.
But
the
Fusses
weren’t
the
only
folks
in
Alto
and
the
neighboring
town
of
Lowell
to
receive
unexpected
legacy
from
the
Hatches.
Dozens
of
other
families
were
touched
by
the
Hatches’
generosity.
In
some
cases,
it
was
a
few
thousand
dollars;
in
others,
it
was
more
than
$100,000.
It
surprised
nearly
everyone
that
the
Hatches
had
so
much
money,
more
than
$3
million
—
they
were
an
elderly
couple
who
lived
in
an
old
house
on
what
was
left
of
the
family
farm.
Children
of
the
Great
Depression,
Ish
and
Arlene
were
known
for
their
habit
of
saving.
They
thrived
on
(喜欢)
comparison
shopping
and
would
routinely
go
from
store
to
store，checking
prices
before
making
a
new
purchase.
Through
the
years,
the
Hatches
paid
for
local
children
to
attend
summer
camp
when
their
parents
couldn’t
afford
it.
“Ish
and
Arlene
never
asked
if
you
needed
anything，”
says
their
friend
Sandy
Van
Weelden,
“They
could
see
things
they
could
do
to
make
you
happier,
and
they
would
do
them.”
Even
more
extraordinary
was
that
the
Hatches
had
their
farmland
distributed.
It
was
the
Hatches’
wish
that
their
legacy
—
a
legacy
of
kindness
as
much
as
one
of
dollars
and
cents
—should
enrich
the
whole
community
(社区)
and
last
for
generations
to
come.
Neighbors
helping
neighbors
—
that
was
Ish
and
Arlene
Hatch’
s
story.
1．According
to
the
text,
the
Fusses
________.
A.
were
employed
by
a
truck
company
B.
were
in
financial
difficulty
C.
worked
in
a
school
cafeteria
D.
lost
their
home
2．Which
of
the
following
is
true
of
the
Hatches?
A.
They
had
their
children
during
the
Great
Depression.
B.
They
left
the
family
farm
to
live
in
an
old
house.
C.
They
gave
away
their
possessions
to
their
neighbors.
D.
They
helped
their
neighbors
to
find
jobs.
3．Why
would
the
Hatches
routinely
go
from
store
to
store?
A.
They
decided
to
open
a
store.
B.
They
wanted
to
save
money.
C.
They
couldn’t
afford
expensive
things.
D.
They
wanted
to
buy
gifts
for
local
kids.
4．According
to
Sandy
Van
Weelden,
the
Hatches
were________.
A.
understanding　　　　　B.
optimistic
C.
childlike
D.
curious
5．What
can
we
learn
from
the
text?
A.
The
community
of
Alto
was
poor.
B.
The
summer
camp
was
attractive
to
the
parents.
C.
Sandy
Van
Weelden
got
a
legacy
from
the
Hatches.
D.
The
Hatches
would
like
the
neighbors
to
follow
their
example.
1.【答案】B
【解析】事实细节题。从第一段前三句话可以看出，Fuss夫妇现在正处于经济困境中，所以B为正确答案。A、C项与文中有关细节不符，D项在文中没有信息支持。
2.【答案】C
【解析】事实细节题。第四段第一句话说Hatch夫妇是在大萧条时期出生的，而不是他们在大萧条时期有了孩子，排除A；第三段提到他们的老房子位于他们家的农场里，B错误；第二段提到他们帮助有困难的邻居们，但并未提及帮他们找工作，D错误。C项说他们把自己的财产捐赠给邻居，符合文意，故答案为C。
3.【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。第四段提到他们有节约的习惯，买东西之前喜欢一个商店一个商店地比较价格，显然是为了省钱，故答案为B。A，他们决定开个商店；C，他们买不起贵的东西；D，他们想给当地的孩子买礼物，都明显与文意不符。
4.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。从文章第五段Sandy
Van
Weelden的话中可知，the
Hatches从来不问你需要什么，而是能够发现你需要的东西，然后就来帮助你，这说明他们非常善解人意，故答案为A。B表示乐观的；C表示孩子气的，天真烂漫的；D表示好奇的，明显不符合文意。
5.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。A项错在这个地区很贫困，文章只是说这里有经济困难的人，并不是说这里是一个贫困地区；B项错在parents上；C项说Sandy
Van
Weelden得到了Hatches夫妇的一份遗产，文章只是提到他对他们的评价，并未说他得到遗产之事；从文章倒数第二段第二句话以及最后一段可以看出，Hatches夫妇的愿望就是他们的遗产能够为社区以及子孙后代造福，邻里之间能够互相帮助，故答案为D。
C
When
I
was
a
child,
I
often
dreamed
of
the
time
when
I
could
leave
home
and
escape
to
the
city.
We
lived
on
a
farm
and，in
the
winter
especially,
we
were
quite
cut
off
from
the
outside
world.
As
soon
as
I
left
school,
I
packed
my
bags
and
moved
to
the
capital.
However,
I
soon
discovered
that
city
life
has
its
problems
too.
One
big
disadvantage
is
money—it
costs
so
much
to
go
out，not
to
mention
basics
like
food
and
housing.
Another
disadvantage
is
pollution.
I
suffer
from
asthma
(哮喘),
and
at
times
the
air
is
so
bad
that
I
am
afraid
to
go
outside.
Then
there
is
the
problem
of
traveling
round.
Although
I
have
a
car,
I
seldom
use
it
because
of
the
traffic
jams.
One
choice
is
to
go
by
bicycle，but
that
can
be
quite
dangerous.
Of
course
there
are
advantages.
First,
there
is
so
much
to
do
in
the
city，whatever
your
tastes
in
culture
or
entertainment
(娱乐活动).
Besides,
there
are
wonderful
jobs
and
greater
chances
of
moving
to
a
more
important
job
or
position.
Finally，if
you
like
shopping,
the
variety
of
goods
is
very
surprising—and,
what
is
more,
shops
are
often
only
a
short
walk
away.
Is
life
better
then，in
the
city?
Perhaps
it
is，when
you
are
in
your
teens(十几岁)or
twenties.
However,
as
you
get
older，and
especially
if
you
have
small
children,
the
peace
of
the
countryside
may
seem
preferable.
I
certainly
hope
to
move
back
there
soon.
1.
What
was
the
writer
always
thinking
about
when
he
was
a
child?
A.
Staying
on
the
farm.
B.
Moving
to
the
countryside.
C.
Leaving
home
for
the
city.
D.
Running
away
from
the
school.
2.
Which
of
the
following
is
TRUE
about
the
writer?
A.
He
is
very
old
now.
B.
He
is
in
good
health.
C.
He
prefers
driving
a
car.
D.
He
lives
in
the
city
now.
3.
In
the
passage,
the
writer
tries
to________.
A.
express
his
opinions
about
way
of
life
B.
describe
his
life
in
the
countryside
C.
show
an
interest
in
the
outside
world
D.
persuade
the
reader
to
live
in
the
city
4.
How
is
the
passage
mainly
developed?
A.
By
inferring.
B.
By
comparing.
C.
By
listing
examples.
D.
By
giving
explanations.
1.【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。由文章第一段第一句“When
I
was
a
child，I
often
dreamed
of
the
time
when
I
could
leave
home
and
escape
to
the
city.”可知作者小时候的梦想是离开家去大城市。
2.【答案】D
【解析】判断正误题。由文章最后一段“However，as
you
get
older，and
especially
if
you
have
small
children，the
peace
of
the
countryside
may
seem
preferable.I
certainly
hope
to
move
back
there
soon.”可以推出D选项正确。
3.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。通读全文不难判断，作者主要表达自己对生活方式的看法。
4.【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。从第二、三段的首句可以判断，文章主要通过对比展开。
阅读理解技巧指导(2)—主旨大意题
它的范围是：基本论点（argument）、文章标题(title)、主题(topic)、大意(general
idea)或段落大意(main
idea
of
paragraph)等。要求在理解全文的基础上对文章进行高度的概括和总结。
主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种：
1）The
general/main
idea
of
the
passage
is
about
____．
2）Which
of
the
following
best
states
the
theme
of
the
passage？
3）In
this
passage
the
author
discusses
primarily
____．
4）The
passage
is
mostly
about
____．
5）The
passage
is
mainly
concerned
about
____．/
What
is
the
passage
mainly
about?
6)
The
passage
mainly
tells
us
____.
/
What
does
the
passage
mainly
tell
us?
6）What
is
the
main
topic/idea
of
the
passage？
7）What
is
the
best
title
for
the
passage？
8）The
subject
discussed
in
this
text
is
_____
9）The
author’s
main
purpose
in
writing
the
passage
is
to
________________
10）The
passage
is
meant
to________________
11）The
purpose
of
this
article
is
to________________
突破方法
1.
仔细审题，看好范围。正确的选项的特点是：一般不出现细节信息，不含过于肯定或绝对的词语。
2.
使用略读（skimming）,
迅速将全段或全文浏览一遍。明确文章各部分的主旨和文章的结构可以帮助更准确的归纳全文主旨，因此，要养成概括各段中心和把握文章结构的习惯
3.
特别注意全文或所问段落的首句和尾句，因为他们常常是主旨要义的体现。段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句；作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨；首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答通常就是文章主旨，同时还要注意哪些提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示：therefore,
thus,
but
,
however,
in
short
等等
4.
作者的写作目的通常有三种：
1.告知读者某些信息
2.
娱乐读者
3
说服读者接受某种观点
对于
best
title
题目，要注意对文章的概括性，避免以下三种错误：
A.
概括不够
(多表现为部分代替整体）
B.
过度概括（表现为认为扩大范围）
C.
以事实或细节代替抽象概括的大意
解题策略点拨：
1、寻找主题句，从而抓住文章的中心思想。
①主题句位置：
一般来说，主题句会出现在文章或段落的开头、中间或结尾，有时没有明显的主题句。
（1）主题句在段首
一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。
[例1]
BBC
London
Tributes(敬意)
continue
to
be
paid
at
home
and
abroad
to
Margaret
Thatcher
after
her
death
at
the
age
of
87.
David
Cameron,
the
present
Prime
Minister,
said
she
had
been
a
"great
Briton"
while
US
President
Obama
called
her
a
"great
champion
of
freedom
and
liberty".
Her
funeral
is
expected
to
be
held
next
week.
Thatcher,
Britain's
first
female
premier,
was
in
power
from
1979
to
1990
and
won
three
successive
general
elections.
She
died
"peacefully"
after
suffering
a
stroke
on
April
8th
2013.
She
will
not
have
a
state
funeral
but
will
be
accorded
the
same
status
as
Princess
Diana
and
the
Queen
Mother.
The
Union
Jack
above
Number
10
Downing
Street
has
been
lowered
to
half-mast
to
pay
tributes.35.
Which
of
the
following
can
be
used
as
the
title
of
the
news?A.
The
First
Prime
Minster
of
EnglandB.
Thatcher’
Contributions
to
Her
HomelandC.
A
Successful
British
WomanD.
Tributes
Paid
At
Home
and
Abroad
[答案D]
（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。
作者先摆出事实依据,
层层推理论证,
最后自然得出结论,
即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。
[例2]
The
life
of
an
actor
appears
attractive
and
many
young
people
dream
about
becoming
one.
But
the
truth
is,
it
is
very
hard
work.
If
you’re
successful,
there
are
deadlines
to
be
met,
appointments
to
keep
and
the
press
to
deal
with.
If
you’re
not
successful,
then
life
is
extremely
tough.I
remember
when
I
started
out,
I
had
to
search
the
advertisement
board
at
my
drama
school
every
day
to
look
for
acting
jobs.
Drama
school
was
expensive
and
I
needed
extra
cash
to
help
pay
the
fees.
I
welcomed
every
small
job.
I
played
extras
in
many
crowd
scenes
and
became
a
confident
participant
in
a
lot
of
TV
commercials
for
hair
shampoo,
soap
and
washing
powder.I
had
been
working
for
about
two
years
before
I
got
my
lucky
break.
One
day,
as
I
was
passing
the
drama
school,
I
decided
to
go
in
to
check
the
notice
board.
There
was
nothing
on
it
and
I
was
just
leaving
when
the
secretary
came
along
the
corridor
with
a
piece
of
paper.
She
asked
me
how
I
was
and
I
told
her
life
was
hard
and
work
was
difficult
to
find.
The
next
moment,
she
put
the
paper
in
my
hand
and
walked
away.
My
hands
were
shaking
as
I
unfolded
the
paper,
full
of
expectation.
To
my
surprise,
it
was
an
audition
(试演)
for
a
clown（小丑）for
the
Canadian
circus.
I
couldn’t
stop
myself
from
laughing.
I
had
expected
an
audition
with
a
famous
director
for
a
new
film!When
I
was
at
drama
school,
there
had
been
a
course
in
acrobatics
and
clown
tricks.
I
had
gained
top
marks
in
this
course
for
originality
and
daring.
Later
I
went
to
the
audition
feeling
very
strange.
This
was
not
what
I’d
had
in
mind
when
I
enrolled
in
drama
school.
To
my
surprise,
the
job
as
a
clown
turned
out
to
be
exactly
what
I
wanted.
I
loved
every
moment
of
getting
dressed
up
and
putting
on
the
make-up.
I
had
the
opportunity
to
travel
the
world
and
I
was
more
than
an
actor,
I
was
an
entertainer
as
well.
I
had
visited
over
32
different
countries
and
entertained
millions
of
people.
35.
Which
of
the
following
would
be
the
best
title?A.
The
Life
of
a
TV
Actor
B.
Acrobatics
and
Clown
Tricks
C.
More
than
an
Actor
D.
Going
to
Drama
School
答案：C
（3）在短文中间
当主题句被安排在段中间时,
通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,
而后又作进一步的解释,
支撑或发展。
[例3]
The
first
day
of
school
our
professor
introduced
himself
and
challenged
us
to
get
to
know
someone
we
didn’t
know.
I
stood
up
to
look
around
when
a
gentle
hand
touched
my
shoulder.
I
turned
around
to
find
a
wrinkled,
little
old
lady
beaming
up
at
me
with
a
smile
that
lit
up
her
entire
being.She
said,
“Hi,
girl!
My
name
is
Rose.
I’m
87
years
old.
Can
give
you
a
hug?”I
laughed
and
enthusiastically
responded,
“Of
course
you
may!
“and
she
gave
me
a
giant
squeeze.“Why
are
you
in
college
at
such
a
young,
innocent
age
?”I
asked.
She
jokingly
replied,
“I’m
here
to
meet
a
rich
husband,
get
married,
have
a
couple
of
children,
and
then
retire
and
travel!”“No
seriously
“I
said.
I
was
curious
what
may
have
motivated
her
to
be
taking
on
this
challenge
at
her
age.“I
always
dreamed
of
having
a
college
education
and
now
I’m
getting
one!”
“she
told
me.Over
the
course
of
the
year,
Rose
because
a
campus
icon
and
she
easily
made
friends
wherever
she
went
.She
loved
to
dress
up
and
she
reveled
in
the
attention
bestowed
upon
her
from
the
other
students.
She
was
living
it
up.At
the
end
of
the
semester
we
invited
Rose
to
speak
at
our
football
banquet
.I’ll
never
forget
what
she
taught
us.“We
do
not
stop
playing
because
we
are
old“;
we
grow
old
because
we
stop
playing.
There
are
only
two
secrets
to
staying
young,
being
happy,and
achieving
success/You
have
to
laugh
and
find
humor
everyday.
Your’
ve
got
to
have
a
dream.
When
you
lose
your
dreams,
you
die!”
she
said.“The
idea
is
to
grow
up
by
always
finding
the
opportunity
in
change.
”Have
no
regrets.
The
elderly
usually
don’t
have
regrets
for
what
we
did,
but
rather
for
things
we
did
not
do.
The
only
people
who
fear
death
are
those
with
regrets.”She
concluded
her
speech
by
courageously
singing
“The
Song
of
Rose”
.She
challenged
each
of
us
study
the
lyrics(歌词)and
live
them
out
in
our
daily
lives.At
the
year’s
end,
Rose
finished
the
college
degree
she
had
begun
all
those
years
ago.
One
week
after
graduation
Rose
died
peacefully
in
her
sleep.The
best
title
for
the
passage
can
be________.Growing
Older
or
Growing
Up
B.
It’s
Never
too
Old
to
learnC.
Humour
Does
Count
D.
Challenge
Yourself
答案：A
（4）主题句以首尾呼应的形式出现在文首和文末这种写法的特点是：文章一开始就点题，接着举例，最后回归主题。
[例4]
　　Shu
Pulong
has
helped
at
least
1000
people
bitten
by
snakes.
“It
was
seeing
people
with
snake
bites
that
led
me
to
this
career，”
he
said.　　In
1963，
after
his
army
service，
Shu
entered
a
medical
school
and
later
became
a
doctor
of
Chinese
medicine.
As
part
of
his
studies
he
had
to
work
in
the
mountains.
There
he
often
heard
of
people
who
had
their
arms
and
legs
cut
off
after
a
snake
bite
in
order
to
save
their
lives.　　“I
was
greatly
upset
by
the
story
of
an
old
farmer
I
met.
It
was
a
very
hot
afternoon.
The
old
man
was
pulling
grass
in
his
fields
when
he
felt
a
pain
in
his
left
hand.
He
at
once
realized
he
had
been
bitten
by
a
poisonous
snake.
In
no
time
he
wrapped
a
cloth
tightly
around
his
arm
to
stop
the
poison
spreading
to
his
heart.
Rushing
home
he
shouted
‘Bring
me
the
knife！’
Minutes
later
the
man
lost
his
arm
forever.”　　“The
sad
story
touched
me
so
much
that
I
decided
to
devote
myself
to
helping
people
bitten
by
snakes，”
Shu
said.70.
The
best
headline
for
this
newspaper
article
is
______.　　A.
Astonishing
Medicine　　　　B.
Farmer
Loses
Arms　　　　C.
Dangerous
Bites　　　　　　D.
Snake
Doctor
答案：D
②寻找主题句的方法。
(1)记叙文中一般没有明显的主题句，夹叙夹议的记叙文中的主题句常在议论中。
[例5]
I
have
been
passionate
about
sewing
and
fashion
design
since
I
was
12.
Two
years
ago,
I
de?signed
and
made
a
set
of
outfits
from
recyclable
materials
for
a
charity
fashion
show.
Through
this
highly
meaningful
and
profound
experience,
I
became
aware
of
the
importance
of
protecting
and
pre?serving
our
environment
when
designing
and
making
fashion
items,
resulting
in
my
founding
an
or?ganization
to
promote
eco
—
friendly,
design
and
fashion.My
interest
has
led
me
to
research
areas
of
fashion
that
have
environmental
implications.
For
ex?ample
,
some
popular
clothing
stores
have
announced
marketing
policies
designed
to
improve
the
envi?ronment.
For
those
of
us
who
are
eco
-
conscious,
it
is
responsible
for
us
to
evaluate
whether
such
policies
are
just
a
marketing
promotion,
or
represent
great
efforts
to
protect
our
environment.Three
chain
-
stores,
H&M,
Urban
Outfitters
and
Forever
21
,have
been
promoting
"green"
items.
After
I
examined
their
products,
I
have
concluded
that
H&M
and
Urban
Outfitters
are
truly
helping
the
environment
with
their
efforts,
while
Forever
21
seems
to
be
using
the
"go
green"
trend
as
a
way
to
sell
more
products,
rather
than
genuinely
help
the
environment.Of
these
three
stores,
H&M
has
the
most
extensive
eco
-fashion
plans.
It
is
already
well
on
its
way
to
carrying
out
its
plans
by
increasingly
mixing
organic
cotton
into
their
garments,
as
well
as
put?ting
fully
organic
cotton
items
on
the
market.
The
store
also
belongs
to
the
Organic
Exchange
Organi?zation,
which
approves
of
growth
of
organic
cotton.
To
reduce
the
harm
from
non
-
organic
cotton
pro?duction,
H&M
is
involved
with
the
Better
Cotton
Project.
Mindful
of
the
unfavorable
effects
of
climate
change,
the
store
aims
to
minimize
transportation
and
energy
usage.
H&M
labels
their
eco
-friendly
products
with
an
official
symbol,
the
Flower,
to
represent
a
production
system
that
is
less
harmful
than
most
traditional
processes.
Because
of
these
actions
and
policies,
H&M
is
already
well
on
its
way
to
making
a
difference
on
the
environment.With
its
Urban
Renewal
brand,
Urban
Outfitter
takes
a
different
approach
than
H&M
in
promo?ting
eco
-
friendly
fashion.
The
brand
features
women'
s
clothes
made
from
strictly
environmentally
-friendly
sources,
such
as
vintage,
dead
stock,
or
surplus
clothing.
Urban
Renewal
produces
fashionable
garments,
and
embraces
being
eco
-
friendly
through
recycling.Unlike
the
other
two
stores
above,
Forever
21
'
s
eco
-
fashion
efforts
fall
short;
some
people
would
say
their
message
is
thoroughly
misleading.
It
promotes
the
"green"
image,
and
yet
many
of
their
supposed
eco
-friendly
products
do
not
help
the
environment.
For
example,
it
sells
a
"Think
Green
Tote"
that,
according
to
the
site,
is
meant
to
"send
an
environmentally
friendly
message.
"
However
it
is
made
of
100%
non
-
organic
cotton
which
is
one
of
the
most
damaging
fabrics
to
the
environment,
mostly
because
it
requires
greater
chemical
intervention
compared
to
organic
cotton.
Al?so,
the
"I
Love
My
Planet
Tote"
is
supposed
to
"make
a
positive
statement,"
but
is
also
made
of
100%
cotton
that
is
not
organic.
The
only
tote
that
is
environmentally
-
friendly
is
the
"H81
Organic
Cotton
Tote"
from
Forever
21'
s
Heritage
brand,
made
from
100%
organic
cotton.
Now
that
Forever
21
has
portrayed
itself
as
being
"green,"
it
should
start
"walking
the
walk.
"70.
Which
of
the
following
statements
can
be
the
best
title?
A.
Does
the
Trend
of
Eco
-
Friendly
Help
the
Environment?
B.
Green
Products
Are
Common
in
Fashion
Stores.
C.
A
Survey
of
Eco
-
Friendly
Design
on
Fashion
Markets.
D.
Are
Chain
Stores
in
Fashion
Really
Going
Green?
答案：D
(2)关注文章中出现的连词。
如转折连词but
/
however,
因果连词so
/
therefore,
或者一些常见的在文章中间出现的有一定目的词，如：in
fact,
the
study
shows
that
…,
for
example,
in
short等。因为这些词后面阐述的往往就是主题句。
(3)文中没有明显的主题句
有的文章没有明显的主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要读者对每段文章的段意进行归纳，在段落大意的基础上再进一步加工概括了。我们的注意力主要放在两个方面：1.
文章的主要内容；2.
选项之间的区别。也就是说能涵盖文章的全部或主要内容的选项才是正确答案。
[例6]
　　James
Cleveland
Owens
was
the
son
of
a
farmer
and
the
grandson
of
black
slaves.
His
family
moved
to
Cleveland
when
he
was
9.
There,
a
school
teacher
asked
the
youth
his
name.　　“J.C.”,
he
replied.　　She
thought
he
had
said
“Jesse”,
and
he
had
a
new
name.　　Owens
ran
his
first
race
at
age
13.
After
high
school,
he
went
to
Ohio
State
University.
He
had
to
work
part
time
so
as
to
pay
for
his
education.
As
a
second-year
student,
in
the
Big
Ten
games
in
1935,
he
set
even
more
records
than
he
would
in
the
Olympic
Games
a
year
later.　　A
week
before
the
Big
Ten
meet,
Owens
accidentally
fell
down
a
flight
of
stairs.
His
back
hurt
so
much
that
he
could
not
exercise
all
week,
and
he
had
to
be
helped
in
and
out
of
the
car
that
drove
him
to
the
meet.
He
refused
to
listen
to
the
suggestions
that
he
give
up
and
said
he
would
try,
event
by
event.
He
did
try,
and
the
results
are
in
the
record
book.　　The
stage
was
set
for
Owens’
victory
at
the
Olympic
Games
in
Berlin
the
next
year,
and
his
success
would
come
to
be
regarded
as
not
only
athletic（体育的）but
also
political.
Hitler
did
not
congratulate
any
of
the
African-American
winners.　　“It
was
all
right
with
me,
”
he
said
years
later.
“I
didn’t
go
to
Berlin
to
shake
hands
with
him,
anyway.”　　Having
returned
from
Berlin,
he
received
no
telephone
call
from
the
president
of
his
own
country,
either.
In
fact,
he
was
not
honored
by
the
United
States
until
1976,
four
years
before
his
death.　　Owens’
Olympic
victories
made
little
difference
to
him.
He
earned
his
living
by
looking
after
a
school
playground,
and
accepted
money
to
race
against
cars,
trucks,
motorcycles,
and
dogs.　　“Sure,
it
bothered
(烦扰)me,”
he
said
later.
“But
at
least
it
was
an
honest
living.
I
had
to
eat.”　　In
time,
however,
his
gold
medals(奖牌)
changed
his
life.
“They
have
kept
me
alive
over
the
years,”
he
once
said.
“Time
has
stood
still
for
me.
That
golden
moment
dies
hard.”66.
Which
of
the
following
is
a
suitable
title
for
the
text？A.
Jesse
Owens,
a
Great
American
Athlete
B.
Golden
Moment
—
a
Life-time
Struggle　C.
Making
a
Living
as
a
Sportsman　　
D.
How
to
Be
a
Successful
Athlete？
答案：A
[例7]
Breathe,
wave
and
smile.
Along
with
more
than
300
other
seniors,
I
marched
into
the
stadium
on
the
afternoon
of
May
10.
The
audience
burst
into
deafening
cheers.
The
huge
stadium
shook
with
all
the
whistling
and
clapping.It
was
as
if
a
Hollywood
superstar
had
walked
on
stage.
And
indeed,
every
single
senior
that
day
was
a
star
of
the
moment.
Each
deserved
it.
The
seniors
had
been
preparing
for
four
years
for
this
once-in-a-lifetime
moment—the
commencement.Seated,
I
waited
anxiously
for
the
opening
address.
As
a
foreign
exchange
student,
I
was
not
able
to
receive
a
diploma.
However,
I
still
had
the
wonderful
feeling
of
being
part
of
things.
Like
the
other
graduates,
I
was
dressed
in
purple
cap
and
gown.Our
principal,
Mr.
Glover,
delivered
a
short,
warm
greeting.
The
US
national
anthem
followed
and
then,
hands
on
chests,
a
solemn
Pledge
of
Allegiance(效忠宣誓).Students
who
had
excelled
academically
gave
farewell
speeches.
The
tears
in
some
eyes
convinced
me
that
many
had
deep
feelings
about
the
occasion.
It
was
as
the
class
motto
says,
“Life
brings
us
tears,
smiles
and
memories.
The
tears
dry;
the
smiles
fade;
but
the
memories
last
forever.”Then
came
the
core
(核心)
of
the
commencement.
Hundreds
of
names
were
announced.
Each
graduate
walked
across
the
stage
to
receive
his
or
her
diploma
from
the
principal.
From
the
different
cheers
each
graduate
got,
we
had
the
funny
sense
that
it
was
a
kind
of
competition
of
who
could
cheer
the
loudest.To
be
honest,
the
presentation
of
diplomas
got
boring.
A
girl
sitting
next
to
me
even
started
yawning.
But
it
wasn’t
boring
for
those
receiving
the
diploma:
they
would
treasure
the
moment
the
principal
placed
the
sacred
brown
document
in
their
hands
for
the
rest
of
their
lives.A
new
page
in
the
book
of
that
person’s
life
had
turned.
They
were
glimpsing
their
futures:
futures
of
challenge,
hardship,
perhaps
loneliness
too,
which
would
take
all
of
their
courage.62.
What’s
the
article
mainly
about?
A.
An
American
graduation
ceremony.
B.
The
opening
ceremony
of
a
sports
meeting.C.
A
presentation
of
college
diplomas.
D.
A
US
college’s
farewell
party.
答案：A
(4)关注高频词
[例8]
Our
neighbour’s
son
was
getting
married
at
an
out-of-town
church,
and
my
husband
and
I
were
invited.
We
immediately
rushed
out
to
a
store,
and
I
bought
a
nice
pink
dress
with
a
jacket.
The
dress
was
a
little
tight,
but
I
had
a
month
to
go
before
the
June
30
wedding
and
I
would
lose
a
few
pounds.June
29
came
and,
of
course,
I
hadn’t
lost
a
single
pound;
in
fact
I
had
gained
two.
But
I
figured
a
nice
new
girdle
(紧身内衣)
would
cure
everything.
So
on
our
way
out
of
the
city
we
stopped
once
again
at
the
store.
I
ran
in
and
told
the
clerk
I
needed
a
large-size
girdle.
The
shop
assistant
found
the
box
with
the
described
girdle
marked
“LG”,
and
asked
if
I
would
like
to
try
it
on.
“Oh,
no,
a
large
one
will
fit
just
right.
I
needn’t
try
it
on.”The
next
morning
was
rather
hot,
so
I
waited
to
get
dressed
until
about
45
minutes
before
time
to
go.
I
opened
the
box
only
to
find
a
new
girdle
in
a
small
size.
Since
it
was
too
late
to
find
another
one
and
the
dress
wouldn’t
fit
right
without
a
girdle,
a
fight
broke
out
in
the
hotel
room
between
me
and
the
girdle.
Have
you
ever
tried
to
shake
20
pounds
of
potatoes
into
a
five-pound
bag?
That’s
it.
Finally
my
husband,
laughing
like
crazy,
got
hold
of
each
side
and
shook
me
down
into
it.
At
once
I
put
on
the
pink
dress,
which
didn’t
match
my
red
face
well,
and
was
ready
to
go.Finally
we
got
to
the
church.
I
heard
one
of
the
people
say
that
they
were
having
a
High
Mass.
I
turned
to
my
husband
and
asked,
“What
is
a
High
Mass?”
He
shrugged
his
shoulders.Unfortunately,
I
learned
that
this
particular
mass
would
last
one
hour,
twenty-two
minutes
and
eight
and
one
half
seconds
---
the
priest
(神父)
was
going
to
bless
everything
except
my
girdle.30.
What
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
passage?__________.A.
A
Funny
Wedding
B.
A
Wise
Decision
C.
A
Tight
Situation
D.
A
Fierce
Fight
答案:C【解析】标题归纳题。根据全文的内容来看都围绕一个紧字，时间紧，衣服紧，作者自己因为衣服的事情弄得心情紧张，故选C。
2、推敲选项，排除干扰
推敲选项正误的小窍门
1).
根据第一步寻找主题句，找出关键词，与四个选项进行匹配，选出最合适恰当的答案。2).
正确性的选择常有概括性的词语。3).
正确选项不含有过分肯定或绝对意义的词。4).
正确选项应该能概括全文，内容全面，含义深刻或说明道理。5).
四个选项中，内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确答案。
干扰项的特点
1).
概括范围太窄，常为文章具体信息或某个段落大意。2).
概括范围太宽，所表达的内容常超出文章阐述的内容。3).
无关信息：即文章没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息，但看起来又是对的。
[例9]
In
the
animal
kingdom,
weakness
can
bring
about
aggression
in
other
animal.
This
sometimes
happens
with
humans
also.
But
I
have
found
that
my
weakness
brings
out
the
kindness
in
people.
I
see
it
every
day
when
people
hold
doors
for
me,
pour
cream
into
my
coffee,
or
help
me
to
put
on
my
coat.
And
I
have
discovered
that
it
makes
them
happy.
From
my
wheelchair
experience,
I
see
the
best
in
people,
but
sometimes
I
feel
sad
because
those
who
appear
independent
miss
the
kindness
I
see
daily...
Last
month,
when
I
was
driving
home
on
a
busy
highway,
I
began
to
feel
unwell
and
drove
more
slowly
than
usual.
People
behind
me
began
to
get
impatient…I
put
on
the
car
flashlights
and
drove
on
at
a
really
low
speed.
No
more
angry
shouts
and
no
more
horns!
When
I
put
on
my
flashlights,
...
But
instead
of
getting
impatient
and
angry,
they
waited,
knowing
the
driver
in
front
of
them
was
in
some
way
weak.
Sometimes
situations
call
for
us
to
act
strong
and
brave
even
when
we
don’t
feel
that
way.
But
those
are
few
and
far
between.
More
often,
it
would
be
better
if
we
don’t
pretend
we
feel
strong
when
we
feel
weak
or
pretend
that
we
are
brave
when
we
are
scared.
30.
Which
of
the
following
is
the
best
title
for
the
passage?
A.
A
Wheelchair
Experience??????
B.
Weakness
and
Kindness
C.
Weakness
and
Strength????????
D.
A
Driving
Experience
答案B
专题过关
检测题1：
In
my
living
room,
there
is
a
plaque
(匾)
that
advises
me
to
“Bloom
(开花)
where
you
are
planted.”
It
reminds
me
of
Dorothy.
I
got
to
know
Dorothy
in
the
early
1980s,
when
I
was
teaching
Early
Childhood
Development
through
a
program
with
Union
College
in
Barbourville,
Kentucky.
The
job
responsibilities
required
occasional
visits
to
the
classroom
of
each
teacher
in
the
program.
Dorothy
stands
out
in
my
memory
as
one
who
“bloomed”
in
her
remote
area.
Dorothy
taught
in
a
school
in
Harlan
County,
Kentucky,
Appalachian
Mountain
area.
To
get
to
her
school
from
the
town
of
Harlan,
I
followed
a
road
winding
around
the
mountain.
In
the
eight－mile
journey,
I
crossed
the
same
railroad
track
five
times,
giving
the
possibility
of
getting
caught
by
the
same
train
five
times.
Rather
than
feeling
excited
by
this
drive
through
the
mountains,
I
found
it
depressing.
The
poverty
level
was
shocking
and
the
small
shabby
houses
gave
me
the
greatest
feeling
of
hopelessness.
From
the
moment
of
my
arrival
at
the
little
school,
all
gloom
(忧郁)
disappeared.
Upon
arriving
at
Dorothy's
classroom,
I
was
greeted
with
smiling
faces
and
treated
like
a
queen.
The
children
had
been
prepared
to
show
me
their
latest
projects.
Dorothy
told
me
with
a
big
smile
that
they
were
serving
poke
greens
salad
and
cornbread
for
“dinner”
(lunch).
In
case
you
don't
know,
poke
greens
are
a
weed－type
plant
that
grows
wild,
especially
on
poor
ground.
Dorothy
never
ran
out
of
reports
of
exciting
activities
of
her
students.
Her
enthusiasm
never
cooled
down.
When
it
came
time
to
sit
for
the
testing
and
interviewing
required
to
receive
her
Child
Development
Associate
Certification,
Dorothy
was
ready.
She
came
to
the
assessment
and
passed
in
all
areas.
Afterward,
she
invited
me
to
the
one－and－only
steak
house
in
the
area
to
celebrate
her
victory,
as
if
she
had
received
her
Ph.D.
degree.
After
the
meal,
she
placed
a
little
box
containing
an
old
pen
in
my
hand.
She
said
it
was
a
family
heirloom
(传家宝),
but
to
me
it
is
a
treasured
symbol
of
appreciation
and
pride
that
cannot
be
matched
with
things.
65．What
does
the
author
mainly
intend
to
tell
us?
A.
Whatever
you
do,
you
must
do
it
carefully.
B.
Whoever
you
are,
you
deserve
equal
treatment.
C.
However
poor
you
are,
you
have
the
right
to
education.
D.
Wherever
you
are,
you
can
accomplish
your
achievement.
【答案】
D　
【解析】主旨大意题。文章通过讲述Dorothy在极其恶劣的环境下获得成功的故事，说明一个人不管在什么地方，只要付出努力就能实现自己的梦想，因此D项正确。
检测题2：
Jean-Francois
Millet
(October
4,
1814—January
20,1875)
was
a
French
painter
who
was
famous
for
his
scenes
of
farmers.
After
his
first
painting,
a
portrait
(肖像),
was
accepted
at
the
Salon
of
1840,
Millet
returned
to
Cherbourg
to
begin
a
career
as
a
portrait
painter.
However,
the
following
year
he
married
Pauline-
Virginie
Ono,
and
they
moved
to
Paris.
After
being
refused
at
the
Salon
of
1843
and
Pauline’s
death,
Millet
returned
again
to
Cherbourg.
In
1845
Millet
moved
to
Le
Harvre
where
he
painted
portraits
for
several
months,
before
moving
back
to
Paris.
It
was
in
Paris
in
the
middle
1840s
that
Millet
made
friends
with
many
famous
artists
who
had
great
influences
on
him.
Then
he
gradually
revolutionized
his
painting
style
and
created
his
own
one.
This
is
the
most
well
known
of
Millet’s
paintings,
The
Gleaners
(拾穗者),
in
which
poor
women
and
children
are
removing
the
bits
of
grain
left
in
the
fields
following
the
harvest.
A
warm
golden
light
suggests
something
holy
(神圣的)
in
this
daily
scene
where
the
struggle
to
survive
takes
place.
During
his
years
of
studies,
Millet
thought
about
how
to
best
tell
the
sense
of
repetition
and
tiredness
in
the
peasants’
daily
lives.
Lines
traced
over
each
woman’s
back
to
the
ground
and
then
back
up
again
and
again
which
means
their
hard
labor.
Along
the
horizon
(地平线),
the
setting
sun
outlines
the
farm
with
its
plentiful
stacks
of
grain,
in
contrast
to
the
large
shadowy
figures
in
the
foreground
(前台).
The
dark
dresses
of
the
gleaners
cut
strong
forms
against
the
golden
field,
giving
each
woman
a
noble
strength.
In
1857,
he
presented
the
painting
The
Gleaners
to
the
Salon
to
an
unfriendly
public.
36.
The
passage
mainly
tells
us
__________.
A.
how
Millent
gained
his
fame.
B.
one
of
Millet’s
paintings,
The
Gleaners.
C.
how
Millet
became
a
portrait
painter.
D.
Millet’s
life
experience
and
The
Gleaners.
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据全文的内容可知主要叙述了Millet一生的经历和她的作品《拾穗者》，故选D。
检测题3：
The
latest
research
suggests
that
the
key
factor
separating
geniuses
from
the
merely
accomplished
is
not
IQ,
a
generally
bad
predictor
of
success.
Instead,
it’
s
purposeful
practice.Top
performers
spend
more
hours
practising
their
craft.
If
you
wanted
to
picture
how
a
typical
genius
might
develop,
you’
d
take
a
girl
who
possessed
a
slightly
above
average
language
ability.
It
wouldn’t
have
to
be
a
big
talent,
just
enough
so
that
she
might
gain
some
sense
of
distinction.
Then
you
would
want
her
to
meet,
say,
a
novelist,
who
coincidentally
shared
some
similar
qualities.
Maybe
the
writer
was
from
the
same
town,
had
the
same
family
background,
or,
shared
the
same
birthday.
This
contact
would
give
the
girl
a
vision
of
her
future
self.It
would
give
her
some
idea
of
a
fascinating
circle
she
might
someday
join.It
would
also
help
if
one
of
her
parents
died
when
she
was
12,
giving
her
a
strong
sense
of
insecurity
and
fuelling
a
desperate
need
for
success.
Armed
with
this
ambition,
she
would
read
novels
and
life
stories
of
writers
without
end.
This
would
give
her
a
primary
knowledge
of
her
field.She’d
be
able
to
see
new
writing
in
deeper
ways
and
quickly
understand
its
inner
workings.
Then
she
would
practise
writing.
Her
practice
would
be
slow,
painstaking
and
error?focused.
By
practising
in
this
way，she
delays
the
automatizing
process.
Her
mind
wants
to
turn
conscious,
newly
learned
skills
into
unconscious,
automatically
performed
skills.
By
practising
slowly,
by
breaking
skills
down
into
tiny
parts
and
repeating,
she
forces
the
brain
to
internalize
a
better
pattern
of
performance.
Then
she
would
find
an
adviser
who
would
provide
a
constant
stream
of
feedback,
viewing
her
performance
from
the
outside,
correcting
the
smallest
errors，pushing
her
to
take
on
tougher
challenges.
By
now
she
is
redoing
problems
—
how
do
I
get
characters
into
a
room
—
dozens
and
dozens
of
times.
She
is
establishing
habits
of
thought
she
can
call
upon
in
order
to
understand
or
solve
future
problems.
The
primary
quality
our
young
writer
possesses
is
not
some
mysterious
genius.
It’
s
the
ability
to
develop
a
purposeful,
laborious
and
boring
practice
routine.
The
latest
research
takes
some
of
the
magic
out
of
great
achievement.
But
it
underlines
a
fact
that
is
often
neglected.
Public
discussion
is
affected
by
genetics
and
what
we’re
“hard?wired”
to
do.
And
it’s
true
that
genes
play
a
role
in
our
capabilities.
But
the
brain
is
also
very
plastic.
We
construct
ourselves
through
behavior.
1．The
passage
mainly
deals
with________.
A.
the
function
of
IQ
in
cultivating
a
writer
B.
the
relationship
between
genius
and
success
C.
the
decisive
factor
in
making
a
genius
D.
the
way
of
gaining
some
sense
of
distinction
【答案】C
学法指导：主旨大意题。这篇文章主要讲了决定成功的主要因素并不是IQ，而是些后天的、有目的的训练和努力。所以C项正确。A、B两项不符合文章意思；D项不具体。
这篇文章在指导学生读时，首先让学生关注第一段的开头两句，这两句点出了整篇文章的中心，所以让学生把首段的开头一定要认真去读懂，这样就把握住了全文的中心。
然后后面的段落，先让学生大致浏览，了解主要内容，最后引导学生去归纳整篇文章的篇章结构是怎么样的。这是一个议论文的模式，先提出一个中心论点，然后以一个女孩为例子来进行论证，最后再次总结。教师可以让学生把中文的文体结构知识迁移到英文中来，
检测题4：
It’s
not
easy
being
a
teenager(13至19岁青少年)—nor
is
it
easy
being
the
parent
of
a
teenager.
You
can
make
your
child
feel
angry,
hurt,
or
misunderstood
by
what
you
say
without
realizing
it
yourself.
It
is
important
to
give
your
child
the
space
he
needs
to
grow
while
gently
letting
him
know
that
you’ll
still
be
there
for
him
when
he
needs
you.
Expect
a
lot
from
your
child,
just
not
everything.
Except
for
health
and
safety
problems,
such
as
drug
use
or
careless
driving,
consider
everything
else
open
to
discussion.
If
your
child
is
unwilling
to
discuss
something,
don’
t
insist
he
tell
you
what’
s
on
his
mind.
The
more
you
insist,
the
more
likely
that
he’ll
clam
up.
Instead,
let
him
attempt
to
solve
(解决)
things
by
himself.
At
the
same
time,
remind
him
that
you’re
always
there
for
him
should
he
seek
advice
or
help.
Show
respect
for
your
teenager’
s
privacy
(隐私).
Never
read
his
mail
or
listen
in
on
personal
conversations.
Teach
your
teenager
that
the
family
phone
is
for
the
whole
family.
If
your
child
talks
on
the
family’
s
telephone
for
too
long,
tell
him
he
can
talk
for
15
minutes,
but
then
he
must
stay
off
the
phone
for
at
least
an
equal
period
of
time.
This
not
only
frees
up
the
line
so
that
other
family
members
can
make
and
receive
calls,
but
teaches
your
teenager
moderation
(节制).
Or
if
you
are
open
to
the
idea,
allow
your
teenager
his
own
phone
that
he
pays
for
with
his
own
pocket
money
or
a
part-time
job.
1．The
main
purpose
of
the
text
is
to
tell
parents
________.
A.
how
to
get
along
with
a
teenager
B.
how
to
respect
a
teenager
C.
how
to
understand
a
teenager
D.
how
to
help
a
teenager
grow
up
【答案】D
学法指导：写作意图题。全文都是作者向父母提出的一些建议：第一段说要给孩子一定的空间；第二段说对孩子要有期望但是不能期望一切，要让孩子自己去解决问题，教孩子在遇到问题时，向父母求助；第三段说要教育孩子和家人分享电话。由此可见，文章的写作目的是给家长提建议，如何教育青少年子女。
对待这篇文章，教师可以让学生学会逐段地概括段落主旨大意，然后进行一个综合，这样就可以最终得出概括性比较强的主题。
检测题5：
Remembering
names
is
an
important
social
skill.
Here
are
some
ways
to
master
it.
Recite
and
repeat
in
conversation.
When
you
hear
a
person’s
name,
repeat
it.
Immediately
say
it
to
yourself
several
times
without
moving
your
lips.
You
could
also
repeat
the
name
in
a
way
that
does
not
sound
forced
or
artificial.
Ask
the
other
person
to
recite
and
repeat.
You
can
let
other
people
help
you
remember
their
names.
After
you’ve
been
introduced
to
someone，ask
that
person
to
spell
the
name
and
pronounce
it
correctly
for
you.
Most
people
will
be
pleased
by
the
effort
you’re
making
to
learn
their
names.
Admit
you
don’t
know.
Admitting
that
you
can’t
remember
someone’s
name
can
actually
make
people
relaxed.
Most
of
them
will
feel
sympathy
if
you
say,
“I’
m
working
to
remember
names
better.
Yours
is
right
on
the
tip
of
my
tongue.
What
is
it
again？”
Use
associations.
Link
each
person
you
meet
with
one
thing
you
find
interesting
or
unusual.
For
example,
you
could
make
a
mental
note：“Vicki
Cheng
—
tall,
black
hair.”
To
reinforce
(加强)
your
associations,
write
them
on
a
small
card
as
soon
as
possible.
Limit
the
number
of
new
names
you
learn
at
one
time.
When
meeting
a
group
of
people,
concentrate
on
remembering
just
two
or
three
names.
Free
yourself
from
remembering
everyone.
Few
of
the
people
in
mass
introductions
expect
you
to
remember
their
names.
Another
way
is
to
limit
yourself
to
learning
just
first
names.
Last
names
can
come
later.
Go
early.
Consider
going
early
to
conferences,
parties
and
classes.
Sometimes
just
a
few
people
show
up
on
time.
That’s
fewer
names
for
you
to
remember.
And
as
more
people
arrive,
you
can
hear
them
being
introduced
to
others
—
an
automatic
review
for
you.
1.What
does
the
text
mainly
tell
us?
A.
Tips
on
an
important
social
skill.
B.
Importance
of
attending
parties.
C.
How
to
make
use
of
associations.
D.
How
to
recite
and
repeat
names.
【答案】A
学法指导：主旨大意题。由文章首段即可得出答案。这篇文章相对比较容易，让学生把开头的句子认真读，然后其他部分浏览一下，看看小标题，就知道全篇文章是围绕着记住别人名字的社交技巧。
检测题6：
Runners
in
a
relay(接力)race
pass
a
stick
in
one
direction.
However,
merchants
passed
silk,
gold,
fruit,
and
glass
along
the
Silk
Road
in
more
than
one
direction.
They
earned
their
living
by
traveling
the
famous
Silk
Road.
The
Silk
Road
was
not
a
simple
trading
network.
It
passed
through
thousands
of
cities
and
towns.
It
started
from
eastern
China,
across
Central
Asia
and
the
Middle
East,
and
ended
in
the
Mediterranean
Sea.
It
was
used
from
about
200
B.
C.
to
about
A.
D.
1300,
when
sea
travel
offered
new
routes
(路线).
It
was
sometimes
called
the
world’s
longest
highway.
However，the
Silk
Road
was
made
up
of
many
routes,
not
one
smooth
path.
They
passed
through
what
are
now
18
countries.
The
routes
crossed
mountains
and
deserts
and
had
many
dangers
of
hot
sun,
deep
snow
and
even
battles.
Only
experienced
traders
could
return
safe.
The
Silk
Road
got
its
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