第一单元
语法专题--限制性定语从句
语法精讲
Grammar1
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1.功能不同
从句
与先行词的关系
能否去掉
限制性定语从句
是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语
不可去掉,否则主句意思不完整
非限制性定语从句
对先行词补充说明
可去掉,去掉后主句意思仍完整
My
elder
sister
who
has
settled
in
Beijing
sends
me
an
e-mail
almost
every
day.我已在北京定居的姐姐几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(限制性定语从句,意思是“我”可能还有其他姐姐)
My
elder
sister,who
has
settled
in
Beijing,sends
me
an
e-mail
almost
every
day.我姐姐已在北京定居,她几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(非限制性定语从句,言外之意是“我”只有一个姐姐)
2.形式不同
从句
形式
限制性定语从句
紧跟在先行词后,不用逗号隔开
非限制性定语从句
用逗号与主句隔开
He
is
the
man
who
has
been
removed
from
the
company.他就是那个被公司开除的人。(限制性定语从句)
The
project,which
lasted
three
years,cost
no
less
than
1
billion
dollars.这个工程历时3年,耗资不少于10亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)
3.先行词不同
从句
先行词
限制性定语从句
名词、代词或名词性短语
非限制性定语从句
名词、代词、名词性短语或整个主句
This
is
the
best
novel
that
I
have
ever
read.这是我看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句,先行词是“the
best
novel”)
The
novel,which
I
read
last
night,is
very
interesting.我昨天晚上看过那部小说了,它非常有意思。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是“the
novel”)
She
said
she
had
finished
her
work,which
I
doubted
very
much.她说她已经完成了工作,对此我深感怀疑。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个主句)
4.关系词的使用情况不同
从句
关系词
限制性定语从句
that,which,who,whom,whose,as,where,when,why
非限制性定语从句
which,who,whom,whose,as,where,when
The
film
(which/that)
I
saw
a
few
days
ago
is
well
worth
seeing.我几天前看过的那部电影很值得一看。(限制性定语从句)
5.翻译方式不同
从句
翻译方式
限制性定语从句
一般译为定语
非限制性定语从句
一般译为并列分句
Lucy
has
an
elder
brother
who
works
in
a
hospital.
露西有一个在医院工作的哥哥。(限制性定语从句)
Lucy
has
an
elder
brother,who
works
in
a
hospital.
露西有一个哥哥,他在医院工作。(非限制性定语从句)
Grammar2
关系副词引导的定语从句
1.关系副词的指代及功能
关系副词
先行词
功能
when
表示时间的名词
时间状语
where
表示地点的名词
地点状语
why
reason
原因状语
We
will
never
forget
the
days
when
we
stayed
at
that
beautiful
countryside.
我们永远不会忘记在那个美丽乡村待的那些日子。
The
place
where
they
will
go
is
their
hometown.
他们要去的地方是他们的故乡。
The
reason
why
he
was
late
was
that
he
missed
his
train.
他迟到的原因是错过了火车。
2.关系副词when,where,why在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语,且可根据其在句中的搭配关系,转换成相应的“介词+关系代词”的结构。
The
day
will
come
when
(=on
which)
we’ll
win
the
final
victory.我们赢得最后胜利的日子将会到来。
We
know
the
place
where
(=in
which)
our
teacher
lives.
我们知道老师住的地方。
Do
you
know
the
reason
why
(=for
which)
he
was
so
sad
你知道他那么难过的原因吗
I
don’t
like
the
way
that/in
which
you
speak
to
her.
我不喜欢你和她说话的方式。
名师点津
当先行词为表示抽象的情形、局势、范围、处境、程度、状态等的词,如situation,stage,point等,且先行词在定语从句中做状语时,常用关系副词where引导。
They
have
reached
the
point
where
they
have
to
make
their
own
decisions.他们已经到了必须自己做决定的地步。
特别提醒
(1)当关系副词why引导定语从句时,why只可换成for
which。
(2)当先行词为表示方式的the
way且从句中缺少方式状语时,从句应用that或in
which,或将它们全部省略。
Grammar3
关系副词和关系代词的判断方法
关系副词和关系代词的选择是根据先行词在定语从句中做的成分。若是做状语,则用关系副词或“介词+which”;若是做主语或宾语,则用关系代词。
I’ll
never
forget
the
days
(that/which)
I
spent
with
my
teacher.(宾语)
我永远也忘不了我同老师一起度过的日子。
I’ll
never
forget
the
days
when
I
played
with
you.(时间状语)
我绝不会忘记和你一起玩耍的日子。
The
factory
(that/which)
we
visited
yesterday
was
built
last
year.(宾语)昨天我们参观的工厂是去年建成的。
The
factory
where
he
works
was
built
last
year.(地点状语)
他工作的那家工厂是去年建成的。
This
is
the
reason
(that/which)
she
gave
me
for
doing
it.(宾语)这是她讲给我做这件事的理由。
The
reason
why/for
which
he
refused
the
invitation
is
quite
clear.(原因状语)他拒绝接受邀请的原因十分明了。
Grammar4
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词做介词的宾语时,为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑,可以将从句中的介词提前到关系代词前,形成“介词+关系代词”结构。该结构中的关系代词可用which或whom;介词可以依据从句中谓语的搭配、与先行词的搭配或句子意义来确定。
Is
this
the
car
for
which
you
paid
a
high
price
这是你花大价钱买的车吗
This
is
the
camera
with
which
he
often
takes
photos.
这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。
This
is
the
pilot
with
whom
my
brother
has
worked
for
ten
years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。
特别提醒
(1)有些“动词+介词”短语,如look
for,look
after,call
on等不可拆开而把介词置于关系代词之前。
Is
this
the
book
(which/what)
she
is
looking
for 这是她正在寻找的那本书吗
介词可后移,此时关系代词可省略(省略时,介词必须后移)。
This
is
the
man
to
whom
you
could
turn
for
help.
This
is
the
man
(whom)
you
could
turn
to
for
help.
这是你可以求助的那个人。
Grammar5
定语从句中需要注意的问题
1.as
引导限制性定语从句时,常用于下列句式中:
such+名词+as…像……一样的;the
same+名词+as…和……同样的。
2.当先行词是time时,若time表示“次数”,应用that引导定语从句,并且that可以省略;若time表示“一段时间”讲,应用when或“at/during+which”引导定语从句。
This
is
the
second
time
(that)
the
president
has
visited
the
country.这是这位总统第二次访问这个国家。
That
was
at
a
time
when/during
which
there
were
no
radios,no
telephones
or
no
TV
sets.
那是在一个没有收音机,没有电话,也没有电视机的时代。
3.定语从句中的主谓一致
当关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句中谓语动词的数原则上要与先行词保持一致,但要注意以下几点:先行词是“one
of+名词复数”结构时,关系代词引导的定语从句中的谓语动词一般用复数形式;但如有the
very,the
only,the
first,the
last,the
right等修饰one时,谓语动词用单数形式。
This
is
one
of
the
most
interesting
questions
that
have
been
asked.这是被问过的最有意思的问题之一。
She
is
the
only
one
of
the
girls
who
studies
hard.
她是这些女孩中唯一一个刻苦学习的。
4.“名词/代词/数词+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句,该结构在定语从句中一般做主语。
The
building
had
been
repaired,the
roof
of
which(=whose
roof)
was
destroyed
again
in
the
big
fire.
那座大楼曾经被修复过,但在大火中,楼顶又被烧毁了。
5.“介词+whose”在定语从句中做定语,修饰其后的名词。
She’s
the
very
person
in
whose
bag
I
found
my
lost
journal.
我正是在她的包中找到了我丢失的日记。
语法专项练习题
单句语法填空
1.We’ve
gone
to
the
opposite
extreme
of
a
few
decades
ago parents
tended
to
be
more
strict.
2.The
loss
of
big
trees
was
greatest
in
areas trees
had
suffered
the
greatest
water
shortage.
3.Sales
director
is
a
position communication
ability
is
just
as
important
as
sales.
4.We
have
entered
into
an
age
dreams
have
the
best
chance
of
coming
true.
5.This
is
the
pen
with he
signed
the
historic
document.
6.This
is
the
only
one
of
the
best
novels
that (appear)
this
year.
7.Their
child
is
at
the
stage
she
can
say
individual
words
but
not
full
sentences.
8.JDr.Rowan,
secretary
resigned
two
weeks
ago,has
had
to
do
all
his
own
typing.
9.Many
lessons
are
now
available
online,from
students
can
choose
for
free.
10.Mr.Smith
owned
this
oil
painting
until
the
early
1990s,
he
gave
it
to
his
grandson. 第一单元
语法专题--限制性定语从句
语法精讲
Grammar1
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1.功能不同
从句
与先行词的关系
能否去掉
限制性定语从句
是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语
不可去掉,否则主句意思不完整
非限制性定语从句
对先行词补充说明
可去掉,去掉后主句意思仍完整
My
elder
sister
who
has
settled
in
Beijing
sends
me
an
e-mail
almost
every
day.我已在北京定居的姐姐几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(限制性定语从句,意思是“我”可能还有其他姐姐)
My
elder
sister,who
has
settled
in
Beijing,sends
me
an
e-mail
almost
every
day.我姐姐已在北京定居,她几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(非限制性定语从句,言外之意是“我”只有一个姐姐)
2.形式不同
从句
形式
限制性定语从句
紧跟在先行词后,不用逗号隔开
非限制性定语从句
用逗号与主句隔开
He
is
the
man
who
has
been
removed
from
the
company.他就是那个被公司开除的人。(限制性定语从句)
The
project,which
lasted
three
years,cost
no
less
than
1
billion
dollars.这个工程历时3年,耗资不少于10亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)
3.先行词不同
从句
先行词
限制性定语从句
名词、代词或名词性短语
非限制性定语从句
名词、代词、名词性短语或整个主句
This
is
the
best
novel
that
I
have
ever
read.这是我看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句,先行词是“the
best
novel”)
The
novel,which
I
read
last
night,is
very
interesting.我昨天晚上看过那部小说了,它非常有意思。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是“the
novel”)
She
said
she
had
finished
her
work,which
I
doubted
very
much.她说她已经完成了工作,对此我深感怀疑。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个主句)
4.关系词的使用情况不同
从句
关系词
限制性定语从句
that,which,who,whom,whose,as,where,when,why
非限制性定语从句
which,who,whom,whose,as,where,when
The
film
(which/that)
I
saw
a
few
days
ago
is
well
worth
seeing.我几天前看过的那部电影很值得一看。(限制性定语从句)
5.翻译方式不同
从句
翻译方式
限制性定语从句
一般译为定语
非限制性定语从句
一般译为并列分句
Lucy
has
an
elder
brother
who
works
in
a
hospital.
露西有一个在医院工作的哥哥。(限制性定语从句)
Lucy
has
an
elder
brother,who
works
in
a
hospital.
露西有一个哥哥,他在医院工作。(非限制性定语从句)
Grammar2
关系副词引导的定语从句
1.关系副词的指代及功能
关系副词
先行词
功能
when
表示时间的名词
时间状语
where
表示地点的名词
地点状语
why
reason
原因状语
We
will
never
forget
the
days
when
we
stayed
at
that
beautiful
countryside.
我们永远不会忘记在那个美丽乡村待的那些日子。
The
place
where
they
will
go
is
their
hometown.
他们要去的地方是他们的故乡。
The
reason
why
he
was
late
was
that
he
missed
his
train.
他迟到的原因是错过了火车。
2.关系副词when,where,why在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语,且可根据其在句中的搭配关系,转换成相应的“介词+关系代词”的结构。
The
day
will
come
when
(=on
which)
we’ll
win
the
final
victory.我们赢得最后胜利的日子将会到来。
We
know
the
place
where
(=in
which)
our
teacher
lives.
我们知道老师住的地方。
Do
you
know
the
reason
why
(=for
which)
he
was
so
sad
你知道他那么难过的原因吗
I
don’t
like
the
way
that/in
which
you
speak
to
her.
我不喜欢你和她说话的方式。
名师点津
当先行词为表示抽象的情形、局势、范围、处境、程度、状态等的词,如situation,stage,point等,且先行词在定语从句中做状语时,常用关系副词where引导。
They
have
reached
the
point
where
they
have
to
make
their
own
decisions.他们已经到了必须自己做决定的地步。
特别提醒
(1)当关系副词why引导定语从句时,why只可换成for
which。
(2)当先行词为表示方式的the
way且从句中缺少方式状语时,从句应用that或in
which,或将它们全部省略。
Grammar3
关系副词和关系代词的判断方法
关系副词和关系代词的选择是根据先行词在定语从句中做的成分。若是做状语,则用关系副词或“介词+which”;若是做主语或宾语,则用关系代词。
I’ll
never
forget
the
days
(that/which)
I
spent
with
my
teacher.(宾语)
我永远也忘不了我同老师一起度过的日子。
I’ll
never
forget
the
days
when
I
played
with
you.(时间状语)
我绝不会忘记和你一起玩耍的日子。
The
factory
(that/which)
we
visited
yesterday
was
built
last
year.(宾语)昨天我们参观的工厂是去年建成的。
The
factory
where
he
works
was
built
last
year.(地点状语)
他工作的那家工厂是去年建成的。
This
is
the
reason
(that/which)
she
gave
me
for
doing
it.(宾语)这是她讲给我做这件事的理由。
The
reason
why/for
which
he
refused
the
invitation
is
quite
clear.(原因状语)他拒绝接受邀请的原因十分明了。
Grammar4
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词做介词的宾语时,为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑,可以将从句中的介词提前到关系代词前,形成“介词+关系代词”结构。该结构中的关系代词可用which或whom;介词可以依据从句中谓语的搭配、与先行词的搭配或句子意义来确定。
Is
this
the
car
for
which
you
paid
a
high
price
这是你花大价钱买的车吗
This
is
the
camera
with
which
he
often
takes
photos.
这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。
This
is
the
pilot
with
whom
my
brother
has
worked
for
ten
years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。
特别提醒
(1)有些“动词+介词”短语,如look
for,look
after,call
on等不可拆开而把介词置于关系代词之前。
Is
this
the
book
(which/what)
she
is
looking
for 这是她正在寻找的那本书吗
介词可后移,此时关系代词可省略(省略时,介词必须后移)。
This
is
the
man
to
whom
you
could
turn
for
help.
This
is
the
man
(whom)
you
could
turn
to
for
help.
这是你可以求助的那个人。
Grammar5
定语从句中需要注意的问题
1.as
引导限制性定语从句时,常用于下列句式中:
such+名词+as…像……一样的;the
same+名词+as…和……同样的。
2.当先行词是time时,若time表示“次数”,应用that引导定语从句,并且that可以省略;若time表示“一段时间”讲,应用when或“at/during+which”引导定语从句。
This
is
the
second
time
(that)
the
president
has
visited
the
country.这是这位总统第二次访问这个国家。
That
was
at
a
time
when/during
which
there
were
no
radios,no
telephones
or
no
TV
sets.
那是在一个没有收音机,没有电话,也没有电视机的时代。
3.定语从句中的主谓一致
当关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句中谓语动词的数原则上要与先行词保持一致,但要注意以下几点:先行词是“one
of+名词复数”结构时,关系代词引导的定语从句中的谓语动词一般用复数形式;但如有the
very,the
only,the
first,the
last,the
right等修饰one时,谓语动词用单数形式。
This
is
one
of
the
most
interesting
questions
that
have
been
asked.这是被问过的最有意思的问题之一。
She
is
the
only
one
of
the
girls
who
studies
hard.
她是这些女孩中唯一一个刻苦学习的。
4.“名词/代词/数词+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句,该结构在定语从句中一般做主语。
The
building
had
been
repaired,the
roof
of
which(=whose
roof)
was
destroyed
again
in
the
big
fire.
那座大楼曾经被修复过,但在大火中,楼顶又被烧毁了。
5.“介词+whose”在定语从句中做定语,修饰其后的名词。
She’s
the
very
person
in
whose
bag
I
found
my
lost
journal.
我正是在她的包中找到了我丢失的日记。
语法专项练习题
单句语法填空
1.We’ve
gone
to
the
opposite
extreme
of
a
few
decades
ago parents
tended
to
be
more
strict.
2.The
loss
of
big
trees
was
greatest
in
areas trees
had
suffered
the
greatest
water
shortage.
3.Sales
director
is
a
position communication
ability
is
just
as
important
as
sales.
4.We
have
entered
into
an
age
dreams
have
the
best
chance
of
coming
true.
5.This
is
the
pen
with he
signed
the
historic
document.
6.This
is
the
only
one
of
the
best
novels
that (appear)
this
year.
7.Their
child
is
at
the
stage
she
can
say
individual
words
but
not
full
sentences.
8.JDr.Rowan,
secretary
resigned
two
weeks
ago,has
had
to
do
all
his
own
typing.
9.Many
lessons
are
now
available
online,from
students
can
choose
for
free.
10.Mr.Smith
owned
this
oil
painting
until
the
early
1990s,
he
gave
it
to
his
grandson.
参考答案
1.when 句意:几十年前,当父母变得更严格时,我们已经走到了其相反的极端。关系副词when引导定语从句,修饰先行词“a
few
decades
ago”,并在从句中做状语。
2.where 句意:在树木缺水最严重的地区,大树的损失最大。where引导定语从句,修饰先行词areas,并在从句中做状语。
3.where 分析句子结构可知,此处为定语从句。position是先行词,定语从句中缺少地点状语,故用关系副词where。
4.when 句意:我们已经进入了一个实现梦想最好的时代。“an
age”是先行词,表示时间,且在定语从句中做状语,故用关系副词when。
5.which 句意:这就是他用来签署那份历史性文件的笔。“the
pen”是先行词,常与介词with搭配,故用关系代词which。
6.has
appeared 句意:这是今年唯一出版的最好的小说的一部。根据“one
of…”可知从句谓语用单数,再根据“this
year”可知,appear动作已经发生,故填
has
appeared。
7.where 句意:他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中“she
can
say
individual
words
but
not
full
sentences”是一个定语从句,先行词是“the
stage”,先行词在定语从句中做状语,故用关系副词where。
8.whose 句意:罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了,他现在只能自己打字。“Dr.Rowan”是先行词,在从句中做定语,故用关系代词whose。
9.which 句意:许多课程现在都可以在网上找到,学生们可以免费从中选择。此处是非限制性定语从句,先行词是“many
lessons”,在从句中做介词from的宾语,故用关系代词which。
10.when 句意:史密斯先生拥有这幅油画直到20世纪90年代初,这时他把它送给了他的孙子。分析句子结构可知,when引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词“the
early
1990s”,并在从句中做状语。
