高考短文改错解题指导学案
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高考短文改错解题指导 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )学案
甘肃会宁第四中学 康瑞祥
高考涉及短文改错的试卷有全国卷I、卷II、课标卷、浙江卷、辽宁卷、四川卷、陕西卷、重庆卷。通过对8篇短文改错的分析，可知这些短文改错语料长约110个单词，7—8个句子组成，共设10个考点，记叙体为主。句子结构基本上是简单句、并列句和并不复杂的复合句。其中，6篇以第一人称的手法叙述自己的学习生活经历，符合高中学生的认知水平。
一、解题思路（三步解题法）：
第一步、先通读全文。认真阅读短文，在做题之前确保已经弄清原文大意。注意文章中上下文的逻辑关系是否正确，时态、人称、主谓、指代等是否一致。
第二步、聚焦出题热点、综合运用所学语言知识，分句(注意以句子为单位而不是以行为单位)对不同的错误情况进行分析和回答(即改词、加词或减词)。
第三步、再次通读全文，校对自己的改正是否正确。一般各种改错的方式都应该用到，如果出现了某一种改法(如加词、减词等)没有用到，要考虑自己的改错应该有问题，要对刚才不是很有把握的行进行推敲。在自己认为正确的行后划勾，并且校对其他行改正的符号是否准确，大小写是否拼写正确(这点同学们很容易忽视)。如果某一行有两种改错方式要推敲哪一种是最佳改法。
二、出题规律：
近五年高考短文改错题题型稳定、考查点多、覆盖面广。一般以四种题型出现：对、错、多、少。从错误比例上看，一般为多词1处，少词1处，正确1处，错误6～7处。设问的角度有三个：词法、句法和行文逻辑。从这三个角度考查学生在语篇中综合运用英语的准确性。
2011年高考短文改错分析
多词少词 全国卷I 全国卷II 浙江卷 陕西卷
各1 各1 各1
词法 名词 名词的数（1） 名词的数（1） 名词的格（1） 名词的数（1）
代词 代词的选择（1） 代词的选择（1） 代词（2）
形容词 形容词误用（1） 形容词级别（1） 形容词（1）
副词 副词误用（1） 副词误用（1）
介词 搭配（1） 误用（1）
动词 时态（1）搭配（1） 时态（1）搭配（3） 时态（1） 时态（1）搭配（1）
冠词 冠词遗漏(1) 冠词遗漏(1) 冠词误用(1) 冠词误用(1)
非谓语动词 非谓语动词（1） 非谓语动词(1)
句法 主谓一致 单复数(1)
惯用法 固定句型(1) 固定搭配(1) 句法结构(1)
语篇 逻辑 连词的使用(1) 连词的使用(1) 连词的使用(1) 连词的使用(1)
三、考点透析：
考查考生平时学习中经常出现的词法、句法以及语篇行文逻辑错误，掌握规律之后做题便会事半功倍！具体考点分布如下：
( http: / / news.koolearn.com / content / subject / 2009_0521 / " \t "_blank ) (一)、名词：
主要考察能力： 名词的数、所有格。
①I came across a crew making a new film with one of my favourite actor.[2011陕西卷]
②It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.[2011课标卷]
③ Helen is seventeen year old. She is very busy.
解析：例 （1） 中的actor前有one of…修饰应改为actors；例 （2） 中的 “luggages” 不可数，应改为单数luggage。例（3） “年龄多大了”应该为复数形式，应此应该把year改为years。
【重要提示】
对名词单复数的考查是高考的热点之一，几乎每年考查一处。因此，为了对名词错误判断准确，应该：
(1)要弄清名词是可数名词还是不可数名词。
We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream．
(2)要掌握好可数名词复数的变化规则。
There are branch library in many villages．
(3)要注意一些名词单复数的特殊变化。
(4)要熟练运用名词的所有格。
【实战演练】
①They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.
②There are some breads on the desk.
③That kind of lie, a little, does two things: it keeps your friend feeling from being hurt….
④She said that she and all my schoolmate wished me success，．．．
⑤Now people get a lot of informations from TV.
⑥Yesterday I met an old friend of my father.
⑦They are of different size.
(二)、形容词/副词
主要考察能力：两者之间是否混用，和级别。
形容词与副词混用。即该用形容词的地方原文用了副词，该用副词的地方原文用了形容词。
①During the football season, Helen is much busier than usually.
②As the time clock showed one minute and forty-two seconds left in the game, she began cheering excited, “Come on-get going!”
③Since his family was rich than mine, he had more toys than I did.
解析：例①副词代替正确形容词出现在文章当中,很明显“与平时相比较更忙”，因此需要把usually改为usual。例②形容词代替正确副词出现在文章当中,原文意思是说比赛还剩一分四十二秒时，她开始兴奋地叫道-----，显然应把excited改为excitedly，用来修饰动词cheer。例③从后面的than可知rich改为richer此题考查形容词级别。
【识记项目】
单音节的形容词或副词比较等级加-er、-est，多音节加more、most，但二者不能同
时重叠使用。
As a result，people in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past．
【实战演练】
People will work few hours than they do now.
②Computers will be more smaller and useful….
③Last week, I went to a movie, which was very moved.
④Nang is a specially kind of cake in Xingjiang.[2011全国卷1]
⑤When she dropped me off , I pulled out the toy slow and gave it back.
⑥I hope you think about my request as soon as possibly.
⑦The water in it is so dirty that it smells terribly.
⑧I couldn’t see as clear as before.
⑨It is much easy to make plans than to carry them out.
⑩It is convenient for me to prepare for the exam than before.
(三)、代词
主要考察能力：代词是否多余，以及与反身代词之间的混用。
①代词多余
eg. Don’t lose your heart. With the help of the people all over the world, I’m sure you will get rid of the sorrow and unhappiness.
解析：lose heart：become discouraged泄气；丧失勇气；而lose one’s heart（to sb/st）：fall in love爱上；钟情于。原文意思很明显是“别泄气”。所以应该把your去掉。一字之差，离题千里。
②代词混用
eg. We were living in a big family. We treate each other as brothers and sisters. If any one of them had any difficulty, the other would help him or her out.
解析：原文意思是说“我们生活在一个大家庭之中，彼此间相处如同兄弟姐妹。如果我们之中谁有困难，其他人就会帮助他/她解决困难。”所以应把them改为us;把other改为others。
注意：the other表示两者之中“另一个”； the others表示在一个范围内的其他全部。
③代词遗漏
eg. A teacher could make classes lively and interesting.
解析： 应该在classes前加his，表示“使他的课堂生动有趣”。
④代词单复数混用
eg. As for a friendship, we can readily find them in our classmates and other people around us.
解析：显然因该把them改为it，指代前面提及的friendship。此句话意思是“就友谊来说，我们可以很容易地从我们的同学和周围的人中找到。”
【实战演练】
①With the help of Katia, a roommate of me, I’ve soon got used to living without my parents around. [2011重庆卷]
②I put into my pocket when he wasn’t looking.[2011浙江卷]
③When we walked to the car，Bill smiled and shook head．
④We must take part in the social practice to prepare us well for our future.
⑤One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher.
(四)、冠词
主要考察能力：句中冠词是否多余及冠词使用错误
1、冠词多余
eg. I sat in the front of the TV at 7 o’clock, when the game just began.
解析：区分in front of sth和in the front of sth。解决这个问题记住一句顺口溜就可以了“有the是内、无the是外”，即in the front of sth显然是指在事物(sth)内部空间的前面，比如说I prefer to travel in the front of the car.(我愿意坐在汽车的前面)；而in front of sth是指事物(sth)外部空间的前面，比如说the car stops in front of the house(汽车停在房前)。因此原文中应该把the去掉。
2、冠词遗漏
eg. As we all left home at early age, we met lots of problems in our daily life.
解析：at an ---- age固定搭配词组，表示“出于---年龄”，比如说at an early/tender age，可以翻译为“很小/年幼的时候”
【识记项目】
(1)在“so＋形容词＋可数名词单数”结构中，名词前不能缺a或an。
This is so good a book that we will buy it．
＝This is such a good book that we will buy it．
(2)little，few表示肯定时，前面不能缺a，意为“一些”。
a little water，但是“每隔几分钟”应说成 every few minutes。
(3)有些不可数名词（如：metal，beauty， iron，tea，coffee，ice，youth，pleasure，success，failure等），表示“一种”、“一个”、“一杯”时，应加上a或an。
Work is a pleasure to me．
(4)“the ＋姓氏复数”表示一家人时，the不能省。
The Browns like to go skating．
(5)表示“两者之中比较……的一个”时，比较级前应加the。
He is the taller of the two boys．
(6)在句中可数名词不可单独使用，前面应有限定词，如his，that，Tom's ，the ，a等。
When we walked to the car，Bill smiled and shook∧head．（his）
3、冠词错误
eg.There are too many people among my family.
解析：among改为in
【识记项目】
(1)不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。
Modern people know more about the health，have better food，and．．．
(2)与by连用的交通工具及air，land，sea等名词前不用冠词。
by bike骑自行车，by sea由海路，乘船
(3)有些名词（如：school，class，hospital， church，prison，bed， table，town等）与相应介词连用，表示有关活动时，不用冠词。
go to school去上学，in prison坐牢，at table在吃饭
(4)球类运动、棋类游戏前，不用冠词。
play basketball打篮球，play chess下棋
(5)most作“非常”解时，前面不用定冠词 the。
She is most pretty．她非常漂亮。
(6)as或though引导让步状语从句，构成倒装结构，前置的名词不用任何冠词。
Child as he is，he knows a lot．虽然他只是孩子，知道的却很多。
【实战演练】
①……and after that I would go to Xiamen for long holiday. [2011课标卷]
②……he went to the doctor for a help. [2011四川卷)
③The driver put the window down and offered us a umbrella…[2009浙江]
④Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.
⑤It took place in France, an European country.
⑥It is so beautiful place that you must visit it.
(五)、介词
主要考察能力：（特别是与动词的）固定搭配。
1、介词省略
I’m surt you will get rid the sorrow and unhappiness caused by the disaster.
解析：get rid of 是固定搭配，意思为“摆脱，除去”
2、介词多余
My wife is also happy because of I have given up smoking.
解析：这里显然示对because of与because用法的辨别区分。前者不能接句子，而后者充当连词可以接句子。所以应该把of去掉。
【识记项目】
last night，next week，this year，one day，three times等名词词组直接充当时间状语，前面不用介词。
有些动词在汉语中是不及物动词，在英语中却是及物动词，由于受汉语影响，可能多一个介词。 serve for the people；follow after the teacher；marry with her；make him as our monitor；
有些表示地点的副词，其意义中已包含to，如果再加to，则多余。
on one's way to there，return to home，go to upstairs
有些副词或介词词组后加另一个介词，构成复合介词，若后面没有介词宾语，介词则多余。同样，有些动词短语是“动词＋介词”结构，若后面没有介词宾语，介词则多余。
① If you won't go，I'll go instead of．
② She listened to but heard nothing．
（5） 有些动词或形容词后接名词或代词时，须加一个介词，但接从句时，必须去掉介词。
①I never knew about a ride down a river could be so exciting．
②I am sorry for that he won't come．
【识记项目】
有些词受汉语影响，多一副词或介词，造成词义重叠
return back回来，repeat again重复，flee away逃走，enter into进入，blue colour蓝色， stop down停下来，raise up举起来，unpack open打开 ，rise up
3、介词用错(一般为固定搭配)
I pick out her false hair and said, “Don’t be sad, Miss.”
解析：pick out应该为pick up。pick out挑选的意思；pick up捡起的意思。
【实战演练】
①I never knew much about her except for that she was strange.[2010辽宁]
②It was very fine when I got up early on last Sunday morning.
③I rushed out the house as quickly as I could.
④I had difficulty in grammar after I entered into the school.
⑤I am writing to thank you with your kind help.
⑥She could hardly afford for the medical care.
(六)、动词：
主要考察能力：时态、主谓是否一致、非谓语动词、固定搭配。
1、时态混用
eg. Then the trouble started. We can not open the door. So we asked the policeman for help.
解析：很显然此句子主时态是一般过去式，因此应把can改为could。
2、主谓不一致
eg. There were a football game on TV last Saturday evening.
解析：原句中a football game决定了谓语动词必须用单数，所以应该把were改为was。
【识记项目】
(1)谓语动词的单复数一般取决于前面主语的单复数。
Anyone may borrow books，and it cost nothing to borrow them．
(2)not only．．．but also，neither．．．nor．．．，either．．．or．．．等并列连词联接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数应采取就近一致原则。
(3)There be结构中，谓语动词也应采取就近一致原则。
But then there is always more mysteries to look into．
(4)注意把集合名词（如：family，class， team等）和不定代词（如：all ，none等）放在具体语境中，判断其谓语动词的单复数。
3、固定搭配
eg. I have given up somke. The dog doesn’t like the smell.
解析：give up doing sth。因此动词somke应该改为somking。
4、非谓语动词
eg. So I helped them going to the nearest hospital.[2011全国卷Ⅱ]
解析：going改为go考查非谓语动词的复合结构：help sb( to) do sth
【重要提示】
(1)V-ing形式作主语、宾语或状语是考查热点之一。
①I'll spend the whole weekend reading and prepare for it．
②After learn the basics of the subject， nothing else seemed very practical to me．
(2)过去分词与现在分词的区别是另一考查热点。此时重点要看分词与主语或逻辑主语的关系。
After an hour or so，we began to feel very frightening．
(3)情态动词后应用动词原形，却误用了非谓语动词。
David pointed to a path which he thought would probably leading to a village．
(4)被动语态中的过去分词误用成动词原形。
Books may be keep for four weeks．
(5)掌握好动词不定式带to与不带to的差异。
(6)有些动词后接不定式，有些动词后接动名词，应牢记这些动词。
【识记项目】
(1)不定式作后置定语，不定式符号to不能省。
But then there are always more mysteries∧ look into．(to)
(2)一般说来，两个实义动词不能并列使用，中间常用to连接。
The World Health Organization and other organizations are working∧improve health all over the world．(to)
(3)feel，hear，let，make，have，see，notice，watch，observe等动词变成被动结构时，充当主语补足语的不定式不能省去to。
Little Tom was made to do heavy work．
(4)为了避免重复前面的动词，后面的不定式常常省略，但要保留不定式符号to。
We wanted to go to the lecture，but we weren't able to．
【实战演练】
One of my unforgettable memories of my school in Xinjiang is that of lunches we brought from our homes. [2011全国卷1]
②Katia, like many other Russian girls, are nice and lively. [2011重庆卷]
③In early January this year, the rate of UFO reports were steady,……[2011辽宁卷]
④My best friend Aigulie was used to share her Nang with me.[2011全国卷Ⅰ]
⑤Thank you very much for showing us around your city and providing us for the wonderful meals. [2011全国卷II]
⑥I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou.[2011课标卷]
⑦My classmate, Joseph, is at present in hospital with a breaking leg.[2011陕西卷]
⑧“Excuse me，” she said, put her arm around the unhappy old woman.[2010浙江卷]
⑨My sister wanted get out of the shop as fast as she could when a shop assistant came over to us. [2010陕西]
⑩My sister saw a lovely cup when we are shopping the other day. She liked it at once. [2010陕西]
11、Play football not only makes us grow up…
(七)、连词
主要考察能力：前后两句话之间的衔接关系。
熟练应用表示并列、选择、转折、因果等关系的连词：and，or，but，so，therefore， however，etc．
①One day, my wife and I went shopping at a store. We drove the car but we had a lot of things to buy.
解析：显然原文中所要表达的意思是“我们开车去的原因是因为我们要买好多东西”，所以应该把but改为because/as/for。
②Chatting on line, students can more freely express their feelings and opinions, but improve their English if they are talking with native speakers.
解析：原文表达的意思是“通过网上聊天，学生能够更加轻松自由地表达自己的想法和观点，并且如果他们同外国人交谈，能够提高他们的英语水平。”所以前后句之间是并列关系，因该把but改为and．
【识记项目】
(1)在汉语中，分句与分句之间往往不用连词，但在英语中却不行。
It began to rain，and they had to stop working．
(2)受母语影响，几个同类词并列连用时，它们之间往往缺一连词。
①I told Mother，Father，Sister，∧all my friends here what a great time I had．(and)
②He looked inside∧saw nothing．(but)
(3)that引导的主语从句置于句首时，that常常不能省。
That light travels in straight line is known to all．
(4)引导同位语从句的连词that，when等常不可省。
①The doctors came to the conclusion that the patient was suffering from cancer．
②I have no idea when he will return．
(5)在even if，even though，as if，as though等短语中，第二个连词不能缺少。
He walks as if ／though he were drunk．
【实战演练】
①His boss wanted to fire him if he didn’t start coming on time, but he went to the doctor for help. [2011四川卷]
②Since the lunch bell finally rang, my friends and I met under a tall tree and had our lunches.[2011全国卷Ⅰ]
③My grandma was the best cook in the world but could make the most delicious dishes.
(八)、句式结构
主要考察能力：常考that与what或which/how与what之间的转换。
①She never has enough time for that she wants to do.
解析：原文意思是“她没有足够多的时间来做自己想做的事情”，很明显应该把that改为what。
注意：这一形式是改错常考点。
②We Chinese people have always been concerned about which has happened in your area.
解析：原文中需要一个连接词承接前后连个句子，这个连接词充当be concerned about引导宾语从句中的主语，所以应该把which改为what。
【识记项目】
定语从句中的一个宾语，已由关系代词取代，再用一个代词是多余的。
I do remember you having apologized to the old lady I met her last week．
【实战演练】
①we reached the top of the mountain. That surprised us .
②There ,Katia will introduce me to some of her friends,one of who has been to China several times.I just cant wait.[2011重庆卷]
③No lectures this morning so I think I’d email you and let you know what things are going.[2009海南、宁夏卷]
④It was(was) turned out to be her own cup, that she’d left on the shelf by mistake.[2010陕西]
⑤Three years ago, I was studying abroad in Japan. It was there where I began reading comic books.
甘肃会宁第四中学 康瑞祥
高考涉及短文改错的试卷有全国卷I、卷II、课标卷、浙江卷、辽宁卷、四川卷、陕西卷、重庆卷。通过对8篇短文改错的分析，可知这些短文改错语料长约110个单词，7—8个句子组成，共设10个考点，记叙体为主。句子结构基本上是简单句、并列句和并不复杂的复合句。其中，6篇以第一人称的手法叙述自己的学习生活经历，符合高中学生的认知水平。
一、解题思路（三步解题法）：
第一步、先通读全文。认真阅读短文，在做题之前确保已经弄清原文大意。注意文章中上下文的逻辑关系是否正确，时态、人称、主谓、指代等是否一致。
第二步、聚焦出题热点、综合运用所学语言知识，分句(注意以句子为单位而不是以行为单位)对不同的错误情况进行分析和回答(即改词、加词或减词)。
第三步、再次通读全文，校对自己的改正是否正确。一般各种改错的方式都应该用到，如果出现了某一种改法(如加词、减词等)没有用到，要考虑自己的改错应该有问题，要对刚才不是很有把握的行进行推敲。在自己认为正确的行后划勾，并且校对其他行改正的符号是否准确，大小写是否拼写正确(这点同学们很容易忽视)。如果某一行有两种改错方式要推敲哪一种是最佳改法。
二、出题规律：
近五年高考短文改错题题型稳定、考查点多、覆盖面广。一般以四种题型出现：对、错、多、少。从错误比例上看，一般为多词1处，少词1处，正确1处，错误6～7处。设问的角度有三个：词法、句法和行文逻辑。从这三个角度考查学生在语篇中综合运用英语的准确性。
2011年高考短文改错分析
多词少词 全国卷I 全国卷II 浙江卷 陕西卷
各1 各1 各1
词法 名词 名词的数（1） 名词的数（1） 名词的格（1） 名词的数（1）
代词 代词的选择（1） 代词的选择（1） 代词（2）
形容词 形容词误用（1） 形容词级别（1） 形容词（1）
副词 副词误用（1） 副词误用（1）
介词 搭配（1） 误用（1）
动词 时态（1）搭配（1） 时态（1）搭配（3） 时态（1） 时态（1）搭配（1）
冠词 冠词遗漏(1) 冠词遗漏(1) 冠词误用(1) 冠词误用(1)
非谓语动词 非谓语动词（1） 非谓语动词(1)
句法 主谓一致 单复数(1)
惯用法 固定句型(1) 固定搭配(1) 句法结构(1)
语篇 逻辑 连词的使用(1) 连词的使用(1) 连词的使用(1) 连词的使用(1)
三、考点透析：
考查考生平时学习中经常出现的词法、句法以及语篇行文逻辑错误，掌握规律之后做题便会事半功倍！具体考点分布如下：
( http: / / news.koolearn.com / content / subject / 2009_0521 / " \t "_blank ) (一)、名词：
主要考察能力： 名词的数、所有格。
①I came across a crew making a new film with one of my favourite actor.[2011陕西卷]
②It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.[2011课标卷]
③ Helen is seventeen year old. She is very busy.
解析：例 （1） 中的actor前有one of…修饰应改为actors；例 （2） 中的 “luggages” 不可数，应改为单数luggage。例（3） “年龄多大了”应该为复数形式，应此应该把year改为years。
【重要提示】
对名词单复数的考查是高考的热点之一，几乎每年考查一处。因此，为了对名词错误判断准确，应该：
(1)要弄清名词是可数名词还是不可数名词。
We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream．
(2)要掌握好可数名词复数的变化规则。
There are branch library in many villages．
(3)要注意一些名词单复数的特殊变化。
(4)要熟练运用名词的所有格。
【实战演练】
①They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.
②There are some breads on the desk.
③That kind of lie, a little, does two things: it keeps your friend feeling from being hurt….
④She said that she and all my schoolmate wished me success，．．．
⑤Now people get a lot of informations from TV.
⑥Yesterday I met an old friend of my father.
⑦They are of different size.
(二)、形容词/副词
主要考察能力：两者之间是否混用，和级别。
形容词与副词混用。即该用形容词的地方原文用了副词，该用副词的地方原文用了形容词。
①During the football season, Helen is much busier than usually.
②As the time clock showed one minute and forty-two seconds left in the game, she began cheering excited, “Come on-get going!”
③Since his family was rich than mine, he had more toys than I did.
解析：例①副词代替正确形容词出现在文章当中,很明显“与平时相比较更忙”，因此需要把usually改为usual。例②形容词代替正确副词出现在文章当中,原文意思是说比赛还剩一分四十二秒时，她开始兴奋地叫道-----，显然应把excited改为excitedly，用来修饰动词cheer。例③从后面的than可知rich改为richer此题考查形容词级别。
【识记项目】
单音节的形容词或副词比较等级加-er、-est，多音节加more、most，但二者不能同
时重叠使用。
As a result，people in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past．
【实战演练】
People will work few hours than they do now.
②Computers will be more smaller and useful….
③Last week, I went to a movie, which was very moved.
④Nang is a specially kind of cake in Xingjiang.[2011全国卷1]
⑤When she dropped me off , I pulled out the toy slow and gave it back.
⑥I hope you think about my request as soon as possibly.
⑦The water in it is so dirty that it smells terribly.
⑧I couldn’t see as clear as before.
⑨It is much easy to make plans than to carry them out.
⑩It is convenient for me to prepare for the exam than before.
(三)、代词
主要考察能力：代词是否多余，以及与反身代词之间的混用。
①代词多余
eg. Don’t lose your heart. With the help of the people all over the world, I’m sure you will get rid of the sorrow and unhappiness.
解析：lose heart：become discouraged泄气；丧失勇气；而lose one’s heart（to sb/st）：fall in love爱上；钟情于。原文意思很明显是“别泄气”。所以应该把your去掉。一字之差，离题千里。
②代词混用
eg. We were living in a big family. We treate each other as brothers and sisters. If any one of them had any difficulty, the other would help him or her out.
解析：原文意思是说“我们生活在一个大家庭之中，彼此间相处如同兄弟姐妹。如果我们之中谁有困难，其他人就会帮助他/她解决困难。”所以应把them改为us;把other改为others。
注意：the other表示两者之中“另一个”； the others表示在一个范围内的其他全部。
③代词遗漏
eg. A teacher could make classes lively and interesting.
解析： 应该在classes前加his，表示“使他的课堂生动有趣”。
④代词单复数混用
eg. As for a friendship, we can readily find them in our classmates and other people around us.
解析：显然因该把them改为it，指代前面提及的friendship。此句话意思是“就友谊来说，我们可以很容易地从我们的同学和周围的人中找到。”
【实战演练】
①With the help of Katia, a roommate of me, I’ve soon got used to living without my parents around. [2011重庆卷]
②I put into my pocket when he wasn’t looking.[2011浙江卷]
③When we walked to the car，Bill smiled and shook head．
④We must take part in the social practice to prepare us well for our future.
⑤One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher.
(四)、冠词
主要考察能力：句中冠词是否多余及冠词使用错误
1、冠词多余
eg. I sat in the front of the TV at 7 o’clock, when the game just began.
解析：区分in front of sth和in the front of sth。解决这个问题记住一句顺口溜就可以了“有the是内、无the是外”，即in the front of sth显然是指在事物(sth)内部空间的前面，比如说I prefer to travel in the front of the car.(我愿意坐在汽车的前面)；而in front of sth是指事物(sth)外部空间的前面，比如说the car stops in front of the house(汽车停在房前)。因此原文中应该把the去掉。
2、冠词遗漏
eg. As we all left home at early age, we met lots of problems in our daily life.
解析：at an ---- age固定搭配词组，表示“出于---年龄”，比如说at an early/tender age，可以翻译为“很小/年幼的时候”
【识记项目】
(1)在“so＋形容词＋可数名词单数”结构中，名词前不能缺a或an。
This is so good a book that we will buy it．
＝This is such a good book that we will buy it．
(2)little，few表示肯定时，前面不能缺a，意为“一些”。
a little water，但是“每隔几分钟”应说成 every few minutes。
(3)有些不可数名词（如：metal，beauty， iron，tea，coffee，ice，youth，pleasure，success，failure等），表示“一种”、“一个”、“一杯”时，应加上a或an。
Work is a pleasure to me．
(4)“the ＋姓氏复数”表示一家人时，the不能省。
The Browns like to go skating．
(5)表示“两者之中比较……的一个”时，比较级前应加the。
He is the taller of the two boys．
(6)在句中可数名词不可单独使用，前面应有限定词，如his，that，Tom's ，the ，a等。
When we walked to the car，Bill smiled and shook∧head．（his）
3、冠词错误
eg.There are too many people among my family.
解析：among改为in
【识记项目】
(1)不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。
Modern people know more about the health，have better food，and．．．
(2)与by连用的交通工具及air，land，sea等名词前不用冠词。
by bike骑自行车，by sea由海路，乘船
(3)有些名词（如：school，class，hospital， church，prison，bed， table，town等）与相应介词连用，表示有关活动时，不用冠词。
go to school去上学，in prison坐牢，at table在吃饭
(4)球类运动、棋类游戏前，不用冠词。
play basketball打篮球，play chess下棋
(5)most作“非常”解时，前面不用定冠词 the。
She is most pretty．她非常漂亮。
(6)as或though引导让步状语从句，构成倒装结构，前置的名词不用任何冠词。
Child as he is，he knows a lot．虽然他只是孩子，知道的却很多。
【实战演练】
①……and after that I would go to Xiamen for long holiday. [2011课标卷]
②……he went to the doctor for a help. [2011四川卷)
③The driver put the window down and offered us a umbrella…[2009浙江]
④Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.
⑤It took place in France, an European country.
⑥It is so beautiful place that you must visit it.
(五)、介词
主要考察能力：（特别是与动词的）固定搭配。
1、介词省略
I’m surt you will get rid the sorrow and unhappiness caused by the disaster.
解析：get rid of 是固定搭配，意思为“摆脱，除去”
2、介词多余
My wife is also happy because of I have given up smoking.
解析：这里显然示对because of与because用法的辨别区分。前者不能接句子，而后者充当连词可以接句子。所以应该把of去掉。
【识记项目】
last night，next week，this year，one day，three times等名词词组直接充当时间状语，前面不用介词。
有些动词在汉语中是不及物动词，在英语中却是及物动词，由于受汉语影响，可能多一个介词。 serve for the people；follow after the teacher；marry with her；make him as our monitor；
有些表示地点的副词，其意义中已包含to，如果再加to，则多余。
on one's way to there，return to home，go to upstairs
有些副词或介词词组后加另一个介词，构成复合介词，若后面没有介词宾语，介词则多余。同样，有些动词短语是“动词＋介词”结构，若后面没有介词宾语，介词则多余。
① If you won't go，I'll go instead of．
② She listened to but heard nothing．
（5） 有些动词或形容词后接名词或代词时，须加一个介词，但接从句时，必须去掉介词。
①I never knew about a ride down a river could be so exciting．
②I am sorry for that he won't come．
【识记项目】
有些词受汉语影响，多一副词或介词，造成词义重叠
return back回来，repeat again重复，flee away逃走，enter into进入，blue colour蓝色， stop down停下来，raise up举起来，unpack open打开 ，rise up
3、介词用错(一般为固定搭配)
I pick out her false hair and said, “Don’t be sad, Miss.”
解析：pick out应该为pick up。pick out挑选的意思；pick up捡起的意思。
【实战演练】
①I never knew much about her except for that she was strange.[2010辽宁]
②It was very fine when I got up early on last Sunday morning.
③I rushed out the house as quickly as I could.
④I had difficulty in grammar after I entered into the school.
⑤I am writing to thank you with your kind help.
⑥She could hardly afford for the medical care.
(六)、动词：
主要考察能力：时态、主谓是否一致、非谓语动词、固定搭配。
1、时态混用
eg. Then the trouble started. We can not open the door. So we asked the policeman for help.
解析：很显然此句子主时态是一般过去式，因此应把can改为could。
2、主谓不一致
eg. There were a football game on TV last Saturday evening.
解析：原句中a football game决定了谓语动词必须用单数，所以应该把were改为was。
【识记项目】
(1)谓语动词的单复数一般取决于前面主语的单复数。
Anyone may borrow books，and it cost nothing to borrow them．
(2)not only．．．but also，neither．．．nor．．．，either．．．or．．．等并列连词联接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数应采取就近一致原则。
(3)There be结构中，谓语动词也应采取就近一致原则。
But then there is always more mysteries to look into．
(4)注意把集合名词（如：family，class， team等）和不定代词（如：all ，none等）放在具体语境中，判断其谓语动词的单复数。
3、固定搭配
eg. I have given up somke. The dog doesn’t like the smell.
解析：give up doing sth。因此动词somke应该改为somking。
4、非谓语动词
eg. So I helped them going to the nearest hospital.[2011全国卷Ⅱ]
解析：going改为go考查非谓语动词的复合结构：help sb( to) do sth
【重要提示】
(1)V-ing形式作主语、宾语或状语是考查热点之一。
①I'll spend the whole weekend reading and prepare for it．
②After learn the basics of the subject， nothing else seemed very practical to me．
(2)过去分词与现在分词的区别是另一考查热点。此时重点要看分词与主语或逻辑主语的关系。
After an hour or so，we began to feel very frightening．
(3)情态动词后应用动词原形，却误用了非谓语动词。
David pointed to a path which he thought would probably leading to a village．
(4)被动语态中的过去分词误用成动词原形。
Books may be keep for four weeks．
(5)掌握好动词不定式带to与不带to的差异。
(6)有些动词后接不定式，有些动词后接动名词，应牢记这些动词。
【识记项目】
(1)不定式作后置定语，不定式符号to不能省。
But then there are always more mysteries∧ look into．(to)
(2)一般说来，两个实义动词不能并列使用，中间常用to连接。
The World Health Organization and other organizations are working∧improve health all over the world．(to)
(3)feel，hear，let，make，have，see，notice，watch，observe等动词变成被动结构时，充当主语补足语的不定式不能省去to。
Little Tom was made to do heavy work．
(4)为了避免重复前面的动词，后面的不定式常常省略，但要保留不定式符号to。
We wanted to go to the lecture，but we weren't able to．
【实战演练】
One of my unforgettable memories of my school in Xinjiang is that of lunches we brought from our homes. [2011全国卷1]
②Katia, like many other Russian girls, are nice and lively. [2011重庆卷]
③In early January this year, the rate of UFO reports were steady,……[2011辽宁卷]
④My best friend Aigulie was used to share her Nang with me.[2011全国卷Ⅰ]
⑤Thank you very much for showing us around your city and providing us for the wonderful meals. [2011全国卷II]
⑥I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou.[2011课标卷]
⑦My classmate, Joseph, is at present in hospital with a breaking leg.[2011陕西卷]
⑧“Excuse me，” she said, put her arm around the unhappy old woman.[2010浙江卷]
⑨My sister wanted get out of the shop as fast as she could when a shop assistant came over to us. [2010陕西]
⑩My sister saw a lovely cup when we are shopping the other day. She liked it at once. [2010陕西]
11、Play football not only makes us grow up…
(七)、连词
主要考察能力：前后两句话之间的衔接关系。
熟练应用表示并列、选择、转折、因果等关系的连词：and，or，but，so，therefore， however，etc．
①One day, my wife and I went shopping at a store. We drove the car but we had a lot of things to buy.
解析：显然原文中所要表达的意思是“我们开车去的原因是因为我们要买好多东西”，所以应该把but改为because/as/for。
②Chatting on line, students can more freely express their feelings and opinions, but improve their English if they are talking with native speakers.
解析：原文表达的意思是“通过网上聊天，学生能够更加轻松自由地表达自己的想法和观点，并且如果他们同外国人交谈，能够提高他们的英语水平。”所以前后句之间是并列关系，因该把but改为and．
【识记项目】
(1)在汉语中，分句与分句之间往往不用连词，但在英语中却不行。
It began to rain，and they had to stop working．
(2)受母语影响，几个同类词并列连用时，它们之间往往缺一连词。
①I told Mother，Father，Sister，∧all my friends here what a great time I had．(and)
②He looked inside∧saw nothing．(but)
(3)that引导的主语从句置于句首时，that常常不能省。
That light travels in straight line is known to all．
(4)引导同位语从句的连词that，when等常不可省。
①The doctors came to the conclusion that the patient was suffering from cancer．
②I have no idea when he will return．
(5)在even if，even though，as if，as though等短语中，第二个连词不能缺少。
He walks as if ／though he were drunk．
【实战演练】
①His boss wanted to fire him if he didn’t start coming on time, but he went to the doctor for help. [2011四川卷]
②Since the lunch bell finally rang, my friends and I met under a tall tree and had our lunches.[2011全国卷Ⅰ]
③My grandma was the best cook in the world but could make the most delicious dishes.
(八)、句式结构
主要考察能力：常考that与what或which/how与what之间的转换。
①She never has enough time for that she wants to do.
解析：原文意思是“她没有足够多的时间来做自己想做的事情”，很明显应该把that改为what。
注意：这一形式是改错常考点。
②We Chinese people have always been concerned about which has happened in your area.
解析：原文中需要一个连接词承接前后连个句子，这个连接词充当be concerned about引导宾语从句中的主语，所以应该把which改为what。
【识记项目】
定语从句中的一个宾语，已由关系代词取代，再用一个代词是多余的。
I do remember you having apologized to the old lady I met her last week．
【实战演练】
①we reached the top of the mountain. That surprised us .
②There ,Katia will introduce me to some of her friends,one of who has been to China several times.I just cant wait.[2011重庆卷]
③No lectures this morning so I think I’d email you and let you know what things are going.[2009海南、宁夏卷]
④It was(was) turned out to be her own cup, that she’d left on the shelf by mistake.[2010陕西]
⑤Three years ago, I was studying abroad in Japan. It was there where I began reading comic books.