中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
8B--Present perfect tense(1)
Step one
基本含义：
* 从字面上看：“现在完成时”怎么解释？“时”怎么解释？
--“时”：时态 --> 时间状态
--在现在这个时间状态下，某个动作已经做完了、完成了。
说明动作发生在：—过去
*既然是“已经”做了，对现在有没有影响？
例如：我已经吃完饭了。对现在有什么影响？--现在饱了，现在不用再吃了
我已经完成家庭作业了。对现在有什么影响或者造成了什么结果？-- 现在不用再做了，现在可以玩了，或者可以做其他事情了。
* 综合一下，基本含义1:
动作发生在过去且现在完成了，并对现在有影响或造成了结果。
Step two
那在汉语中，我们是怎么表达一件事情做完了？
例：你吃完饭了吗？ 如果你吃完饭了，你怎么回答？（可能1：我吃过了。
可能2：我吃完了。
可能3：我已经吃完了/我已经
吃过了。）
评价：从这几个句子里，能不能找出一个最能精确的表达“事情已经做完了”的词语？
--“已经”
Step three
在英语中我们要怎么表达“已经”呢？
*先回忆：以前学过的不同的时态中，如果句子里面没有表示时间的词语，我们是怎么
看出事情发生在什么时候的呢？
*看句子里面的什么？
--看谓语动词的形式（like/likes; am、is、are; liked; was、were ；will like; is going to
like; was going to; is listening; was listening…）
step four
*在“现在完成时”中，怎么改变动词的形式呢？
动词已经分身乏术了，单单靠一个动词的某个形式不能完全表达出“现在完成时”
所以，我们要在这个动词的前面加一个“帮助它的动词”—助动词
*以前学过的助动词是什么？
--do的各种形式
*“现在完成时”中，新加入了一个助动词—have的各种形式
又因为是“现在”完成时，所以:
这里的助动词have就只有两种形式：have/has(跟一般现在时中助动词do/does一
样)
* have的缩写： 've
has的缩写： 's
Step five
所以：在肯定句中：现在完成时的结构是：
主语 + have/has + 动词（过去分词形式）+宾语/其他
（动词的现在分词的变化规则现在不详细讲解）
在否定句中：现在完成时的结构是：
主语 + haven't/hasn't +动词（过去分词形式） + 宾语/其他
在一般疑问句中：现在完成时的结构：
Have/Has + 主语 + 动词（过去分词） + 宾语/其他
回答：肯定：主语+has/have.
否定：主语+hasn't/haven't.
特殊疑问句中：现在完成时的结构：
特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 动词（过去分词） + 宾语/其他
Step six
practice:
一、用have的适当形式填空(并翻译)
1.I______finished my homework.
2.she________never been to Guilin.
3.I________(not) done my work jet.
4.Our teacher________taught us a lot about the history of China.
5.--________you seen any films recently.
--Yes,I________.
6.--_______ the girl had a cake.
--No,she________.
Step seven
在不同的时态中都可以用相应的时间状语来表示
因为这层含义中，发生在过去的动作已经结束了，所以这个动作是“不延续”的，
也因此：
—---相对应的时间是表示过去的或一些不具体的，不确定的，模糊的时间状语：
*过去时间状语：already, yet, just，before等.....
*频度副词：never,ever,once,twice,数字+times.....
1.already:
*含义：已经
*位置：助动词和动词的过去分词之间/句末
例：1.I’ve already ordered pizza.
We’ve made the beds already.
*提升*
already也可以用于疑问句中，表示期望得到肯定的回答或表示惊异，
此时，already常放在：句末
例：Has she found her bike already 她已经找到自行车了？！
2.yet:
*含义：已经 / 还没有
*用法1：可以用于否定句中，表示“还没有”
例：We haven’t swept the floor yet.
*用法2：也可以用于疑问句中，表示“已经”
例：Have you swept the floor yet
*位置：一般放在句末
*注意：在否定回答中，可以直接回答：（No.）Not yet.
*practice:
用already/yet将下列句子补充完整。
She hasn’t realized her mistake_________.
I have_______ finished that report.
He hasn’t begun to work__________.
We have _________ read the book.
3.just:
*含义：刚刚，刚才
*用法1：可以用于现在完成时态中
*用法2：一般只用于陈述句
*位置：放在助动词之后
例：I have just seen a sweet little puppy outside.
*注意：
just与just now 的区别： 虽然just now也表示“刚刚”，但是just now只能用于“一般过去时态”
Just now位置：一般位于句首或句末
*提高*
just now也可用于（加重语气的）现在或片刻之后
这时：可用于现在时或将来时
例：1.Come and see me later,I’m busy just now！过些时候再来，我现在正忙着呢！
（=at this moment此时、此刻、眼下）
2.I’ll tell you a story just now if you have time to listen to it.
如果你有时间，我马上就把故事将给听
3.Business is good just now.
目前生意很红火。（=during this present period目前、现阶段）
*practice:
翻译下列句子。
他们刚才把它给了我。（用just）(give--given)
______________________________
我刚借了一本书。(用just now)(borrow-borrowed)
______________________________
用just/just now填空
Did you hear anyone knock at the door_________
My brother has______ told me the good news.
--I have______watched the movie. What about you
--I watched it_____________.
4.before：
*含义：之前，以前
*位置：一般放在句尾
例：He has never been to Beijing before. 他以前从未去过北京。
5.never:
*含义：从不
*位置：放在助动词之后
例：I've never been to Beijing. 我从未去过北京。
6.ever:
*含义：曾经
*用法：用于疑问句
*位置：放在助动词的后面。
例：Have you ever been to Beijing 你曾经去过北京吗？
7.次数：
*位置：一般位于句尾
例：I have been to Beijing twice.
严重注意！
现在所学阶段，when引导的时间状语从句不可以用现在完成时
Step eight
After-school practice:
一、按要求完成下列句子
1.His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)
His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.
2.I bought a new bike just now. (用just改写)
I ____ just ____ a new bike.
3.Ann has gone to Shanghai.（改为一般疑问句，并作肯定回答）
____________________________________________
_________________
我刚刚丢了我的化学书。(lose-lost)
____________________________________________
她已经吃过午饭了。(have-had)
____________________________________________
我哥哥还没有回来。(come-come)
____________________________________________
你曾经吃过鱼和薯条吗？(eat-eaten)
____________________________________________
我之前不认识他。(know-known)
____________________________________________
二、选择题
（ ）-Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents.
A. has B. had C. did D. have
（ ）--Mum, may I go out and play basketball
--______you_____ your homework yet
A.Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished
（ ）I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.
A.lost B. don't lose C. have lost D. is coming
（ ）Both his parents look sad. Maybe they _______what’s happened to him .
A.knew B.have known C.must know D.will know
（ ）—These farmers have been to the United States.
—Really When _____ there
A.will they go B.did they go C.do they go D.have they gone
（ ）--______ you ___ your homework yet —
--Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.
A. Did; do; finished B.Have; done; finished
C.Have; done; have finished D.will; do; finish
（ ）Have you met Mr. Li ______？
A.just B.ago C.before D.a moment ago
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8B--Present perfect tense（2）
Step one
如何看出一个句子是不是“现在完成时”？
看什么？ --谓语动词的形式
谓语动词什么形式？ --have/has + 动词（过去分词）
Step two
动词的过去分词变化规则：
有规律的（参照动词的过去式变化形式）
一般情况下 +ed work,plant,call,move,order,clean,cook,finish,paint
以e结尾的 +d live,change,arrive,agree
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的 去y变I + ed try,study,carry,hurry,cry,worry,copy,tidy
以“辅元辅”重读闭音节结尾的 双写最后一个字母+ed plan,stop,drop,fit(合适)，prefer(更喜欢)，travel(可双可不双)
不规则的
cost—cost—cost cut—cut—cut hit—hit—hit hurt—hurt—hurt let—let—let put—put—put read—read—read spread--spread--spread A—A—A型 (原形)
break--broke--broken; speak--spoke--spoke A—B—B型 (eak结尾---eak变oken)
make--made --made A—B—B型 (ke--变de)
keep—kept—kept sleep—slept—slept sweep—swept—swept A—B—B型 (eep--变ept)
bring—brought—brought buy—bought—bought think—thought—thought flight-fought-fought A—B—B型 (改成ought)
catch—caught—caught teach—taught—taught A—B—B型 (改成aught)
build—built—built lend—lent—lent send—sent—sent spend—spent—spent A—B—B型 （-ild，-end时，只需把d变为t）
5?tell—told—told sell—sold—sold A—B—B型 （把-ell变为-old）
smell—smelt—smelt spell—spelt—spelt feel—felt—felt spill—spilt—spilt （使）溢出、流出、（东西）倒出、洒落A—B—B型 （把-ell或ill变为-elt或ilt）
learn—learnt—learnt mean—meant—meant spoil—spoilt—spoilt 溺爱、糟蹋、破坏、掠夺A—B—B型 （加t）
hear—heard—heardA—B—B型 （加d）
say—said—said pay—paid—paid lay—laid—laid A—B—B型 （去y变-id）
meet—met—metA—B—B型 （eet变et）
lose—lost—lostA—B—B型 （e变t）
sit—sat—sat spit—spat—spat A—B—B型 （i变a）
get—got—got A—B—B型 （e变o）
shine—shone—shone win—won—won A—B—B型 （i变o）
hang—hung—hungA—B—B型 （a变u）
dig—dug—dugA—B—B型 （i变u）
hold—held—held A—B—B型 （o变e）
stand—stood—stood understand—understood—understoodA—B—B型 （and变ood）
find—found—found A—B—B型 （ind变ound）
leave—left—left A—B—B型 （ave变eft）
have（has）—had—had A—B—B型 （ve或s变d）
begin—began—begun drink—drank—drunk sing—sang—sung ring—rang—rung swim—swam—swum sink—sank—sunkA—B—C型（?i—a—u变）
blow—blew—blown draw—drew—drawn grow—grew—grown know—knew—known throw—threw—thrown（show除外）A—B—C型（词尾为-ow，-aw时，过去式将其变为-ew）
drive—drove—driven rise—rose—risenwrite—wrote—written ride—rode—ridden （give，hide除外）A—B—C型（词尾为“i＋辅（1个）＋e”，过去式将i变为o；过去分词多在原形末尾+n） （若辅音字母为d或t，过去分词须双写d或t后，在原形末尾加n）
break—broke—broken speak—spoke—spoken choose—chose—chosen freeze—froze—frozen wake—woke—woken A—B—C型（过去分词在过去式后+（e）n）
forget—forgot—forgotten A—B—C型（过去分词由过去式加-ten构成）
be—w（were）—been see—saw—seen eat—ate—eaten fall—fell—fallen give—gave—given hide—hid—hidden（hid） A—B—C型（过去分词由原形加（e）n构成）
take—took—taken mistake—mistook—mistaken A—B—C型（词尾为-ake时，过去式将其变为-ook，过去分词在原形词后加-n）
do—did—done go—went—gone lie—lay—lain show—showed—shown wear—wore—worn fly—flew—flownA—B—C型（无规律型）
beat—beat—beaten A—A—B型（过去分词由原形+en）
come—came—come become—became—become run—ran—run A—B—A型（过去分词与原形相同）
can—could may—might will—would shall—should情态动词型，只有原形和过去式，没有过去分词
Step three
practice:
按要求完成下列句子。
1.我女儿刚刚已经出去了。
My daughter_______ just _______out.
2.我确定我们以前就已经见过面了。
I'm sure I________ ________you before.
3.--他已经告诉你那个故事了吗？ --不，还没有。
--________ he ________you that story
--No,he_________.
4.I have done my homework.
否定句：I _____ _____ my homework.
一般疑问：___ you ____ my homework
Yes, I _____.
No, I ______.
She has seen the movie.
否定：She _____ _____ the movie.
一般疑问：___ she ____ the movie
Yes, she ___.
No, she _____.
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1.I ________ already ________ the book. (read)
2. He _____ just ______ (finish）his homework.
3. She ______________(not play) soccer yet.
4. Mom _____ ever ______（visit）Jinan before.
5 They ____never ____ (be) to Jinan.
6 So far we ________________(learn)1000 words.
7 In the past five years my hometown_______________(change)a lot.
8 Tom ______________(see）the movie twice.
I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week.
-- _____ he ____ (finish) his work today
--Not yet.
My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
Where’s Li Ming He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
He ________ (go) to school on foot every day.
____ you ______ (find) your science book yet
If it ____ (be) fine tomorrow, I'll go with you.
The students ____________ (read) English when the teacher came in.
Look! The monkey __________ (climb) the tree.
14. My mother __________ (come) to see me next Sunday.
15. I've lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere
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8B--Present perfect tense（3）
Step one
*之前讲的，“现在完成时”的一个基本含义是什么？
-----动作发生在过去且已经完成，并对现在有影响
*这种含义下的现在完成时一般可以和哪些时间状语连用？
----- already;yet;just;before;never;ever;次数等
Step two
从下面例句中，你能看出“现在完成时”的另一层含义吗？
*我写这本小说已经写了十年了。
----动作发生在___________
----动作持续到__________,并且可能之后会还会继续
例：他们已经在这里住了五年了。
----动作发生在___________
----动作持续到___________,并且有可能之后还会继续
Step three
表示这层含义时，一般与for或since引导的时间状语连用。
since含义：自.....以来
1.for + 一段时间
2.since + 从句（一般过去时）
3.since + 时间点
4.since + 时间点 + ago
5.since特殊用法：It's+时间段+since + 从句（一般过去时）
此外，还有：
6.up to now 到目前为止
7.so far 到目前为止
8.in /over the past few years
9.these few years/days
10.recently等
具体讲解：
for + 一段时间
Eg. I have learnt English for more than ten years.
我已经学了10多年的英语。
He’s studied English for 3 years.
他学习英语3年了。
since + 从句（一般过去时）
Eg. I have been here since I graduated in 2000.
since + 时间点
Eg. I have been here since 2000.
since + 时间点 + ago
Eg. I have been here since 5 years ago.
5. since特殊用法：
It is+时间段+since + 从句（一般过去时）
Eg. it is three years since he died.
“提升”
在口语中，可以使用“It has been.......since......”
但是，“It is.......since......”是正式用法
而且，在“It is.......since......”句式中，since 后面的从句绝对不可以是否定句
Eg: It is two months since you didn’t come to see me . X
Practice:
一、选用 for和 since填空:
1.We haven’t seen each other ______ a long time.
2.His father has been in the Party ______ 10 years ago.
3.The film has been on ______ 20 minutes.
4.Mr Green has worked here ______ he came to China.
5.His grandparents have been dead ______ several years.
6. It’s five years _______ we met last time.
二、选择题
（ ） It _____ ten years since he left the army .
Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. Was
up to now
*含义：到目前为止
*位置：一般位于句首
Eg. Up to now，we have been satisfied with him very much.
so far
*含义：迄今为止
*位置：位置较随意
Eg. What have you found so far
So far,we haven’t been able to find anything.
特殊：
So far可与短暂性动词连用；也可与延续性动词连用
in /over/during the past few years
*含义：在过去的...年里
Eg. The famous writer has written a new book in the past two years.
these few years/days
*含义：这些年/天
Eg: Have you seen her parents these days？
recently
Eg. How have you been recently
Step four
*仔细观察一下上面肯定句中有阴影部分的动词，这些动词有什么特点？
-----它们都是持续性动词
*为什么不能用短暂性动词呢？
----for /since引导的时间状语都是表示一段时间的，所以只能跟可以持续进行的持续性
动词连用；而短暂性动词是‘发生即结束’，发生就一瞬间的工夫，不能持续一段时
间，所以不可以与for / since引导的时间状语连用。
*那短暂性动词怎么才能与for /since引导的时间状语连用呢？
-----这时，需要将短暂性动词改成相应的持续性动词
非延续性动词（短暂性动词）可以转化为------“be+adj./adv./pron./n.等”
become------be
begin/start ------be on finish/end---be over
go(come) out----be out come(arrive at/in,get to,reach)------be in / at leave/go(....)---- be away(from...)get up----be up come(go) back/return-----be back
die----be dead
open----be open(adj.) close---be closed
join------be in/be a member of......
buy---have borrow--keep/have
put on-----wear
go/get to sleep-----sleep fall asleep---- be asleep
marry/get married---- be married
catch/get a cold-----have a cold
get to know---- know
have/has gone to----- have/has been in
move---be out of
Practice:
句型转换
The film began two minutes ago.
The film_______ ________ ________ for______ _________.
I bought a pen two hours ago.
I ________ _________ a pen since ______ _______ ______.
He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ ________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
He came back in 2010.
He _______ ________ ________ since ________.
He _______ ________ ________ since ________ _________ __________.
注意：
在否定句中，短暂性动词是可以与时间段连用的
Eg. I haven’t borrowed books from the library since last year.
She hasn’t bought any new clothes since last year.
*思考一下原因
-----没有做的动作可以持续不做，“不做”可以是连贯的，持续的
Step five
*在现在完成时中，如果对for/since引导的时间状语提问，应该用什么特殊疑问词？
----how long(表示多久，指的是一段时间)
*能用when来提问吗？为什么？
----when ：什么时候，指的是时间点，而for/since引导的时间状语是指一段时间，两
者相冲突，所以不能用
既然how long是对一段时间的提问，那么在how long 引导的特殊疑问句中，应该用什么
类型的动词？
-----持续性动词
Step six
Practice:
选择题：
（ ）Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes.
A. has begun B.had begun C.has been on D.began
（ ）—How long have you ____ here —About two months.
A. been B.gone C.come D.Arrived
（ ）—Do you know him well
— ---Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
A.were B.have been C.have become D.have made
（ ）His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
A.joined B.has joined C.was in D. has been in
（ ）—Our country ______ a lot so far . —
---Yes. I hope it will be even ____.
A.has changed ; well B.changed; good
C.has changed ; better D.changed; better
（ ）Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
A. was; studying B.will; study C.has; studied D.are; studying
（ ）We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
A.know B.had known C.have known D.knew
（ ）Harry Potter is a very nice film. I_______ it twice .
A. will see B. have seen C.saw D.see
（ ）The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years .
A.is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written
（ ）When he arrives at the bus stop,the bus __________for 20 minutes.
has left B.had left C.has been away D.had been away
改错
The old woman died for 9 years.
We joined the army for 6 years.
He bought the dictionary for 3 years.
按要求完成下列句子
My parents have gone to England．(对画线部分提问)
________________________ parents gone
He has waited for her for 2 hours．(对画线部分提问)
____________________he waited for her
Lucy has been to Beijing several times. (对画线部分提问)
________ ________ ________ has Lucy been to Beijing
你爸妈结婚多久了？
____________________your parents________________________
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8B--Present perfect tense(4)
Step one
*已经学过的现在完成时有哪两种含义？
①动作发生在过去并且结束，且对现在有影响；
②动作发生在过去，但并没有结束，还可能延续下去
*分别与哪些时间状语连用？
①already;yet;just;before;never;ever;次数等
②for+一段时间；since+时间点/....ago/一般过去时的句子；
in/over/among the past....years/months等；
so far/up to now等等
*在不同的时间状语中，用什么类型的谓语动词？
①延续性动词和短暂性动词都可以
②肯定句中，谓语动词只能用持续性谓语动词
Step two
*除了以上的用法之外，还有一些固定搭配
①It/That/This is +第几次+（that）+从句（现在完成时）
②It/That/This is the +最高级结构+（that）+从句（现在完成时）
③It/That/This is the +only+（that）+从句（现在完成时）
Eg:
This is my first time that I have visited China.
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
That is the only book that he has written.
Step three
have been to / have been in / have gone to区别
have(has) been to
表示：过去曾经去过某地，说话时已经不在该地
Eg: My father has been to Beijing .
我爸爸曾经去过北京。（现在不在北京了）
have(has) gone to
表示：已经去了某地，说话时还未回来
Eg: My father has gone to Beijing .
我爸爸去北京了。（现在还在北京）
have(has) been in（at）
表示：已经在某地（待了多久）
in+大地点; at+ 小地点
注意：
如果地点是副词，则不需要in/at，直接用have(has) been
Eg: My father has been in Beijing for two years .
我爸爸已经在北京两年了。（表达的是在某地待了多久）
I have been here for 3 years.
Practice:
一、选择题
（ ）Mr. Li _______Kunming. He ______ the city three times. This time
he ________ Kunming for three days.
A. has been to; has gone to; has been in
B. has gone to; has been to; has been in
C. has been in; has been to; has gone to
D. has gone to; has been in; has been to
（ ）—When will your sister go to England —
---She ______ London since four months ago.
A. went to B. has gone to C. has been to D. has been in
（ ）—May I speak to your headmaster
—Sorry, he isn’t here. He ______ to Guiyang on business.
A. have gone B. has gone C. have been in D. has been
（ ）—Have you seen Dr. Adams recently
—No. He _____ Hong Kong for an important meeting. He’ll come back tomorrow.
A. has gone in B. has been in C. has gone to D. has been to （ ）— Where is my sister, mum
—She _____ the library and she will be back soon.
has been to B. has gone to C. is going to D. has been in（ ）—There is a telephone call for Tom. Isn’t he at home
—No, he ______ the supermarket.
went to B. has been to C. has gone to D. is going to
（ ）—Where is Daming
—He ______ to Dalian for an important meeting.
goes B. went C. has been D. has gone
（ ）—Look! Your teacher Miss White is over there.
—No, it can’t be her. She _____ to Beijing.
A. has gone B. has been C. went D. will go
（ ）—Where's Eric now
—He with his classmates ______ the teacher's office.
A. has been to B. have gone to C. has gone to
（ ）—Hobo and Eddie ______ the cinema to watch the film Zootopia.
—Oh, that's why I can't find them now.
A. have gone to B. have been to C. has gone to D. has been t
（ ）—______ you ever ______ to the Great Wall
—Yes, three times.
A. Has; been B. Have; been C. Have; gone
（ ）—May I speak to Mr. Smith
—Sorry, he isn't in. He ______ Changsha.
has been to B. has gone to C. went to
（ ）My parents ______ Shandong for ten years.
A. have been in B.have been to C.have gone to D.have been
Step four
现在完成时的反义疑问句
*什么叫反义疑问句？
由两个部分构成的句式，情况分两种：
①前面是肯定的陈述句，则后面+简短的否定含义的疑问句；
②前面是否定的陈述句，则后面+简短的肯定含义的疑问句
*在反义疑问句中，后面简短的疑问句怎么表达反义？看前面陈述句中的什么？
-----看谓语动词
be动词的，be--be not
情态动词的，情态动词---情态动词+not
一般动词---助动词+not
*在现在完成时中，是如何反义的呢？
-----同上，只是助动词不是助动词do的各种形式，而是助动词have的各种形式
Practice:
一、选择题
（ ）He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he
Ａ. already Ｂ. never Ｃ. ever Ｄ. still
二、按要求完成下列句子。
1.She’s been to Xi’an twice,________ she
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8B--Present perfect tense（2）
Step one
如何看出一个句子是不是“现在完成时”？
看什么？ --谓语动词的形式
谓语动词什么形式？ --have/has + 动词（过去分词）
Step two
动词的过去分词变化规则：
有规律的（参照动词的过去式变化形式）
一般情况下 +ed work,plant,call,move,order,clean,cook,finish,paint
以e结尾的 +d live,change,arrive,agree
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的 去y变I + ed try,study,carry,hurry,cry,worry,copy,tidy
以“辅元辅”重读闭音节结尾的 双写最后一个字母+ed plan,stop,drop,fit(合适)，prefer(更喜欢)，travel(可双可不双)
不规则的
cost—cost—cost cut—cut—cut hit—hit—hit hurt—hurt—hurt let—let—let put—put—put read—read—read spread--spread--spread A—A—A型 (原形)
break--broke--broken; speak--spoke--spoke A—B—B型 (eak结尾---eak变oken)
make--made --made A—B—B型 (ke--变de)
keep—kept—kept sleep—slept—slept sweep—swept—swept A—B—B型 (eep--变ept)
bring—brought—brought buy—bought—bought think—thought—thought flight-fought-fought A—B—B型 (改成ought)
catch—caught—caught teach—taught—taught A—B—B型 (改成aught)
build—built—built lend—lent—lent send—sent—sent spend—spent—spent A—B—B型 （-ild，-end时，只需把d变为t）
5?tell—told—told sell—sold—sold A—B—B型 （把-ell变为-old）
smell—smelt—smelt spell—spelt—spelt feel—felt—felt spill—spilt—spilt （使）溢出、流出、（东西）倒出、洒落A—B—B型 （把-ell或ill变为-elt或ilt）
learn—learnt—learnt mean—meant—meant spoil—spoilt—spoilt 溺爱、糟蹋、破坏、掠夺A—B—B型 （加t）
hear—heard—heardA—B—B型 （加d）
say—said—said pay—paid—paid lay—laid—laid A—B—B型 （去y变-id）
meet—met—metA—B—B型 （eet变et）
lose—lost—lostA—B—B型 （e变t）
sit—sat—sat spit—spat—spat A—B—B型 （i变a）
get—got—got A—B—B型 （e变o）
shine—shone—shone win—won—won A—B—B型 （i变o）
hang—hung—hungA—B—B型 （a变u）
dig—dug—dugA—B—B型 （i变u）
hold—held—held A—B—B型 （o变e）
stand—stood—stood understand—understood—understoodA—B—B型 （and变ood）
find—found—found A—B—B型 （ind变ound）
leave—left—left A—B—B型 （ave变eft）
have（has）—had—had A—B—B型 （ve或s变d）
begin—began—begun drink—drank—drunk sing—sang—sung ring—rang—rung swim—swam—swum sink—sank—sunkA—B—C型（?i—a—u变）
blow—blew—blown draw—drew—drawn grow—grew—grown know—knew—known throw—threw—thrown（show除外）A—B—C型（词尾为-ow，-aw时，过去式将其变为-ew）
drive—drove—driven rise—rose—risenwrite—wrote—written ride—rode—ridden （give，hide除外）A—B—C型（词尾为“i＋辅（1个）＋e”，过去式将i变为o；过去分词多在原形末尾+n） （若辅音字母为d或t，过去分词须双写d或t后，在原形末尾加n）
break—broke—broken speak—spoke—spoken choose—chose—chosen freeze—froze—frozen wake—woke—woken A—B—C型（过去分词在过去式后+（e）n）
forget—forgot—forgotten A—B—C型（过去分词由过去式加-ten构成）
be—w（were）—been see—saw—seen eat—ate—eaten fall—fell—fallen give—gave—given hide—hid—hidden（hid） A—B—C型（过去分词由原形加（e）n构成）
take—took—taken mistake—mistook—mistaken A—B—C型（词尾为-ake时，过去式将其变为-ook，过去分词在原形词后加-n）
do—did—done go—went—gone lie—lay—lain show—showed—shown wear—wore—worn fly—flew—flownA—B—C型（无规律型）
beat—beat—beaten A—A—B型（过去分词由原形+en）
come—came—come become—became—become run—ran—run A—B—A型（过去分词与原形相同）
can—could may—might will—would shall—should情态动词型，只有原形和过去式，没有过去分词
Step three
practice:
按要求完成下列句子。
1.我女儿刚刚已经出去了。
My daughter_______ just _______out. has; gone
2.我确定我们以前就已经见过面了。
I'm sure I________ ________you before. have; met
3.--他已经告诉你那个故事了吗？ --不，还没有。
--________ he ________you that story Has; told
--No,he_________.hasn’t
4.I have done my homework.
否定句：I _____ _____ my homework. haven’t; done
一般疑问：___ you ____ my homework Have; done
Yes, I _____. have
No, I ______. haven’t
She has seen the movie.
否定：She _____ _____ the movie. hasn’t seen
一般疑问：___ she ____ the movie Has ; seen
Yes, she ___. has
No, she _____. hasn’t
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1.I ________ already ________ the book. (read) have; read
2. He _____ just ______ (finish）his homework. has; finished
3. She ______________(not play) soccer yet. hasn’t played
4. Mom _____ ever ______（visit）Jinan before. has; visited
5 They ____never ____ (be) to Jinan. have; been
6 So far we ________________(learn)1000 words. have learnt
7 In the past five years my hometown_______________(change)a lot. has changed
8 Tom ______________(see）the movie twice.has seen
I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week.
have; seen; saw
-- _____ he ____ (finish) his work today Has; finished
--Not yet.
My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now. has; come
Where’s Li Ming He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.has gone
I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework. have; finished
He ________ (go) to school on foot every day. goes
____ you ______ (find) your science book yet Have; found
If it ____ (be) fine tomorrow, I'll go with you. is
The students ____________ (read) English when the teacher came in.
was reading
Look! The monkey __________ (climb) the tree. is climbing
14. My mother __________ (come) to see me next Sunday. will come
15. I've lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere Have; seen
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8B--Present perfect tense(1)
Step one
基本含义：
* 从字面上看：“现在完成时”怎么解释？“时”怎么解释？
--“时”：时态 --> 时间状态
--在现在这个时间状态下，某个动作已经做完了、完成了。
说明动作发生在：—过去
*既然是“已经”做了，对现在有没有影响？
例如：我已经吃完饭了。对现在有什么影响？--现在饱了，现在不用再吃了
我已经完成家庭作业了。对现在有什么影响或者造成了什么结果？-- 现在不用再做了，现在可以玩了，或者可以做其他事情了。
* 综合一下，基本含义1:
动作发生在过去且现在完成了，并对现在有影响或造成了结果。
Step two
那在汉语中，我们是怎么表达一件事情做完了？
例：你吃完饭了吗？ 如果你吃完饭了，你怎么回答？（可能1：我吃过了。
可能2：我吃完了。
可能3：我已经吃完了/我已经
吃过了。）
评价：从这几个句子里，能不能找出一个最能精确的表达“事情已经做完了”的词语？
--“已经”
Step three
在英语中我们要怎么表达“已经”呢？
*先回忆：以前学过的不同的时态中，如果句子里面没有表示时间的词语，我们是怎么
看出事情发生在什么时候的呢？
*看句子里面的什么？
--看谓语动词的形式（like/likes; am、is、are; liked; was、were ；will like; is going to
like; was going to; is listening; was listening…）
step four
*在“现在完成时”中，怎么改变动词的形式呢？
动词已经分身乏术了，单单靠一个动词的某个形式不能完全表达出“现在完成时”
所以，我们要在这个动词的前面加一个“帮助它的动词”—助动词
*以前学过的助动词是什么？
--do的各种形式
*“现在完成时”中，新加入了一个助动词—have的各种形式
又因为是“现在”完成时，所以:
这里的助动词have就只有两种形式：have/has(跟一般现在时中助动词do/does一
样)
* have的缩写： ’ve
has的缩写： ’s
Step five
所以：在肯定句中：现在完成时的结构是：
主语 + have/has + 动词（过去分词形式）+宾语/其他
（动词的现在分词的变化规则现在不详细讲解）
在否定句中：现在完成时的结构是：
主语 + haven't/hasn't +动词（过去分词形式） + 宾语/其他
在一般疑问句中：现在完成时的结构：
Have/Has + 主语 + 动词（过去分词） + 宾语/其他
回答：肯定：主语+has/have.
否定：主语+hasn't/haven't.
特殊疑问句中：现在完成时的结构：
特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 动词（过去分词） + 宾语/其他
Step six
practice:
一、用have的适当形式填空(并翻译)
1.I______finished my homework. have
2.she________never been to Guilin. has
3.I________(not) done my work jet. haven’t
4.Our teacher________taught us a lot about the history of China. has
5.--________you seen any films recently. Have
--Yes,I________.have
6.--_______ the girl had a cake. Has
--No,she________.hasn’t
Step seven
在不同的时态中都可以用相应的时间状语来表示
因为这层含义中，发生在过去的动作已经结束了，所以这个动作是“不延续”的，
也因此：
—---相对应的时间是表示过去的或一些不具体的，不确定的，模糊的时间状语：
*过去时间状语：already, yet, just，before等.....
*频度副词：never,ever,once,twice,数字+times.....
1.already:
*含义：已经
*位置：助动词和动词的过去分词之间/句末
例：1.I’ve already ordered pizza.
We’ve made the beds already.
*提升*
already也可以用于疑问句中，表示期望得到肯定的回答或表示惊异，
此时，already常放在：句末
例：Has she found her bike already 她已经找到自行车了？！
2.yet:
*含义：已经 / 还没有
*用法1：可以用于否定句中，表示“还没有”
例：We haven’t swept the floor yet.
*用法2：也可以用于疑问句中，表示“已经”
例：Have you swept the floor yet
*位置：一般放在句末
*注意：在否定回答中，可以直接回答：（No.）Not yet.
*practice:
用already/yet将下列句子补充完整。
She hasn’t realized her mistake_________.yet
I have_______ finished that report.already
He hasn’t begun to work__________.yet
We have _________ read the book.already
3.just:
*含义：刚刚，刚才
*用法1：可以用于现在完成时态中
*用法2：一般只用于陈述句
*位置：放在助动词之后
例：I have just seen a sweet little puppy outside.
*注意：
just与just now 的区别： 虽然just now也表示“刚刚”，但是just now只能用于“一般过去时态”
Just now位置：一般位于句首或句末
*提高*
just now也可用于（加重语气的）现在或片刻之后
这时：可用于现在时或将来时
例：1.Come and see me later,I’m busy just now！过些时候再来，我现在正忙着呢！
（=at this moment此时、此刻、眼下）
2.I’ll tell you a story just now if you have time to listen to it.
如果你有时间，我马上就把故事将给听
3.Business is good just now.
目前生意很红火。（=during this present period目前、现阶段）
*practice:
翻译下列句子。
他们刚才把它给了我。（用just）(give--given)
______________________________They have just given it to me.
我刚借了一本书。(用just now)(borrow-borrowed)
______________________________I borrowed a book just now.
用just/just now填空
Did you hear anyone knock at the door_________ just now
My brother has______ told me the good news.just
--I have______watched the movie. What about you just
--I watched it_____________.just now
4.before：
*含义：之前，以前
*位置：一般放在句尾
例：He has never been to Beijing before. 他以前从未去过北京。
5.never:
*含义：从不
*位置：放在助动词之后
例：I've never been to Beijing. 我从未去过北京。
6.ever:
*含义：曾经
*用法：用于疑问句
*位置：放在助动词的后面。
例：Have you ever been to Beijing 你曾经去过北京吗？
7.次数：
*位置：一般位于句尾
例：I have been to Beijing twice.
严重注意！
现在所学阶段，when引导的时间状语从句不可以用现在完成时
Step eight
After-school practice:
一、按要求完成下列句子
1.His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)
His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.hasn’t; yet
2.I bought a new bike just now. (用just改写)
I ____ just ____ a new bike.have; bought
3.Ann has gone to Shanghai.（改为一般疑问句，并作肯定回答）
__________________________________________Has Ann gone to Shanghai
_________________Yes,she does.
我刚刚丢了我的化学书。(lose-lost)
__________________________________________I have just lost my chemistry book.
她已经吃过午饭了。(have-had)
__________________________________________She has (already) had lunch.
我哥哥还没有回来。(come-come)
__________________________________________My brother hasn’t come back yet.
你曾经吃过鱼和薯条吗？(eat-eaten)
__________________________________________
Have you ever eaten fish and chips
我之前不认识他。(know-known)
__________________________________________I haven’t known her before.
二、选择题
（ ）-Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents.
A. has B. had C. did D. have
（ ）--Mum, may I go out and play basketball
--______you_____ your homework yet
A.Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished
（ ）I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.
A.lost B. don't lose C. have lost D. is coming
（ ）Both his parents look sad. Maybe they _______what’s happened to him .
A.knew B.have known C.must know D.will know
（ ）—These farmers have been to the United States.
—Really When _____ there
A.will they go B.did they go C.do they go D.have they gone
（ ）--______ you ___ your homework yet —
--Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.
A. Did; do; finished B.Have; done; finished
C.Have; done; have finished D.will; do; finish
（ ）Have you met Mr. Li ______？
A.just B.ago C.before D.a moment ago
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8B--Present perfect tense(4)
Step one
*已经学过的现在完成时有哪两种含义？
①动作发生在过去并且结束，且对现在有影响；
②动作发生在过去，但并没有结束，还可能延续下去
*分别与哪些时间状语连用？
①already;yet;just;before;never;ever;次数等
②for+一段时间；since+时间点/....ago/一般过去时的句子；
in/over/among the past....years/months等；
so far/up to now等等
*在不同的时间状语中，用什么类型的谓语动词？
①延续性动词和短暂性动词都可以
②肯定句中，谓语动词只能用持续性谓语动词
Step two
*除了以上的用法之外，还有一些固定搭配
①It/That/This is +第几次+（that）+从句（现在完成时）
②It/That/This is the +最高级结构+（that）+从句（现在完成时）
③It/That/This is the +only+（that）+从句（现在完成时）
Eg:
This is my first time that I have visited China.
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
That is the only book that he has written.
Step three
have been to / have been in / have gone to区别
have(has) been to
表示：过去曾经去过某地，说话时已经不在该地
Eg: My father has been to Beijing .
我爸爸曾经去过北京。（现在不在北京了）
have(has) gone to
表示：已经去了某地，说话时还未回来
Eg: My father has gone to Beijing .
我爸爸去北京了。（现在还在北京）
have(has) been in（at）
表示：已经在某地（待了多久）
in+大地点; at+ 小地点
注意：
如果地点是副词，则不需要in/at，直接用have(has) been
Eg: My father has been in Beijing for two years .
我爸爸已经在北京两年了。（表达的是在某地待了多久）
I have been here for 3 years.
Practice:
一、选择题
（ ）Mr. Li _______Kunming. He ______ the city three times. This time
he ________ Kunming for three days.
A. has been to; has gone to; has been in
B. has gone to; has been to; has been in
C. has been in; has been to; has gone to
D. has gone to; has been in; has been to
（ ）—When will your sister go to England —
---She ______ London since four months ago.
A. went to B. has gone to C. has been to D. has been in
（ ）—May I speak to your headmaster
—Sorry, he isn’t here. He ______ to Guiyang on business.
A. have gone B. has gone C. have been in D. has been
（ ）—Have you seen Dr. Adams recently
—No. He _____ Hong Kong for an important meeting. He’ll come back tomorrow.
A. has gone in B. has been in C. has gone to D. has been to （ ）— Where is my sister, mum
—She _____ the library and she will be back soon.
has been to B. has gone to C. is going to D. has been in（ ）—There is a telephone call for Tom. Isn’t he at home
—No, he ______ the supermarket.
went to B. has been to C. has gone to D. is going to
（ ）—Where is Daming
—He ______ to Dalian for an important meeting.
goes B. went C. has been D. has gone
（ ）—Look! Your teacher Miss White is over there.
—No, it can’t be her. She _____ to Beijing.
A. has gone B. has been C. went D. will go
（ ）—Where's Eric now
—He with his classmates ______ the teacher's office.
A. has been to B. have gone to C. has gone to
（ ）—Hobo and Eddie ______ the cinema to watch the film Zootopia.
—Oh, that's why I can't find them now.
A. have gone to B. have been to C. has gone to D. has been t
（ ）—______ you ever ______ to the Great Wall
—Yes, three times.
A. Has; been B. Have; been C. Have; gone
（ ）—May I speak to Mr. Smith
—Sorry, he isn't in. He ______ Changsha.
has been to B. has gone to C. went to
（ ）My parents ______ Shandong for ten years.
A. have been in B.have been to C.have gone to D.have been
Step four
现在完成时的反义疑问句
*什么叫反义疑问句？
由两个部分构成的句式，情况分两种：
①前面是肯定的陈述句，则后面+简短的否定含义的疑问句；
②前面是否定的陈述句，则后面+简短的肯定含义的疑问句
*在反义疑问句中，后面简短的疑问句怎么表达反义？看前面陈述句中的什么？
-----看谓语动词
be动词的，be--be not
情态动词的，情态动词---情态动词+not
一般动词---助动词+not
*在现在完成时中，是如何反义的呢？
-----同上，只是助动词不是助动词do的各种形式，而是助动词have的各种形式
Practice:
一、选择题
（ ）He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he
Ａ. already Ｂ. never Ｃ. ever Ｄ. still
never表示否定含义，所以前面陈述句是一个“肯定的陈述句”；
所以，后面简短的疑问句是“否定的含义”
二、按要求完成下列句子。
1.She’s been to Xi’an twice,________ she hasn’t
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8B--Present perfect tense（3）
Step one
*之前讲的，“现在完成时”的一个基本含义是什么？
-----动作发生在过去且已经完成，并对现在有影响
*这种含义下的现在完成时一般可以和哪些时间状语连用？
-----already;yet;just;before;never;ever;次数等
Step two
从下面例句中，你能看出“现在完成时”的另一层含义吗？
*我写这本小说已经写了十年了。
----动作发生在___________ 过去
----动作持续到__________,并且可能之后会还会继续 现在
例：他们已经在这里住了五年了。
----动作发生在___________ 过去
----动作持续到___________,并且有可能之后还会继续 现在
Step three
表示这层含义时，一般与for或since引导的时间状语连用。
since含义：自.....以来
1.for + 一段时间
2.since + 从句（一般过去时）
3.since + 时间点
4.since + 时间点 + ago
5.since特殊用法：It's+时间段+since + 从句（一般过去时）
此外，还有：
6.up to now 到目前为止
7.so far 到目前为止
8.in /over the past few years
9.these few years/days
10.recently等
具体讲解：
for + 一段时间
Eg. I have learnt English for more than ten years.
我已经学了10多年的英语。
He’s studied English for 3 years.
他学习英语3年了。
since + 从句（一般过去时）
Eg. I have been here since I graduated in 2000.
since + 时间点
Eg. I have been here since 2000.
since + 时间点 + ago
Eg. I have been here since 5 years ago.
5. since特殊用法：
It is+时间段+since + 从句（一般过去时）
Eg. it is three years since he died.
“提升”
在口语中，可以使用“It has been.......since......”
但是，“It is.......since......”是正式用法
而且，在“It is.......since......”句式中，since 后面的从句绝对不可以是否定句
Eg: It is two months since you didn’t come to see me . X
Practice:
一、选用 for和 since填空:
1.We haven’t seen each other ______ a long time. for
2.His father has been in the Party ______ 10 years ago. for
3.The film has been on ______ 20 minutes. for
4.Mr Green has worked here ______ he came to China. since
5.His grandparents have been dead ______ several years. for
6. It’s five years _______ we met last time. since
二、选择题
（ ） It _____ ten years since he left the army .
Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. Was
up to now
*含义：到目前为止
*位置：一般位于句首
Eg. Up to now，we have been satisfied with him very much.
so far
*含义：迄今为止
*位置：位置较随意
Eg. What have you found so far
So far,we haven’t been able to find anything.
特殊：
So far可与短暂性动词连用；也可与延续性动词连用
in /over/during the past few years
*含义：在过去的...年里
Eg. The famous writer has written a new book in the past two years.
these few years/days
*含义：这些年/天
Eg: Have you seen her parents these days？
recently
Eg. How have you been recently
Step four
*仔细观察一下上面肯定句中有阴影部分的动词，这些动词有什么特点？
-----它们都是持续性动词
*为什么不能用短暂性动词呢？
----for /since引导的时间状语都是表示一段时间的，所以只能跟可以持续进行的持续性
动词连用；而短暂性动词是‘发生即结束’，发生就一瞬间的工夫，不能持续一段时
间，所以不可以与for / since引导的时间状语连用。
*那短暂性动词怎么才能与for /since引导的时间状语连用呢？
-----这时，需要将短暂性动词改成相应的持续性动词
非延续性动词（短暂性动词）可以转化为------“be+adj./adv./pron./n.等”
become------be
begin/start ------be on finish/end---be over
go(come) out----be out come(arrive at/in,get to,reach)------be in / at leave/go(....)---- be away(from...)get up----be up come(go) back/return-----be back
die----be dead
open----be open(adj.) close---be closed
join------be in/be a member of......
buy---have borrow--keep/have
put on-----wear
go/get to sleep-----sleep fall asleep---- be asleep
marry/get married---- be married
catch/get a cold-----have a cold
get to know---- know
have/has gone to----- have/has been in
move---be out of
Practice:
句型转换
The film began two minutes ago.
The film_______ ________ ________ for______ _________.
has; been; on ; two minutes
I bought a pen two hours ago.
I ________ _________ a pen since ______ _______ ______.
have; had ; two hours ago
He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ ________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
have; been ; away; from
He came back in 2010.
He _______ ________ ________ since ________.
have; been ; away; 2010
He _______ ________ ________ since ________ _________ __________.
have; been ; away; eleven; years; ago(根据当年的具体情况算年长)
注意：
在否定句中，短暂性动词是可以与时间段连用的
Eg. I haven’t borrowed books from the library since last year.
She hasn’t bought any new clothes since last year.
*思考一下原因
-----没有做的动作可以持续不做，“不做”可以是连贯的，持续的
Step five
*在现在完成时中，如果对for/since引导的时间状语提问，应该用什么特殊疑问词？
----how long(表示多久，指的是一段时间)
*能用when来提问吗？为什么？
----when ：什么时候，指的是时间点，而for/since引导的时间状语是指一段时间，两
者相冲突，所以不能用
既然how long是对一段时间的提问，那么在how long 引导的特殊疑问句中，应该用什么
类型的动词？
-----持续性动词
Step six
Practice:
选择题：
（ ）Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes.
A. has begun B.had begun C.has been on D.began
（ ）—How long have you ____ here —About two months.
A. been B.gone C.come D.Arrived
（ ）—Do you know him well
— ---Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
A.were B.have been C.have become D.have made
（ ）His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
A.joined B.has joined C.was in D. has been in
（ ）—Our country ______ a lot so far . —
---Yes. I hope it will be even ____.
A.has changed ; well B.changed; good
C.has changed ; better D.changed; better
（ ）Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
A. was; studying B.will; study C.has; studied D.are; studying
（ ）We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
A.know B.had known C.have known D.knew
（ ）Harry Potter is a very nice film. I_______ it twice .
A. will see B. have seen C.saw D.see
（ ）The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years .
A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written
（ ）When he arrives at the bus stop,the bus __________for 20 minutes.
has left B.had left C.has been away D.had been away
改错
1.The old woman died for 9 years. has been dead
2.We joined the army for 6 years. have been in / have been a member of
3.He bought the dictionary for 3 years. has had
按要求完成下列句子
1.My parents have gone to England．(对画线部分提问)
________________________ parents gone Where have your
2.He has waited for her for 2 hours．(对画线部分提问)
____________________he waited for her How long has
3.Lucy has been to Beijing several times. (对画线部分提问)
________ ________ ________ has Lucy been to Beijing How many times
4.你爸妈结婚多久了？
____________________your parents________________________
How long have; been married
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