选修6语法总结-----非谓语动词、虚拟语气、It用法归纳
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| 名称 | 选修6语法总结-----非谓语动词、虚拟语气、It用法归纳 |  | |
| 格式 | zip | ||
| 文件大小 | 17.2KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（新课程标准） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2012-08-05 18:54:09 | ||
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It用法归纳
1.It可直接指代“时间、日期、天气、环境”等非人的事物。
2.It可在性别不明时指代人。
3.It可指代前文所提到的物品或者事情（常为单数），若是复数，则用they。
4.It常用在强调句型中，“It is + 强调部分 + that ...”。
5.It可用作形式主语，指代句子后面的真正主语“to do, doing或者从句”。
6.It可用作形式宾语，指代句子后面的真正宾语“to do, doing或者从句”。
一、It指代“时间、日期、天气、距离、环境”等非人的事物。
1.现在5点钟了。
It's 5 o'clock now. （time）
2.今天是星期二。
It's Tuesday today. （date）
3.明天将会是晴天。
It will be sunny tomorrow. （weather）
4.从东到西一共是5千米的距离。
It is 5 kilometers from east to west. （distance）
5.这里很黑。
It is dark here. （environment）
二、It在性别不明时指代人。
1. ——Who is that girl over there
——________ is my sister.
2. ——Who is knocking at the door
——________ might be a neighbour.
答案1.She 2.It
It指代前文所提到的物品或者事情（常为单数），若是复数，则用they。
1. The film directed by him was so popular with audience, so______was highly praised by critics.
2. The books written by this poet are appealing so ______ can sell that well.
3. We had persuaded him not to smoke anymore, but______didn't work.
4.You should turn the electrical appliances off when you leave and use renewable materials which are economical with energy, because _________ will really make a difference.
答案1.it 2.they 3.it 4.they
注意：it, that, one, the one之间的区别
1) I have lost my umbrella; I'm looking for_______.
答案：it. it就是指前面的my umbrella
2) I have lost my umbrella; I think I must buy______.
答案：one. one泛指“一把伞”，等于one umbrella
3) The umbrella you have is cheaper than_____ I have.
答案：that/ the one. that等于“the one", 特指“the umbrella I have"
It常用在强调句型中，“It is + 强调部分 + that ...”。
原句 I told her the news at the gate yesterday.
强调主语It is I that told her the news at the gate yesterday.
强调宾语It is her that I told the news at the gate yesterday.
强调地点状语It is at the gate that I told her the news yesterday.
强调时间状语It is yesterday that I told her the news at the gate.
It作形式主语，指代句子后面的真正主语“to do, doing或者从句”
开夜车不是个好习惯.(to do)
It is not a good habit to stay up late.
To stay up late is not a good habit.
在冰上行走是危险的。(doing)
It is dangerous walking on the ice.
Walking on the ice is not a good habit.
你没去看这个电影真是可惜。(that)
It is a pity that you didn't go to see the movie.
That you didn't go to see the movie is a pity.
It作形式宾语，指代句子后面的真正宾语“to do, doing或者从句”
我发现把温度升高10度是很危险的。
I find it dangerous to increase the temperature by 10 degrees.
我认为和他争吵是没用的。
I think it useless arguing with him.
她想让所有人知道她怀孕了。
She wants to make it known to all that she is pregnant.
七、It相关的短语
1.You can make it.你一定会成功的。
2. That's it.就是这样。/ 那就对了。
3.I can't help it. 我没有办法。
4.We must fight it out. 我们必须坚持到底。
5.It depends. 视情况而定
6.It's up to you. 随便你
虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气的四种主要形式
（1）If 条件状语从句+主句
（2）表示“应该，强制，义务时”的虚拟语气
（3）wish, as if ,if only 及would rather的虚拟形式
（4）It is time that 的虚拟形式
二、虚拟语气的四种情况
1. 第一类虚拟：If 从句
时间 If条件从句 主句
过去 had done would have done
现在 did/were would/could/might do
将来 should do/ were to do/ did
1)如果我以前努力学英语，就不会考试不及格了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
2)如果我现在和你在一起，我就不会这么害怕了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
3)如果明天姚明来和我打球，我会给他点颜色瞧瞧。
_______________________________________________________________________________
第二类虚拟：表示“应该、强制、义务”意思的从句（用should do）
常用词：一个坚持：insist; 两个命令：order, command; 三个建议：suggest, propose, advise; 四个要求：desire, demand, request, require
1.I insist that a doctor ______ immediately.
A. has been sent for B. sends for C. will be sent for D. be sent for
2.It is suggested that the job ______ done in another way.
A. was B. was to be C. be D. must be
3.He had an idea that we ______ by bike.
A. shall go B. go C. went D. would go
4.My suggestion is that the meeting ______ off till tomorrow.
A. to put B. be put C. should put D. be putting
5.The young man insisted that he _____ nothing wrong and _____ free.
A. did ; set B. had done ; should be set C. do ; be set D. does ; would be set
6.It is necessary that you ______ present at the discussion.
A. will be B. are C. should be D. would be
7.The boss gave orders that the work ______ at once.
A. will be started B. must be started C. be started D. should start
第三类虚拟: wish, as if , would rather, if only 的虚拟形式
时间 从句虚拟语气形式
wishas ifif only 过去 had done
现在 did / were
将来 would do
would rather 过去 had done
现在 did / were
将来 did / were
1) I wish I __________ (know) several foreign languages.
2) How I wish I __________(take) your adivce then.
3) I wish you ___________(visit) our school again.
4) He talks as if he_____________(be)America before.
5) He looks as if he __________(be) ill.
6) He talks as if he ____________(go)to the moon some day.
7) I'd rather you ____________(do) that.
8) He' d rather his children __________ (make) so much noise.
9) I would rather you___________ (come) again the day after tomorrow.
10) 要是你现在立刻消失就好了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
11) 要是我当年努力学习就好了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
12) 要是你明天给我一大笔钱就好了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
13）I wish I ______ you yesterday.
A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see
14）When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ______.
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken
15）I'd rather that you ______ there yesterday and ______ again next weekend.
A. went ; should come B. should go ; had come
C. had gone ; came D. go ; come
16）The two strangers talked as if they ______ friends for years.
A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been
17）— I blamed her yesterday.
— I would rather you ______ that.
A. didn't do B. hadn't done C. wouldn't do D. shouldn't do
18） — He is a very brave man. —Yes. I wish I ______ his courage.
A. have B. had C. will have D. would have
第四类虚拟: It is time that 的虚拟形式
It is time that…/It is high time that…/It is about time that… + did sth.
我们到时间出发了。
It time for us _________ (start) to go.
It's time that we ________(start) to go.
三、含蓄条件句
含蓄条件句就是虚拟条件暗含在短语或上下文中,而不用if从句来表示条件。这时，必须根据句中表述的意义以及某些特定的信息词如: without ,but for, otherwise ,suppose (supposing)等来判断动词形式。
Without sunlight, people's life would be different from today.
== If there were not sunlight
But for your help, I wouldn't have finished the work.
=If it hadn't been for your help
3) Suppose your friends knew how you are behaving here, what would they think
=If your friends knew how you are behaving
The storm stopped, otherwise the sailors would have fallen into the sea.
=If the storm hadn't stopped
If条件句与主句的时间不一致情况
在If从句的虚拟语气中，if从句的时间可能与主句的时间不一致，此时主句与从句的虚拟语气的时态要分开来看。
如果你以前努力学习，你现在就不会考试不及格了。
这个句子的从句是“以前”，所以是与过去事实相反；主句是“现在”，与现在事实相反，结合表格
时间 If条件从句 主句
过去 had done would have done
现在 did/were would/could/might do
将来 should do/ were to do/ did
If从句与现在事实相反，用 If you had studied hard before; 主句与现在事实相反，用you would not fail in the exam. 因此，此句的翻译应该是If you had studied hard before, you would not fail in the exam.
练习
1.If the flower had been watered, it ______ now.
A. wouldn’t die B. is dead C. had been dead D. will not die
2.If his television set had not been stolen yesterday, he ______ TV now.
A. would watch B. would have watches C. would be watching D. is watching
答案：1.A 2.C
非谓语动词
非谓语动词主要考察三项 1）主动or被动 2）时态 3）否定形式
主动or被动
当非谓语动词作定语时，判断所修饰名词与非谓语动词之间的关系，若为主动，用现在分词，若为被动，用过去分词。
the ________(rise) sun the __________ (raise) hand
当非谓语动词作状语时，判断主句的主语与非谓语动词之间的关系，若为主动，用现在分词，若为被动，用过去分词。
__________ (see) from the mountain, the city is beautiful.
___________(see) from the mountain, I find the city is beautiful.
时态
1. 过去分词的时态
v-ed（一般时，表示被...）
Punished by parents, he recognized his mistake.
being v-ed（进行时，表示正在被...）
Being punished by his parents, he dare not see them.
to be v-ed（将来时，表示将要被...）
To be punished by his parents, he feels frightened.
having been v-ed（完成时，表示已经被...）
Having been punished by his parents, he would never lie to them anymore.
现在分词的时态
V-ing (一般时，表示正在做...）
Doing homework, he felt tired.
Having done（过去时，表示已经完成...)
Having done homework, he felt relaxed.
To do（将来时，表示将要做...）
To leave his motherland, he felt sorrowful.
否定形式
所有非谓语动词形式的否定都是在非谓语动词的前面加上not
Having achieved my dream, I was so delighted.
Not having achieved my dream, I was so sad.
1.It可直接指代“时间、日期、天气、环境”等非人的事物。
2.It可在性别不明时指代人。
3.It可指代前文所提到的物品或者事情（常为单数），若是复数，则用they。
4.It常用在强调句型中，“It is + 强调部分 + that ...”。
5.It可用作形式主语，指代句子后面的真正主语“to do, doing或者从句”。
6.It可用作形式宾语，指代句子后面的真正宾语“to do, doing或者从句”。
一、It指代“时间、日期、天气、距离、环境”等非人的事物。
1.现在5点钟了。
It's 5 o'clock now. （time）
2.今天是星期二。
It's Tuesday today. （date）
3.明天将会是晴天。
It will be sunny tomorrow. （weather）
4.从东到西一共是5千米的距离。
It is 5 kilometers from east to west. （distance）
5.这里很黑。
It is dark here. （environment）
二、It在性别不明时指代人。
1. ——Who is that girl over there
——________ is my sister.
2. ——Who is knocking at the door
——________ might be a neighbour.
答案1.She 2.It
It指代前文所提到的物品或者事情（常为单数），若是复数，则用they。
1. The film directed by him was so popular with audience, so______was highly praised by critics.
2. The books written by this poet are appealing so ______ can sell that well.
3. We had persuaded him not to smoke anymore, but______didn't work.
4.You should turn the electrical appliances off when you leave and use renewable materials which are economical with energy, because _________ will really make a difference.
答案1.it 2.they 3.it 4.they
注意：it, that, one, the one之间的区别
1) I have lost my umbrella; I'm looking for_______.
答案：it. it就是指前面的my umbrella
2) I have lost my umbrella; I think I must buy______.
答案：one. one泛指“一把伞”，等于one umbrella
3) The umbrella you have is cheaper than_____ I have.
答案：that/ the one. that等于“the one", 特指“the umbrella I have"
It常用在强调句型中，“It is + 强调部分 + that ...”。
原句 I told her the news at the gate yesterday.
强调主语It is I that told her the news at the gate yesterday.
强调宾语It is her that I told the news at the gate yesterday.
强调地点状语It is at the gate that I told her the news yesterday.
强调时间状语It is yesterday that I told her the news at the gate.
It作形式主语，指代句子后面的真正主语“to do, doing或者从句”
开夜车不是个好习惯.(to do)
It is not a good habit to stay up late.
To stay up late is not a good habit.
在冰上行走是危险的。(doing)
It is dangerous walking on the ice.
Walking on the ice is not a good habit.
你没去看这个电影真是可惜。(that)
It is a pity that you didn't go to see the movie.
That you didn't go to see the movie is a pity.
It作形式宾语，指代句子后面的真正宾语“to do, doing或者从句”
我发现把温度升高10度是很危险的。
I find it dangerous to increase the temperature by 10 degrees.
我认为和他争吵是没用的。
I think it useless arguing with him.
她想让所有人知道她怀孕了。
She wants to make it known to all that she is pregnant.
七、It相关的短语
1.You can make it.你一定会成功的。
2. That's it.就是这样。/ 那就对了。
3.I can't help it. 我没有办法。
4.We must fight it out. 我们必须坚持到底。
5.It depends. 视情况而定
6.It's up to you. 随便你
虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气的四种主要形式
（1）If 条件状语从句+主句
（2）表示“应该，强制，义务时”的虚拟语气
（3）wish, as if ,if only 及would rather的虚拟形式
（4）It is time that 的虚拟形式
二、虚拟语气的四种情况
1. 第一类虚拟：If 从句
时间 If条件从句 主句
过去 had done would have done
现在 did/were would/could/might do
将来 should do/ were to do/ did
1)如果我以前努力学英语，就不会考试不及格了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
2)如果我现在和你在一起，我就不会这么害怕了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
3)如果明天姚明来和我打球，我会给他点颜色瞧瞧。
_______________________________________________________________________________
第二类虚拟：表示“应该、强制、义务”意思的从句（用should do）
常用词：一个坚持：insist; 两个命令：order, command; 三个建议：suggest, propose, advise; 四个要求：desire, demand, request, require
1.I insist that a doctor ______ immediately.
A. has been sent for B. sends for C. will be sent for D. be sent for
2.It is suggested that the job ______ done in another way.
A. was B. was to be C. be D. must be
3.He had an idea that we ______ by bike.
A. shall go B. go C. went D. would go
4.My suggestion is that the meeting ______ off till tomorrow.
A. to put B. be put C. should put D. be putting
5.The young man insisted that he _____ nothing wrong and _____ free.
A. did ; set B. had done ; should be set C. do ; be set D. does ; would be set
6.It is necessary that you ______ present at the discussion.
A. will be B. are C. should be D. would be
7.The boss gave orders that the work ______ at once.
A. will be started B. must be started C. be started D. should start
第三类虚拟: wish, as if , would rather, if only 的虚拟形式
时间 从句虚拟语气形式
wishas ifif only 过去 had done
现在 did / were
将来 would do
would rather 过去 had done
现在 did / were
将来 did / were
1) I wish I __________ (know) several foreign languages.
2) How I wish I __________(take) your adivce then.
3) I wish you ___________(visit) our school again.
4) He talks as if he_____________(be)America before.
5) He looks as if he __________(be) ill.
6) He talks as if he ____________(go)to the moon some day.
7) I'd rather you ____________(do) that.
8) He' d rather his children __________ (make) so much noise.
9) I would rather you___________ (come) again the day after tomorrow.
10) 要是你现在立刻消失就好了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
11) 要是我当年努力学习就好了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
12) 要是你明天给我一大笔钱就好了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
13）I wish I ______ you yesterday.
A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see
14）When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ______.
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken
15）I'd rather that you ______ there yesterday and ______ again next weekend.
A. went ; should come B. should go ; had come
C. had gone ; came D. go ; come
16）The two strangers talked as if they ______ friends for years.
A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been
17）— I blamed her yesterday.
— I would rather you ______ that.
A. didn't do B. hadn't done C. wouldn't do D. shouldn't do
18） — He is a very brave man. —Yes. I wish I ______ his courage.
A. have B. had C. will have D. would have
第四类虚拟: It is time that 的虚拟形式
It is time that…/It is high time that…/It is about time that… + did sth.
我们到时间出发了。
It time for us _________ (start) to go.
It's time that we ________(start) to go.
三、含蓄条件句
含蓄条件句就是虚拟条件暗含在短语或上下文中,而不用if从句来表示条件。这时，必须根据句中表述的意义以及某些特定的信息词如: without ,but for, otherwise ,suppose (supposing)等来判断动词形式。
Without sunlight, people's life would be different from today.
== If there were not sunlight
But for your help, I wouldn't have finished the work.
=If it hadn't been for your help
3) Suppose your friends knew how you are behaving here, what would they think
=If your friends knew how you are behaving
The storm stopped, otherwise the sailors would have fallen into the sea.
=If the storm hadn't stopped
If条件句与主句的时间不一致情况
在If从句的虚拟语气中，if从句的时间可能与主句的时间不一致，此时主句与从句的虚拟语气的时态要分开来看。
如果你以前努力学习，你现在就不会考试不及格了。
这个句子的从句是“以前”，所以是与过去事实相反；主句是“现在”，与现在事实相反，结合表格
时间 If条件从句 主句
过去 had done would have done
现在 did/were would/could/might do
将来 should do/ were to do/ did
If从句与现在事实相反，用 If you had studied hard before; 主句与现在事实相反，用you would not fail in the exam. 因此，此句的翻译应该是If you had studied hard before, you would not fail in the exam.
练习
1.If the flower had been watered, it ______ now.
A. wouldn’t die B. is dead C. had been dead D. will not die
2.If his television set had not been stolen yesterday, he ______ TV now.
A. would watch B. would have watches C. would be watching D. is watching
答案：1.A 2.C
非谓语动词
非谓语动词主要考察三项 1）主动or被动 2）时态 3）否定形式
主动or被动
当非谓语动词作定语时，判断所修饰名词与非谓语动词之间的关系，若为主动，用现在分词，若为被动，用过去分词。
the ________(rise) sun the __________ (raise) hand
当非谓语动词作状语时，判断主句的主语与非谓语动词之间的关系，若为主动，用现在分词，若为被动，用过去分词。
__________ (see) from the mountain, the city is beautiful.
___________(see) from the mountain, I find the city is beautiful.
时态
1. 过去分词的时态
v-ed（一般时，表示被...）
Punished by parents, he recognized his mistake.
being v-ed（进行时，表示正在被...）
Being punished by his parents, he dare not see them.
to be v-ed（将来时，表示将要被...）
To be punished by his parents, he feels frightened.
having been v-ed（完成时，表示已经被...）
Having been punished by his parents, he would never lie to them anymore.
现在分词的时态
V-ing (一般时，表示正在做...）
Doing homework, he felt tired.
Having done（过去时，表示已经完成...)
Having done homework, he felt relaxed.
To do（将来时，表示将要做...）
To leave his motherland, he felt sorrowful.
否定形式
所有非谓语动词形式的否定都是在非谓语动词的前面加上not
Having achieved my dream, I was so delighted.
Not having achieved my dream, I was so sad.