外研版（2019） 选择性必修第三册 Unit 3 War and peace课件（5份打包）

(共116张PPT)
Unit 3 War and peace
Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas
Ⅰ. 课文翻译
教材原文 The D-DAY LANDINGS By spring 1944, the Second World War had been raging across the globe for about five years. But along the south coast of England, something unusual was happening: Allied troops made up mainly of British, Canadian and American soldiers were gathering in large numbers. 教材译文
诺曼底登陆日
到1944年春天，第二次世界大战已经在全球肆虐了大约五年之久。但是在英格兰的南部海岸正发生着不寻常的事情：由英国、加拿大和美国士兵组成的盟军正在大量聚集。
This marked one of the final stages of a top-secret operation that had been months, perhaps years, in the planning. Code-named “Operation Overlord”, it was the largest combined sea, air and land operation in history, the aim being to free north-west Europe from German occupation. 这标志着一场计划了数月，甚至可能是数年的绝密行动终于进入了最后阶段。这次作战行动的代号为“霸王行动”，它是历史上规模最大的海、陆、空三方力量集结的行动，目的是解放德国占领的欧洲西北部地区。在确保天气、月亮和潮水三者达到最佳结合点后，“霸王行动”最终定在了6月6日。
续表
After waiting for the perfect combination of weather, moon and tides, the date for the start of Operation Overlord was set for 6 June. An order issued by Supreme Allied Commander General Eisenhower to the troops read:“Your task will not be an easy one. Your enemy is well trained, well equipped and battle-hardened… 在确保天气、月亮和潮水三者达到最佳结合点后，“霸王行动”最终定在了6月6日。
盟军最高司令艾森豪威尔将军在鼓舞军队士气时说道：“你们的任务将不会轻松。敌人训练有素、武器精良，而且久经沙场……
续表
续表
But this is the year 1944… The tide has turned! The free men of the world are marching together to Victory! I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full Victory!” With these words ringing in their ears, Allied soldiers prepared for what would become known as D-Day. 但今年是1944年……时局已经发生转变! 全世界自由的人们正在一起向胜利前进！我对你们的勇气、责任心和作战能力十分有信心。我们将迎接的只会是彻底的胜利！”
盟军士兵耳中回荡着这些话语，为登陆诺曼底做准备。
At dawn on 6 June, thousands landed by parachute behind enemy lines in northern France. Meanwhile, thousands more were journeying across the English Channel to Normandy, protected by fighter planes in the skies above them. Their objective was clear: to reach the Normandy beaches along about 80 kilometres of French coastline. 6月6日清晨，数千名士兵在法国北部空降在敌人后方。与此同时，更有数千名士兵在战斗机的保护下，穿越英吉利海峡，在诺曼底登陆。他们的目标十分明确：沿着大约80千米的法国海岸线到达诺曼底海滩。
续表
But even in the depths of war, few could have been prepared for the violence and horror they would experience there. The fiercest fighting was at Omaha Beach. The enemy were hiding, ready to attack the Allied soldiers even before they reached land. Boats were hit and men drowned, while those who did make it to the beach faced heavy machine gunfire. 但就算是深陷战争，也很少有人能够为即将经历的残暴和恐怖做好准备。
奥马哈海滩的情况最不容乐观。敌人藏身于各个地方，甚至准备在盟军登陆前就开始进攻。船被击翻，一些人落水而亡，而那些成功抵达海滩的人面对的则是机关枪的猛烈扫射。
续表
By mid-morning, hundreds lay dead in the water and amongst the tanks on the beach. One soldier recalled how he barely made it with bombs falling all around him:“I was the first one out. The seventh man was the next one to get across the beach without being hit. All the ones in between were hit. Two were killed; three were injured. That’s how lucky you had to be.” 到上午10点钟，已有上百人在水中或在海滩上的坦克之间阵亡。一名士兵事后回忆他是如何在轰炸中侥幸脱险的：“我是第一个冲出来的人。第七个冲出来的士兵是第二个穿过海滩没有被击中的。我俩之间的士兵全被击中了。其中有两人死亡，三人受伤。真的是要有天大的幸运才能躲过这一劫。”
续表
But, despite the high cost in human life, the D-Day landings were a success and were seen widely as the beginning of the end of the Second World War. By the end of August 1944, the Allies had reached the River Seine, Paris was liberated and the Germans had been removed from north-west France. The Allied forces then prepared to enter Germany, where they would meet up with the Soviet military moving in from the east. 但是，尽管伤亡惨重，诺曼底登陆还是取得了成功，并且被人们普遍视为第二次世界大战结束的开端。到1944年8月底为止，盟军抵达塞纳河，巴黎获得解放，德国人被从法国西北部赶走。之后盟军准备进攻德国，而苏联军队也正从德国东部攻入，两军相会。
续表
Seventy years later, men who had fought on D-Day gathered on both sides of the English Channel, where people were coming together for memorial ceremonies. As part of this solemn and moving occasion, a former soldier read out to the crowd these lines from the poem For the Fallen, by Laurence Binyon: They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old: 70年后，曾在诺曼底登陆日中奋战的将士聚集在英吉利海峡两岸，人们共同参加纪念仪式。在庄重感人的仪式上，一位当时参战的老兵向众人朗诵了劳伦斯·比尼恩的《谨献给阵亡将士》一诗中的一段：我们会日渐衰老，但他们永远不会老去：
续表
Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn. Survivors of the D-Day landings continue to meet to remember the fellow soldiers and friends they lost that day. Although each year they are fewer in number, their outstanding acts of courage mean that we will always remember them-as well as those who lost their lives on the beaches of northern France. 他们永远不为年龄所难，永远不为岁月所累。每当夕阳西下, 每当清晨来临，我们都会想起他们。
诺曼底登陆日的幸存者继续相会，纪念他们在那天失去的战友和朋友。尽管他们的人数每年都在减少，但他们杰出的勇敢行为意味着我们将永远记住他们——以及那些在法国北部海滩上牺牲的人。
续表
Ⅱ. 词汇拓展
1. __________ /'va l nt/ adj. 狂暴的, 凶暴的→ ___________ /'va l ns/ n. 暴力
violent
violence
2. _______ /k : l/ v. 叫, 喊; 召唤; 给……命名→ _________ /r 'k : l/ v. 回想, 回忆起
call
recall
3. _______ /be （r）/ adj. 刚好够的, 勉强的; 赤裸的→ _________ /'be li/ adv.勉强才能
bare
barely
memorial
memory
5. ___________ /m 'm : ri l/ adj.纪念的, 追悼的→ _________ /mem r / n. 记忆力; 记忆中的事物; 回忆→ ___________ /'mem ra z/ vt.记住; 熟记
memorize
allied
6. _________ /' la d/ adj.（第二次世界大战期间）同盟国的→ _______ /' la / n.（尤指战时的）同盟国
ally
4. ___________ /'l b re t/ v. 解放（城市、国家等）→ _____________/l b 're n/ n. 解放
liberate
liberation
horror
9. _________ /'h r （r）/ n.令人惊恐的事→ ___________/'h r bl/adj.可怕的; 极讨厌的→ ___________ /'h r bl / adv.可怕地; 非常地
horrible
horribly
commander
command
7. ____________/k 'mɑ nd / n.指挥官, 长官→ __________ /k 'mɑ nd/ v. 命令; 统率（陆军、海军等）
objective
object
8. ____________/ b’d ekt v/ n.目的, 目标→ _________ /' bd kt/ n.目标; 物体; 客体; 宾语/ b’d ekt/ v.反对, 不赞成
Ⅲ. 情境词块
1. across the globe _________
在全球
2. （be）made up of _____________
由……组成
3. in numbers ___________
在数量上
4. in history _________
历史上
5. free…from… _________________
使……摆脱……
6. （日期）定在 _____________
be set for
7. 对……充满信心 __________________________
have full confidence in
in between
10. 在中间 _____________
8. 完全是 ____________________
nothing less than
9. 横过（马路、河等） _____________
get across
Ⅳ. 情境佳句
1.
句型公式 独立主格结构
教材原句 Code-named “Operation Overlord”, it was the largest combined sea, air and land operation in history, the aim being to free north-west Europe from German occupation.
代号为“霸王行动”, 这是历史上规模最大的海、陆、空联合行动, 目的是将欧洲西北部地区从德国占领下解放出来。
中文例句 由于有这么多学生缺席, 会议不得不推迟。
句式仿写 _______________________________, the meeting had to be put off.
So many students being absent
2.
句型公式 by the end of+过去时间+过去完成时
教材原句 By the end of August 1944, the Allies had reached the River Seine, Paris was liberated and the Germans had been removed from north-west France.
到1944年8月底为止, 盟军已经到达塞纳河, 巴黎获得解放, 德国人被从法国西北部赶走。
中文例句 到那个假期结束时, 我已经花光了我所有的钱。
句式仿写 ____________________________________________________.
By the end of that holiday I had spent all my money
3.
句型公式 with的复合结构
教材原句 With these words ringing in their ears, Allied soldiers prepared for what would become known as D-Day.
盟军士兵耳中回荡着这些话语, 为登陆诺曼底做准备。
中文例句 因为妈妈生病了, 所以我无法去度假。
句式仿写 I won’t be able to go on holiday________________________________________________.
with my mother being ill
Ⅰ. 文本理解
Reading for the main idea.
1. What is the main idea of the text ( )
A. The D-Day landings were a success with the high cost.
B. Laurence Binyon was a survivor of the D-Day landings.
C. The Second World War caused great loss in human life.
D. The Allied troops were prepared for the violence and horror.
A
Reading for the structure.
Fill in the blanks with proper words.
The D-DAY LANDINGS
Spring 1944 ◆Allied troops 1. __________________ in large numbers along the south coast of England.
◆The aim of code-named“Operation Overlord”is 2. ________________ north-west Europe from German occupation.
6 June 1944 ◆Thousands landed 3. __________________________ behind enemy lines in northern France.
◆Thousands more 4. ____________________ across the English Channel to Normandy.
gathered
to free
by parachute
lay dead
6 June 1944 ◆Hundreds 5. __________________ in the water and amongst the tanks on the beach.
August 1944 ◆The Allies 6. ____________________ Paris.
◆The Germans were 7. __________________________ north-west France.
◆The Allied forces 8. __________________ to enter Germany.
Outcome of the Operation ◆Despite the high cost in human life, the D-Day landings were 9. ____________________ .
◆It finally led to the 10. _________ of the Second World War.
The D-DAY LANDINGS
liberated
removed from
prepared
a success
end
journeyed
续表
Reading for the details.
Choose the best answer according to the text.
1. What is the aim of “Operation Overlord”？( )
A. To make up Allied troops.
B. To plan a top-secret operation.
C. To liberate north-west Europe.
D. To combine weather with sea.
C
2. What did the Allied troops do on the early morning of 6 June
( )
A. They listened to General Eisenhower.
B. They headed bravely for Normandy.
C. They were preparing for the operation.
D. They were gathering along the French coastline.
B
3. What can we learn from the scenes one soldier recalled ( )
A. The fighting was very fierce.
B. The enemy were very wise.
C. Heavy machine gunfire was terrible.
D. Tanks were of little use.
A
4. What can we know about Laurence Binyon in the passage ( )
A. He is a former soldier. B. He is a survivor.
C. He is a commander. D. He is a poet.
D
Ⅱ. 难句突破
1. Boats were hit and ①______________, ②________ those ③_______________________________ faced heavy machine gunfire.
【分析】本句由两个并列分句组成。第一个分句中①为men （were） drowned的省略用法。②while表转折, 连接前后两个分句。第二个分句中③为who引导的定语从句, 修饰先行词those。
【译文】_____________________________________________________________________________
men drowned
while
who did make it to the beach
船被击翻, 一些人落水而亡, 而那些成功抵达海滩的人面对的是机关枪的猛烈扫射。
who had fought on D-Day
2. Seventy years later, men ①__________________________ gathered on both sides of the English Channel,②________________________________________________________
【分析】这是一个主从复合句, 句中①为定语从句修饰先行词men,②为where引导的非限制性定语从句, 修饰先行词the English Channel。
【译文】_________________________________________________________________________________________
where people were coming together for memorial ceremonies.
70年后, 曾在诺曼底登陆日中奋战的战士们聚集在英吉利海峡两岸, 人们聚在一起举行纪念仪式。
Ⅲ. 概要写作
Step 1 Question Answering
1. What happened along the south coast of England in spring 1944
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Code-named “Operation Overlord” was set for 6 June, and the preparations were under way.
2. Who issued an order about the operation
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Supreme Allied Commander General Eisenhower issued an order, and he said that they would accept nothing less than full Victory.
3. What was D-Day like
____________________________________________________________________________________
Allied soldiers began the operation and the fiercest fighting was at Omaha Beach.
4. How was the operation going
________________________________
The operation was successful.
5. Seventy years later, what did people do in honor of the operation
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Memorial ceremonies for the operation were held and a former soldier read out the poem For the Fallen to remember the dead forever.
Step 2 Sentence Rewriting
将上述句子转换句式（不能使用课文原句）。
1. 使用定语从句改写第一句。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Code-named “Operation Overlord” was set for 6 June, for which the preparations were under way.
2. 使用同位语从句改写第二句。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Supreme Allied Commander General Eisenhower issued an order that they would accept nothing less than full Victory.
3. 使用强调句型改写第三句。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Allied soldiers began the operation. It was at Omaha Beach that the fiercest fighting was.
4. 使用定语从句改写第五句。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Memorial ceremonies for the operation were held, where a former soldier read out the poem For the Fallen to remember the dead forever.
Step 3 Summary Writing
将以上句子连成一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的文章概要。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Code-named “Operation Overlord” was set for 6 June, for which the preparations were under way.
Supreme Allied Commander General Eisenhower issued an order that they would accept nothing less than full Victory. Allied soldiers began the operation. It was at Omaha Beach that the fiercest fighting was. The operation was successful.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Seventy years later, memorial ceremonies for the operation were held, where a former soldier read out the poem For the Fallen to remember the dead forever.
1. violent adj.狂暴的, 凶暴的
A good soldier is not violent. （教材P25）一个好士兵不是暴力的。
典例翻译
① They laid violent hands on him.
___________________
他们对他下毒手。
② The violent blow sent him down on his knees.
_____________________________
那猛烈的一击使他跪倒在地。
③ He became violent towards Ben’s mother.
___________________________
他对待本的妈妈变得粗暴。
⑤ He condemned the protesters’ use of violence against the police.
_______________________________
他谴责抗议者对警察使用暴力。
④ The young man was charged with robbery with violence.
_____________________________
这个年轻人被指控暴力抢劫。
归纳拓展
violent 指人的动作时, 强调极度的激动, 多表示有害的、恶毒的行为, 也可指有毁灭力或不可控制的自然力量。violent可引申为“（死亡）突发性的”。
对……行凶, 对……下毒手 _______________________
对……粗暴 _______________________________
violence n.猛烈; 暴力; 暴行
用暴力 ___________________
对……的暴行 ___________________
lay violent hands on
be/become violent to/towards
by/with violence
violence against
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① She thought that some of them had been laying violent hands _____ me.
on
② He slammed the door _______ violence.
with
③ My father was violent _____________ my mother when he was drunk.
to/towards
（2） 单句写作
④ 猛烈的火山爆发致使1,700人死亡。
____________________________________________
The violent eruption killed 1,700 people.
2. objective n.目的, 目标
Their objective was clear: to reach the Normandy beaches along about 80 kilometres of French coastline. （教材P27）
他们的目标很明确：沿着大约80千米的法国海岸线到达诺曼底海滩。
典例翻译
① We succeeded in our common objective of cutting costs.
_________________________________
我们实现了削减费用的共同目标。
② The legislation has failed to achieve its stated objectives.
___________________________________
这项法规没有达到它所宣称的目标。
③ You must set realistic objectives for yourself.
___________________________________
你必须给自己设定切实可行的目标。
归纳拓展
共同的目标 _____________________
达到目标; 实现目标 ______________________________________
制订一个明确的目标 __________________________________
object n.物体; 对象; 客体; 宾语
a common objective
achieve/meet/reach one’s objective
set/establish a clear objective
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① The two groups are pursuing ____ common objective.
a
② The ____________ （object） is to get the ball into the net.
objective
（2） 完成句子
③ 我们需要制订一个明确的目标。
We need _________________________________.
to establish a clear objective
④ 该部门需要更多资金以实现目标。
__________________________________________________________.
The department needs more money to reach its objectives
3. recall v.回想, 回忆起
One soldier recalled how he barely made it with bombs falling all around him…
（教材P27）一名士兵事后回忆他是如何在轰炸中侥幸脱险的……
典例翻译
① John recalled attending school with Mary.
___________________________________
约翰回想起同玛丽一起上学的情景。
② The company has recalled all the faulty hairdryers.
_________________________________
公司召回了所有有问题的吹风机。
③ He has been recalled to his old post.
_____________________________
他已被召回担任原来的职务。
④ The sight of that old ragged doll recalled my childhood to me.
_____________________________________________
看到那个破旧的玩具娃娃, 我想起了我的童年。
归纳拓展
回忆起做某事 ____________________
把……召回到…… _______________
使某人记起某事 _____________________
recall doing sth.
recall…to…
recall sth. to sb.
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① Occasionally, I can still recall her ________ （go）away without a word.
going
② The story recalled old faces _____ my mind.
to
③ He was recalled _____ military duty.
to
（2） 单句写作
④ 她还能清晰地记起初次见面的情景。
____________________________________________________
She could still recall the first meeting clearly.
4. liberate v. 解放（城市、国家等）
By the end of August 1944, the Allies had reached the River Seine, Paris was liberated and the Germans had been removed from north-west France. （教材P27）到1944年8月底为止, 盟军抵达塞纳河, 巴黎获得解放, 德国人被从法国西北部赶走。
典例翻译
① You should liberate the mind from prejudice.
_______________________
你该解除心中的偏见。
② The heat brings about a chemical reaction, and oxygen is liberated.
_____________________________________
热量引起化学反应, 氧气被释放出来。
③ Before liberation he fed on wild potatoes.
_______________________
解放前他以野薯为食。
归纳拓展
（1）解放或释放某人或某物 ____________________
把……从……中解放出来 liberate…from…
（2）解放 n. _____________
解放前 ____________________
liberate sb./sth.
liberation
before liberation
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① This will liberate him _______ economic worry.
from
② I ____________ the man who was in despair and desperately struggled for liberation . （liberate）
liberated
（2） 单句写作
③ 这个城市是1949年被解放的。
__________________________________
The city was liberated in 1949.
5. horror n. 令人惊恐的事
But even in the depths of war, few could have been prepared for the violence and horror they would experience there. （教材P27）但就算是深陷战争, 也很少有人能为即将经历的残暴和恐怖做好准备。
典例翻译
① To his horror, the bus caught fire.
_________________________________
使他惊恐的是, 公共汽车着火了。
② People watched in horror as the plane crashed to the ground.
___________________________________
人们惊恐地看着飞机坠落到地面上。
③ Most people have a horror of speaking in public.
_____________________________________
大多数人对当众讲话都感到十分害怕。
归纳拓展
（1）使某人惊恐的是 ___________________
对……心怀恐惧 ___________________
惊恐地 ____________
（2）horrible adj. 可怕的; 令人毛骨悚然的; 令人讨厌的
be horrible to sb. 对某人不友好
to one’s horror
have a horror of
in horror
学以致用
单句填空
① _____ his horror, the elf burst into tears.
To
② He stopped speaking and stared at her _____ horror.
in
③ I have ____ horror of snakes.
a
④ Don’t be so horrible _____ me!
to
6. barely adv. 勉强才能
One soldier recalled how he barely made it with bombs falling all around him…（教材 P27）
典例翻译
① He is so weak that he can barely stand up.
_____________________________
他身体虚弱得几乎站不起来。
② I had barely started speaking when he interrupted me.
_________________________________
我刚刚开始讲话, 他便打断了我。
③ We had barely enough money to last through the weekend.
_______________________________
我们的钱只能勉强维持到周末。
④ Barely did she notice his presence.
_____________________________
她几乎没有注意到他的出现。
归纳拓展
（1）barely作“仅仅”和“只不过, 几乎不”讲时强调不多余, 因其已有否定含意, 故不能跟否定词连用。
（2）barely作“刚好; 不超过”讲时常用于某个数量、年龄、时间等。
（3）barely一般位于谓语动词之前, 系动词或第一个助动词之后。作为否定副词位于句首时句子或主句要使用部分倒装, 即“barely+助动词+主语+实义动词”。
（4）barely与when/before连用表示“一……就……”时主句谓语动词多用过去完成时, 而从句谓语动词则用一般过去时。
学以致用
（1） 完成句子
① 过了不到一分钟他们就到了。
They arrived ________________________ .
barely a minute later
② 她看上去还不到30岁。
She looked ________________.
barely thirty
③ 我手头的钱勉强够买这本书。
I __________________________ to buy the book.
had barely enough money
（2） 句型转换
④ He had barely enough to eat. （倒装句）
____________________________________
Barely did he have enough to eat.
7. prepare for sth. 为某事做准备
With these words ringing in their ears, Allied soldiers prepared for what would become known as D-Day. （教材P27）盟军士兵耳中回荡着这些话语, 为登陆诺曼底做准备。
典例翻译
① He had to go back to his hotel and prepare to catch a train for New York.
_______________________________________
他不得不回到酒店, 准备赶火车去纽约。
② There was no news and we were prepared for the worst.
___________________________________
没有消息, 我们做好了最坏的打算。
④ In preparation for the lecture, I urge you to do some reading.
_____________________________________
在准备讲座时, 我主张你做一些阅读。
③ He is making use of every minute to make preparations for the coming examination.
___________________________________________________
他现在正在充分利用每一分钟来准备即将到来的考试。
归纳拓展
（1）准备（做）某事 ______________________________________
为某人准备某物prepare sth. for sb.
（2）准备n. ______________
在准备中 _________________
为……做准备 ________________________
（3）做好准备的 adj. ___________
为……做好准备 ______________________
乐意并能够做某事 be prepared to do sth.
prepare for sth./prepare to do sth.
preparation
in preparation
make preparations for
prepared
be/get prepared for
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① I prepare ______________ （graduate） from Sanford H. Calhoun High School in Merrick.
to graduate
② This dish is good for dinner parties because much of the ______________ （prepare） can be done ahead of time.
preparation
（2） 一句多译
③ 为备战滑冰锦标赛, 他每天都在练习。
He is practising every day, ________________________________________ the ice-skating championship.
He is practising every day ____________________________________ the ice-skating championship.
preparing for/making preparations for
in preparation for/to prepare for
8. get （sth.） across （to sb.）横过, 渡过; 使（某事）被（某人）理解; 把……讲清楚
The seventh man was the next one to get across the beach without being hit. （教材P27）第七个冲出来的士兵是第二个穿过海滩没有被击中的。
典例翻译
① I had created a way to get my messages across while using as few words as possible.
_______________________________________________
我想出了一种能言简意赅地表达自己意思的方法。
② It took me a very long time to get over the shock of her death.
_________________________________________________
我花了很长一段时间才从她去世的震惊中恢复过来。
③ The final exam is drawing near, so I must get down to my study.
_____________________________________________
期末考试就要来了, 所以我要开始认真学习了。
归纳拓展
get rid of 摆脱, 除去
get along/on with 进展; 与……和睦相处
get down to （doing） sth. 开始认真地做某事
get over 解决, 克服; 从……中恢复
学以致用
单句填空（用get短语填空）
① Did you _____________ the message to the students
get across
② [2019浙江卷] School uniforms are traditional in Britain, but some schools are starting to _____________ them.
get rid of
③ That stubborn girl is difficult to _________________ , so you must be patient with her.
get along with
1. 过去完成进行时
By spring 1944, the Second World War had been raging across the globe for about five years. （教材P26）到1944年春天, 第二次世界大战已经在全球肆虐了大约五年。
典例翻译
① I asked where they had been staying all those days.
_____________________________
我问他们那些天都待在哪儿。
② She had been suffering from a bad cold before she took the exam.
_____________________________
她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
③ Up to that time he had been translating those books.
_______________________________
直到那时他一直在翻译那些书。
归纳拓展
（1）过去完成进行时表示动作从“过去的过去”某一时间点开始, 一直延续到过去某个时间。和过去完成时一样, 过去完成进行时也必须以一个过去时间为前提。
（2）表示过去反复的动作。
学以致用
1. 完成句子
① 这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
I _______________________ it for days before I found it.
had been looking for
② 他已经等了两个星期。他还在等。
He _______________________ two weeks. He was still waiting.
had been waiting for
2. 独立主格结构
Code-named“Operation Overlord”, it was the largest combined sea, air and land operation in history, the aim being to free north-west Europe from German occupation.（教材P26）这次作战行动的代号为“霸王行动”, 它是历史上规模最大的海、陆、空三方力量集结的行动, 目的是解放德国占领的欧洲西北部地区。
典例翻译
① The question being settled, we went home.
_______________________________
问题解决之后, 我们就回家了。
② We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting.
___________________________________
假设明天天气好, 我们就进行比赛。
③ The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off.
_____________________________________
班长病了, 我们最好还是延期开会吧。
归纳拓展
（1）独立主格结构：由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构, 用于修饰整个句子。此结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系, 在句中作状语, 相当于一个状语从句。
（2）独立主格结构形式为：
①名词/代词+现在分词（表示主动或正在进行）
②名词/代词+过去分词（表示被动或已完成）
③名词/代词+不定式（表示将要发生的动作）
④名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语（常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态）
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① Time _____________ （permit）, we’ll go to your house.
permitting
② Lots of homework ________ （do）, I have to stay at home all day.
to do
（2） 完成句子
③ 如果给我们更多的时间, 我们会把工作做得更好。
__________________, we should have done the job much better.
More time given
④ 会议结束了, 老师们一个个走了出来。
___________________ , the teachers went out one by one.
The meeting over
3. 过去分词短语作状语
Meanwhile, thousands more were journeying across the English Channel to Normandy, protected by fighter planes in the skies above them. （教材P27）与此同时, 数千名士兵在战斗机的保护下, 穿越英吉利海峡, 在诺曼底登陆。
典例翻译
① The teacher came in, followed by a group of students.
_________________________________
老师进来了, 后面跟着一群学生。
② Used with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
___________________________________
如果用得仔细的话, 一罐够用六周。
③ Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
___________________________________
因为淋了一场大雨, 他全身湿透了。
归纳拓展
过去分词短语通常在句中作状语, 表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式等。过去分词通常与句子的主语构成被动关系, 或表示动作已完成。
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① _____________ （frighten）by the noise in the night, the girl didn’t dare to sleep in her room.
Frightened
② ________ （ask）why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty.
Asked
（2） 完成句子
③ 那位教授在学生的簇拥下, 兴高采烈地坐在那儿。
_____________________________ , the professor sat there cheerfully.
Surrounded by his students
④ 尽管再次被击败, 但他没有灰心。
_________________ , he didn’t lose heart.
Defeated again
Ⅰ. 语境填词
根据语境和汉语提示写出单词的正确形式。
1. It’s going to be some time before the ________ （部队） recovers its strength.
troop
2. _______（潮汐）passes quickly, so do not delay taking action.
Tide
3. The __________ （最高的） Court had the right to decide the case.
Supreme
4. At night, he’d throw my blanket up and it’d float down like a ____________ （降落伞）.
parachute
coastline
5. We can search the ____________（海岸线） right away and survey the sea as soon as the weather clears sufficiently for us to get a plane up.
drown
6. If you can keep your head above water, you won’t ________（淹死）.
outstanding
8. The boy who won the scholarship was a quite ______________ （杰出的）student.
recalled
9. Henderson ___________ （回忆起） that he first met Pollard during a business trip to Washington.
weary
10. Novelists should never allow themselves to ________（厌倦） of the study of real life.
violent
7. Students were involved in __________ （暴力的）clashes with the police.
Ⅱ. 语境选词
根据语境用方框内短语的正确形式填空。
at dawn, make up of, in large numbers, in history, nothing less than, prepared for, make it, get across, in between, meet up with
1. Society is _____________ people of widely differing abilities.
made up of
2. The enemy troops came against us ___________________ but were forced to back off under our heavy fire.
in large numbers
3. We would later learn that the first quarter of 1964 marked the highest level of auto sales _____________ .
in history
nothing less than
4. Henry conducted ____________________ a full-scale investigation of both my business and my personal life.
5. They can experimentally select them when they feel fully _______________ their consequences.
prepared for
at dawn
6. He reasoned that if we started __________ , we could arrive before noon.
make it
7. The train goes at 10:15. I think we shall __________ .
get across
8. The bridge was destroyed so we couldn’t _____________ the river.
9. We have two lessons this morning, but there’s some free time _____________ .
in between
met up with
10. I ______________ another writer and we went our way through downtown.
Ⅲ. 课文语法填空
With the Second World War raging 1.____________ the globe for about five years, Allied troops finally reached the point when they turned the corner. Soldiers were gathering in large numbers, ready 2._______________ （launch）a top-secret operation, 3._____________ （plan）for years. Code-named “Operation Overlord”, the operation, 4.___________ was the largest combined sea, air and land operation in history, was set for 6 June,
across
to launch
planned
which
the aim 5.___________ （be）to free north-west Europe from German occupation.
Just as the order puts 6.________ , the free men of the world were marching together to Victory and would accept nothing less than Victory. 7._____________ , it wasn’t easy. The fighting was fierce and a great number of soldiers sacrificed their lives. Boats were hit and men drowned, while those who did make it to the beach faced heavy machine gunfire.
it
However
being
Despite the high cost in human life, the D-Day landings were a 8._____________ （succeed） and 9._______________ （see）widely as the beginning of the end of the Second World War. Several months later, the Allied forces entered Germany, where they met up with the Soviet military moving in from the east.
Now, people still gather for ceremonies in memory of the heroes risking their life for a 10.______________ （peace）world.
peaceful
success
were seen
Ⅰ. 语境填词
1. The __________（暴力的）scenes on TV shake people’s belief in law and society, which makes them lack a sense of security.
violent
2. Here are some moving stories of these ______________ （杰出的） people in the battle against the epidemic.
outstanding
liberate
3. This book offers techniques for how to ___________ （解放） ourselves from fear and anxiety and present ourselves best in high-pressure situations.
memorial
4. The significance of ___________ （纪念的） days goes far beyond celebrations.
objectives
5. Setting _____________ （目标） allows you to shorten the distance between what you are and what you want to be.
recalled
6. Henderson ___________ （回忆起）that he first met Pollard during a business trip to Washington.
horrors
barely
8. I can _________（勉强地） understand it, so it’s difficult for me to explain it.
7. Can you imagine all the __________ （令人惊恐的事）we have undergone since I last wrote to you
Ⅱ. 同义替换
be made up of, free…from, have confidence in, nothing less than, prepare for, make it, come up with, in between
1. A soccer ball consists of 32 leather panels. ________________
is made up of
2. A sandwich consists of two slices of bread with some other food between the two slices. _____________
in between
3. For some, the proposal has been completely an unwelcome challenge. ____________________
nothing less than
4. All the hardships at an early age helped me ready for the imperfect world. ______________
prepare for
5. I can’t believe we succeeded in it-I thought for sure that we would miss the flight! __________
made it
6. In an ideal world, we might be able to rid ourselves of discrimination. _____________
free; from
7. My mom is always able to think up some yummy snacks for me in the afternoon. _______________
come up with
8. China has the capability to win the battle against the virus. I am confident of China! _____________________
have confidence in
Ⅲ. 完成句子
1. 开完会后我们都回家了。（独立主格结构）
_________________________ , all of us went home.
The meeting being over
2. 有些物质是可溶的, 而另一些物质则不是。（while的用法）
Some substances are soluble, _______________________ .
while others are not
3. 到1999年底公司已完成了那个项目。（过去完成时）
The company ________________ the project by the end of 1999.
had completed
5. 当他问老师时, 他很有礼貌。（状语从句的省略）
When _____________________ , he was very polite.
asking the teacher
4. 我的叔叔虽然老了, 但他看上去还是很健壮。（although引导状语从句）
___________________________, he looks very strong and healthy.
Although my uncle is old
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
[2021江西省万载中学开学考试]
Below are some of the best exhibitions in UK museums, galleries and historic houses.
20 Years of Treasure-Oxfordshire Museum
Objects range from clay pipes and pots to gold coins and Elizabethan rings, all contributing to a deeper understanding of the area’s history. Recent acquisitions such as a beautifully decorated pair of Roman calipers（卡尺）is on display for the first time.
Many items are now part of the county’s permanent collections, but there is also the opportunity to view discoveries that were recorded and returned to their finders.
Opening times：Tue.—Sat., 10 a. m.—5 p. m. Sun., 2 p. m.—5 p. m.
A History of Fashion-Fashion Museum
This display features the items that have shaped the way Britons have dressed over the last 500 years.
Among them is a woman’s waistcoat dating back to the time of Shakespeare, a selection of silk robes that would have been desired by the upper-class people of Georgian society, a New Look suit worn in the 1920s by the ballet dancer Margot Fonteyn and a 21st century body-Galaxy dress.
Opening times：Daily,10：30 a. m.—5 p. m.
Another India-Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
Marking the 70th anniversary of India’s independence from Britain, another India looks at the story of the country’s Adivasi and Indigenous people using a rich collection of artifacts. Never-before-seen objects from the museum’s collection are on display, together with several recently acquired works, including a number of newly created pieces by contemporary Adivasi sculptors.
Opening times：Tue.—Sat.,10：30 a. m.—4：30 p. m. Sun., 12 noon—4：30 p. m.
Art since 9/11—IWM London
On display are 50 works of art including film, sculpture, painting, installations, photography and prints, bringing together the varying perspectives of more than 40 artists. Many exhibits are being shown in the UK for the first time. The exhibition is organized into four themes, exploring 9/11 itself, the resultant argument over state security, our relationship with weapons and other tools of war, and the damage caused to people and the environment.
Opening times：Daily,10 a. m.—6 p. m.
1. What can we learn about the exhibits in Oxfordshire Museum ( )
A. They all belong to the museum.
B. They came from royal families.
C. Some of them have never been on show before.
D. Some of them were donated by other countries.
C
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一则广告。文章介绍了在英国博物馆、展览馆和历史建筑举办的一些最好的展览。
【命题立意】细节理解题。
【解题思路】根据20 Years of Treasure-Oxfordshire Museum部分中“Recent acquisitions such as a beautifully decorated pair of Roman calipers（卡尺）is on display for the first time.”可知, 我们能从Oxfordshire Museum的展品中了解到它们中的一些以前从未展览过。故选C。
2. What does the fashion display reflect ( )
A. The differences in dressing among Britons.
B. The changes in Britons’ way of dressing.
C. The way of Britons’ shaping their lives.
D. The history of Britons’ making clothes.
B
[解析] 【命题立意】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据A History of Fashion-Fashion Museum部分中“This display features the items that have shaped the way Britons have dressed over the last 500 years.”可知, 时尚展览反映了英国人穿衣方式的变化。故选B。
3. Which of the exhibitions explores the theme of war ( )
A. Art since 9/11. B. A History of Fashion.
C. Another India. D. 20 Years of Treasure.
A
[解析] 【命题立意】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据Art since 9/11—IWM London部分中“exploring 9/11 itself, the resultant argument over state security, our relationship with weapons and other tools of war”可知, 展览中的Art since 9/11探讨了战争的主题。故选A。
深度解析
词汇积累
decorate vt. 装修; 装饰
feature vt. 以……为特色
record vt. 记录; 录音
on display展览
date back to 追溯到
argument n. 争论; 论证
Ⅱ. 完形填空
[2020河北衡水安平中学高二月考]
Alice is a student who came to my class last year. Though she has already turned 60, Alice looks so fit and 1 , with a bright smile and an enthusiastic attitude. I am Alice’s teacher in class, but I feel she is my teacher in life.
For my 2-hour class every Saturday morning, Alice has to take a 3-hour round-trip on the road. But she is never 2 for class.
Alice is very passionate about learning English. She often says, “Don’t 3 me as a 60-year-old. I am just a new beginner who wants to learn anything 4 . You know, I am very excited to come to the class!” So I feel a strong sense of 5 to make sure what I teach makes sense to her.
Alice came to me with very 6 English skills, but she turns out to be a very fast learner because she always puts English 7 on a daily basis. I 8 her homework before every class.
Her homework is usually not what I 9 for the class, rather it is something that she 10 to put together. She makes various sentences using the important words and phrases she learned from our 11 class. I am always 12 by the quality of her work.
I feel fortunate to have a student like Alice.She has 13 me so much. Our 14 is a great learning experience for both of us. Though I have no idea why she learns English, I hope I can help her 15 her dream, whatever it is.
1. ( )A. strong B. cheerful C. generous D. proud
B
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要记叙了60岁的Alice对学习英语很有激情, 而且学习积极主动, 给身为老师的作者留下了深刻印象。她们之间的互动对她们俩来说都是一次很好的学习经历。
【解题思路】考查形容词。根据下文with a bright smile and an enthusiastic attitude可知, Alice是爱笑、开朗的人。故选B。
2. ( )A. anxious B. ready C. late D. meant
C
[解析] 【解题思路】考查形容词。根据上文For my 2-hour class every Saturday morning, Alice has to take a 3-hour round-trip on the road. But she is never…可知, 虽然Alice每天为了上课来回要花三个小时, 但是她从不迟到。but表示转折。故选C。
3. ( )A. treat B. recognize C. mistake D. describe
A
[解析] 【解题思路】考查动词。根据下文me as a 60-year-old可知, 此处是指将Alice当作60岁的人。treat…as“把……当作, 看作”。故选A。
4. ( )A. carefully B. properly
C. literally D. eagerly
D
[解析] 【解题思路】考查副词。根据上文Alice is very passionate about learning English. 可知, Alice对学英语很有激情, 渴望学习。故选D。
5. ( )A. humor B. achievement
C. responsibility D. belonging
C
[解析] 【解题思路】考查名词。根据下文to make sure what I teach makes sense to her可知, 作者对Alice有一种责任感, 想要确保教的东西对她有意义。故选C。
6. ( )A. special B. basic C. effective D. complicated
B
[解析] 【解题思路】考查形容词。结合下文English skills, but she turns out to be a very fast learner可推知, Alice来的时候具备很基本的英语技能, 后来才很快地学到了其他的知识。故选B。
7. ( )A. in place B. in motion
C. in order D. in use
D
[解析] 【解题思路】考查介词短语辨析。结合下文on a daily basis可推知, Alice会在日常生活中使用英语。故选D。
8. ( )A. copy B. check C. mention D. prepare
B
[解析] 【解题思路】考查动词。结合下文宾语her homework可知, 此处是检查家庭作业。故选B。
9. ( )A. adjusted B. saved
C. assigned D. collected
C
[解析] 【解题思路】考查动词。结合上文Her homework is usually not what I可知, 此处是指作者在课堂上布置的家庭作业。故选C。
10. ( )A. volunteers B. agrees
C. promises D. hesitates
A
[解析] 【解题思路】考查动词。根据上文Her homework is usually not what I可知, Alice的作业通常不是作者在课堂上布置的, 是她自己自愿去做的。故选A。
11. ( )A. lively B. previous C. typical D. flexible
B
[解析] 【解题思路】考查形容词。结合上文her homework before every class可知, 作业是每节课之前检查的, 说明Alice使用的是上节课学到的单词和短语。故选B。
12. ( )A. encouraged B. annoyed
C. confused D. impressed
D
[解析] 【解题思路】考查形容词。结合上文的描述来看, Alice自发地写作业, 而且作业质量还很高, 所以她的家庭作业给作者留下了深刻印象。故选D。
13. ( )A. taught B. entertained
C. guaranteed D. permitted
A
[解析] 【解题思路】考查动词。根据下文is a great learning experience for both of us可知Alice也教会了作者很多事情。故选A。
14. ( )A. appointment B. arrangement
C. interaction D. cooperation
C
[解析] 【解题思路】考查名词。根据下文is a great learning experience for both of us可知作者和Alice是互相学习, 是一种互动。故选C。
15. ( )A. play safe with B. try out for
C. let go of D. get closer to
D
[解析] 【解题思路】考查短语辨析。结合下文her dream可知, 此处表示接近梦想, 用get closer to。故选D。(共74张PPT)
Unit 3 War and peace
Section Ⅱ Using language
[主谓一致（1）]
1. （教材P29）Your enemy is well trained, well equipped and battle-hardened…
2. （教材P29）The enemy were hiding, ready to attack the Allied soldiers…
3. （教材P29）…people were coming together for memorial ceremonies.
4. （教材P29）The police are after him.
5. （教材P29）Politics is the study of the ways in which countries are governed.
6. （教材P29）The group were sent to rescue the missing pilot.
7. （教材P29）All the machinery in this factory is made in the US.
4. _______________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________
复数形式单数意义的词, 如news, maths, politics, physics作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式。
The group表示所有组员, 谓语动词用复数。
machinery为“机械”的统称, 谓语动词用单数。
police（警察）为集合名词, 表示个体, 谓语动词用复数。
观察上面句子, 并归纳上面主谓一致的用法：
1. _______________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________
Your enemy表示整体, 谓语动词用单数。
The enemy表示“很多敌人”, 表示个体, 谓语动词用复数。
people（人们）为集合名词, 谓语动词用复数。
一、主谓一致三原则
主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致必须遵循三原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近一致原则。
1.语法一致：指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
Tom is a good student. 汤姆是个好学生。
They often play football in the playground. 他们经常在操场上踢足球。
2.意义一致：指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，此时谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这时谓语动词用单数形式。
My family are having lunch now.
我们一家人现在正在吃午饭。
Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.
这本书20美元太贵了。
3.就近一致：指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近它的主语。
Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.
不仅老师喜欢踢足球，而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球。
There is a pen and some books on the desk.
课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
二、集合名词的主谓一致
1.通常用复数的情形
police（警察）、people（人）、cattle（牛）、clothes（衣服）等集合名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。
My clothes were soaked.
我的衣服都湿透了。
The police are looking into the complaint.
警察在调查这项投诉。
Too few people are interested in such music nowadays.
如今对这种音乐有兴趣的人太少了。
2.通常用单数的情形
clothing（衣服）、poetry（诗歌）、baggage/luggage（行李）、 furniture（家具）、scenery（景色）、jewellery（珠宝）、equipment（设备）等不可数的集合名词用作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。
Furniture is chiefly made of wood.
家具主要是由木材制造。
Poetry was blooming in China in the Tang Dynasty.
诗歌在中国唐代十分盛行。
3.用单数或复数视语境而定的情形
family（家庭）、team（队）、crowd（人群）、government（政府）、crew（乘务员）、committee（委员会）、audience（听众）、public（公众）等集合名词用作主语时，其谓语动词既可用单数，也可用复数：当它们被视为整体时，谓语动词用单数; 当它们强调个体时，谓语动词用复数。
My family is very large.
我家是一个大家庭。（视为整体）
His family are waiting for him.
他的家人正在等他。（强调个体成员）
注意：有时没有特定的上下文，谓语动词用单数或复数区别不大。
The public are [is] requested not to leave litter in the park.
公众被要求在公园不要乱扔垃圾。
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. The crew on the train ______ (be) going to attend a training class about traffic safety.
are
2. The population of China _____ (be)larger than that of any other country in the world.
is
3. The football team _____ (be)made up of 22 players.
is
4. My family _____ (be)the largest one in our village. Besides, my family ______ (be)all farmers.
is
are
are
5. The whole class ______ (be)now listening to the teacher attentively.
are
6. Either he or you ______ (be)interested in playing football in our class.
are searching
7. The police ________________ (search)for the lost child now.
were/was
8. The audience ___________ (be) clearly delighted with the performance, bursting out clapping and cheering for the singer.
are/is
9. The committee _________(be) of the opinion that it is not time to reopen schools, according to the votes.
Ⅱ. 语法填空
Did you grow up in one culture, your parents came from another, and you are now living in a 1. __________ (total) different country If so, then you are a third-culture kid.
The term “third-culture kid” 2. ___________ (use) in the 1960s for the first time by Dr. Ruth. She first came across this phenomenon while 3. ______________ (research) North American children living in India. In general, third-culture kids benefit
4. _______ their intercultural experiences and they often reach excellent academic results.
totally
was used
researching
from
Yet many 5. _______________ (difficulty) may arise from this phenomenon, third-culture kids may not be able to adapt 6. _____________ (they) completely to their new surroundings. Also, they often find it hard 7. _____________ (develop) new friendship. Additionally, for a third-culture kid, it is often 8. _________ (easy) to move to a new country than to return to his or her homeland.
difficulties
themselves
to develop
easier
For example, after living in Australia for many years, Louis finally returned to the country 9. ________ she was born. She didn’t know anything about current TV shows 10. _____ fashion trends. And she didn’t share the same values as other teens of her age.
or
where
1. at the beginning of在……的开头
At the beginning of the film, the audience are thrown into an incredible sequence of approximately 30 minutes, depicting the landings in Normandy. （教材P29）电影一开始，观众就被带入了一个大约30分钟的令人难以置信的片段，描绘了诺曼底登陆的场景。
典例翻译
① Don’t mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may give away the shocking ending.
_____________________________________________________________
在故事的开头别提那件事，要不然可能会泄露了令人震惊的结尾。
② We’re going to Japan at the end of July.
_______________________
我们七月末要去日本。
③ I think it is necessary to read the book from beginning to end.
_________________________________________
我认为从头到尾地读这本书是很有必要的。
④ In the end the long hours of work, combined with domestic worries, got him down.
_______________________________________________
最后，长时间的工作加上家事烦恼使他闷闷不乐。
归纳拓展
（1） 在……开头 ______________________ ，后面可接时间名词，通常与一般过去时或一般将来时连用。
在……尽头（末端） ________________ ，后面可接地点或时间名词，通常与一般过去时或一般将来时连用。
at the beginning of
at the end of
（2） 开始 ___________________
最后 _____________
in the beginning
in the end
（3） 从头到尾 ________________________
from beginning to end
学以致用
单句填空
① He had to show the white flag _____ the end of the debate.
at
② Let’s start again _______ the beginning.
from
③ _____ the beginning， everyone felt sorry for him.
In
④ She’s been working there ________ the beginning of last summer.
since
2. stability n.稳固，稳定
These measures aim to give stability to conflict zones and allow governments to reestablish authority. 这些措施的目的是让冲突地区获得稳定，并使政府重建权威。（教材P31）
典例翻译
① The government has taken a measure to maintain the stability of prices.
_____________________________________
政府已经采取了措施以维持物价稳定。
② Being back with their family should provide emotional stability for the children.
_______________________________________
回到家人身边会使儿童的情绪稳定下来。
归纳拓展
（1） 促进安定 ____________________
政治/经济/社会稳定 ______________________________________
promote stability
political/economic/social stability
（2）stable adj. 稳定的；安定的；可靠的
学以致用
完成句子
① 我们需要一个稳定的政府。
We need ______________________.
a stable government
② 世界和平和稳定需要有中国的积极参与。
___________________________________ need the active involvement of China.
Peace and stability in the world
3. on standby 待命
China is playing an increasingly important role in UN peacekeeping
and it has trained 8,000 troops who are kept on standby for UN missions. （教材P31）中国在联合国维和行动中发挥着越来越重要的作用，为联合国维和行动训练了8,000名待命士兵。
典例翻译
① A special team of police were kept on standby during the time of violence.
_________________________________________________________
在发生暴乱期间，有一支警察特别小分队处于整装待命状态。
② He was put on standby for the flight to New York.
___________________________________
这班飞往纽约的班机，他候补待位。
归纳拓展
1. 严阵以待；随时准备着 _____________
on standby
学以致用
完成句子
① 接到炸弹警报后，各紧急救助部门进入待命状态。
The emergency services ______________________ after a bomb warning.
were put on standby
② 5辆救护车在港口待命。
Five ambulances _________________ at the port.
are on standby
1. 不定式的被动结构
James Ryan is the fourth son in his family to be sent to fight in the Second World War. (教材P29)詹姆斯·瑞恩是他家里第四个被派去参加第二次世界大战的儿子。
典例翻译
① It is an honor for me to be invited to the party.
___________________________
我很荣幸被邀请参加聚会。
② He is hard to convince.
_________________
他很难被说服。
③ I wanted the letter to be typed at once.
_____________________
我想马上把信打好。
④ The house is to let.
_____________
此房出租。
归纳拓展
（1）不定式的被动结构
动词不定式有时态和语态的变化，不定式的被动形式是考查的重点，也是难点和易混点。
不定式的一般被动形式为：to be done； 完成被动形式为：to have been done。不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般用被动形式。
（2）不定式结构中的“隐性”被动
在某些“形容词+不定式”的结构中，句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时，常
用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。这些形容词有：nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。
（3）主动形式表被动
不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式表被动。
注意：动词不定式“to blame, to seek, to let”等与be动词连用时， 不定式常用主动形式表被动。
学以致用
完成句子
① 这些书和杂志不许带出阅览室。
The books and magazines ______________________________ out of the reading room.
are not allowed to be taken
② 这个问题很难解决。
This problem is difficult ______________ .
to work out
③ 我认为我也该受责备。
I felt I _______________ , too.
was to blame
2. 完全倒装
Among the many horrors inflicted on humanity by the Second World War was the massive bombing of civilians, often referred to as “terror bombing”. （教材P30）二战给人类带来的诸多恐怖事件之一就是对平民的大规模轰炸，通常被称为“恐怖爆炸”。
典例翻译
① On top of the hill stood a temple, in which lived two monks.
_______________________________
山上有座庙, 庙里有两个和尚。
② The door opened and in came a middle-aged man.
_______________________________
门开了，进来了一位中年男士。
③ By the window sat a young woman with a book in her hand.
___________________________________________
窗边坐着一位年轻女子，她手里拿着一本书。
④ Among these people was my friend Tom.
___________________________
这些人中有我的朋友汤姆。
归纳拓展
（1）表示地点或方位的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词是be、come、go、lie、sit、stand、run、walk等不及物动词时，常使用完全倒装。
（2）以地点副词here、there、方位副词out、in、up、down、away及时间副词now、then等开头的句子里，常使用完全倒装，以示强调。
学以致用
单句填空
① In the east of the lake ______(be)two villages, one of which is twice the size of the other.
are
② Then ___________ (follow) the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
followed
③ On the ground ______(lie)some air conditioners, which were to be shipped to some other cities.
lay
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. The most effective “weapon” of _______________ (peacekeeper) is the support of the international community.
peacekeepers
2. The construction of a dam influences downstream channel ____________ (stable) in two ways.
stability
3. I was a new, idealistic teacher when Billy entered my _________ (four) grade.
fourth
4. It was not long before a helicopter arrived on scene to rescue the ____________ (survive) of the plane crash.
survivors
senseless
5. Mr. Block hit the ceiling when he was asked ____________ (sense) questions.
6. It was he who, so he would argue, had brought about the ______________ (destroy) of Mr. Heath.
destruction
cruelty
7. Do you forgive your thoughtless friend for her __________ (cruel)
motivation
8. It provided the _____________ (motivate) for controlling smoke and dust emission from industrial plants.
previously
9. We now travel round the world in a way _____________ (previous) undreamt of.
10. I felt angry with my little sister greatly, but her innocent smile ___________ (disarm) me.
disarmed
11. You show promise as a musician but your lack of practice is keeping you _______ .
back
12. Far from moving back, he threw all his time and energy _______ his work.
into
down
13. Shops are being forced to put their prices _______ in order to attract customers.
Ⅱ. 语境选词
refer to…as, on standby, throw…into, for the duration of, feel sad for, stop…from, remind…to do sth., at the beginning of, play a role in, carry out
1. Office workers in the UK who leave computers _____________ were costing 1.7 billion yuan a year in energy bills.
on standby
2. Hansjoerg Kunc, an animal behaviorist, ______________ human noise _____ a “major global pollutant” in a statement.
referred to
as
remind
3. Signs and posters are everywhere to help _________ people _____ keep a healthy distance.
to
For the duration of
4. ______________________ his full-time studying program, he has made great progress in his oral English.
stopped
from
5. It might sound odd but the police __________ a man _______ committing suicide last week by shooting him an electric shock.
at the beginning of
6. Can I go back to what you said ______________________ the meeting
carry out
7. The citizens hoped that the government would ____________ the reforms it had promised.
is playing roles in
8. I hear that the girl ______________________ some new films. She’s really making her way into a famous star.
threw
9. The first waterfall the tourists passed by ________ them _______ joy wildly.
into
feel sad for
10. I think I _______________ him, because he looks like he’s the person who is always being blamed for whatever he did.
Ⅲ. 完成句子
1. 汤姆和他的弟弟都通过了考试。
Both Tom and his brother _______________________.
have passed the exam
2. 那位农民作家正在会议室里发表演讲。
The peasant writer _____________________ in the meeting room.
is making a speech
3. 现在所有男人和女人都在工作。
Every man and woman _____________ now.
is at work
4. 在我们的学校，我们的班在踢足球方面比其他任何班都好。
Our class _________________________________ at playing football in our school.
is better than any other class
5. 到目前为止，学生和老师都没来。
Not only the students but also the teacher ______________________.
hasn’t come so far
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
[2021黑龙江大庆一中期中]
There is some unwelcome news for students preparing for exams and officers putting in long hours-you don’t need that “refreshment（提神） break” as much as you may think.
Scientists believed it was not easy for people to continue their work if they felt the need to have a snack or a rest to make them feel better.
They argued that the only way to regain willpower is by supplying more energy to our bodies with rest, food or entertainment.
But psychologists have challenged this theory, saying weak willpower is in your head. They found that a person’s mindset（理念） and belief about willpower determine how long and how well they’ll be able to work on a tough mental exercise. “If you think of willpower as something that’s limited, you’re more likely to be tired when you perform a difficult task,”
said Professor Veronika Job. “But if you think of willpower as something that is not easily depleted , you can go on and on.”
The researchers led by Mr. Job designed an experiment to test the students’ belief about willpower. After a tiring task those who believed or were led to believe that willpower was a limited resource performed worse on standard concentration tests than those who thought of willpower as something they had more control over.
Mr. Job said, “Students who may already have trouble studying are being told that their powers of concentration are limited, and they need to take frequent breaks. But a belief in willpower as a non-limited resource makes people stronger in their ability to work through challenges.”
The findings could help people who are battling with temptation（诱惑）: people following strict diets and doing exercise regularly to lose weight, people trying to overcome addictions, employees facing a tight deadline. Willpower isn’t driven by a biologically based process as much as we used to think.
1. What opinion did scientists have in the past ( )
A. Willpower was a limited resource.
B. It was hard to regain willpower.
C. Hardworking people seldom took breaks.
D. People could easily feel tired when working.
A
【命题立意】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据第二段第二句“They argued that the only way to regain willpower is by supplying more energy to our bodies with rest, food or entertainment.”可知，他们认为重新获得意志力的唯一方法是休息、食物或娱乐。由此可知，以前科学家认为意志力是有限的资源。故选A项。
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。以前人们认为意志力是有限的，但心理学家对意志力有了新的结论，认为意志力存在于人脑中，对我们的行为能够产生很大的影响。
2. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “depleted” in Paragraph 3 ( )
A. Given up. B. Recovered. C. Used up. D. Changed.
C
[解析] 【命题立意】词义猜测题。【解题思路】根据画线词前的“‘If you think of willpower as something that’s limited, you’re more likely to be tired when you perform a difficult task’”可知，如果你认为意志力是有限的东西，在完成困难的任务时，你更可能会疲惫。画线词所在句中的“But”是关键词，如果你认为意志力很难被耗尽，那么你就可以继续下去。deplete意为“use up”, 故选C项。
3. What can we learn from the findings of the experiment ( )
A. Students benefit most from the research.
B. Frequent breaks are not good for learning.
C. Willpower can be regained after people have a good rest.
D. The belief in willpower can change a man’s behaviour.
D
[解析] 【命题立意】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第三段第二句“They found that a person’s mindset（理念） and belief about willpower determine how long and how well they’ll be able to work on a tough mental exercise.”可知，研究人员发现对意志力的信念能够决定人们做一项艰难的脑力任务的时间和结果。也就是说，对意志力的信念能够影响人们的行为。故选D项。
4. Why does the author write the text ( )
A. To explain the power of willpower.
B. To show us how to build willpower.
C. To tell us the ways of gaining willpower.
D. To introduce a new theory on willpower.
D
[解析] 【命题立意】主旨大意题。【解题思路】作者在第二段里介绍了以前人们对意志力的看法；第三段第一句“But psychologists have challenged this theory, saying weak willpower is in your head.”告诉我们心理学家有了新的观点，下文主要介绍了关于意志力的新发现。所以本文介绍了关于意志力的一种新的理论。故选D项。
深度解析
词汇积累
tough adj.艰苦的，困难的；坚强的 regain vt.恢复；重新获得；收回determine v. 下决心，做出决定 think of.... as..... 把…... 当......；认为....... 是…… power n.力量，能力；电力；权力
长难句分析
After a tiring task those who believed or were led to believe that willpower was a limited resource performed worse on standard concentration tests than those who thought of willpower as something they had more control over.
在一项累人的任务后，那些相信或被引导相信意志力是有限资源的人在标准注意力测试中的表现要比那些认为意志力是他们可以控制的东西的人差。
分析：第一个those作主语，第一个who引导的定语从句中还包含一个that引导的宾语从句。主句的谓语是performed , than引导比较状语从句，第二个those是与主语比较的对象，who thought of willpower as something they had more control over是修饰those的定语从句 , 从句中包含另y一个定语从句they had more control over, 修饰先行词something。
Ⅱ. 语法填空
A
[2020江西南昌八一中学高二期中]
Peking Opera roles require performers to paint 1.___________ (they) faces in patterns and colours to represent different character types and 2._______________ (quality).
In Peking Opera, facial painting can be quite complex. However, in the 3._______________ (begin), only three colours were used-red, white and black. Now, many other colours, such as yellow, purple, blue and green, 4._____________(use) for facial painting.
their
qualities
beginning
are used
Red is colour for 5.____________ (brave) and loyalty. Guan Yu is a good example of this kind of character. He is famous for being very loyal 6._______ his emperor, Liu Bei.
White highlights all 7._________ is bad in human nature. One of the typical white-faced characters is Cao Cao, 8.______ powerful and cruel prime minister.
Black face paint is usually used for 9._________ is fierce and violent. One typical example is General Zhang Fei from the classic novel, Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
to
that
a
what
bravery
All these different colours are used in Peking Opera facial painting 10._______________ (provide) a clear picture of each character.
to provide
their
1. ________
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了京剧角色需要表演者用图案和颜色来暗示不同的人物类型和性格。
考查代词。此处用形容词性物主代词their作定语修饰名词faces，指代performers。故填their。
2. ____________
qualities
[解析] 考查名词的数。quality表示一个人的品质或是商品的特性时，是可数名词，前面有形容词different修饰，此处用名词复数形式。故填qualities。
3. ____________
beginning
[解析] 考查固定搭配。固定搭配in the beginning（一开始）。故填beginning。
4. ___________
are used
[解析] 考查动词时态和语态。由语境可知，本句陈述的是客观事实，时态用一般现在时，主语many other colours和use是被动关系，用一般现在时的被动语态。故填are used。
5. __________
bravery
[解析] 考查名词。此处用名词bravery（勇敢）作介词for的宾语。故填bravery。
6. _____
to
[解析] 考查固定搭配。固定搭配be loyal to…意为“对……忠诚”。故填to。
7. _______
that
[解析] 考查定语从句关系词。此处引导定语从句，先行词是不定代词all，关系词在从句中作主语，只能用关系代词that。故填that。
8. ____
a
[解析] 考查冠词。此处泛指“一个强大而残忍的宰相”；又powerful以辅音音素开头，故填a。
9. _______
what
[解析] 考查宾语从句引导词。介词for后接宾语从句，从句缺少主语，意为“……的东西”，应用引导词what。故填what。
10. _____________
to provide
[解析] 考查动词不定式。由语境可知，此处表示目的，应用动词不定式(to do)作目的状语。故填to provide。
B
[2020江苏常州高二期中]
Shijing, also the Book of Songs or Shih-ching, is the 1.___________ (early) collection of Chinese poetry. It consists of 305 poems 2.__________ (date) from the early years of Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle stage of the Spring and Autumn Period. Nowadays, Confucius is generally believed to be the 3.___________ (edit) of the book.
Shijing is rich in content, 4.______________ (reflect) love and labor,
earliest
dating
editor
reflecting
war and slavery, customs and marriage, ancestor worship and special events. It is a mirror of social life.
All the poems included in Shijing fall into three sections-poems that come from villages belong to Feng; the poems 5._____________ (write)to persuade or praise the rulers belong to Ya; those used at religious ceremonies belong to Song. Ya and Song are flowery and serious in language, 6.___________ Feng is relatively inspiring and full of passion.
written
while
The opening poem of Shijing, Cooing and Wooing(《关雎》), is about love, which 7.__________ (read):
By riverside are cooing
A pair of turtledoves;
A good young man is wooing
A fair maiden he loves.
Through these lines, the poet expresses the man’s longing 8.________ a girl and his hope that one day he can win over the girl’s heart.
for
reads
As the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry, Shijing enables people to have a better understanding of Chinese civilization. 9._______________________________________________ , it is also frequently quoted in other Chinese texts and has always been 10.______________ (refer) to as moral truth and lessons.
Moreover/Besides/Furthermore/Additionally
referred
earliest
1. ___________
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。文章给我们介绍了《诗经》的一些知识。
考查形容词最高级。根据常识和语境可知，《诗经》是中国最早的诗歌集，所以空处需用形容词最高级earliest。故填earliest。
2. _________
dating
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。本句已有谓语动词consist，且空处前面没有连词，所以空处需用非谓语动词作后置定语修饰名词poems，空处动词date与名词poems之间是逻辑上的主动关系，需用现在分词形式作后置定语。故填dating。
3. _________
editor
[解析] 考查名词。分析句子成分可知，此处需用名词editor，表示编辑，指孔子，名词需用单数形式。故填editor。
4. _____________
reflecting
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处需用非谓语动词，空处动词reflect与主语之间是逻辑上的主动关系，需用现在分词形式。故填reflecting。
5. __________
written
[解析] 考查过去分词。根据句子结构可知，空处需用分词作后置定语修饰名词poems，空处动词与名词poems之间是逻辑上的被动关系，需用过去分词作后置定语。故填written。
6. ________
while
[解析] 考查连词。根据语境可知，句子前后有对比之意，所以空处需用连词while表示“然而”。故填while。
7. ________
reads
[解析] 考查动词时态和主谓一致。本句陈述一个事实，需用一般现在时，which指代The opening poem of Shijing，从句谓语动词需用单数reads。故填reads。
8. ______
for
[解析] 考查固定搭配。long for意为“渴望”。此处缺少介词，故填for。
9. ____________________________________________
Moreover/Besides/Furthermore/Additionally
[解析] 考查副词。根据语境可知，此处表示递进关系，所以空处需用副词moreover/besides/furthermore/additionally“此外”，句首单词首字母需大写。故填Moreover/Besides/Furthermore/Additionally。
10. ___________
referred
[解析] 考查被动语态。分析句子结构可知，空处谓语动词使用了现在完成时的被动语态“has been done”，所以空处需用过去分词referred。故填referred。(共120张PPT)
Unit 3 War and peace
Section Ⅲ Developing ideas
Ⅰ. 课文翻译
教材原文 LIANDA: A PLACE OF PASSION， BELIEF AND COMMITMENT Throughout history， the great thinkers of the world have often rather romantically referred to their academic struggles as being like “war”. However， for most of them， the “war” has been purely symbolic. Real war is never romantic as it brings suffering and immense challenges. 教材译文
联大：一个充满热情、信念和奉献的地方
纵观历史，世界上伟大的思想家们常常把他们的学术斗争浪漫地称为“战争”。然而，对他们大多数人来说，这场“战争”纯粹是象征性的。真正的战争从来不是浪漫的，因为它会带来痛苦和巨大的挑战。
教材原文 教材译文
In 1937， the aggression of the Japanese army brought disaster to China’s three great universities: Peking University and Tsinghua University were occupied by Japanese troops， while Nankai University was completely destroyed by bombing. To save their educational and intellectual heritage， the three universities joined together in Kunming as National Southwest Associated University， otherwise known as Lianda. 1937年，日军的侵略给中国三所著名大学带来了灾难：北京大学和清华大学被日本军队占领，南开大学被彻底炸毁。为了保护教育和知识遗产，这三所大学在昆明联合成立了国立西南联合大学，简称联大。
续表
教材原文 教材译文
Professors and students alike in the three universities made an epic journey over a distance of more than 2，000 kilometres， most of them on foot. Their bed was the dusty road and their roof was the open sky， often lit up by exploding Japanese bombs. 这三所大学的教授和学生都进行了一段史诗般的旅程，行程超过了2，000千米，其中大部分人是步行的。他们的床是尘土飞扬的道路，他们的屋顶是开阔的天空，经常被日军的炸弹点亮。
续表
教材原文 教材译文
Conditions were little better once they reached the remote and mountainous south-west part of China. They had to live in rough buildings， packed 40 to a room， like sardines. There were dire shortages of food， books， and equipment. Furthermore， classes were frequently disrupted due to fierce air attacks and often had to be held before 10 am and after 4 pm. 当他们到达中国偏远多山的西南地区时，情况也好不到哪里去。他们不得不住在简陋的房子里，挤得像沙丁鱼一样，一个房间里挤满40个人。食物、书籍和设备严重短缺。此外，由于猛烈的空袭，课堂经常中断，经常被迫在上午10点之前和下午4点之后上课。
续表
教材原文 教材译文
However， despite the immense hardships and the daunting challenges， it was right in this place， over a period of eight long years， that the nation’s intellectual heritage was not only guarded but fortified by the passion and belief of the worthy academics of Lianda. It is no wonder that many， if not most， of China’s leading scholars and scientists emerged at Lianda， including the two Nobel Prize-winning physicists， Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao. 然而，尽管困难重重，挑战艰巨，正是在这个地方，在长达8年的时间里，我国的知识遗产不仅得到了保护，而且得到了加强，这都归功于可敬的联大学者的热情和信念。难怪在联大出现了许多(如果不是大多数的话)中国顶尖学者和科学家，包括两位诺贝尔物理学奖得主杨振宁和李政道。
续表
教材原文 教材译文
“Lianda laid the foundation for every achievement I have made，” Yang recalled. He sill remembers learning in a temporary classroom that had no glass in the windows. “On windy days， we had to hold down the paper on the desk， which would otherwise be blown away，” he said. “联大为我取得的每一项成就奠定了基础，”杨回忆说。他仍然记得在一间窗户上没有玻璃的临时教室里学习的情景。他说:“刮风的时候，我们不得不把纸压在桌子上，否则纸就会被风吹走。”
续表
教材原文 教材译文
With the country at war， students at Lianda were not going to shirk their duty. Driven by a sense of commitment， a great many joined the army to resist the Japanese invaders and defend the honour of the nation. 由于国家处于战争状态，联大的学生不会逃避责任。在献身精神的驱使下，许多人参军抵抗日本侵略者，保卫国家的荣誉。
续表
教材原文 教材译文
In fact， Lianda provided the largest number of student-soldiers from any campus in China. Of the thousands of college students from all over China who served as interpreters， one tenth were from Lianda， including the well-known translators Zha Liangzheng and Xu Yuanchong. Zha later depicted the contributions of his peers in a poem: 事实上，在中国的所有校园里，联大提供的学生兵数量是最多的。在来自全国各地担任翻译的数千名大学生中，十分之一来自联大，包括著名的翻译家查良铮和许渊冲。后来，查在一首诗中描述了他的同行的贡献:
续表
教材原文 教材译文
Softly， on the hillside forgotten by all， A misty rain falls in a gentle breeze; There is no trace of the footprints of history; Where brave souls once stood， breathing new life into the trees. ……
静静的，在那被遗忘的山坡上，
还下着密雨，还吹着细风，
没有人知道历史曾在此走过，
留下了英灵化入树干而滋生。
续表
教材原文 教材译文
A product of the war， Lianda is now physically gone. But it has become the crowning glory of China’s modern universities， not only because of its prominent professors and talented students， but also because of the school’s strong spirit of perseverance and dedication. In 2017， representatives from Peking University， Tsinghua University， Nankai University and Yunnan Normal University gathered to commemorate the 80th anniversary of its founding. 作为战争的产物，联大现在已经不在了。但它已经成为中国现代大学的最高荣誉，不仅因为它杰出的教授和有才华的学生，还因为学校的坚韧不拔的毅力和奉献精神。2017年，来自北京大学、清华大学、南开大学和云南师范大学的代表们齐聚一堂，纪念联大建校80周年。
续表
教材原文 教材译文
More than eighty years on， the priceless contribution of Lianda still needs to be reaffirmed. It has become part of the collective memory of the Chinese nation， with its spirit as the blueprint for all universities in China in the modern era. 80多年过去了，联大的无价贡献仍然需要再次肯定。它已经成为中华民族集体记忆的一部分，它的精神是现代中国所有大学的蓝图。
续表
Ⅱ. 词汇拓展
1. ___________ / k 'demik/adj.学术的→ __________ / 'k d mi/n.学院; 研究院; 学会; 专科院校→ _______________ / k 'demik li/adv.学术上; 学业上
academic
academy
academically
2. _____________ / 'ɡre ( )n/n.侵略→ _____________ / 'ɡresiv/adj.好斗的; 有进取心的; 有闯劲的
aggression
aggressive
3. _______________ /int 'lekt u l/adj.智力的，脑力的→ ____________ /'int lekt/n.智力，理解力; 英才→ _________________ /int 'lekt u li/adv.智力上; 知性上
intellectual
intellect
intellectually
associated
association
4. _____________ / 's u ieitid/adj.联合的→ ______________ / s usi’ei n/n.协会，联盟，社团; 联合; 联想
rough
roughly
5. ________ /r f/adj.简单的; 粗糙的→ __________ /'r fli/adv.粗糙地; 粗略地→ ___________s /'r fnis/n.粗糙; 粗暴
roughnes
fortify
fortified
6. __________ /'f : tifai/v.激励，加强→ ____________ /'f : tifaid/adj.加强的; 防御的
emerge
emergency
7. _________ /i’mε d /v.出现→ ____________ /i’mε d nst/n.紧急情况; 突发事件
invader
invade
8. __________ /in’veid /n.侵略者，侵略军→ _________ /in’veid/vt. 侵略；侵犯；涌入→ ___________ /in’vei n/n.入侵，侵略；涌入；侵犯
invasion
depict
depiction
9. _________ /di’pikt/v.描述，描写→ ____________ /di’pik n/n.描写；描绘→ ____________ /di’piktiv/adj.描写的；描述的
depictive
glory
glorious
10. ________ /'ɡl ri/n.辉煌的成就；荣耀的事→ ___________ /'ɡl : ri s/adj.光荣的；辉煌的；壮观的→ __________ /'ɡl : rifai/vt.赞美；美化
glorify
Ⅲ. 情境词块
1. 联合起来 ________________
join together
2. 点燃；照亮 ___________
light up
3. 压制；限制；保住（工作等） ____________
hold down
4. 奠定基础 _____________________
lay the foundation
5. 交战 _________
at war
6. a great many _________
大量的
7. serve as _______
充当
8. a sum of _________
一大笔
9. break through _______
突围
追踪到
10. track down _________
Ⅳ. 情境佳句
1.
句型公式 强调句
教材原句 However， despite the immense hardships and the daunting challenges， it was right in this place， over a period of eight long years， that the nation’s intellectual heritage was not only guarded but fortified by the passion and belief of the worthy academics of Lianda.
尽管困难重重，挑战艰巨，正是在这个地方，在长达8年的时间里，我国的知识遗产不仅得到了保护，而且得到了加强，这都归功于可敬的联大学者的热情和信念。
句型公式 强调句
中文例句 直到她摘下墨镜，我才意识到她是一位著名的电影明星。
句式仿写 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
续表
2.
句型公式 It is no wonder that…难怪……
教材原句 It is no wonder that many， if not most， of China’s leading scholars and scientists emerged at Lianda， including the two Nobel Prize-winning physicists， Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao.
难怪在联大出现了许多（如果不是大多数的话）中国顶尖学者和科学家，包括两位诺贝尔物理学奖得主杨振宁和李政道。
中文例句 他没能通过期末考试，这是不足为怪的。
句式仿写 __________________________________________________________
It is no wonder that he failed his final exam.
3.
句型公式 过去分词作状语
教材原句 Driven by a sense of commitment， a great many joined the army to resist the Japanese invaders and defend the honour of the nation. 在献身精神的驱使下，许多人参军抵抗日本侵略者，保卫国家的荣誉。
中文例句 他们很欣赏她的工作，让她当了总经理。
句式仿写 ______________________________________________________________________
Delighted with her work，they made her the general
manager.
4.
句型公式 分数表达法
教材原句 Of the thousands of college students from all over China who served as interpreters， one tenth were from Lianda， including the well-known translators Zha Liangzheng and Xu Yuanchong.
在来自全国各地担任翻译中的数千名大学生中，十分之一来自联大，包括著名的翻译家查良铮和许渊冲。
中文例句 大约三分之二的学生都将参加会议。
句式仿写 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
About two thirds of the students are going to attend the meeting.
文本理解
Reading for the details.
Choose the best answer according to the text.
1. What caused Lianda to be formed in Kunming ( )
A. Thinkers’ academic struggles.
B. Immense challenges.
C. Japanese aggression.
D. Educational heritage.
C
2. How did most students get to Kunming ( )
A. By bus. B. By air. C. On foot. D. By bike.
C
3. What caused many students to join the army to defeat the invaders ( )
A. A sense of commitment. B. A sense of achievement.
C. A sense of loss. D. A sense of trust.
A
4. Why has Lianda become the crowning glory of China’s modern universities ( )
A. Because of a product of the war.
B. Because of its spirit of perseverance.
C. Because of its collective memory.
D. Because of the honour of the nation.
B
背景导学
描写战争英雄。第一段：开门见山，点明心中的英雄。描写人物，即通过文字把人物的外貌、性格等呈现给读者。人物描写的特点是用语言描绘人物的外表、行为、心理活动等。第二段：具体讲述该人物的英雄壮举。发生在一个人物身上的事很多，写作时，我们要抓住其显著的、与众不同的方面，也要抓住体现人物性格的主要活动和事件。第三段：个人评论或祝愿。在描述中，要叙述议论相结合，要对人物做出实时评价，突出人物性格。另外，时态的使用要视实际情况而定。
【教材原文】
Yang Jingyu， an anti-Japanese hero， was born in Henan Province in 1905. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 1927. In 1937 Yang became leader of the North-east Anti-Japanese United Army and fought a guerrilla war against the Japanese invaders.
In 1938， the Japanese army offered a large sum of money for Yang’s head and a large number of troops surrounded his men.
In early 1940， facing a critical lack of supplies， Yang decided to let his men break through in small groups， but his own section of 60 men was betrayed to the Japanese. After these men were killed， Yang fought on alone for five days. He was eventually tracked down on 23 February by a large unit of Japanese troops. He killed more than 20 Japanese soldiers before dying in a hail of machine gunfire. When the Japanese cut open his body， they discovered only tree bark， cotton and grass roots， but not a single grain of rice in his stomach.
Yang’s death was a huge blow to his loyal troops， but they turned sorrow into anger and continued to fight fiercely against the invaders. After the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was established， Yang was reburied with full military honours， in Tonghua， Jilin Province.
请将范文改写成一篇80词左右的短文。
【审题谋篇】
【词汇储备】
1. ________________________________ 对抗日本侵略者
against the Japanese invaders
2. ___________________________ 大量士兵
a large number of troops
3. ________________ 突破; 突围
break through
4. ___________________ 缺乏补给
lack of supplies
5. _____________ 追捕
track down
6. _________________ 孤军奋战
fight on alone
【句型运用】
1. 杨靖宇，抗日英雄，1905年出生于河南省。
____________________________________________________________________________
Yang Jingyu， an anti-Japanese hero， was born in Henan Province in 1905.
2. 杨靖宇成为东北抗日联军的领袖。
________________________________________________________________
Yang became leader of the North-east Anti-Japanese United Army.
3. 大量的军队包围了他的人，而且他们面临严重的物资短缺，所以杨决定让他们以小分队突围。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A large number of troops surrounded his men and they faced a critical lack of supplies， so Yang decided to let them break through in small groups.
4. 他自己手下的60人被出卖给了日本人。结果，这些人被杀了。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
His own section of 60 men was betrayed to the Japanese. As a result， these men were killed.
5. 杨独自作战，但最终还是被追捕到了。
________________________________________________________
Yang fought on alone but was eventually tracked down.
6. 他在一阵机关枪的炮火中死去，肚子里没有一粒米。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
He died in a hail of machine gunfire and was found without a grain of rice in his stomach.
7. 中华人民共和国成立后，杨被按照最高军事荣誉重新安葬。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
After the People’s Republic of China was established， Yang was reburied with full military honours.
【句式升级】
1. 用非谓语动词连接第1、2句。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Born in Henan Province in 1905， anti-Japanese hero Yang Jingyu was a leader of the North-east Anti-Japanese United Army.
2. 用过去分词和介词短语修改第3句。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Surrounded by a large number of troops， Yang decided to let his men break through in small groups due to a critical lack of supplies.
3. 用非谓语动词整合第5、6句。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yang fought on alone but was eventually tracked down， dying in a hail of machine gunfire without a grain of rice in his stomach.
【串句成文】
将以上句子连成一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的短文。（注意使用恰当的衔接词）
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Born in Henan Province in 1905， anti-Japanese hero Yang Jingyu was a leader of the North-east Anti-Japanese United Army.
Surrounded by a large number of troops， Yang decided to let his men break through in small groups due to a critical lack of supplies. However， his own section of 60 men was betrayed to the Japanese， and as a result， these men were killed.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yang fought on alone but was eventually tracked down， dying in a hail of machine gunfire without a grain of rice in his stomach.
After the People’s Republic of China was established， Yang was reburied with full military honours.
请你以My hero为题，写一篇介绍你心目中的英雄的英语短文。
注意：
（1）词数不少于80；
（2）可适当加入细节，使内容充实、行文连贯。
My hero
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
My hero is Zhou Enlai， who was the first premier of the People’s Republic of China.He was a great revolutionary who had devoted all his life to the cause of the liberation of China.
He took part in the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation. He fought bravely against the enemies in order to save the people in great sorrow. He was such a man who cared more about the people than himself. He put all the people in his heart except himself.I admire him so much though he has been away from us for a long time. I like him best and believe that he will always be alive in the minds of Chinese people.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
[解析] 写作指导
体裁 记叙文
时态 一般过去时/一般现在时
人称 第三人称/第一人称
要点 1. 开门见山，点明心中的英雄；2. 具体讲述该人物的英雄壮举；3. 个人评论或祝愿。
高级短语及句式
短语：devote all one’s life to 把某人的生命奉献给；fight bravely against勇敢地为……而战；the cause of the liberation解放事业； in great sorrow在极度的悲伤中
句式：①定语从句：He was such a man who cared more about the people than himself.②让步状语从句：I admire him so much though he has been away from us for a long time.
1. emerge v.出现
It is no wonder that many， if not most， of China’s leading scholars and scientists emerged at Lianda， including the two Nobel Prize-winning physicists，Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao. （教材P32）难怪在联大出现了许多（如果不是大多数的话）中国顶尖学者和科学家，包括两位诺贝尔物理学奖得主杨振宁和李政道。
典例翻译
① He didn’t emerge from his bedroom until noon.
_____________________________
直到中午他才从卧室里出来。
② It emerged that they didn’t agree with each other.
_______________________________
这暴露出他们彼此意见不一致。
③ He was a writer who had emerged out of obscurity（默默无闻）.
___________________________
他是一个一举成名的作家。
④ He emerged as a key figure in the campaign.
_________________________________________
他已初露头角，成了这次运动的主要人物。
⑤ The government has declared a state of emergency following the earthquake.
_____________________________________
地震发生后，政府宣布进入紧急状态。
归纳拓展
（1） 从……中出现或显露 ______________
来源于 ________________
这暴露出 ____________________
作为……显露 ____________
emerge from
emerge out of
it emerged that…
emerge as
（2） emergency n.突发事件；紧急状态 adj.应急的；备用的
紧急状态 _______________________
在紧急情况下 in an emergency
a state of emergency
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① Several facts started to emerge _______ my investigation.
from
② The musical forms emerged out _____ the American black experience.
of
③ The Pacific region has rapidly emerged _____ a leading force on the world stage.
as
（2） 单句写作
④ 事已清楚，这家公司准备售出。
____________________________________________________
It emerged that the company was going to be sold.
⑤ 这道门只能在紧急情况下使用。
_________________________________________________
This door should only be used in an emergency.
2. representative n.代表
In 2017， representatives from Peking University，Tsinghua University，Nankai University and Yunnan Normal University
gathered to commemorate the 80th anniversary of its founding. (教材P33)
2017年，来自北京大学、清华大学、南开大学和云南师范大学的代表们齐聚一堂，纪念联大建校80周年。
典例翻译
① The association is sending representatives to the conference.
_________________________
协会将派代表出席大会。
② She is a sales representative for a large company.
_____________________________
她是一家大公司的销售代表。
③ I’ll represent to him the risk he is running.
_______________________________
我要向他指出他所面临的险境。
归纳拓展
（1） representative n.代表；代表物
为……行事的代表 _______________________
参加……的代表 ______________________
来自……的代表 a representative of/from
a representative for
a representative to
（2）represent v.代表，象征，表示；作为……的代表
represent to… 向……描述
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① He was in no way a representative _____ dog trainers in general.
of
② He is a representative ______ a large steel company.
for
③ The _________________ (represent)from New Zealand spoke at the Pacific Islands Forum.
representative
④ When asked by officials to select five __________________ to negotiate their demands，the crowd began to shout，“We don’t want to be ______________ .”(represent)
representatives
represented
（2） 单句写作
⑤ 这个事例典型地反映了警方的态度。
_______________________________________________________________
This case is a representative of the attitude of the police.
3. sum n.金额，款项；总数；总和 v.共计；求……的和
In 1938， the Japanese army offered a large sum of money for Yang’s head and a large number of troops surrounded his men. (教材P35)1938年，日本军队出了一大笔钱买杨靖宇的人头，大批军队包围了他的部队。
典例翻译
① The expenses came to an enormous sum.
_________________
开支总数巨大。
② The appeal of this charming little town is hard to sum up.
_______________________________________
这座迷人小镇的魅力三言两语难以讲明。
③ The old man was offered a large sum of money.
___________________________
这位老人获得了一大笔钱。
④ In sum， it is a great challenge to prevent and control the pandemic all over the world.
_______________________________________________
总之，在全球范围内防控疫情是一个巨大的挑战。
归纳拓展
（1） 总结；概括 _________
sum up
（2） 大体上；一言以蔽之；总之 _________
一大笔钱 _______________________
计算；做算术题 ___________
in sum
a large sum of money
do a sum
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① _____ sum， the two countries are now true economic partners.
In
② She _________ (sum) it _____ as “the most brilliant lecture I’ve ever attended”.
summed
up
（2） 完成句子
③ 我很快地算出了需要花费的钱数。
________________________________________________________
I did a quick sum to work out how much it would cost.
（3） 单句写作
④ 他为这所房子出了一笔巨款。
______________________________________________
He paid a large sum of money for the house.
4. relevant adj.有关的，切题的
Prepare a short presentation on one of the topics from Activity 2 or think of another relevant topic. (教材P36)准备一份关于活动2中某个主题的简短报告，或者思考另一个相关的主题。
典例翻译
① Museums should play a more involved or relevant role in public life.
_________________________________________________________
博物馆应扮演一个更具有参与性或与公众生活更相关的角色。
② These materials are relevant to the case.
___________________________
这些材料与这起案件有关。
③ Education should be closely related to students’ need.
_________________________________
教育应该与学生的需要紧密相关。
④ It’s so small in relation to the strength of their friendship.
_________________________________________
这事太小了，不足以影响他们之间的友谊。
⑤ The second paragraph relates to the situation in Scotland.
___________________________
第二段谈到苏格兰的形势。
归纳拓展
（1） 与……有关 _________________
irrelevant adj. 不相干的，不相关的
be relevant to
（2） relate v. 叙述；有关联
涉及；关于 ____________
与……有因果关系，关联 ________________
relate…to…把……和……联系起来
relate to
be related to
（3） relation n. 关系；联系；亲戚
关于；涉及；与……比较 _________________
in relation to
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① Her appearance is not relevant _____ whether she can be a good teacher.
to
② It was all _____________ (relevant)， but I didn’t want to interrupt him.
irrelevant
③ I have nothing to say in ___________ (relate) to that matter.
relation
（2） 完成句子
④ 并不是所有的内容都与你的品位直接相关，事实上，有些内容与你完全无关。
Not all the content will __________________________ your tastes and in fact some of it will ______________________________ you.
be directly relevant to
be completely irrelevant to
1. not only…but also…不仅……而且……
But it has become the crowning glory of China’s modern universities， not only because of its prominent professors and talented students， but also because of the school’s strong spirit of perseverance and dedication. (教材P33)但它已经成为中国现代大学的最高荣誉，不仅因为它杰出的教授和有才华的学生，还因为学校的坚韧不拔的毅力和奉献精神。
典例翻译
① The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs.
_____________________________________________________________
美国人和英国人不但说相同的语言，而且有很多相同的风俗习惯。
② Light and bright colors make people not only happier but more active.
_________________________________________________________
浅色和鲜艳的颜色不但使人看了更高兴，也会使人更加活泼。
③ Shakespeare was not only a writer but (also) an actor.
___________________________________________
莎士比亚不仅是一位作家，而且是一位演员。
④ Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.
_________________________________________________
不仅我，而且简和玛丽都厌倦了一次又一次的考试。
⑤ Not only had the poor man been arrested， but he had been sent to prison as well.
_______________________________________________
这个可怜的人不仅被捕了，而且还被送进了监狱。
归纳拓展
（1）该结构常用来连接并列成分，如两个主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语或分句，在意义上强调后者，其中also可以省略。
（2）“not only…but also…”连接主语时，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则；当not only 位于句首连接两个并列分句时，第一个分句要用部分倒装，第二个分句不倒装。
学以致用
完成句子
① 他们不仅闯进了他的办公室，而且还撕碎了他的文件。
They _________________________________ but (also) tore up his papers.
not only broke into his office
② 不仅是你，他也从火中救出了那些男孩。
_____________________________ has saved the boys from the fire.
Not only you but (also) he
③ 不仅学生喜欢踢足球，而且他们的老师也喜欢踢足球。
Not just the students but also their teacher _________________________ .
likes playing football
④ 他不仅能准确地说英语，而且说得很流利。
Not only _______________________ correctly，but he also speaks it fluently.
can he speak English
2. It is no wonder that …难怪……
It is no wonder that many， if not most， of China’s leading
scholars and scientists emerged at Lianda， including the two Nobel Prize-winning physicists， Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao. (教材P32)难怪在联大出现了许多(如果不是大多数的话)中国顶尖学者和科学家，包括两位诺贝尔物理学奖得主杨振宁和李政道。
典例翻译
① It is no wonder that he was so punctual this morning.
_______________________________
难怪他今天早晨到得这样准时。
② I wonder how you came to miss your way.
___________________________
我想知道你是怎样迷路的。
③ I wonder whether they will arrive on time.
___________________________
不知他们是否能准时到达。
归纳拓展
（1） wonder n.惊奇；惊讶；奇观；奇人
不足为奇；并不奇怪 ___________________________
惊奇地 in wonder
no(little，small) wonder
（2） v.想知道；感到疑惑；感到惊奇
想知道是否…… ___________________________
不知道…… wonder+wh-clause/to do
对……感到惊讶/疑惑 wonder at/about
wonder+if/whether-clause
（3）wonderful adj.极好的；奇异的
学以致用
单句填空
① It is no wonder _______ she should not write to you.
that
② I wonder _______ they call these flowers.
what
③ He’s ____ wonder with the way he arranges everything without any help.
a
④ Sadly， although the Amber Room was one of the greatest __________ (wonder)of the world，it is now missing.
wonders
Ⅰ. 语境填词
根据语境和汉语提示写出单词的正确形式。
1. During the past four years I have had a good deal of ___________ (学术的) experience in communication technology.
academic
2. Our factory was _________ (爆炸)out at that time, but we soon managed to go into production again.
bombed
3. Edwards in particular has been put forward as an author of great _______________ (知识的) distinction.
intellectual
4. Restriction on trade among different countries created bitter feelings and ____________ (扰乱)the economy.
disrupted
5. For those who lack the right training and skills and support, this new world can be ___________ (令人畏惧的).
daunting
fortify
6. A good breakfast will __________ (加强) you for the day’s work.
emerge
7. The rabbit will not _________ (出现) from its hole while you are there.
peer
8. She was rejected by her _______ (同辈) group.
Ⅱ. 语境选词
根据语境用方框内短语的正确形式填空。
a great many, lay the foundation for, due to, serve as, shirk one’s duty, blow away, at war, hold down, the largest number of, light up
1. I ____________ a tour guide for Beijing International Travel Service last summer.
served as
2. Which language is spoken by ________________________ people in the world Of course, the answer is Chinese.
the largest number of
a great many
3. I knew that _______________ parts of the puzzle had to fall into place.
4. While he was encouraged many times, he decided to _________________ .
shirk his duty
blow away
5. Hold on to your umbrella so that it won’t ____________ .
at war
6. Can’t you understand that we are _________ with these people
hold down
7. He can never ____________ a job for long, because he is always late.
laid the foundation for
8. Education has __________________________ scientific and technological advancement and personnel training.
Due to
9. _________ limitations on space, many topics of actual substance have been left out.
lit up
10. These teachings _________ my mind, pointed out the direction and gave me endless strength.
Ⅲ. 课文语法填空
1. Throughout history, the great thinkers have often rather romantically referred to their academic struggles as being like “war”. However, their symbolic “war” is nowhere near the real war, 1. ________ brings nothing but extreme suffering and immense challenges.
In 1937, because of the Japanese invasion, China’s three great universities had no choice but 2. __________ (join) together in Kunming as National Southwest Associated University, otherwise known as Lianda.
which
to join
The professors and students in the three universities made an epic journey, 3.___________ (cover) a distance of over 2,000 kilometres. Once they reached the remote and mountainous south-west part of China, 4._____________ (condition) were little better. They had to pack 40 to a room, like sardines. There
5. _______ (be) dire shortages of food, books, and equipment. 6._____________________ , classes were frequently disrupted due to fierce air attacks.
covering
conditions
were
Furthermore/Moreover
Despite the immense hardships and the daunting challenges, it was right in this place 7. _______ the nation’s intellectual heritage was not only guarded but fortified by the passion and belief of the worthy academics of Lianda. 8. _________ (drive) by a sense of commitment, students at Lianda were not going to shirk their duty and a great many joined the army. Many of China’s leading scholars and scientists emerged at Lianda, claiming that Lianda laid the foundation 9. ______ their achievements.
that
Driven
for
Lianda is now physically gone but it has become the crowning glory of China’s modern universities. The 10.____________ (price) contribution of Lianda still needs to be reaffirmed.
priceless
Ⅰ. 单句填空
1. The president announced that the country would not tolerate foreign _____________ (aggressive).
aggression
2. “That sort of thing makes me sick,” he said __________ (rough).
roughly
3. No matter when the ___________ (invade) come, they will be wiped out clean.
invaders
depiction
4. Everyone has seen a ____________ (depict) similar to this one in movies and on television.
glorious
5. Our ___________ (glory) troops continue to advance without losing a foot of ground.
dedication
6. She worked with great _____________ (dedicate) to find a cure for the disease.
7. Do you have any excuses to offer for frequent absence from _____________ (collect) practice
collective
8. For a time, she dated Barl Miller, who we heard was _______________ （romantic） involved with Eleanor.
romantically
9. He is engaged in making preparations for the conference on ______________ （education） work.
educational
mountainous
10. Landslides commonly occur in ______________ （mountain） regions of Nepal during the annual monsoon（雨季） rains.
Ⅱ. 同义替换
light up， be packed like sardines， lay the foundation for， shirk one’s duty， a sense of
1. You cannot expect to continue avoiding responsibility without someone noticing. _____________________
shirking your duty
2. Suddenly， the dark theater was brightened by waving sticks， which were like stars in a dark sky. _____________
was lit up
3. Instead， there is awareness of longing as he recalls the few times when he and his dad would sit together and watch football matches. _____________
a sense of
4. The metro arrived at the station with passengers crowded everywhere . _______________________
packed like sardines
5. The success of the flight will be the basis of a series of future Chinese space projects. _________________________
lay the foundation for
Ⅲ. 完成句子
1. 你在五月可以看到这种花。（强调句型）
____________________ you can see this kind of flower.
It is in May that
2. 孩子们喜欢去农场玩是不足为怪的。（no wonder）
_______________________ the children love to visit the farm.
It is no wonder that
3. 被问到他为什么迟到时，他哭了。（过去分词短语作状语）
________________________，he cried.
Asked why he was late
4. 三分之一的人口生活在贫困线或以下。
____________________________is living at or below the poverty line.
A third of the population
5. 我们不仅应该身体健康，还要保持好的体形。（not only…but also…）
We should ______________________，____________________________ .
not only be healthy
but also be in good shape
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
[2020北京延庆高二期末]
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter， including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts（收银台）. The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California， including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds， plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers’ argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags， which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at， they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is， the longer its life is and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However，
longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.
One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don’t dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
1. What has Steven Stein been hired to do ( )
A. Help increase grocery sales.
B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stop things falling off trucks.
D. Argue for the use of plastic bags.
D
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况。使用塑料袋会造成环境问题; 纸袋尽管容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源。环保主义者希望消费者使用耐用、可重复使用的袋子。
【命题立意】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据第一段中one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags和第二段中plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume可知，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，让他为使用塑料袋进行辩护。故选D。
2. What does the word “headwinds” in Paragraph 2 refer to ( )
A. Bans on plastic bags. B. Effects of city development.
C. Headaches caused by garbage. D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
A
[解析] 【命题立意】词义猜测题。【解题思路】上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds意为“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，故选A。
3. What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers ( )
A. They are quite expensive.
B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strong than plastic bags.
D. Producing them requires more energy.
D
[解析] 【命题立意】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据第四段中However， longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. 可知，生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能源，故选D。
4. What is the best title for the text ( )
A. Plastic， Paper or Neither
B. Industry， Pollution and the Environment
C. Recycle or Throw Away
D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control
A
[解析] 【命题立意】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章介绍了使用塑料袋会造成环境问题；纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源。环保主义者希望消费者使用耐用、可重复使用的袋子。文章对这三种方式进行了对比，“Plastic， Paper or Neither”既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为文章标题。故选A。
深度解析
词汇积累
assume v.假定，以为 defend v.为……辩护；保卫；防守 reusable adj.可再度使用的，可重复使用的 represent vt.代表；表现；描绘
take aim at 瞄准；注意到；以……为目标；批评
长难句分析
His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter， including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.
当你考虑到他是一个研究如何减少垃圾的环境科学家时，他这个奇怪的习惯就说得过去了，包括那些在路上行驶的垃圾车上掉下来的东西。
分析：本句是主从复合句。主句为His strange habit makes sense，时间状语从句由when引导，that引导宾语从句，其中包含who引导的定语从句修饰名词scientist， including介词短语作状语，其中that引导定语从句修饰名词things，定语从句中包含as引导的时间状语从句。
Ⅱ. 七选五
[2020江苏省如东高级中学月考]
How to Fight Laziness
Lazy people will never gain anything in life. However， laziness can be defeated once a few changes have been made in your mind. 1._______ Many people lack sleep constantly， since they stay up too late and get up too early to prepare for work. These people have little motivation（动力） once they arrive home. Laziness works hand in hand with a lack of motivation and a tendency to put off things.
A
By adjusting your sleep schedule to provide a few more hours of meaningful rest， you can fight laziness throughout the day.
Another way to fight laziness is to change your mind from passive to active. Some people treat their lives as if they were pushed from task to task. Others take a more positive approach， viewing each task as a challenge they must overcome alone. 2._______ Some people fight laziness by removing the temptations（诱惑） that surround them.
E
A television in the living room may provide entertainment， but watching too much TV often contributes to laziness.
3._______ Complete a few tasks and reward yourself with what you enjoy， such as a good dinner or a film.
Laziness can also be a lasting problem at home. Couples and children may all have different energy levels， but laziness can be spread if not dealt with immediately. 4._______ Be the first to collect and wash dishes after a meal.
D
C
Others at home may finally follow your example and perform their own tasks. It is difficult to practice laziness when you are surrounded by motivated people.
5._______ Enough exercise and a balanced diet can help you to develop a healthy lifestyle， thus enabling you to have more energy and help lift your spirits.
F
A.One way to fight laziness is to get enough sleep.
B.Knowing how to fight laziness is important.
C.To fight family laziness， set an example.
D.Create a reward system for yourself， just as parents do for a child.
E.Laziness sets in when you no longer feel in charge of your own life.
F.Finally， taking exercise regularly can help you fight laziness.
G.With strong determination， you will be able to achieve your goal.
A
1. ____
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。懒惰的人总是一事无成。然而，懒惰是可以被战胜的。本文主要介绍了怎样战胜懒惰。
【解题思路】根据下文Many people lack sleep constantly， since they stay up too late and get up too early to prepare for work. 可知，选项A（对抗懒惰的一个方法是有足够的睡眠）与下文衔接最好，故选A。
2. ____
E
[解析] 【解题思路】根据本段中心句Another way to fight laziness is to change your mind from passive to active. 可知，战胜懒惰要有一个积极的态度。根据空前的Others take a more positive approach， viewing each task as a challenge they must overcome alone. 可知，其他人把每一项任务都看作是他们必须独自克服的挑战。因此，选项E（当你觉得不能再掌控自己的生活时，你就会变得懒惰）与上文衔接最好。故选E。
3. ____
D
[解析] 【解题思路】根据下文的Complete a few tasks and reward yourself with what you enjoy，such as a good dinner or a film. 可知，完成一些任务，用你喜欢的东西来犒劳自己，比如一顿丰盛的晚餐或看一场电影。这些是奖励自己的方式，因此，选项D（为自己创造奖励机制，就像父母为孩子做的）最符合语境，故选D。
4. ____
C
[解析] 【解题思路】根据下文的Be the first to collect and wash dishes after a meal. Others at home may finally follow your example可知，此处是指要树立榜样，因此，选项C（为了消除家庭的懒惰，可以树立一个榜样）与下文衔接最好，故选C。
5. ____
F
[解析] 【解题思路】根据下文的Enough exercise and a balanced diet can help you to develop a healthy lifestyle可知，足够的运动和均衡的饮食可以帮助你养成健康的生活方式，因此，选项F（最后，定期锻炼可以帮你战胜懒惰）最能概括本段内容，故选F。
Ⅲ. 读后续写
[2020福建福州高二期末]
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
One Sunday morning， George Thomas， a baker in a small New England town was walking through town when he saw a young boy coming toward him， swinging（挥舞）a bird cage in the air. On the bottom of the cage， there were three little wild birds shaking with cold and fear. George Thomas stopped the boy and asked him what he got there.
The boy was happy and told him that there were just some old birds in the cage. When the baker asked him what he would do with the old birds. The boy said casually（漫不经心地）that he wanted to take the birds home and play with them. He would pull out their feathers to make them fight. He would have a really good time because he would enjoy watching these.
George Thomas was shocked by what the boy said. How could a boy be so rude to wild animals
So he continued to ask the boy what he would do to the birds when he got tired of them， because he was such a naughty and cruel boy that he was sure to be tired of them sooner or later. The boy laughed and said that he got a cat， which liked birds， so he would give the birds to his cat. The baker got more worried and decided to help set free the poor birds. So he asked， “How much do you want for those birds， son ”
The boy looked at him in surprise， wondering if the baker really wanted to buy them. He laughed and reminded the man that they were just plain old field birds.
They didn’t sing， and they were not even pretty. However， the baker insisted and continued to ask him how much money he wanted for the birds.
The boy stared at the baker as if he were crazy and said， “＄10 ”
注意: 续写词数应为150左右。
The baker reached in his pocket and took out a ten-dollar bill.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
He placed it in the boy’s hand. The boy grasped the money firmly as if he was afraid that the baker would change his mind.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The baker picked up the cage.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In a flash, the excited boy was gone. The baker looked at the boy walking away and shook his head. He wondered how such a little boy was so naughty as to keep the poor birds in the cage, which were so lovely.
And he gently carried it to the end of the alley where there was a tree and a grassy spot. Setting the cage down, he opened the door, and by softly tapping the bars persuaded the birds out, setting them free.
The baker watched the birds flying in the sky, smiling. He took the empty bird cage home happily. Animals were friends of human beings. We should live in harmony with all the creatures.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
[解析] 深度解析
确定故事要素
要素 内容
Who George Thomas and the boy
When one Sunday morning
Where in a small New England town
What to buy some wild birds in the cage from the boy
Why to help set the poor birds free
提取故事线索
故事线索The Clue the bird-worried—saved the birds
开端Beginning George Thomas saw a young boy swinging a bird cage in the air. He found the boy rude to the birds.
发展Development George stopped the boy and asked what he would do with the birds. What the boy said worried him so much.
高潮Climax George wanted to buy the birds.
结局Ending 续写部分
续写情境推理
Para. 1: The baker reached in his pocket and took out a ten-dollar bill.
1. What did the baker do after he took out the bill
He placed it in the boy’s hand.
（给出的语言材料中有大量的动作描写，用动作描写推动故事的发展。根据续写的故事发展的延续性，此处用动作描写。）
2. Did the boy sell the birds to George
The boy grasped the money firmly as if he was afraid that the baker would change his mind. In a flash， the excited boy was gone.
（根据续写第二段首句推断出 the boy 把鸟给了the baker。）
3. How did George feel then
He wondered how such a little boy was so naughty as to keep the poor birds in the cage， which were so lovely.
（给出的语言材料中有大量的心理感受描写，利用情感线索推动故事发展。此处用wonder体现George的担心和不解。 ）
Para. 2: The baker picked up the cage.
1. Were the birds set free
Setting the cage down， he opened the door， and by softly tapping the bars persuaded the birds out， setting them free.
（续写故事要有积极向上的价值观，体现人和动物和谐相处的意识，据此推断鸟儿最终获救了。）2. How did George feel then The baker watched the birds flying in the sky, smiling. He took the empty bird cage home happily. (根据续写部分与所给材料的线索同一性, 最后段落要通过心理描写表现达成心愿的George快乐的心情。)(共60张PPT)
Unit 3 War and peace
Section Ⅳ Expanding your world
Ⅰ. 单词分层默写
1. 单词拼写
① __________ adj. 狂暴的，凶暴的
violent
② ___________ n.目的，目标
objective
③ ___________ n. 暴力
violence
④ _________ adv. 勉强才能
barely
⑤ ___________ v. 解放（城市、国家等）
liberate
⑥ ___________ adj. 纪念的，追悼的
memorial
⑦ ______________ adj. 杰出的，优秀的
outstanding
friction
⑧ ___________ n. 冲突、摩擦
disarm
⑨ _________ v. 解除武装
stability
⑩ ____________ n. 稳固，稳定
academic
___________ adj. 学术的
bomb
_______ v. 轰炸
intellectual
_______________ adj. 智力的，脑力的
emerge
_________ v. 出现
misty
________ adj. 多雾的
dedication
_____________ n. 奉献
representative
_________________ n. 代表
sum
______ n. 金额，款项
relevant
___________ adj. 有关的，切题的
grain
________ n. 谷物，粮食
2. 拓展单词
① ___________ n.冲突，摩擦→_____________ adj. 摩擦（力）的；由摩擦而生的→ _______________ adj. 无摩擦的；光滑的
friction
frictional
frictionless
② _________ v. 解除武装→______ v. 武装→_______ n. 陆军，军队
disarm
arm
army
③ ____________ n. 稳固，稳定→_________ adj. 稳定的，牢固的；稳重的→___________adj. 不稳定的；动荡的；易变的
stability
stable
unstable
④ __________________ n. 专业水准→_______________ adj.专业的；职业的；职业性的→ _____________ n.职业；专业
professionalism
professional
profession
disrupt
disruption
⑤ __________ v. 扰乱→_____________ n. 扰乱，打乱，中断
fortify
fortified
⑥ __________ v. 激励，加强→____________ adj. 加强的；防御的
emerge
emergency
⑦ _________ v. 出现→____________ n. 紧急情况；突发事件→___________ adj. 新兴的；处于发展初期的
emergent
prominent
prominently
⑧ ____________ adj. 著名的，杰出的→______________ adv. 显著地
dedication
dedicate
⑨ _____________ n. 奉献→___________ vt. 致力；献身；题献
representative
represent
⑩ _________________ n. 代表→____________ vt. 代表；描绘
commemorate
commemoration
______________ v. 庆祝，为……举行纪念活动→________________ n. 纪念；庆典；纪念仪式
reaffirm
reaffirmation
___________ v. 重申，再次确定→________________ n. 重申；再断言；再确认
collective
collectively
_____________ adj. 集体的；共同的→_______________ adv. 集体地，共同地→ _____________ n. 聚集
collection
worthy
worth
_________ adj. 值得敬重的；值得的→________ adj. 值……钱的 n. 价值→_____________ adj. 值得花费时间（或花钱、精力等）的
worthwhile
committed
commit
____________ adj. 投入的；坚信的；坚定的→_________ v. 投入；犯（罪或错）；承诺，保证→_____________ n. 承诺，保证；投入，奉献；约束，义务
commitment
survive
survival
__________ vi.& vt. 生存；挺过（难关）→___________ n. 幸存，存活→___________ n. 幸存者
survivor
depth
deep
deepen
________ n. 深度；深厚→_______ adj. 深的→_________ vt. 使加深；使强烈→_________ adv. 深深地
deeply
occupy
occupation
_________ vt. 占领；占用（时间、空间等）→_____________ n. 占领；占用；工作，职业
operation
operate
____________ n. 运作；经营业务；手术→__________ v. 运作；动手术；起作用
combine
combination
__________ vt.& vi.（使）组合；（使）联合→______________ n. 联合；结合
Ⅱ. 短语搭配翻译
1. 放下；镇压 ___________
put down
2. 投入; 投身于 _____________
throw into
3. 把……称作, 把……当作 _____________________
refer to... as...
4. 为……感到悲伤 _______________
feel sad for
5. 遵守; 信守; 坚持 __________
keep to
6. 在……中发挥作用 _________________
play a role in
7. 待命 _____________
on standby
8. 执行 ____________
carry out
9. 突围 ________________
break through
track down
10. 追捕 _____________
make it
11. 成功, 达到 __________
be seen widely as
12. 被广泛视为 ____________________
prepare for
13. 为……做准备 ______________
meet up with
14. 与……会合 _______________
remove. . . from
15. 从……中移走或除掉 ___________________
at dawn
16. 拂晓 __________
memorial ceremony
17. 纪念仪式 ____________________
march to
18. 向……进军 ___________
by parachute
19. 乘降落伞 _______________
violence and horror
20. 暴力和恐怖 ______________________
amongst the tanks
21. 在坦克之间 ____________________
outstanding acts of courage
22. 杰出的勇敢行为 ______________________________
Ⅲ. 教材原句翻译
1. ……这是历史上规模最大的海、陆、空联合行动, 目的是将西北欧从德国占领下解放出来。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
...it was the largest combined sea, air and land operation in history, the aim being to free north-west Europe from German occupation.
2. 我对你们的勇气、责任心和作战能力充满了信心。
__________________________________________________________________________________
I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle.
3. 盟军士兵耳中回荡着这些话语, 为登陆诺曼底做准备。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
With these words ringing in their ears, Allied soldiers prepared for what would become known as D-Day.
4. 与此同时, 还有数千人在战斗机的保护下穿越英吉利海峡前往诺曼底。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Meanwhile, thousands more were journeying across the English Channel to Normandy, protected by fighter planes in the skies above them.
5. 敌人藏身于各个地方, 甚至准备在盟军登陆前就开始进攻。
____________________________________________________________________________________________
The enemy were hiding, ready to attack the Allied soldiers even before they reached land.
6. 真正的战争绝不是浪漫的, 因为它带来痛苦和巨大的挑战。
______________________________________________________________________________
Real war is never romantic as it brings suffering and immense challenges.
7. 这三所大学的教授和学生都进行了长达2,000多千米的史诗般的旅行, 其中大多数人都是步行。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Professors and students alike in the three universities made an epic journey over a distance of more than 2,000 kilometres, most of them on foot.
8. 他们不得不住在简陋的房子里, 一间屋子挤40个人, 就像沙丁鱼一样。
___________________________________________________________________________
They had to live in rough buildings, packed 40 to a room, like sardines.
9. 在一种责任感的驱使下, 许多人参军抵抗日本侵略者, 保卫国家的荣誉。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Driven by a sense of commitment, a great many joined the army to resist the Japanese invaders and defend the honour of the nation.
10. ……我们必须按住桌子上的纸, 否则纸就会被吹走。
___________________________________________________________________________________________
...we had to hold down the paper on the desk, which would otherwise be blown away.
Ⅳ. 书面表达
结合本单元主题, 使用本单元词汇与句型写一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的短文。
1.2015年, 我国隆重庆祝世界反法西斯战争暨中国人民抗日战争胜利70周年。（celebrate）
2. 和平已成为一个十分重要的问题。（nothing less than）
3. 世界各地仍有各种各样的战争, 不仅导致死亡而且造成废墟。 （not only…but also…）
4. 和平为我们在这个世界上的一切事业的最终目标奠定了基础。（lay the foundation for）
5. 我们要铭记历史, 树立担当精神, 让世界变得更和平、更和谐、更美好。 （a sense of commitment）
One possible version:
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In 2015, our country celebrated the 70th anniversary of the victory of both the World Anti-Fascist War and the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. As we all know, peace has become nothing less than an important problem.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
There are still various wars around the world, which cause not only death but also ruins. It seems that wars can’t be avoided. But peace lays the foundation for the ultimate goal of all of our undertakings in this world.
We must remember the history and have a sense of commitment, making the world a more peaceful, more harmonious and more beautiful place to live in.
Ⅰ. 语境填词
1. He was shocked by the __________（狂暴的） reactions of some of his hearers.
violent
2. I lay in bed and ___________（回想） the things he had told me.
recalled
3. Anastasia could _________（勉强才能） remember the ride to the hospital.
barely
4. Several international celebrities were present at the statesman’s ___________（纪念的） service.
memorial
outstanding
5. Given the chance, John might have become an ______________（杰出的） painter.
uniform
6. A policeman does not wear a __________（制服） when he is off duty.
weapon
7. Then, with a quick movement, he placed the _________（武器） in my hands.
bomb
8. A _______（炸弹） burst a few meters away from where we stood.
emerged
9. No new evidence __________（出现） during the investigation.
10. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the __________（侵略者） near a river which he has to cross.
invader
Ⅱ. 语境选词
shirk one’s duty, blow away, at war, break through, light up, serve as, a sum of, track down
1. On September 5, at the end of the festival last year, a huge display of fireworks _________ the sky around the whole area.
lit up
2. Strong winds can also ____________ the valuable soil that lies on the top of the fields.
blow away
3. Our nation is _________ against a far-reaching network of violence and hate.
at war
4. In some countries, smartphones and other mobile devices ___________ replacements for the traditional desktop computer.
serve as
a sum of
5. They presented ___________ money to the school where they studied years ago.
broke through
6. The sun ________________ at around lunchtime after several cloudy days.
7. I don’t know where that old story came from. I’ve never been able to ________ it _______.
track
down
8. I am looking forward to the future, but I have no reasons to ________________.
shirk my duty
Ⅲ. 完成句子
1. 医生认为他能挺过去。
The doctors think he’s going to __________.
make it
2. 像黄色这样的暖色会让人觉得食物更诱人，而冷色则会让人感觉不那么饿。
Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, _____________________________________________.
while cold colors make us feel less hungry
3. 许多培训班的目的是赚钱。
The purpose of many training classes ___________________.
is to make money
4. 难怪它能成为世界上最具身体意识的国家。
_______________________ it ranks as the world’s most body-conscious country.
It is no wonder that
5. 观众对演出甚感激动。
The audience ________________________ by the show.
was/were very excited
6. 公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。
The public ___________________ to know what’s in the report.
has/have a right
7. 每天早晨广场上常有一大群人聚集。
A big crowd ________________ on the square every morning.
often gathers
8. 星期天街上有一大群人。
________________________ in the streets on Sunday.
There is a huge crowd
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
A
[2021安徽安庆高一月考]
During the month of September, a dear friend of mine lost her husband suddenly in an accident. This accident was sudden and certainly unexpected. We sometimes take our loved ones for granted, and we expect that they will be with us forever. However, as we all know, life does not work that way and sometimes we get a wake-up call that shocks us and realize how short life is.
In order to comfort her, I tried to imagine if I was in her shoes how I would feel. It was impossible to imagine what she was going through. What words do I say to help her？Sometimes words just cannot express our feelings. Sometimes our actions are much more meaningful than words. A hug can sometimes express more than our words will ever express. Sometimes, just being there to listen is more meaningful and helpful to people.
As I was leaving the funeral parlor（殡仪馆）, I ran into Marilyn.
She is one of those friends who is with you in the good times and is always by your side in the bad times. She has a sense of humor that makes everyone feel at ease. We chatted for a few moments, and then she asked me how my job was. I was telling her that I was having a stressful week with my job. She listened to me, then without saying a word, she took her hands and placed them on my face, and said to me, “But at least you have a day.”
Since that day, when I start feeling stressed, I remind myself of Marilyn’s words-but at least I have a day!
Things could be a lot worse, but I am alive and I have a lot to be thankful for-so I shall not waste my days with stress and frustrations-life is too short.
C
1. The author was most likely to comfort her friend by____.
A. saying many kind words to her friend
B. imagining how sad her friend was
C. listening to her friend sincerely
D. going through a lot of troubles
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要叙述的是, 作者的一个好朋友失去了丈夫。在葬礼上，作者遇到了另一个朋友Marilyn，她对待生活的态度以及所说的话影响了作者，让作者明白了人的一生是短暂的，要懂得感恩，珍惜生命。
【命题立意】推理判断题。【解题思路】由第二段中“Sometimes, just being there to listen is more meaningful and helpful to people.”可知，作者认为倾听对于安抚她的朋友来说更有意义，更有帮助，由此可以推断，作者最有可能通过倾听的方式来安慰她的朋友。故选C项。
2. According to the author, Marilyn was____.
A. strong, honest and clever
B. positive, helpful and humorous
C. lucky, active and determined
D. wealthy, noble and friendly
B
[解析] 【命题立意】推理判断题。【解题思路】由倒数第二段中“She has a sense of humor that makes everyone feel at ease. We chatted for a few. . . said to me, ‘But at least you have a day.’”可知，Marilyn幽默风趣、乐观开朗，在听到作者的工作压力时；主动安慰她。故选B项。
3. By saying “But at least you have a day”, Marilyn means that____.
A. a day is long enough for you
B. you will die soon after the day
C. life is really too short for all of us
D. you are still alive and should be grateful
D
[解析] 【命题立意】句意理解题。【解题思路】由倒数第二段中“She listened to me, then without saying a word, she took her hands and
placed them on my face, and said to me, ‘But at least you have a day.’”以及最后一段中“ I am alive and I have a lot to be thankful for”可以推测，Marilyn 说的话是指“你还活着，应该心存感激”。故选D项。
4. Since the conversation, the author____.
A. has thought highly of Marilyn
B. has valued her life quite a lot
C. has met with many difficulties
D. has enjoyed stress and troubles
B
[解析] 【命题立意】推理判断题。【解题思路】由最后一段内容可知, 在经过了和Marilyn的交流之后, 作者意识到要珍惜自己的生命, 不要浪费美好时光。故选B项。
深度解析
词汇积累
take. . . for granted 认为……理所当然 unexpected adj. 意外的，想不到的 comfort vt. 安慰 go through 经历；浏览 run into 偶遇；撞上 remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事
B
[2020黑龙江哈尔滨高三下学期模拟]
Instagram（图片及影片分享社交应用程序）is about to take its biggest step toward removing likes from its platform. After months of testing an option to hide likes in select international markets, Instagram, which is owned by Facebook（FB）, has already been testing hiding likes in seven other countries, including Canada, Ireland and Australia. For years, likes have been central to how celebrities, brands, politicians and everyday users experience Instagram and Facebook.
It’s a way of measuring popularity and success. But in recent months, Instagram has been rethinking how likes contribute to making its platform more toxic. Now it’s considering a change.
The total number of likes on posts-which appear as hearts on the app-will disappear from Instagram’s main feed, profile pages and permalink（永久链接） pages. The owner of the account can still see their own likes, but their followers won’t know the count.
CNN Business previously spoke with users in countries with the test. The majority felt this move would improve well-being on the app. Instagram is the most detrimental（不利的，有害的）social networking app for young people’s mental health, such as negatively impacting body image, according to one study.
But other users and psychologists said hiding likes won’t fix everything. The test doesn’t address some of the key ways that activity on Instagram can impact the well-being of users, including bullying, feeling left out and thinking other people’s lives are better than their own.
Renee Engeln, a psychology professor at Northwestern University, voiced his opinion that the biggest impact of Instagram is the content and the exposure to this constant stream of perfected images is what seems to hurt psychologically. Plus, users can still see their own likes-and feel badly if their posts don’t perform well.
5. How do users experience Instagram in this passage ( )
A. By giving likes. B. By hiding likes.
C. By selecting platforms. D. By showing off talents.
A
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文为新闻报道。Instagram 即将迈出最大的一步，从它的平台上移除“点赞”。因为“点赞”让平台变得更“有毒”。几个月来 Instagram 一直尝试在一些国际市场隐藏“点赞”功能。
【命题立意】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据第一段中“For years, likes have been central to how celebrities, brands, politicians and
everyday users experience Instagram and Facebook.” 可知，多年来，“点赞”一直是名人、品牌、政客和普通用户体验 Instagram 和Facebook 的核心。由此可知，用户体验 Instagram 是通过点赞的形式，故选A。
6. The underlined word “toxic” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “____”.
A. profitable B. poisonous C. popular D. positive
B
[解析] 【命题立意】词义猜测题。【解题思路】根据画线词前的内容可知，点赞一直是衡量受欢迎程度和成功的一种方法。接着用连词 but 引出下文 “But in recent months, Instagram has been rethinking how likes contribute to making its platform more toxic.”由此可知，toxic 是不好的一面。故选项B正确。
7. What can we infer from the passage ( )
A. Instagram has affected youngsters’ mental health.
B. The account owners won’t know the count of likes.
C. Instagram tested hiding likes in seven countries first.
D. The majority think Instagram has been a well-being app.
A
[解析] 【命题立意】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第三段“The majority felt this move would improve well-being on the app. Instagram is the most detrimental（不利的，有害的） social
networking app for young people’s mental health, such as negatively impacting body image, according to one study.”可知，大多数人认为此举将提高（使用）应用程序的幸福感。一项研究显示，Instagram 是对年轻人心理健康最有害的社交网络应用，比如对身体形象产生负面影响。由此可推断出 Instagram 影响了青少年的心理健康。
故选A。
8. What could be the best title for the passage ( )
A. Instagram Misuses Likes
B. More People Are Against Likes
C. Likes Cause Mental Problems
D. Likes Will Be Hidden on Instagram
D
[解析] 【命题立意】主旨大意题。【解题思路】本文第一段叙述了 Instagram 即将迈出最大的一步, 从它的平台上移除“点赞”。文章分析“点赞”带来的不好的影响，所以要在 Instagram 隐藏“点赞”功能。因此D项是最佳题目。故选D。
深度解析
词汇积累
contribute to 有助于；促成 majority n. 大多数 impact n. 影响；效果 negatively adv. 消极地；否定地 voice vt. 表达；吐露
Ⅱ. 语法填空
[2020甘肃武威第六中学月考] Over the past half century, using chemical fertilizers 1.________________（become） very common in farming. Many farmers welcomed 2.__________（they） as a great way 3._____________（stop） crop disease and increase production. 4.______________（recent）, however, scientists have been finding that long-term use of these fertilizers can cause damage 5.________ the land and, even more dangerous, to people’s health. With these 6._________________（discovery）,
has become
them
to stop
Recently
to
discoveries
some farmers are beginning to turn to organic farming, 7.___________ is simply farming without using any chemicals. There 8._________（be） many different organic farming methods. All of them have 9._________ same goal: to grow good food and without 10.______________（damage） the environment or people’s health.
are
the
damaging
which
has become
1. _____________
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家发现长久地使用化肥会使土地受损害，而且对人类健康有害。因此一些农民开始转向有机耕作。
考查动词时态。根据时间状语 Over the past half century 可知，时态为现在完成时，主语为using chemical fertilizers，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填 has become。
2. _______
them
[解析] 考查代词。分析句子成分可知，所填空为宾语，应用 they 的宾格形式。故填 them。
3. __________
to stop
[解析] 考查不定式。此处为动词不定式作后置定语，修饰名词 way。故填 to stop。
4. ___________
Recently
[解析] 考查副词。分析句子成分可知，所填空在句首，应是副词作状语。故填 Recently。
5. _____
to
[解析] 考查固定搭配。cause damage to sth.，意为“对……造成损坏，带来损害”。故填 to。
6. ______________
discoveries
[解析] 考查名词的数。分析句子结构可知，所填空之前有限定词 these，因此，此处应为复数名词。故填 discoveries。
7. ________
which
[解析] 考查定语从句。分析句子成分可知， 7 is simply farming without using any chemicals 为非限制性定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，先行词为 organic farming，应用关系代词 which引导。故填 which。
8. ______
are
[解析] 考查动词时态和主谓一致。many different organic farming methods 为复数形式，因此 be 动词应用复数形式，句子描述的是目前的情况，应使用一般现在时。故填 are。
9. ______
the
[解析] 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，所填空后有 same， the same 为固定结构，修饰名词 goal。故填 the。
10. ___________
damaging
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，所填动词在介词 without 之后，应用动名词作宾语，即：v.-ing 形式。故填 damaging。
Ⅲ. 应用文写作
[2020湖北鄂州高二上学期期末]
假定你是李华，你校近期将举办全市高中生中国古代诗词大会（Chinese Ancient Poetry Competition），你想邀请一直对中国古代诗词非常感兴趣的外教 Mr. Smith 观看本次比赛。请给他写封英文邮件，内容包括：
1. 比赛目的；
2. 比赛时间、地点。
注意：1. 词数80左右；
2. 适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Mr. Smith，
How are you doing ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I am writing to invite you to watch the Chinese Ancient Poetry Competition for high school students of our city, which will be held in our school concert hall this Friday afternoon from 2 p. m. to 5 p. m.It is aimed to arouse students’ interest in Chinese culture and popularize Chinese poetry. I’ve heard that you are fond of Chinese culture, especially Chinese ancient poetry, so this competition is the one you can’t miss.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours，
Li Hua
The competition will provide an opportunity for you to have a better understanding of our traditional culture and feel the enthusiasm for learning Chinese culture. Looking forward to your early reply.
[解析] 写作指导
体裁 应用文
时态 以一般将来时和一般现在时为主
人称 以第一人称为主
要点 1. 写信目的；2. 比赛目的和比赛时间、地点
高级短语及句式
1. invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人去做某事
2. arouse students’ interest 激发学生的兴趣
3. provide an opportunity 提供机会
4. which 引导非限制性定语从句：I am writing to invite you to watch the Chinese Ancient Poetry Competition for high school students of our city, which will be held in our school concert hall this Friday afternoon from 2 p. m. to 5 p. m.
5. that 引导宾语从句：I’ve heard that you are fond of Chinese culture, especially Chinese ancient poetry, so this competition is the one you can’t miss.(共6张PPT)
Unit 3 War and peace
背景导学
War and love should never be mixed together, but when it does, some stories are made during its experience. Here are some books about love stories which are set in wartime.
War Bonds by Cindy Hval
The idea to write this book was suggested to the author by her husband. It’s a compilation （汇编） of love stories that took place during the war when men and women made lifelong commitments without knowing what the future would bring. Each story shares a lesson to inspire every heart.
Eve of a Hundred Midnights by Bill Lascher
Bill Lascher had always wanted to be a reporter, and soon discovered his cousin had lived the life he dreamed of. A month after his grandmother gifted him with his cousin’s typewriter used during World War Ⅱ, he slowly uncovered the story told in this book.
Just as World War Ⅱ broke out, Melville and Annalee Jacoby, both war reporters, were faced with a life-and-death decision.
Having been married for just a month, the couple had to run for their lives to escape being caught by their enemy.
GI Brides: The Wartime Girls Who Crossed The Atlantic For Love by Duncan Barrett and Nuala Calvi
This book tells the stories about the women in England who married American soldiers. Each GI Bride has her own unique hopes and fears during a time of war when their ever happy dreams are redefined （重新定义） by war, cultural differences, countries, and an uncertain future.
World War Ⅱ Love Stories by Larry King
Each love story in this book is unique in its own way, but they all share a common topic: love overcomes all. Each couple interviewed shares how they met, how they fell in love, the difficulties they faced and how their love grew stronger leading to marriages that lasted a lifetime.
1. Who gave Bill Lascher a typewriter as a present ( )
A. A reporter. B. His cousin.
C. His wife. D. His grandma.
D
2. Which book mainly focuses on the theme-the power of love ( )
A. War Bonds.
B. World War II Love Stories.
C. Eve of a Hundred Midnights.
D. GI Brides: The Wartime Girls Who Crossed The Atlantic For Love.
B