Unit 1-Section C Developing ideas
核心考点回顾
【adjust】
adjust v. 适应, (使)习惯; 调整
*When Riley moves to a new city, she has a hard time adjusting to her new surroundings.
当莱莉搬到一个新的城市, 她很难适应新环境。
* If fate does not adjust itself to you, adjust yourself to fate.
命运不能迁就你时, 要学会迁就命运。
*Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge.
适应直立行走是个很大的挑战。
*These animals made an adjustment to the new environment in a short time.
这些动物短时间内就适应了新环境。
【语块积累】
(1)adjust . . . to . . . 调整……以适应/适合……
adjust to (doing) sth. 适应/习惯(做)某事
adjust oneself to . . . 使自己适应……
(2)adjustment n. 调整; 适应
make adjustment(s) to 对……作出调整
【知识延伸】表示“适应”的短语常见的有:
adjust (oneself) to adapt (oneself) to
accustom oneself to fit in (with)
【annoyed】
annoyed adj. 恼怒的, 烦恼的
*Prevented from playing her role in Riley’s emotional development, Sadness feels annoyed.
由于被阻止在Riley的情感发展中发挥作用, Sadness感到很恼怒。
*Our teacher was annoyed to know that he didn’t complete his homework on time.
知道他尚未按时完成作业, 我们的老师很生气。
*He was annoyed with his son because he didn’t devote himself to his study.
他生儿子的气, 因为他不专心学习。
*He was annoyed at having had to wait so long for her.
他为不得不等她这么长时间而感到恼火。
* Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts.
细菌是令宇航员感到烦恼的问题。
【语块积累】
(1) be/get annoyed with sb. 生某人的气
be annoyed at/about sth. 对某事恼火
be annoyed to do sth. 因做某事而恼火
(2)annoy vt. 使恼怒, 使生气
annoying adj. 令人讨厌的, 恼人的
【巧学助记】
语境助记annoy
The teacher was annoyed and asked the annoying student to set down what had happened.
那位老师很恼火, 让那个惹人生气的学生把发生的事情写下来。
【by accident】
by accident 偶然, 意外地
*Sadness wants to do her duty but by accident causes the loss of Riley’s happy core memories with Joy.
Sadness想履行自己的职责, 却意外地导致Riley失去了和Joy快乐的核心记忆。
*The pilot, whether by accident or design, made the plane do a sharp turn.
不知是偶然地还是故意地, 那个飞行员让飞机作了一个急转弯。
* I’m sorry I didn’t break the cup on purpose.
很抱歉, 我不是故意打破杯子的。
【语块积累】
by accident=by chance 偶然地; 意外地
by design=on purpose 故意地; 蓄意地
【embarrassment】
embarrassment n. 尴尬, 难为情
*This can cause embarrassment.
这能导致尴尬。
* Many adolescents should not be too embarrassed about their weight, as long as it is not overweight.
很多青少年不应该对他们的体重感到太尴尬, 只要不是过度肥胖就成。
* I don’t know how to deal with this embarrassing situation.
我不知道如何处理这种尴尬的处境。
* Are you trying to embarrass me by asking such a question
你问我这样的问题是试图让我难堪吗
【语块积累】
be embarrassed about 对……感到尴尬
be embarrassed to do sth. 做某事感到尴尬
embarrassing adj. 令人尴尬的, 令人难堪的
embarrass vt. 使尴尬, 使困窘, 使局促不安
【forgive】
forgive v. 原谅, 宽恕
*Try to forgive someone when they apologise.
当他们道歉时尽量原谅他们。
*He forgave her for what she had said to him.
他原谅她对他说过的那些话。
*They agreed to forgive and forget and be friendly again.
他们答应不计前嫌, 重归于好。
【语块积累】
(1)forgive sb. for (doing) sth. 原谅某人(做)某事
forgive sb. sth. 原谅某人某事
forgive and forget 既往不咎, 不计前嫌
(2)forgiveness n. 原谅
ask/beg for forgiveness 请求原谅
【independent】
independent adj. 独立的
*It was time for her to have a new baby, and it was also time for the young panda to be independent.
该是她生孩子的时候了, 也是小熊猫独立的时候了。
*Americans value independence, even when they’re getting older.
美国人很看重自立, 甚至他们年迈时也是如此。
* I used to be dependent on my parents. Now I’m independent of them.
过去我总是依赖父母, 现在我独立了。
【语块积累】
(1)be independent of 不依赖于
(2)independence n. 独立
dependence n. 依赖, 依靠
(3)dependent adj. 依赖的, 依靠的
be dependent on 依赖, 依靠
【look短语】
look down on/upon 看不起
* Some people tend to look down upon disabled people.
有些人往往会轻视残疾人。
*They like to look back on those unforgettable years in the army.
他们喜欢回忆在部队的那些难忘的岁月。
*I am looking forward to your earliest reply.
我期盼你早日回复。
【语块积累】
look back on 回忆, 回顾
look forward to 盼望
look up to 尊敬, 敬仰
【时间状语从句】
Perhaps the meal you said was “delicious” will be served every time you visit.
或许你说的美味的食物你每次去的时候都会端上来。
【句式解构】
本句是一个复合句, every time 相当于连词, 引导时间状语从句。
*Every time they went dancing, they ended up in a bad mood.
每次他们去跳舞, 都会不欢而散。
*The first time I handled the problem alone, I felt confused.
我第一次一个人处理问题时, 感到很困惑。
*Next time you come here, remember to return my book.
下次你来这儿时, 记得还我的书。
【名师点津】
用作连词的还有: each time, last time, the first time, next time, the moment, the minute等。它们引导时间状语从句, 其后不再加连词。
【比较级】
The more independent you are, the better your life will be.
你越独立你的生活就会越好。
【句式解构】
(1)该句使用了“the+比较级. . . , the +比较级. . . ”结构, 意为“越……, 就越……”, 表示一方的程度随着另一方的变化而变化, the用在形容词或副词的比较级前。
(2)前一个“the+比较级”通常相当于比较状语从句或条件状语从句, 后一个“the+比较级”通常相当于主句。
(3)在通常情况下, 如果主从句中的谓语动词是系动词be, 而且主语不是代词, be常省略。
*The taller the tree (is), the stronger the wind (is).
树大招风。
*The more books you read, the wiser you will be.
你读的书越多, 你就越聪明。
*The sooner, the better. 越快越好。
【知识延伸】
“比较级+and+比较级”则表示“越来越……”。Unit 1-Section A Starting out & Understanding ideas
核心考点回顾
【as well as】
as well as也, 还
*He shared in my sorrows as well as in my joys.
他分享我的快乐也分担我的悲伤。
*Tom as well as his sister goes to school on foot.
汤姆和他的妹妹都步行去上学。
*You look as well as you did ten years ago.
你看起来还和十年前一样好。
*Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.
在生产过程中产出的很多废料也是有害的。
【语块积累】
as well as 和……一样好
as well 也, 又, 还(常位于句末)
【名师点津】
(1) not only. . . but also. . . 强调的是后者,
sth. as well as sth. 强调的是前者。
(2)as well as连接两个并列主语时, 谓语动词在数上和形式上要和as well as前面的主语保持一致。
【breath】
breath n. 呼出的气; 呼吸
*Take a deep breath, calm down and always remember: think first, speak later.
深呼吸, 冷静下来, 永远记住: 先想后说。
* We all held our breath when the teacher announced the results of the competition.
当老师宣布竞赛结果时, 我们都屏住呼吸。
* They reached the company out of breath, only to be told they were fired.
他们上气不接下气地赶到公司, 不料却被告知他们被开除了。
*Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close.
当这段时间结束的时候, 我们志愿者都松了一口气。
* The doctor told her to breathe in deeply and then breathe out.
医生告诉她深吸一口气然后将气呼出。
【语块积累】
(1) hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸
take a breath 吸一口气
out of breath 气喘吁吁地, 上气不接下气地(表状态)
lose one’s breath 喘不过气来(表动作)
(2)breathe vi. 呼吸
breathe in 吸气
breathe out 呼气
【calm】
calm down平静下来
*In such atmosphere, the baby is difficult to calm down and sleep is impossible.
在这样的氛围下, 婴儿很难平静下来, 睡觉也是不可能的。
*It is the most usual way to take a deep breath to calm oneself down.
深吸一口气, 是最常见的使自己平静下来的方式。
*It is very important to keep/remain calm in an emergency.
在紧急情况下保持镇静是很重要的。
【语块积累】
calm oneself down 使某人自己镇静下来
keep/remain calm 保持冷静
【concern】
concern n. 忧虑, 担心 vt. (使)担忧; 涉及; 关系到
*If you feel one of your teammates isn’t pulling their weight, then raise your concerns in a professional way with your team coach.
如果你觉得你的队友没有尽职尽责, 那就以专业的方式向你的团队教练提出你的担忧。
*Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers.
有的人所关心的是如何使用少水少肥的园林技术。
*It is said that many people have been concerned with the case.
据说很多人与这个案件有关系。
*As far as I’m concerned, it’s wise not to spend much time playing with smart phones.
就我而言, 不花很多的时间玩智能手机是明智的。
【语块积累】
(1)show concern for/over 对……表示关心
with concern 关切地
(2)be concerned about/for 关心; 为……担心
be concerned with 牵涉; 与……有关
as far as. . . be concerned 关于; 就……而言
【concentrate】
concentrate on/upon 专注于……
*Embarrassed and ashamed, I can’t concentrate on anything.
又尴尬又羞愧, 我无法集中精力做任何事。
*We must concentrate our attention on protecting the water resources.
我们必须把注意力集中在保护水资源上。
*Concentration is essential if you want to do a good job.
如果你想把事情做好, 专心是必要的。
【语块积累】
concentrate. . . on/upon. . . 把……专注于……
concentration n. 专心, 集中
【知识延伸】
concentrate on/upon的同义短语有:
be buried in
devote. . . to. . .
be absorbed in
fix one’s attention on
focus one’s attention on
【crazy】
be crazy about 迷恋, 热衷于, 醉心于
*I’m crazy about basketball, and pretty good at it too, which is probably why I was so mad when we lost our last match.
我对篮球很痴迷并且还很擅长, 这可能是我们输掉上次的比赛时我发疯的原因。
* Doing this mindless work all day is going to drive me crazy.
整天做这种不用动脑筋的工作, 会使我发疯的。
* Both my parents and friends told me I was crazy to quit a job like that.
我的父母和朋友都告诉我, 辞去一份那样的工作是疯狂的做法。
【语块积累】
drive sb. crazy 逼得某人发疯
go crazy 发疯
be crazy for 渴望……
be crazy with 因……而疯狂
like crazy 疯狂地; 拼命地
It’s crazy of sb. to do sth. (=sb. be crazy to do sth. ) 某人做某事真是疯狂
【fault】
fault n. 责任, 过错
*But I have to say that it’s partly your fault, isn’t it
但我不得不说部分是你的过错, 不是吗
*Life can be great when you are not busy finding fault with it.
当你不忙于挑毛病时, 人生可以变得很好。
*He could never accept that he had been at fault.
他怎么也无法承认是他的错。
*It is not proper to scold him severely now that he is not faulty.
既然他没有错, 如此严厉地责备他是不合适的。
【语块积累】
find fault with 挑……的毛病, 对……吹毛求疵
at fault 有责任, 出毛病
it is one’s own fault 那是某人自己的错
faulty adj. 不完美的; 错误的
【fill】
be filled with 充满着
*Every minute of the day is filled with urgent matters.
一天中的每一分钟都充满着迫切需要处理的事情。
*My boss was out and his son filled in for him.
我的老板外出了, 他的儿子暂时代替他。
*He filled the bottle with wine.
他用酒装满了那只瓶子。
*Fill these in as you would like.
你可以随意填写这些内容。
【语块积累】
fill. . . (up) with. . . 把……用……充满
fill in/out 填写, 填入, 填补
be full of/be filled with 充满(表状态)
【let短语】
let down 使失望, 辜负
*We played well, but I felt the team were let down by one member, our point guard.
我们打得很好, 但是我感觉我们有一个控球后卫让队员们很失望。
* Many people let out the excited scream at the exciting news.
听到这个令人兴奋的消息, 许多人发出了兴奋的尖叫声。
*I can’t afford to pay my bills, let alone buy a new car.
我都付不起账单了, 更别说买辆新车了。
*—Why don’t you give me a hand
—What have I let myself in for
——你为什么不帮我
——我为什么要把自己卷进去呢
【语块积累】
let out 发出, 放出; 泄露; 放大, 加宽(衣服等)
let alone 不打扰; 更不用说
let in 让(某人/某物)进来
let go 放手, 松开
【signal】
signal n. 信号; 暗号 vi. & vt. 发信号
*This gives people the wrong signal.
这给人们错误的信号。
*The change in the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.
海洋颜色的改变就是向我们发出的警示信号: 我们的确对地球造成了影响。
*When you come across the crossing, you should pay attention to the traffic signals.
当你过十字路口时, 你应该注意交通信号灯。
*She signaled that she was about to turn left.
她打信号灯表示她就要向左转弯。
*My mother is signaling to me to remove the table.
我的妈妈在示意我将桌子移开。
【语块积累】
(1)traffic signals 交通信号灯
(2)signal (to) sb. to do sth. 示意某人做某事
signal (sb. ) that. . . 示意(某人)……
【work out】
work out解决
*If you think about other people’s feelings as well as your own, you’ll soon find everything works out.
如果你把你和别人的感受都考虑进去, 你很快就会发现一切都解决了。
*The basketball players are working out at the gym.
篮球运动员们正在体育馆进行锻炼。
*He hopes this plan will work out.
他希望这项计划将是切实可行的。
*I cannot work out how much time it will take me.
我算不出这将会花去我多少时间。
【导图理词】
【whatever】
Filled with anger, you tend to say whatever comes to your mind.
满腔怒火时, 你想到什么就会说什么。
【句式解构】
句中whatever comes to your mind为whatever引导的宾语从句, whatever相当于anything that。
whatever除了引导名词性从句外, 还可以引导让步状语从句, 相当于no matter what。
* Now that I have passed my exams, I can do whatever I like.
既然我考试及格了, 我可以做任何我喜欢的事了。
* Whatever you do, you can’t go against nature.
=No matter what you do, you can’t go against nature.
无论你做什么, 你都不能违反自然。
【名师点津】
whatever/whoever/whichever这一类词既可引导名词性从句, 也可引导让步状语从句;
而however/wherever/whenever一般只引导让步状语从句。
*He can answer the question however hard it is.
无论问题有多难, 他都能回答。(让步状语从句)
*Whoever breaks the law should be punished.
任何人违法都要受到惩罚。(主语从句)Unit 1-Section B Using language
核心考点回顾
【过去分词作状语】
【语用功能】
过去分词起副词的作用, 在句中作状语, 它的正确运用能使句子更好地表情达意。
【讲前热身】
观察上面对话, 并完成下列题目:
(1)作状语用的过去分词(短语)和句子的主语之间有
逻辑上的动宾关系, 或称为_____关系。
(2) When it is seen from the top of the hill, the town looks more beautiful.
→_____ _____ ___ ___ __ ___ ___, the town looks more beautiful.
(3)Because they were deeply moved by the film, the children began to cry.
→______ ______ ___ ___ ____, the children began to cry.
答案：
被动
seen from the top of the hill
Deeply moved by the film
【要义详析】
一、过去分词作状语的类型
过去分词作状语, 可以表示时间、让步、条件、原因、方式和结果, 相当于一个状语从句。其逻辑主语为主句的主语, 且与主句主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
1.作原因状语
相当于原因状语从句或并列句。
*Absorbed in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching.
= Because John was absorbed in painting, he didn’t notice evening approaching.
= John was absorbed in painting, so he didn’t notice evening approaching.
由于专心画画, 约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。
2. 作时间状语
相当于时间状语从句。可在过去分词前加上连词when, while, until等, 使其时间意义更明确。
*When asked for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.
当被问到对教学工作的观点时, 菲利普说他觉得它既有趣又有意义。
3. 作让步状语
相当于让步状语从句。有时可加although, though, even if, even though, whether . . . or. . . 等连词转换成让步状语从句。
*Defeated by his opponent, he never gave up any hope.
= Although he was defeated by his opponent, he never gave up any hope.
尽管被对手击败, 但是他从没放弃希望。
4. 作方式、伴随状语
相当于and连接的并列句。
*She accepted the gift, deeply moved.
=She accepted the gift, and she was deeply moved.
她接受了礼物, 深深地被感动了。
5. 作条件状语
相当于条件状语从句。可加连词if, unless等转换成条件状语从句。
*Used with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
=If it is used with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
如果用得仔细的话, 一罐可以够用六周。
【名师点津】
有些过去分词(短语)因来源于系表结构, 作状语时不强调被动而重在描述主语的状态。
这样的过去分词(短语)常见的有:
lost (迷路);
seated (坐);
hidden (躲);
lost/absorbed in (沉溺于);
dressed in (穿着);
tired of (厌烦)。
*Lost in thought, he didn’t hear the bell.
由于陷入沉思之中, 他没有听到铃声。
【即学活用】
用所给词的适当形式填空
(1)_________ (develop) by two doctors in the U. S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector.
(2)______ (raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.
(3)Children, when ____________ (accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.
(4)________ (found) in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art.
(5)__________ (translate) into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
答案：
（1）developed
（2）raised
（3）complained
（4）founded
（5）translated
二、过去分词作状语时的位置
过去分词作条件、原因及时间状语时, 通常放在句首;
作伴随、结果状语时, 通常放在句末;
作方式状语时, 一般放在句末, 有时也放在句首;
作让步状语时, 一般放在句首, 有时也放在句末。
*Told that his mother was ill, Li Lei hurried home quickly. (原因状语)
得知母亲生病了, 李雷迅速赶回了家。
*The old man walked into the room, supported by his son. (方式状语)
老人在儿子的搀扶下走进了房间。
三、过去分词与现在分词作状语的区别
过去分词与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系, 即表示被动;
现在分词与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系, 即表示主动。
【巧学助记】
分词作状语记忆口诀
分词作状语, 主语是问题。
前后两动作, 共用一主语。
主语找出后, 再来判关系。
主动用-ing, 被动用-ed。
*Used for a long time, the book looks old. (动宾关系)
由于用了很长时间, 这本书看上去很旧。
*Using the book, I find it very useful. (主谓关系)
在使用这本书时, 我发现它很有用。
【名师点津】
无论是现在分词还是过去分词, 其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致。如果不一致, 则必须用状语从句或独立主格结构等其他表达形式。
Giving more time, we can finish the work. ( )
Given more time, we can finish the work. ( )
If we are given more time, we can finish the work. ( )
More time given, we can finish the work. ( )
答案：
FTTT
【即学活用】
用所给词的适当形式填空
(1)When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, ______ (tell) me stories till I fell asleep. (2)—Where is Jimmy
—Just now I saw him sitting under the tree, ________(absorb) in his video games.
答案：
（1）telling
（2）absorbed
四、过去分词的独立结构作状语
过去分词作状语时, 有时在分词前加上自己的主语, 这种带有自身主语的过去分词被称为过去分词的独立结构。
过去分词的独立结构在句中作状语时, 通常可表示时间、原因、条件等。
*Much time spent sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems. 很多时间都坐在办公桌旁, 办公室职员一般都受到健康问题的困扰。
【即学活用】
用独立主格结构作状语改写句子
(1)After the lecture was given, a lively question-and-answer session followed.
→____ ______ _____, a lively question-and-answer session followed.
(2)The factory produced many famous cars, none of which were shipped to foreign countries.
→The factory produced many famous cars, _____ __ _____ _______ to foreign countries.
(3)Because extra money was given to the poor, he felt very happy.
→_____ ______ _____ to the poor, he felt very happy.
答案：
（1）the lecture given
（2）none of them shipped
（3）extra money given
