Unit 3-Section C Developing ideas
核心考点回顾
【account】
account v. 记述; 描述
*She gave an accurate account of the case.
她对这次事件做了准确的描述。
*The professor warned the students that on no account should they use mobile phones in his class.
这位教授警告学生们, 在他的课堂上, 决不应该使用手机。
*He has been asked to account for his conduct.
他被要求解释他的行为。
*We should take the interests of the whole into account.
我们要顾全大局。
【名师点津】
为加强语气而把短语on no account(决不, 绝对不)放在句首时, 句子要倒装。
【导图理词】
【attach】
attach v. 系, 绑; 贴
*A metal key was attached to the string.
在绳子上系上一个金属钥匙。
*Please attach these labels to your hand luggage.
请把这些标签系在您的手提行李上。
*But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need. ”
但是上个月在洛杉矶的联合车站, 一块牌子上别针别满了美元, 上面写着“给予你所能给予的, 拿走你所需要的”。
*This middle school is attached to a normal college.
这所中学附属于一所师范院校。
【导图理词】
【beyond】
beyond prep. 无法……
*Within the next 80 years, our lives may be changed beyond recognition by 3D printing.
在接下来的80年里, 我们的生活可能被3D打印完全改变模样。
*The scenery there was beautiful beyond expression.
那儿的风景美丽得无法形容。
*I’ve never exchanged words with those moms beyond small talk, but they wanted to help.
除了闲聊之外, 我从来没有和那些妈妈们说过话, 但她们想帮忙。
*The road continues beyond the village up into the hills.
这条路绵延不断越过村子直入山中。
【导图理词】
【conduct】
conduct v. 传导(热、电)
*A flash of lightning hit the kite, and electricity was conducted through the string to the key.
一道闪电击中了风筝, 电流通过绳子传到钥匙上。
*Most metals can conduct electricity.
大多数金属能导电。
*The guide conducted us around the ruins of the ancient city.
导游引导我们游览了古城废墟。
*Who is conducting the orchestra tonight
谁指挥今晚的管弦乐队呢
【导图理词】
【cure】
cure n. 药剂; 疗法 vt. 治愈
*Currently, there’s no cure for Alzheimer’s, but scientists are researching ways to improve the quality of life for people living with the disease.
目前还没有治愈阿尔茨海默氏症的方法, 但是科学家们正在研究如何提高患有这种疾病的人的生活质量。
*The doctor claimed to have discovered a cure for the disease.
这个医生声称找到治愈那种疾病的疗法。
*Time cured him of his grief.
时光的流逝治愈了他的悲伤。
【导图理词】
【易混辨析】
cure 主要指治愈疾病
treat 普通用词, 指接受并诊治病人
heal 侧重指治愈伤口、伤痛如灼伤等
【declaration】
declaration n. 声明, 宣告
*Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was one of the Founding Father of the United States and helped draft the Declaration of Independence.
本杰明·富兰克林(1706-1790)是美国的开国元勋之一, 他帮助起草了《独立宣言》。
*The declaration was published in August 1687.
这份宣言是1687年8月公布的。
*These events led to the declaration of war.
这些事件导致了宣战。
*Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.
在领回“终身成就奖”后, 自豪的艾琳宣布, 她没有打算从从事了36年的事业中退休。
*Britain declared war on Germany in 1914.
英国在1914年向德国宣战。
【导图理词】
【injure】
injure v. 使受伤; 弄伤
*And it is not just humans who are benefiting—in Brazil, people have given a new 3D-printed shell to a turtle injured in a forest fire!
而且不仅仅是人类受益——在巴西, 人们给了一只在森林大火中受伤的乌龟一个新的3D打印的贝壳!
*The injured passengers were rushed to the hospital.
受伤的乘客被急忙送到医院。
*A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison.
一次战争伤使他的左手丧失功能, 而且他经常入狱。
【导图理词】
【易混辨析】
injure 表示身体或精神上各种性质及任何程度的伤害, 多表示意外受伤
hurt 多用来表示伤害身体或某一部位, 或表示剧烈的疼痛或精神上受到伤害
harm 表示人的心理、健康、权力或事业上的损害, 程度较轻
wound 主要指在战斗中武器或凶器等造成的外伤或剧烈的痛苦
【instance】
instance n. 例子, 实例
*For instance, some restaurants in London have served 3D-printed hamburgers to customers.
例如, 伦敦的一些餐馆已经为顾客提供了3D打印的汉堡。
*Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.
例如, 大多数食物网络是由许多薄弱环节, 而不是几个强力环节组成的。
*This is only one instance out of many.
这不过是许多例子中的一个。
【语块积累】
for instance 例如, 比如
in the first instance 首先, 最初
【origin】
origin n. 起源; 起因
*British biologist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) is best known for his work On the Origin of Species, in which he explains changes in species due to natural selection.
英国生物学家查尔斯·达尔文(1809-1882)因他的著作《物种起源》而出名, 在书中他解释自然选择导致物种变化。
*Many words in English language are French in origin.
英语中的许多词源于法语。
*And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover.
当一种猎物变少时, 如果掠食者可以以另一种更容易找到的猎物为食, 这个转变让原来的猎物数量得以恢复。
*We originally intended to stay for just a few days.
我们起初只打算待几天。
【导图理词】
【就近原则】
However, neither the story nor the details of the experiment are entirely true.
然而, 这个故事和这个实验的细节都不完全是真的。
【句式解构】
(1)本句是简单句, 句中neither. . . nor. . . 结构连接并列主语, 主谓一致适用于“就近原则”。
(2)neither. . . nor. . . 结构也可连接其他句子成分, 表示对两者的全部否定, 意为“既不……也不……”。
*Neither Anna nor I am interested in high finance.
安娜和我对巨额融资都不感兴趣。
*Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
不是我, 就是他们要对那件事的结果负责。
*Without motivation you can neither set a goal nor reach it.
没有动力, 你制订不了目标, 也达不到目标。
*I have neither time nor money for pop festivals.
我既没时间也没钱来参加流行音乐节。
【名师点津】
主谓一致的“就近原则”
这一原则是指谓语动词的人称和数与最近作主语的词语保持一致, 常出现在这类句子中的连词有: or, either. . . or. . . , neither. . . nor. . . , not only. . . but also. . . 及there be句型中。
【主谓一致--就前原则&目的状语】
Franklin, along with many other scientists, has inspired us and taught us that scientific experiments are important in order to establish the truth and to contribute towards later scientific discoveries and inventions.
富兰克林和其他许多科学家激励我们、教导我们, 科学实验对于确定真相和为以后的科学发现和发明作出贡献是重要的。
【句式解构】
本句是主从复合句, 其中that引导宾语从句。
has inspired和taught是主句的并列谓语。
*He, along with his friends, is going shopping.
他和朋友要去购物。
*We started early in order to arrive before dark.
为了在天黑前到达, 我们很早就动身了。
【名师点津】
(1)主谓一致的“就前原则”:
由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, besides, in addition to等引起的结构跟前面的主语保持一致。
(2)动词不定式作目的状语:
①不定式作目的状语可使用以下形式: to do, only to do, in order to do, so as to do, so/ such. . . as to do。
②不定式用作目的状语有两个可能的位置, 一是在句首, 二是在句末。
一般说来, 用于句首属于强调性用法, 即强调动词的目的。
有时为了特别强调目的状语, 可以在不定式之前加上in order或so as, 即构成in order to do sth. 和so as to do sth. 结构, 但so as to do不能用于句首。
(3)不定式作目的状语可以置于句首, 并且当需要强调时, 通常会置于句首。
但位于句首的不定式不一定是目的状语。
*To cooperate with others is important. (作主语)
同他人合作很重要。
【虚拟语气】
But scientists all agree that if Franklin had actually touched the key, he would certainly have died from the electric shock.
但是科学家们一致认为如果富兰克林确实接触过钥匙的话, 他肯定就被电击致死了。
【句式解构】
(1)本句是主从复合句。其中that. . . the electric shock是that引导的宾语从句; 该从句也是主从复合句, 其中if Franklin. . . the key是条件状语从句, 该从句及其主句he would certainly have died from the electric shock都使用了虚拟语气。
(2)die from是固定短语, 意为“死于”。
*If I had got there earlier, I would have met her.
如果我早到那儿, 我就会见到她。
*If I were a bird, I would be able to fly in the air.
如果我是一只小鸟, 我就能在空中飞行。
*If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话, 我就跟他谈谈。
*Every winter some old people die from hypothermia.
每年冬天都有些老人死于体温过低。
【拓展延伸】
虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设而非事实, 或难以实现的情况, 甚至表达彻底相反的概念。此外如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时, 也可用虚拟语气。虚拟语气由句中谓语动词的特殊形式表示。
(1)表示与现在事实相反的情况:
从句: If+ 主语+ did/ were
主句: 主语+ should/ would/ might/ could do
*If I were you, I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你, 我会带把伞。(事实: 我不可能是你)
(2)表示与过去事实相反的情况:
从句: If+ 主语+ had done
主句: 主语+ should/would/ might/ could have done
*If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
如果他听我的建议的话, 就不会犯这样的错误了。 (事实: 没有听我的建议)
(3)表示与将来事实相反:
从句: ①if+ 主语+ were to do
②if+ 主语+ should do
③if+ 主语+did/ were
主句: 主语+ should/ would/ might/ could do
*If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话, 我就会告诉她这件事的始末。(事实: 来的可能性很小, 不可能)
*If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
如果明天下雨, 我们就待在家里。(事实: 下雨的可能性很小, 不可能)
*If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would go skating.
如果下周日下大雪, 我们就去滑冰。(事实: 下雪可能性很小, 不可能)
【让步状语从句&主语从句&more than one】
Although it has been proved that Franklin’s experiment took place, more than one scientist has questioned what really happened.
尽管已经证明富兰克林做过这个实验, 但不止一个科学家质疑到底发生了什么。
【句式解构】
(1)本句是主从复合句。Although it. . . took place是although引导的让步状语从句, 该从句也是主从复合句, 其中that Franklin’s experiment took place是that引导的主语从句, 前面的it是形式主语; take place是固定短语, 意为“发生”。
(2)more than one scientist has questioned是“more than one + 单数名词”结构, 适用于主谓一致原则中的“形式一致”原则;
what really happened是what引导的宾语从句, 并在宾语从句中作主语。
*Although my uncle is old, he looks very strong and healthy.
我的叔叔虽然老了, 但他看上去还是很健壮。
*It has been proved that the practice can only do good.
事实证明这样做只有好处。
*Where does the conversation take place
这个对话发生在哪里
*More than one person was absent.
不止一个人缺席。
*They’ve done what they can to help her.
他们已经做了他们能做到一切去帮助她。
【名师点津】
由“more than one + 单数名词”或“many a + 单数名词作主语”形式作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数形式。Unit 3-Section A Starting out & Understanding ideas
核心考点回顾
【addition】
in addition 除此之外, 另外
*In addition, important advances have been made in medicine and environmental science thanks to increasing computer power.
此外, 由于计算机能力的提高, 医学和环境科学也取得了重要进展。
*In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.
此外, 大多数报纸的内容很少能吸引广大读者。
*In addition to the names on the list there are six other applicants.
除此名单上的名字之外, 还有六个申请人。
【导图理词】
【capable】
capable adj. 有能力的
*Though he was affected by gradual blindness soon after the performance, Henry was still capable of writing.
尽管演出之后不久亨利就受到逐渐失明的影响, 他仍然能作曲。
*He had no capability to deal with the matter.
他没有能力处理那件事。
【导图理词】
【desire】
desire n. 渴望, 欲望
*First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your
achievements, your desires, etc.
首先, 你需要评估你自己, 你的价值观、你的优点、你的弱点、你的成就、你的欲望等。
*They seem to have lost their desire for life.
他们似乎已丧失了对生活的热望。
*Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning.
阅读满足了我持续学习的愿望。
*Everyone desires to live in a world free of worries and pains.
每个人都向往生活在一个无忧无虑的世界里。
【导图理词】
【flexible】
flexible adj. 易弯曲的, 柔韧的
*Leather and rubber are flexible, but glass and iron are not.
皮革和橡胶都是易弯曲的, 玻璃和铁则不然。
*This tube is flexible but tough.
这管子柔软但很坚固。
*Remember that goals are flexible.
记住目标很灵活。
*The school is flexibly organized to allow maximum cooperation between research groups.
该学校组织灵活, 可以使研究团队之间最大程度地进行合作。
【语块积累】
【press】
press v. 按
*Presently I am going to press the lever, and off the machine will go.
现在我要按下操纵杆, 松开手机器就开动了。
*The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.
通过分析用户打字的力量和按键之间的时间, 键盘可以提供一个强大的安全层。
*This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.
这种智能键盘精确地测量打字的节奏和手指对每个键的压力。
【熟词生义】
*The press are/is interested in sports.
新闻界对体育运动感兴趣。 (n. 新闻界)
【导图理词】
【shoot】
shoot v. 射出(光、亮等), 放射
*A faint blue light shot across it, darkening to purple, and presently she could see the image of her son, who lived on the other side of the earth, and he could see her.
一道微弱的蓝光从中射出, 加深变成紫色, 不久她就看到儿子的影像, 住在地球的另一边的儿子看到了她。
*The sun shoots its beam through the mist.
太阳透过薄雾射出光芒。
*Jeff had hunted in Lowa before Thanksgiving with his dog, Rosie, but the gun shots had scared the dog off.
杰夫在感恩节之前和他的狗罗西在洛瓦打猎, 但是枪声把狗吓跑了。
*He shot at the target, but missed it.
他开枪打靶, 但没有打中。
*They had shot down five planes by dark.
到天黑的时候, 他们已击落了5架飞机。
【熟词生义】
*The film was shot over six months beginning in the spring of 2017 in and around Montreal.
从2017年春季开始, 这部电影开始在蒙特利尔拍摄, 整个拍摄周期大约为6个月。
(v. 拍摄)
【名师点津】
巧记shoot
shoot表示“射死”, 是及物动词, 后面直接跟宾语;
而shoot at. . . 表示“向……开枪”, 这时shoot是不及物动词, 介词at不能换成to。
【导图理词】
【virtual】
virtual adj. 虚拟的, 模拟的
*For example, advances in virtual reality and wearable tech, as well as the flexible battery, mean we should be seeing further developments.
例如, 虚拟现实、可穿戴技术以及可弯曲的电池都意味着我们可以预见将来的发展。
*In a Virtual space, students can “dissect” a human body, “visit” ancient battlefields, or “talk” with Shakespeare.
在虚拟的空间中, 学生们可以“解剖”一个人的身体, 参观古代战场或与莎士比亚“对话”。
*Our deputy manager is the virtual head of the business.
我们的副经理是公司的实际负责人。
*It is virtually impossible to predict the future accurately.
精确预言未来的事实际上是办不到的。
【语块积累】
【强调句】
So what is it that inspires us to invent things
那么是什么激励我们发明东西呢
【句式解构】
(1)本句是强调句型的特殊疑问句。
强调句型的基本结构: It is +被强调的部分+ that/ who + 其他。
该句中被强调的部分是特殊疑问词what。
被强调的部分指物时, 其后只能用that;
当被强调的部分指人时, 其后用that/ who均可。
(2)句中的inspires us to invent things是inspire sb. to do sth. 结构, 意为“激励某人做某事”。
*When and where was it that you were born
你是何时何地出生的
*It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
他是昨天遇见李平的。
*Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping
他是昨天遇见李平的吗
*It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
直到妻子回来, 他才去睡觉。
【名师点津】
强调句型小结
1.
2. 辨析强调句型和定语从句:
(1)强调句中的It没有实际意义, It be与that可同时被省略;
而定语从句中的It是主语, It be与that不可同时省略。
(2)强调句句子中的that不能省略, 并且即使前面的名词是事物时, 也不能将that换成which或其他词;
而定语从句中的that作宾语时可被省略, 并且当先行词是事物时可用which或其他词代替。
*It was the English book that I bought yesterday.
昨天我所买的就是这本英语书。
(本句相当于对I bought the English book yesterday中the English book进行强调)
* It is the English book (that/ which) I bought yesterday.
这是我昨天买的英语书。
(本句是对What is that 问句的回答, that/ which引导的是定语从句, that/ which可被省略)
【主语从句&表语从句】
But what remains important is that we have an incredible desire to think and create, and that’s the real spirit of invention.
但仍然重要的是, 我们有一种思考和创造的强烈渴望, 这才是真正的发明精神。
【句式解构】
本句是主从复合句。
其中what remains important是what引导的主语从句, what在从句中作主语; that we have. . . to think and create是that引导的表语从句, that在表语从句中不作成分。
*What caused the accident remains unknown.
事故的起因还不清楚。
*His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
他的建议是, 我们应该保持冷静。
【名师点津】
主语从句与表语从句
1. 主语从句:
(1)引导词位于句首不能省略。
(2)主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数。
(3)为了防止句子头重脚轻, 常把形式主语it放在句首, 真正主语置于句末。如:
*It is certain that he will win the match.
他一定会赢得这场比赛的。
(4)what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分, 如主语、宾语、表语, 而that 则不能。
2. 表语从句:
that引导表语从句时不充当句子成分, 但不能省略。
【限制性定语从句】
Most inventions start with recognising a problem that needs a solution.
大多数发明源于认识到一个需要解决的难题。
【句式解构】
(1)本句是主从复合句。其中that needs a solution是that引导的限制性定语从句, 修饰先行词problem, that在从句中作主语。
(2)start with是固定短语, 意为“以……开始”, start也可以换成begin。
*In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment that/which is created for them.
在咖啡馆里, 顾客会在为他们创造的历史环境中尽情享受。
*The old man that/ who/ whom I visited yesterday is my teacher.
我昨天拜访的那个老人是我的老师。
*The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goal.
文章以塞万提斯的故事开始, 说明年龄并不是实现目标的障碍。
*His effort to reunite families with lost medals began with a Christmas gift from his mother, a Purple Heart with the name Corrado A. G. Piccoli, found in an antique shop.
他努力使一些家庭找回失去的勋章源于他母亲送给他的一件圣诞礼物, 那是一枚在一家古董店里找到的紫心勋章, 有科拉多A. G. 皮科利的名字。
【拓展延伸】
that引导定语从句:
(1)关系代词that可以引导限制性定语从句, 修饰代表人或事物的先行词, 但不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。that可以充当从句的主语、 宾语、 表语。
(2)在先行词是事物的限制性定语从句中, that和which一般可互换。that引导限制性定语从句修饰表示人的先行词时, 通常可以与who换用; 不紧跟在介词后的whom和that通常可以换用(紧跟在介词后的whom不可以被that代替)。
【非限制性定语从句】
This evening, I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, whose new book The New Age of Invention has just been published.
今天晚上, 我会对理查德·费尔赫斯特博士进行访谈, 他的新书《发明的新时代》刚刚出版。
【句式解构】
(1)本句是主从复合句。其中whose new book. . . has just been published是whose引导的非限制性定语从句, whose在从句中作定语, 修饰名词book。
(2)new book和The New Age of Invention是同位语, 共同作从句的主语。
*First, I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform looked so cool.
首先, 我想成为一名消防员, 他的制服看起来很酷。
*Mr King, whose legs/ the legs of whom/ of whom the
legs were badly hurt, was taken to the hospital.
金先生腿受重伤, 被送进了医院。
*They live in a room whose window/ the window of
which/ of which the window opens to the south.
他们住在一间窗户朝南开的房间里。
*Mr Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。
*The news that our team has won the match is true.
我们队赢得比赛的消息是真的。
*In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
最近几年, 努纳武特的一些因纽特人报告说, 在人类居住地附近观察到熊的数量增加了, 这使人们相信, 熊的数量正在增加。
【拓展延伸】
1. whose引导定语从句:
(1)whose是定语从句中一个常用的关系代词, 它是关系代词who的所有格, 在从句中作定语, 也就是说当先行词与从句中某个名词有所属关系, 表达“……的”意思时, 用关系代词whose 引导定语从句。
(2)它既可以指代人, 也可以指代物, 既可引导限制性定语从句, 也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
(3)whose引导定语从句时, 常可与of which/of whom引导的定语从句进行转换。
2. 同位语:
(1)一个名词对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明, 这个名词就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致, 并常常紧挨在一起。
(2)某些名词后面, 可以跟that或连接代词或副词引起的从句作同位语, 说明其内容, 该从句称为同位语从句。
同位语从句的先行词有: idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt, promise, truth, agreement, decision等。Unit 3-Section B Using language
核心考点回顾
【现在完成时的被动语态】
【语用功能】
现在完成时的被动语态强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果, 但主语为动作的承受者, 表示“……已经被……”。
【学前热身】
根据课文内容, 用所给词完成下列句子, 并把句子翻译
成汉语, 体会句中使用的时态和语态。
1. I guess you _____ _____ _____(ask) about the title of your book before.
我想你以前已经被问过关于你的书题目的问题。
2. This evening, I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, whose new book The New Age of Invention ___just _____ _________(publish).
今天晚上, 我会对理查德·费尔赫斯特博士进行访谈,他的新书《发明的新时代》刚刚出版。
3.New inventions like 3D printers _____ _____ ____ (use) to make replacement hearts and bone parts.
像3D打印机这样的新发明已经被用来制造替换的心脏和骨骼部分。
4. In addition, important advances _____ _____ _____ (make) in medicine and environmental science thanks to increasing computer power.
此外, 由于计算机能力的提高, 医学和环境科学也取得了重要进展。
5. Nothing like this ___ _____ ________ (invent) yet and I’d say we’re a long way from an invention like that at the moment!
还没有像这样的东西被发明, 而且我得说目前我们离这样的发明还有很长一段路。
6. I _____also _____ ____(tell) that you’re an inventor yourself.
我也被告知你本人就是一位发明家。
答案：
1.have been asked
2.has been published
3.have been used
4.have been made
5.has been invented
6.have been told
【要义详析】
现在完成时被动语态的结构就是现在完成时态和被动语态结构的叠合, 即“have/ has been done”。
一、现在完成时态的被动语态的具体构成:
1. 现在完成时的被动语态的肯定式: have/ has been done。
2. 现在完成时的被动语态的一般疑问句需将have/has提到主语的前面, 即Have/ Has+ 主语+ been done。
3. 现在完成时的被动语态的特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+ have/ has been done。
4. 完成时的被动语态的否定式: have/ has not been done。
*It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly studied.
由于对全球北极熊种群的研究不足, 因此很难确定其数量。
* They have been told many times not to make noises.
他们被多次告知不要喧哗。
*Has his bike been repaired
他的自行车修好了吗
*Who has been invited
谁受到了邀请
【即学活用】
(1)The experiment ___ _____ _____successfully.
这个实验做得很成功。
(2)The books _____ ___ _____ _________by the students.
那些书还没有被学生们借走。
(3)____ the sports meeting _____ ___ ___until next Friday
运动会已经推迟到下周五了吗
(4)So even the olive wreath ___ _____ ________.
就连橄榄枝花环也被取代了。
答案：
1.has been done
2.have not been borrowed
3.has been put off
4.has been replaced
二、现在完成时态的被动语态的用法:
1. 表示一个被动的动作或状态开始于过去, 持续到现在, 并可能持续下去, 常与for或since等引导的时间状语连用, 或用于How long. . . 句型中。
*The machine has been repaired for two hours.
这台机器已修了两小时了。
*Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s.
追踪北极熊数量的现代方法自从20世纪80年代中期才被采用。
*How long has the project been carried out
这项工程已被实施多长时间了
2. 现在完成时的被动语态同它的主动语态一样, 强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果, 通常与 already, yet, just, never, recently等副词连用。
* The doctor hasn’t been sent for yet.
还没有派人去请医生。(意为“应派人去请医生”)
*The room has already been cleaned.
房间已经被清扫干净了。(意为“已不用清扫办公室了”)
*Such a thing has never been heard of before.
这样的事以前从未听说过。(意为“现在才听说”)
*The office has just been cleaned.
办公室刚被打扫过。(意为“已不用清扫房间了”)
*Recently the price of TV sets has been cut.
近来电视机降价了。(意为“电视机的价格现在比以前低了”)
【即学活用】
(1)Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where ______ _____ _______yet.
詹姆斯教授将要给我们作西方文化的演讲, 但是时间和地点还没有决定。
(2)The watch ___just _____ _______ ____ ________.
这只手表刚刚被清理和修理过。
(3)_____ the letters _____ ______
信已经寄出去了吗
(4)_____ ____ _____ the machine _____ ________
这个机器被修了多长时间了
(5)They _____ _____ ______ by us for two weeks.
他们得到我们帮助有两周了。
(6)The party ___ _____ _______ since the New Year.
自从新年就计划这次聚会了。
【易错精点】
使用现在完成时的被动语态需要注意的问题:
1. 现在完成时的被动语态有两个助动词, 即 have/has和been, 两者缺一不可。
2. 由finish, buy, start, begin, post, return, borrow, join, marry, open等非延续性动词构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语如for four days, how long等连用, 而要改换动词或时态。但这类动词的否定式可表示动作的持续过程, 具有延续性, 因而可与since或for引导的时间段连用。
*这本书买了多久了
误: How long has this book been bought
正: How long ago was this book bought
*No books have been bought since last week.
自上周以来, 没有人来买过书。
3. 现在完成时的被动语态与一般过去时的被动语态的区别:
一般过去时的被动语态表示一个被动的动作发生在过去某个时候, 其结果对现在没有影响; 而现在完成时的被动语态的动作或状态尽管发生在过去, 但侧重说明该动作或状态对现在造成的影响和结果。
*The house was built last year.
这房子是去年建造的。
*The house has been built. 这房子已经建好了。
【即学活用】
语法填空
(1)The bridge ________(build) last year.
(2)The case _____________(try) recently.
(3)Great changes __________(take) place in my hometown.
(4)So far, many villages _______________(visit)
