2022届高考英语复习之语法透析:词性转换(构词法)课件(46张)

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名称 2022届高考英语复习之语法透析:词性转换(构词法)课件(46张)
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更新时间 2021-10-17 09:51:20

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(共49张PPT)
词性转换(构词法)
2022高考复习之语法透析
01
知识导图
构词法
转化法
派生法
动词、形容词转化为名词
名词、动词转化为形容词
形容词转化为副词的规律
表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
变动词的前缀和后缀
名词 → 动词water(n.水 → v.浇水)
动词 → 名词dream(v. → n.)梦想
形容词 → 动词slow(adj.慢的 → v.减慢)
形容词 → 副词hard(adj.难的 → adv.努力地)
02
考点精析
考点一 派生法
在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法,即称作派生法。
加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀,加在词根之后的词缀叫作后缀。
一、动词、形容词转化为名词
02
考点精析
动词转化为名词后缀 -al
approve → approval  赞成;批准.
arrive → arrival 到来;到达
survive → survival 幸存
propose → proposal 提议;建议
02
考点精析
动词转化为名词
后缀 ion/ tion/sion/ ation
expect → expectation  期望
correct → correction 改正
attract → attraction 吸引
discuss → discussion 讨论;辩论
admit → admission 接纳;准许入学
compete → competition 比赛,竞争
pronounce → pronunciation 发音
describe → description 描写
decide → decision     决定
celebrate → celebration 庆祝;庆祝会
conclude → conclusion 结论
invite → invitation 邀请
graduate → graduation 毕业
explain → explanation 解释
02
考点精析
动词转化为名词后缀- er/ -or
read → reader 读者
drive → driver 司机;驾驶员
announce → announcer 广播员
conduct → conductor 指挥;售票员
02
考点精析
动词转化为名词后缀 ment
punish → punishment  惩罚
achieve → achievement 功绩;成就
treat → treatment 对待;治疗
equip → equipment 装备;设备
govern → government 政府
argue → argument 辩论;论据
02
考点精析
动词转化为名词后缀 ance/ ence
appear → appearance  出现;外貌
perform → performance 表演;节目
exist → existence 存在;生存
prefer → preference 偏爱
refer → reference 参考;查阅
guide → guidance 指引;指导
02
考点精析
动词转化为名词后缀
-ing
begin → beginning  开始
-ure/ ture
fail → failure  失败;倒闭
press → pressure 压力
depart → departure 离开;出发
mix → mixture 混合;混合物
expose → exposure 暴露
02
考点精析
动词转化为名词后缀
-y
recover → recovery 恢复;痊愈
discover → discovery 发现
其他
choose → choice  选择
vary → variety 多样化;种类
tend → tendency 趋向;趋势
02
考点精析
形容词转化为名词后缀
-age
short → shortage  不足;短缺
-cy
accurate → accuracy  准确性
private → privacy 隐私;私密
efficient → efficiency 效率;功效
fluent → fluency 流利;流畅
frequent → frequency 频率
02
考点精析
-dom
free → freedom 自由;自主
bored → boredom 厌烦
wise → wisdom 明智;智慧
-ness
weak → weakness 虚弱;弱点
kind → kindness 仁慈;好意
careless → carelessness 粗心大意
tired → tiredness 疲劳
形容词转化为名词后缀
02
考点精析
形容词转化为名词后缀 th
warm → warmth 温暖;热情
deep → depth 深度
long → length 长度
wide → width 宽度
strong → strength 力气;强项
02
考点精析
形容词转化为名词后缀 y/ ty/ ity
honest → honesty  诚实
difficult → difficulty 困难
safe → safety 安全
cruel → cruelty 残酷;残暴
disable → disability 无能;伤残
responsible → responsibility 责任
02
考点精析
名词、动词转化为形容词后缀 able
accept → acceptable  可接受的
comfort → comfortable 舒适的
fashion → fashionable 时髦的
suit → suitable 合适的
reason → reasonable 有道理的
02
考点精析
名词、动词转化为形容词后缀 al
music → musical 音乐的
origin → original 最初的
person → personal 个人的;私人的
center → central 中央的;中心的
nature → natural 自然的;天生的
02
考点精析
名词、动词转化为形容词后缀 ful
doubt → doubtful  怀疑的
forget → forgetful 健忘的
harm → harmful 有害的
hope → hopeful 有希望的
peace → peaceful 和平的
02
考点精析
名词、动词转化为形容词后缀
-ed
scare → scared  感到恐惧的
confuse → confused 感到困惑的
underline → underlined 加下划线的
-ing
surprise → surprising  令人惊讶的
convince → convincing 令人信服的
satisfy → satisfying 令人满意的
02
考点精析
名词、动词转化为形容词后缀
ible
access → accessible容易取得的
horror → horrible 可怕的;恐怖的
terror → terrible 可怕的
ive
act → active 积极的;活跃的
effect → effective 有效的;生效的
attract → attractive 有吸引力的
impress → impressive 给人印象深刻的
02
考点精析
名词、动词转化为形容词后缀 ous
continue → continuous不断的;持续的
anxiety → anxious 忧虑的
caution → cautious 十分小心的;谨慎的
curiosity → curious 好奇的
humor → humorous 幽默的
02
考点精析
名词、动词转化为形容词后缀
-some
tire → tiresome 令人厌倦的
trouble → troublesome 麻烦的
-y
taste → tasty 美味的;可口的
health → healthy 健康的
wealth → wealthy 富裕的;丰富的
02
考点精析
名词、动词转化为形容词后缀
-ern
east → eastern 东方的;向东的
west → western 西方的;向西的
-ish
child → childish 孩子气的
fool → foolish 愚蠢的;可笑的
self → selfish 自私的
02
考点精析
形容词转化为副词的规律
直接加 ly
以“辅音字母加 y”结尾的形容词,变y为i再加 ly
词尾为 ble/ le的形容词,去掉e,再加 y
词尾为 ue的形容词,去掉e再加 ly
clear → clearly 清楚地
great → greatly 很,大大地
happy → happily高兴地 heavy → heavily 沉重地
terrible → terribly可怕地;极度地
gentle → gently 轻轻地
true → truly  真实地
02
考点精析
形容词转化为副词的规律
词尾为ll的形容词,直接加 y
词尾为 ic的形容词,加 ally
特殊变化
常考且易拼错的副词
full → fully充分地;完全地 dull → dully 迟钝地
basic → basically 主要地;基本上
scientific → scientifically合乎科学地
automatic → automatically自动地
shy → shyly 害羞地 whole → wholly 完全地
dry → dryly/drily 干燥地
rudely、politely、widely、nicely、closely、
fortunately、surprisingly、increasingly、 hurriedly
02
考点精析
前缀
表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
dis-
agree → disagree  不同意
advantage → disadvantage 缺点
appear → disappear 消失
comfort → discomfort 不舒适的
honest → dishonest 不诚实的
il-
legal → illegal  不合法的
logical → illogical 不合逻辑的
02
考点精析
前缀
im-
in-
polite → impolite    无礼的
patient → impatient 不耐烦的
moral → immoral 不道德的
formal → informal   非正式的
convenient → inconvenient 不方便的
direct → indirect 间接的
02
考点精析
前缀
ir-
regular → irregular   不规则的
responsible → irresponsible 不负责任的
mis-
lead → mislead  误导
understand → misunderstand误解
un
usual → unusual  不寻常的
willing → unwilling 不愿意的
happy → unhappy 不高兴的
known → unknown 不出名的
02
考点精析
后缀 less
hope → hopeless 绝望的
end → endless 没完没了的
care → careless 粗心的
help → helpless 无助的
use → useless 无用的
02
考点精析
前缀en
able → enable  使能够
large → enlarge 扩大
rich → enrich 使充实;使丰富
danger → endanger 危及
courage → encourage 鼓励
02
考点精析
后缀 en
变动词的前缀和后缀
weak → weaken削弱;减弱
strength → strengthen 加强
broad → broaden 使变宽
ripe → ripen 使成熟
sharp → sharpen 使尖锐
wide → widen 加宽
short → shorten 变短
deep → deepen 加深
dark → darken 使变暗
hard → harden 使变硬
02
考点精析
后缀 ify
class → classify 把……分类
just → justify 证明……有理
terror → terrify 使……害怕
simple → simplify 简化
beauty → beautify 美化
02
考点精析
后缀 ize
apology → apologize   道歉
emphasis → emphasize 强调
memory → memorize 记住
real → realize 认识到;实现
commercial → commercialise 使商业化
industrial → industrialize 使……工业化
02
考点精析
考点二 转化法
转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变,转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。
02
考点精析
名词 → 动词
face(n.脸 → v.面对)
shoulder(n.肩 → v.肩负)
water(n.水 → v.浇水)
back(n.背 → v.支持)
name(n.名字 → v.命名)
house(n.房子 → v.收藏,安置,提供住所)
fuel(n.燃料 → v.刺激,加强)
engineer(n.工程师 → v.设制;制造;改变)
02
考点精析
动词 → 名词
look(v. → n.)看
try(v. → n.)尝试
dream(v. → n.)梦想
chat(v. → n.)聊天
02
考点精析
形容词 → 动词
empty(adj.空的 → v.倒空)
slow(adj.慢的 → v.减慢)
dirty(adj.脏的 → v.弄脏)
warm(adj.暖的 → v.使变暖)
02
考点精析
形容词 → 副词
hard(adj.难的 → adv.努力地)
high(adj.高的 → adv.高)
deep(adj.深的 → adv.深)
wide(adj.宽的 → adv.宽)
02
考点精析
【注意】high、deep、wide用作副词时表示具体,而highly、deeply、widely表示抽象。
特别区分:
(1)late adj.迟到的,later adv.后来,
lately adv. 最近(=recently),latest adj.最近的;
(2)beside 在……旁边,besides 除……以外;
(3)hard adj.坚硬的、困难的、努力的,adv.努力地、艰难地、猛力地、猛烈地,hardly adv.几乎不。
03
方法解读
如何突破词性转换?
情况一 从句法功能上看,厘清“修饰与被修饰”
1.名词在句中作宾语时,放在冠词、形容词或形容词性物主代词之后。
She is determined to carry on with her ____________(educate).
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the ____________(develop) of chopsticks.
形容词性物主代词
education
development
03
方法解读
2.形容词在句中作定语时,常放在名词之前。
It was a relief and I came to a ____________(suddenly) stop just in the middle of the road.
用形容词修饰后面的名词stop
sudden
03
方法解读
3.形容词在句中作表语时,常放在be、get、become、remain等系动词后。
At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be ____________(freely) from them.
用形容词作表语
free
03
方法解读
4.形容词在句中作宾语补足语时,其前常有使役动词、感官动词或介词with加名词或代词。
As I walked, I looked up, trying to realize what made this day so ____________(beauty).
使役动词make之后跟复合宾语,用形容词作宾语补足语
beautiful
03
方法解读
5.副词在句中修饰动词(短语)、形容词或其他副词,还可修饰整个句子,表示状态、原因等。
The title will be __________(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
Dad and I were ____________(terrible) worried.
____________(lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.
作状语修饰谓语动词will be given
officially
应用副词terribly修饰形容词worried
terribly
副词用于句首,表示状态
Luckily
03
方法解读
6.要特别注意有使役用法的动词的分词形式用作形容词时的区别。如:amazed常修饰人的内心感受,意为“感到吃惊的”;amazing常修饰事物,意为“令人吃惊的”。
There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and ____________(disappoint).
和anxious并列,表示人的内心活动,应使用 ed形式的形容词
disappointed
03
方法解读
情况二 从“词性”变化上看,厘清“词形”的变化特点
词形变化是重点,注意特殊的变化:以 e结尾的形容词变副词,需把e去掉加 ly;以 ble、 ple结尾的形容词都是去e加 y。另外需注意形副同形词。
Instead,he hopes that his business will grow ____________(steady).
Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ____________(regular).
使用副词steadily作状语修饰grow
steadily
用副词修饰谓语动词短语take short breaks
regularly
04
演练提升
1.Giants search for plants, fish eggs, and other treats at the bottom of the river or lake, which makes the water ___________(cloud).
2.I could end each day with a ___________ (glory) African sunset.
3.__________(hopeful), the success of Sanjiangyuan will mark the start of a greener future.
4.The exhibition, which provided visitors with some knowledge of long standing Chinese civilization, was ___________ (high) appreciated for the individuality of each terracotta warrior and the unbelievable creativity needed to build the army.
cloudy
glorious
Hopefully
highly
04
演练提升
5.Instead of being laid aside and ignored, cultural heritage should ___________ (rich) the public's knowledge and expand their outlook.
6.Waba stressed that as an ___________ (educate) it is right to go above and beyond for their students in this tough time.
7.Since its first ___________ (appear) on Sina Weibo on Sept. 2nd, the BA Challenge has attracted millions of viewers and participants.
enrich
educator
appearance
04
演练提升
8.I got ___________ (frighten) and I didn't know what to do!
9.If we are ___________ (satisfy) with only a few rules we have memorized, we are not really learning the language.
10.She said the last vice- monitor, Joey, had been very rude and ___________ (kind) to her.
frightened
satisfied
unkind
Thank You!