2022届高考英语复习之语法透析：定语从句课件（33张）

(共33张PPT)
定语从句
2022高考复习之语法透析
01
知识导图
定语从句
限制性定语从句
分类
that与which用法区别
定义
关系词
非限制性定语从句
只用that的情况
只用which的情况
关系代词指代人：who,whom, that, whose, as
指代物：which,that,
whose, as
关系副词：when
where, why
02
考点精析
考点一　定语从句的句法功能及相关定义
1.功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
2.位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。
Those who are for the plan raise your hands, please.　
支持这项计划的人请举手。
As is known to us all, the earth is spinning around the sun.　
众所周知，地球围着太阳转。
02
考点精析
3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。
先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如some 、any 、every 、no 与 body、 thing的合成词或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。
4.关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。
关系代词：who、whom、which、that、whose、as等。
关系副词：when、where、why等。
02
考点精析
5．分类
(1)限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、区分的作用，并与先行词有着不可分割的关系，这种从句不能省略，否则主句的意思就不完整、不明确。翻译时一般作前置定语来译，意为“……的”。
Paper cuts of animls have been found in tombs which date back to the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasty.　
早在南北朝时期的墓中就已经发现了动物剪纸。
02
考点精析
(2)非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明或描绘作用，如果省略不会影响主句的意思，主句也能独立存在，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。翻译时一般将主句和从句译成并列形式。
I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, which my classmates recommended to me.
上个星期我从图书馆借了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》这本书，这是我的同学推荐给我的。
02
考点精析
考点二　关系代词的用法
一、关系代词及其用法
关系代词
whom
that
whose
as
who
指代对象：人
从句中的作用：主、宾、表
指代对象：人
从句中的作用：宾
指代对象：人、事物
从句中的作用：
主、宾、表
指代对象：人、事物
从句中的作用：
主、宾、表
指代对象：人、事物
which
从句中的作用：主、宾、表
指代对象：事物
从句中的作用：主、宾
02
考点精析
The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing.
电视制作人打算找4位既能表演又能唱歌的音乐家。
She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.
她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。
02
考点精析
Success is a journey whose initial step is paved with an inner stirring.
成功是一次旅程，第一步是由内心的热情铺就的。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。
He is not the same man as he was.
他和过去不同了。
02
考点精析
二、定语从句两处关注点
(一)关系代词that与which的区别
1.只用that不用which的情况
(1)先行词为不定代词anything、nothing、something、everything、 all、 some、 none、 little、 few、 the one等时。
I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.
我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。
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考点精析
(2)先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
(3)先行词被the only、the very、the last、the same、any、every、each、few、little、no、some、all等修饰时。
The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.
(4)先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
They will never forget the things and persons that they've seen or heard of during their long journey.
02
考点精析
2.只用which不用that的情况
(1)关系代词前有介词时。
Spend five to ten minutes thinking about the candidates' experiences, and the ways in which they showed courage.
(2)在非限制性定语从句中。
In 1998 he applied to be a member of Project 921, which is now called Shenzhou.
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考点精析
3.在从句中作定语或介词宾语时(如at which time/point、in which case)
Recently I bought a second hand car, the price of which was reasonable.
最近我买了一辆二手车，价格很公道。
She might possibly come, in which case I'll tell you.
她有可能会来，那样的话我就告诉你一声。
02
考点精析
(二)关系代词as和which的区别
关系代词as和which都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句或主句中的名词或短语，一般情况下二者可互换使用，但有下列区别：
1.which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后，as引导的从句可位于主句之前、之中和之后。
As anybody can see, a computer can do almost everything people can.
＝A computer can do almost everything people can，as anybody can see.
任何人都明白，计算机几乎能做人所能做的一切事。
Therefore, this time I will introduce Tang Poetry to you, which is of great help in learning Chinese.因此，这次我将向你介绍唐诗，这将非常有助于你学习汉语。
02
考点精析
2.as常用的这种类似插入语的句式有as the saying goes、as is said above、as is mentioned above、as often happens、as is often the case、as is reported in the newspaper等。
She passed the exam, as was expected.
她通过了考试，这是预料之中的事。
02
考点精析
***
(1)whom、which、that在从句中作宾语时可省略；但介词提前时不能省略，也不能用that；
(2)as用在限制性定语从句中时，常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.　
像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。
02
考点精析
考点三　关系副词的用法
关系副词
why
与“介词+关系代词”的关系：=at/in/on during which
when
先行词：表示时间的名词time，day，year等
where
从句中的作用：作时间状语
与“介词+关系代词”的关系：=in/at/to/on which
先行词：表示场所的名词：park、place、country、house等
从句中的作用：作地点状语
与“介词+关系代词”的关系：=for which
先行词：表示理由的名词 the reason
从句中的作用：作原因状语
02
考点精析
The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。
Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.　
学生们应该参加社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。
Do you know the reason why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday 　
你知道他昨天没参加会议的原因吗？
02
考点精析
***当先行词为situation、case、stage、point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，也要用关系副词where引导。
Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
他们的孩子处于能说一些个别的单词但不能说完整句子的阶段。
02
考点精析
考点四　“介词＋关系代词”结构引导的定语从句
1.“介词＋关系代词”结构引导的定语从句。其中关系代词只能用which和whom，且不能省略。
Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.
一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。
02
考点精析
2.“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定
(1)根据定语从句中动词或形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)
Physics is the subject in which every student in our school is interested.
物理是我们学校每个学生都感兴趣的课程。(be interested in)
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考点精析
(2)根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。
I'll never forget the time during which I spent my child hood in the country.
我永远不会忘记在乡下度过我的童年的那段时光。(during that time)
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。
The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体就是氧气，没有它我们无法生存。
02
考点精析
3.“the＋名词＋of which/whom”结构引导的定语从句。这类定语从句一般为非限制性定语从句，且该结构中的名词和后面的关系代词为所属关系。
The newly built café， the walls of which (＝whose walls) are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.
这家新建成的咖啡馆的墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。
02
考点精析
4.“表示全部或部分的词语＋of which/whom” 结构引导的定语从句。常见的表示部分的词或结构有：不定代词(all、both、none、some、most等)；数词(基数词、序数词、百分数、分数等)；the＋形容词的比较级/最高级。
Many young people, most of whom were well educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分人都受过良好的教育。
02
考点精析
5.“介词＋which＋名词”结构引导的定语从句。常见的类似结构有：
during which time 在此期间
at which time 在这时
at which point 在这一时刻
for which reason 由于这个原因
in which case 在这一情况下
02
考点精析
He may win the competition, in which case he is likely to get into the national team.　
他可能会赢得这场比赛，如果这样的话他就有可能进入国家队。
***“复合介词短语＋which”结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。
03
方法解读
“缺什么，补什么”，准确选用关系词
1.如果先行词指人，且定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that，非限制性定语从句中用who。
2.如果先行词指人，且定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom，非限制性定语从句中用whom。
3.如果先行词指物，且定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that，非限制性定语从句中用which。
03
方法解读
4.如果先行词指时间，且定语从句中缺少时间状语，定语从句中用when；如果先行词指地点，且定语从句中缺少地点状语，则定语从句中用where；如果定语从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。
5.无论先行词指人还是指物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。
6.如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom；如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。
03
方法解读
①I was born in New York, ____________ is the biggest city of America.
②The number of times “upcycling” has been looked up on the Cambridge Dictionary website has risen by 181% since December of 2011, ____________ it was first added to the online dictionary.
缺主语
which
缺时间状语
when
物
非限制
04
演练提升
1.On the last day we have the Lantern Festival, _________ we go out at night carrying paper lanterns.
2.To help improve students' reading and writing skills, we will organize the English composition contest，_________ theme is “Colorful Campus Life”．
3.There are two muscles _________ work together to widen and open a dog’s eyes, causing them to appear bigger, and objectively cuter.
when
whose
that/which
04
演练提升
4.Another said, “Have we collectively lost our minds？_________ any environmentalist will tell you, this is completely crazy.”
5.That’s one reason _________ when babies are born, they are now usually placed on their mothers' skin.
6.In the past few years, more than half of the bookstores in China have closed down，_________ is the result of the competition with online bookstores.
As
why
which
04
演练提升
7.This was returned because the person to _________ this letter was addressed had died three years ago.
8.Our office wasn't far from Chinatown，_________ I found some very good Chinese restaurants.
9.As more and more people own private cars, parking has become a big headache for many car owners, especially for those _________ live in downtown areas without enough parking spaces.
10.He decided to go to Stanford because there were many opportunities for people _________ wanted to work in Silicon Valley.
whom
where
who
who/that
Thank You！