Unit 1 No limits 单元知识点讲解（上教版必修二）
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2021-10-25 18:10:16 | ||
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Unit 1 No limits
【重点词汇】
1. blame /ble m/
1）vt. 指责; 把…归咎于
The commission is expected to blame the army for many of the atrocities.
该委员会预计会将大量暴行归咎于军队。
2）n. 责备
Nothing could relieve my terrible sense of blame.
没什么能把我从极度自责中解脱出来。
3) n. (事故、过失等的) 责任
I'm not going to sit around and take the blame for a mistake he made.
我不会闲坐着，为他犯的错误承担责任。
4). vt. 责怪
I do not blame them for trying to make some money.
我不怪他们想要挣些钱。
【固定搭配】
blame sb for sth. 因…而责备某人
sb. be to blame for sth. 某人对…负责
2. pressure / pr /
1).n 压力
She kicked at the door with her foot, and the pressure was enough to open it.
她用脚踢门，其产生的压力足以把门打开。
The pressure of his fingers had relaxed.
他手指的压力已经减弱了。
2)vt对…施加压力
He will never pressure you to get married.
他永远也不会给你施加压力让你结婚。
3. impress / m pr s/
1). vt 使留下印象
It didn't impress me as a good place to live.
那地方没有给我留下适合居住的印象。
2) vt. 使钦佩
What impressed him most was their speed.
最令他钦佩的是他们的速度。
4. solution /s lu n/ n. 解决办法; 谜底
Although he has sought to find a peaceful solution, he is facing pressure to use greater military force.
虽然他已设法寻找一个和平的解决办法，但他正面临着使用更大军事力量的压力。
We invited readers who completed the puzzle to send in their solutions.
我们邀请解完谜的读者交出谜底。
5. independent / nd p nd nt/ adj. 无关联的; 相互独立的
Your questions should be independent of each other.
你们的问题应该是相互间毫无关联的。
【固定搭配】
be independent of sth.
【反义词】
be dependent on sth. （注意形容词后面的介词搭配）
6. adapt / d pt/
1）.vt 使适应
The world will be different, and we will have to be prepared to adapt to the change.
这个世界将会不同，所以我们必须准备好适应变化。
2）.vt 改装
Shelves were built to adapt the library for use as an office.
做了个书架，以便将这个图书馆改作一个办公室用
7. reveal /r vi l/ v.揭示；显示；透露
1) vt. 透露; 显示
She has refused to reveal the whereabouts of her daughter.
她已拒绝透露她女儿的行踪。
A survey of the American diet has revealed that a growing number of people are overweight.
一项有关美国人日常饮食的调查表明越来越多的人超重。
2). vt 使显露; 揭露
In the principal room, a grey carpet was removed to reveal the original pine floor.
在主房间里，一块灰色的地毯被挪开了，使原有的松木地板露了出来。
8. responsible /r sp ns b l/
1). adj. 负有责任的
He still felt responsible for her death.
他依然觉得对她的死负有责任。
2) adj. 向…汇报的 (通常和“to”进行搭配)
I'm responsible to my board of directors.
我向我的董事会汇报。
9. reliable /r la b l/ adj 可靠的
She was efficient and reliable.
她既能干又可靠。
10. extent / k st nt/
1). n 程度
The government itself has little information on the extent of industrial pollution.
政府本身对工业污染的程度知之甚少。
2). n. 长度; 广度; 范围
Industry representatives made it clear that their commitment was only to maintain the extent of forests, not their biodiversity.
业界代表们申明他们只承诺维持森林的规模而不是其生物多样性。
【固定搭配】
to a large extent 在很大程度上
to some extent 在某种程度上
11. conduct v.组织；安排；实施
动词读作k n d kt。名词读作 k nd kt。
1). vt. 组织并实施
I decided to conduct an experiment.
我决定做一项实验。
2). vt. 指挥 (交响乐、合唱等)
Dennis had recently begun a successful career conducting opera.
丹尼斯最近成功地开始了指挥歌剧的生涯。
Solti continued to conduct here and abroad.
佐尔蒂继续在国内外指挥。
3). vt 传导 (热、电)
Water conducts heat faster than air.
水比空气导热快。
4）vt. 进行实施
Also up for discussion will be the conduct of free and fair elections.
还需讨论的是公平自由的选举如何进行。
5）n. 进行实施
Also up for discussion will be the conduct of free and fair elections.
还需讨论的是公平自由的选举如何进行。
6). n. (某人在某情形中的) 行为方式
For Europeans, the law is a statement of basic principles of civilized conduct.
对欧洲人来说，该法律是对基本文明行为原则的表述。
12. quit v.停止；戒掉
quit /kw t/
1) vt 辞去 (工作); 辞职
He quit his job as an office boy.
他辞去了办公室勤杂员的工作。
2). vt. 停止
A nicotine spray can help smokers quit the habit.
一种尼古丁喷剂可以帮助吸烟者戒烟。
Quit acting like you didn't know.
别装得像你不知道似的。
Quit it! That hurts!
戒掉它吧！这东西害人！
3).vt 彻底离开
Science fiction writers have long dreamed that humans might one day quit the earth to colonize other planets.
科幻小说作家们长期以来一直梦想着人类有一天可以离开地球移居到其它星球上。
13. charity / t r t / n.慈善；赈济
1) n. 慈善机构
an AIDS charity. 一个艾滋病慈善机构。
2) n. 慈善
He made substantial donations to charity.
他做了大量的慈善捐赠。
Gooch will be raising money for charity.
古奇将为慈善筹集款项。
3) n. 救济金; 救济物
Her husband is unemployed and the family depends on charity.
她的丈夫失业了，全家靠救济度日。
14. account / ka nt/
1) n. 账户
Some banks make it difficult to open an account.
有些银行使开一个账户困难重重。
2). n 客户
All three Internet agencies boast they've won major accounts.
所有的三家网络代理公司都夸口说他们已赢得了大客户。
3). n. 账目
He kept detailed accounts.
他保存了详细的账目。
15. preserve /pr z v/
1). vt 维护
We will do everything to preserve peace.
我们将竭尽全力维护和平。
2). vt. 保护
We need to preserve the forest.
我们需要保护森林。
preservation n. 维护
16. ambitious / m b s/
1). adj 雄心勃勃的
Chris is so ambitious, so determined to do it all.
克里斯是如此雄心勃勃，如此坚决地要把它做完。
2). adj 宏大的
The ambitious project was completed in only nine months.
这个宏大的项目在仅仅9个月之内就完成了。
17. attempt / t mpt/
1)vt .试图 (尤指做困难的事)
The only time that we attempted to do something like that was in the city of Philadelphia.
我们惟一一次试图做那样的事是在费城。
2). n 企图
a deliberate attempt to destabilize the defence.
蓄意削弱防御的企图。
【固定搭配】
attempt to do sth. 试图去做某事。
18. contain /k n te n/
1）. vt 有…在里面
The envelope contained a Christmas card.
该信封里装有一张圣诞贺卡。
The first two floors of the building contain retail space and a restaurant.
该大楼最底下两层有零售空间和一家餐馆。
2). vt 含有
Watermelon contains vitamins and also potassium.
西瓜含有维生素也有钾。
3). vt 控制; 阻止
More than a hundred firemen are still trying to contain the fire at the plant.
一百多名消防队员仍在努力控制工厂火势。
【短语】
1. be likely to 可能做；可能成为
The tension between the two countries is likely to remain.
两国之间的紧张局面可能持续。
2. due to 由于；因为
The coast road is closed due to bad weather.
由于天气恶劣，滨海公路暂时封闭。
3. social media 社交媒体
Social media has become a platform for advertisements.
社交媒体已经成为做广告的一个平台。
4. ice sheet 冰原；冰盖
The satellite USES radar to measure its altitude above the ice sheet.
卫星用雷达测定卫星从冰层顶部算起的高度。
5. apart from 除……之外（都）
I like all sports apart from football.
除足球外我喜欢所有的运动。
【单元语法】
省略:
为了使语言简洁、避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接，人们常把某些词省略掉，这在英语中是普遍的。
并且结构中的省略
省略主语
例如：
She went to the clinic and (she) saw a doctor.
He can speak, but can’t write, Russian.
(He can speak Russian, but can’t write it.)
A high position was offered to him, but (it) was declined.
To some life is pleasure, and to others (life is) suffering.
(二)省略整个谓语或谓语的主要部分
例如：
Either Sally must be responsible for the matter or we’ll be (responsible for the matter).
Dr Waston will meet some visitors this morning and Peter (will meet some visitors) this afternoon.
Bill, and perhaps Phil, will do it, too.( Bill will do it, and perhaps Phi will do it , too.)
Albert needn’t say, but George must (stay).
Smith will (teach modern essay), and Brown might, teach modern essay.
Smith will teach modern essay, and Brown might ( teach modern essay), too.
The text will have been carefully collated and the mistkaes (will have been) corrected by the end of the month.
(三)省略宾语及宾语连同前面的及物动词一起省略
例如：
Edison invented ( the light bulb), the manufactures produced ( the light bulb), and the inhabitants used, the light bulb.
Laura is ( teaching music), her mother has been ( teaching music), and her sister might also be, teaching music.
(四)省略表语
例如：
They’re more afraid of you than you are of them.
Nigel is (an officer in the navy), and his son will also be, an office in the navy.
George was (interested in the performance), but Jim pretended to be, interested in the performance.
(五)省略状语
例如：
Mr Oliver teaches (in Cambridge), and his son studies, in Cambridge.
The father speaks but the son only dresses like an Englishman.
= The father speaks, but the son only dresses, like an English.
(六)省略冠词
例如：
Both the old and (the) young took part in the singing competition.
Is the baby a boy or (a) girl
(七)省略介词
例如：
You may go by land or (by) water.
It is a matter of life and (of) death.
(八)省略名词
例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is for ( the plan) or against the plan.
It is the listener’s (will) rather than the speaker’s will that is questioned.
注意：指示代词this, that, these, those为限定词时，并且名词的省略。
this (book) and that book
this time and that (time)
these (chairs) and those chairs
these books and those (books)
状语从句中的省略
如果状语从句的主语和主语一致，而且状语从句谓语中有be动词，可以将状语从句的主语连同be动词一起省略。
引导这类状语从句的连词有：when, while, though, if, unless, although等。其结构式为：连词+现在分词/过去分词/介词短语/名词/代词/副词/形容词/从句+主句
例如：
Jacob stared into my eyes while he whispered, as if to communicate something besides the words he spoke.
While ( he was) doing so, he trembled a little.
When ( it is) taken according to the instructions, the drug has no side effects.
He came across the picture while an a visit to New York.
He could write poems when yet a child.
Don’t do it till too late.
He is better than when I last saw him.
I know you better than her.
He hurriedly left the room as though ( he was) very angry.
注意：1）在if it is possible或when it is necessary 等类似结构中，it is常可省略。
If ( it is) possible, we’ll build another railroad in this area.
We’ll have the old house pulled down when necessary.
Put a comma, where needed.
注意2)有些状语从句似乎有词省略，却很难说出省略了哪些词，特别是一些谚语中，例如：
Once bitten, twice shy.
More haste, less speed.
Out of sight, out of mind.
比较结构中的省略
比较结构通常是有些成分被省略，或是省略与主句相同的部分，或是省略在特定下上文或情景中某些不言而喻的部分。
最高级比较结构中的省略 或是在一定上下文中省略比较范围，或是省略最高级后
的名词。
例如：
Which do you think is the prettiest
Who lives nearest to school
—Six juicy orange, please.
—These are our juiciest (oranges).
—I know that kind-they aren’t sweet.
—I’m sorry, they’re the sweetest ( oranges) we’ve got.
(二)as… as和more than
1.省略全部谓语
例如：He had the most beautiful soul, more beautiful than his brilliant mind or his incomparable face or his glorious body.
Clara is more ambitious than I (me非正式文体).
This house is not so expensive as the other one.
2.省略部分谓语
例如：
Wasn’t anybody later than we were
Jane would do it much more quickly than I would.
3.省略主语和谓语的大部分
例如：
Things are no better than before.
The roads are much quieter here than in Loondon.
He is better than ( he was) when I last visited him.
4.下列比较分句中很难指明省略了什么。
例如：This meat is better than what we had last week.
或：This meat is better than we had last eek.
That is more than the workers could stand.
It’s far more important than how much it costs.
注意：在下列比较状语从句中可以说是省略了主语，也可以说是由as或than充当从句主语。例如：
I don’t think this is any better than was ordered.
He drove faster than was wise.
They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as could be.
名词性从句和定语从句中的省略
名词性从句中的省略
在非正式文体中，连词that在主语从句和表语从句中可以省略；连词that引出从句位于句尾，而用it作形式主语放在句首时，that可以省略；若that引出同位语从句，则that不省略。
例如：It is a pity (that) you missed the sports meeting last week.
That you missed the sports meeting last week is a pity.
The only problem is (that) you can’t eat trees!
I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon.
We’ve just heard a warning on the radio that a hurricane is likely to come.
(二)定语从句中的省略
在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词who, whom, which，that常常省略。
例如：This is the film (that/ which) I saw last Saturday.
She is the girl (who/whom/that) they were walking about at the party.
(三)关系副词that的省略
在限制性定语从句中，that可以充当关系副词，在从句中作状语，修饰时间名词time, moment, day, year,地点名词place,方式名词way或原因名词reason等，可以省略。
例如：Do you remember the time (that) /when we all went to a night club
Do you know the reason why/ (that)/ for which he was late
This is the place (that) they swam across the river.
I like the way (that) she did it.
动词不定式符号to的省略
在表示感觉的动词如：feel, hear, see, watch, observe, listen to, look at, notic以及使役
动词let, make, have等后面作宾补的不定式要省略to。但如果这些动词变为被动语态，to不省略。
例如：Harry watched her fly away for a few seconds.
I felt the house shake.
Have you noticed her cry
He was seen to take the money.
在介词but, except后的不定式，如介词前面有实义动词do，介词后跟省略to的不定
式，否则，要跟带to的不定式
例如：They did nothing but complain.
He does everything in the house except put the children to bed.
You have no choice but to wait.
当主语部分有实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略to.
例如：What we can do is (to) continue to wait.
The only thing you have to do is (to) press the button.
(四)在用and或or等连接不定式并且作用相同时，常省略后面不定式to.
例如： She started to shout and cry.
I’d like to lie down and go to sleep.
I wished to finish my business and get away.
She asked you to telephone or wire to her on Monday.
不定式符号的单独使用
为了避免重复前面已经出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号代替不定式结构，省略后面的部分。这种情况主要用于口语中。
to代替不定式作宾语，常同be afraid, care, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, mean, need,
like, plan, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等词连用。
例如：I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to (see the film).
We suggested that she reconsider the matter, but she refused to ( reconsider the matter).
I would mend your radio, but I don’t know how to ( mend it).
to代替不定式作宾语补足语(有时to也可以省略)
例如：We should like Jane to get a good degree but we don’t really expect her to (get it)
If I don’t happen to remember to ring up Mr Smith, would you remind me to
—May I go out this evening
—Yes, I’ll allow you (to).
如果不定式是to be, to have done, to have been done,就不能只用不定式符号“to”来替
代被省略的动词及动词后的部分，而要用to be, to have, to have been。
例如：Were they informed of the delay of the shipment — No, but they ought to have been.
Aren’t you director — No, and I don’t want to be!
Hasn’t he finished the work — No, but he ought to have.
用替代词的省略
在某些情况下，当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时，还需要用某个替代词。常用的替代词有： do (does), so, not, neither, nor, do so, do that, do it, one ones, the same等。
do可用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。
例如：
She speaks English more fluently than you do.(=speak English)
She speaks English more fluently than her brother does. (speak English)
Did you see the film Yes, I did. (=saw the film)
Nelson hoped that they would all do their duty to the country as Englishmen should do.(= should do their duty to the country)
so和not的替代
so可以代替单词、词组和句子，作call, expect, hope, do, fear, imagine, suppose, speak, say, tell, think, believe,be afraid, see, notice等的宾语；not代替否定的句子，用法与so相似，并可放在perhaps, probably, absolutely等副词后。这种用法也可与if连用。
例如： He must be a worker. I imagine so. (=that he is a worker)
She has not angry at first, but became so after a while. (=angry)
Has she finished reading the book I hope so. (=that she has finished reading the book)
He is a great friend of mine and I hope he will always reamain so. (=a great friend of mine)
Is he the best student in the class —I think so. (=that he is…)
I think not. (=that he is not …I don’t think he is… Perhaps not.)
They will return at the weekend.
I am afraid not. (=that he will not return at the weekend)
Please come if you can. If not (=If you can’t come), call me up.
—I was ill last week. — If so, why didn’t you tell me.
do so, do that和do it的替代
do so可以替代动词加宾语，也可以替代动词加状语，so可以用it或that所取代，it指具体事物，that表示较重的口气。
例如：
She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so. ( go with me)
Just finish off watering the flowers. And let me know when you’ve done so.(=finished off watering the flowers)
Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too. (=make the experiment)
They played cards after supper and I watched them do that. (play cards).
(四)one和that作替代词的区别
one替代人和物，that只能代替物;one只能替代可数名词，that可替代可数名词和不可数名词；one可以前有置或后置定语，that只能有后置定语；one (不加定义)表示泛指，that表示特指。
例如：
I have a brother, one in the army.
Look at the picture, that on the wall.
The novel is an interesting as the one (或that) I read last year.
The weather here is colder than that in Beijing.
This is a red pen, and I have three other blue ones.
The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday.
A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese poet.
不用替代词的省略
主语及主语和部分谓语的省略
例如：(It) Sounds funny.
(He) Who breaks pays.
(It is) Very kind of you to help me.
(I’m) Sorry, the line is busy.
(I’ve) Got it.
(二)助动词的省略
例如：（Do） You understand
(Have) Children done their homework
(三)There be的省略
例如：
（There’s） Nothing wrong with the machine.
(Is there )Anything I can do for you
(四)祈使句和感叹句中的省略，祈使句通常省略主语you
例如：Close the window!
Don’t be afraid!
You read the text!
What a wide river ( it is)!
(五)在某些虚拟语气中可以省略should
例如：
He ordered that the soldiers ( should) put out the lights immediately.
It is important that we (should) study science and technology.
（六）介词在某些词组中的省略 *
be busy (in)doing 忙于做 occupy oneself (in) doing 从事于…
employ oneself (in) doing 从事于 pass (in) doing 花…做…
have a hard time (in) doing 做…很难 prevent… (from) doing 阻止…做
have difficulty (in) doing 做…有困难 spend… (in) doing 花…做…
have fun (in) doing 做…开心 stop… (from) doing 阻止…做
have trouble (in) doing 做…有麻烦 take …(in) doing 带…去做…
lose no time (in) doing 不失时机做 waste… (in) doing 做…浪费
【语法练习】
1. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
4. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
5. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
6. When ________ , the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
7. Though ________ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
9. —You 're always e on, let's go shopping.
— ________ you ever want to do is going shopping.
A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That
10. Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work
A. he explained B. what he explained
C. how he explained D. why he explained
11. What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it.
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
12. It is easy to do the repair. ________ you need is a hammer and some nails.
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
13. That's an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ________ he's done for you.
A. something B. anything C. all D. that
14. As you've never been there before, I'll have someone ________ you the way.
A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed
15. —I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat
—Not at all, ________ .
A. I have no time B. I'd rather not C. I'd like it D. I'd be happy to
16. —Does your brother intend to study German
—Yes, he intends ________ .
A. / B. to C. so D. that
17. —Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight
— ________ .
A. Yes, I'd like to go to the Grand Theatre
B. I'd like to, but I have an exam tomorrow
C. No, I won't
D. That's right
18. —You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant ________ , but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to
19. ________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
20. ________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.
A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not
Keys: 1—5 BCDBA 6—10 AADCA 11—15 AACBD 16—20 BBBBC
【重点词汇】
1. blame /ble m/
1）vt. 指责; 把…归咎于
The commission is expected to blame the army for many of the atrocities.
该委员会预计会将大量暴行归咎于军队。
2）n. 责备
Nothing could relieve my terrible sense of blame.
没什么能把我从极度自责中解脱出来。
3) n. (事故、过失等的) 责任
I'm not going to sit around and take the blame for a mistake he made.
我不会闲坐着，为他犯的错误承担责任。
4). vt. 责怪
I do not blame them for trying to make some money.
我不怪他们想要挣些钱。
【固定搭配】
blame sb for sth. 因…而责备某人
sb. be to blame for sth. 某人对…负责
2. pressure / pr /
1).n 压力
She kicked at the door with her foot, and the pressure was enough to open it.
她用脚踢门，其产生的压力足以把门打开。
The pressure of his fingers had relaxed.
他手指的压力已经减弱了。
2)vt对…施加压力
He will never pressure you to get married.
他永远也不会给你施加压力让你结婚。
3. impress / m pr s/
1). vt 使留下印象
It didn't impress me as a good place to live.
那地方没有给我留下适合居住的印象。
2) vt. 使钦佩
What impressed him most was their speed.
最令他钦佩的是他们的速度。
4. solution /s lu n/ n. 解决办法; 谜底
Although he has sought to find a peaceful solution, he is facing pressure to use greater military force.
虽然他已设法寻找一个和平的解决办法，但他正面临着使用更大军事力量的压力。
We invited readers who completed the puzzle to send in their solutions.
我们邀请解完谜的读者交出谜底。
5. independent / nd p nd nt/ adj. 无关联的; 相互独立的
Your questions should be independent of each other.
你们的问题应该是相互间毫无关联的。
【固定搭配】
be independent of sth.
【反义词】
be dependent on sth. （注意形容词后面的介词搭配）
6. adapt / d pt/
1）.vt 使适应
The world will be different, and we will have to be prepared to adapt to the change.
这个世界将会不同，所以我们必须准备好适应变化。
2）.vt 改装
Shelves were built to adapt the library for use as an office.
做了个书架，以便将这个图书馆改作一个办公室用
7. reveal /r vi l/ v.揭示；显示；透露
1) vt. 透露; 显示
She has refused to reveal the whereabouts of her daughter.
她已拒绝透露她女儿的行踪。
A survey of the American diet has revealed that a growing number of people are overweight.
一项有关美国人日常饮食的调查表明越来越多的人超重。
2). vt 使显露; 揭露
In the principal room, a grey carpet was removed to reveal the original pine floor.
在主房间里，一块灰色的地毯被挪开了，使原有的松木地板露了出来。
8. responsible /r sp ns b l/
1). adj. 负有责任的
He still felt responsible for her death.
他依然觉得对她的死负有责任。
2) adj. 向…汇报的 (通常和“to”进行搭配)
I'm responsible to my board of directors.
我向我的董事会汇报。
9. reliable /r la b l/ adj 可靠的
She was efficient and reliable.
她既能干又可靠。
10. extent / k st nt/
1). n 程度
The government itself has little information on the extent of industrial pollution.
政府本身对工业污染的程度知之甚少。
2). n. 长度; 广度; 范围
Industry representatives made it clear that their commitment was only to maintain the extent of forests, not their biodiversity.
业界代表们申明他们只承诺维持森林的规模而不是其生物多样性。
【固定搭配】
to a large extent 在很大程度上
to some extent 在某种程度上
11. conduct v.组织；安排；实施
动词读作k n d kt。名词读作 k nd kt。
1). vt. 组织并实施
I decided to conduct an experiment.
我决定做一项实验。
2). vt. 指挥 (交响乐、合唱等)
Dennis had recently begun a successful career conducting opera.
丹尼斯最近成功地开始了指挥歌剧的生涯。
Solti continued to conduct here and abroad.
佐尔蒂继续在国内外指挥。
3). vt 传导 (热、电)
Water conducts heat faster than air.
水比空气导热快。
4）vt. 进行实施
Also up for discussion will be the conduct of free and fair elections.
还需讨论的是公平自由的选举如何进行。
5）n. 进行实施
Also up for discussion will be the conduct of free and fair elections.
还需讨论的是公平自由的选举如何进行。
6). n. (某人在某情形中的) 行为方式
For Europeans, the law is a statement of basic principles of civilized conduct.
对欧洲人来说，该法律是对基本文明行为原则的表述。
12. quit v.停止；戒掉
quit /kw t/
1) vt 辞去 (工作); 辞职
He quit his job as an office boy.
他辞去了办公室勤杂员的工作。
2). vt. 停止
A nicotine spray can help smokers quit the habit.
一种尼古丁喷剂可以帮助吸烟者戒烟。
Quit acting like you didn't know.
别装得像你不知道似的。
Quit it! That hurts!
戒掉它吧！这东西害人！
3).vt 彻底离开
Science fiction writers have long dreamed that humans might one day quit the earth to colonize other planets.
科幻小说作家们长期以来一直梦想着人类有一天可以离开地球移居到其它星球上。
13. charity / t r t / n.慈善；赈济
1) n. 慈善机构
an AIDS charity. 一个艾滋病慈善机构。
2) n. 慈善
He made substantial donations to charity.
他做了大量的慈善捐赠。
Gooch will be raising money for charity.
古奇将为慈善筹集款项。
3) n. 救济金; 救济物
Her husband is unemployed and the family depends on charity.
她的丈夫失业了，全家靠救济度日。
14. account / ka nt/
1) n. 账户
Some banks make it difficult to open an account.
有些银行使开一个账户困难重重。
2). n 客户
All three Internet agencies boast they've won major accounts.
所有的三家网络代理公司都夸口说他们已赢得了大客户。
3). n. 账目
He kept detailed accounts.
他保存了详细的账目。
15. preserve /pr z v/
1). vt 维护
We will do everything to preserve peace.
我们将竭尽全力维护和平。
2). vt. 保护
We need to preserve the forest.
我们需要保护森林。
preservation n. 维护
16. ambitious / m b s/
1). adj 雄心勃勃的
Chris is so ambitious, so determined to do it all.
克里斯是如此雄心勃勃，如此坚决地要把它做完。
2). adj 宏大的
The ambitious project was completed in only nine months.
这个宏大的项目在仅仅9个月之内就完成了。
17. attempt / t mpt/
1)vt .试图 (尤指做困难的事)
The only time that we attempted to do something like that was in the city of Philadelphia.
我们惟一一次试图做那样的事是在费城。
2). n 企图
a deliberate attempt to destabilize the defence.
蓄意削弱防御的企图。
【固定搭配】
attempt to do sth. 试图去做某事。
18. contain /k n te n/
1）. vt 有…在里面
The envelope contained a Christmas card.
该信封里装有一张圣诞贺卡。
The first two floors of the building contain retail space and a restaurant.
该大楼最底下两层有零售空间和一家餐馆。
2). vt 含有
Watermelon contains vitamins and also potassium.
西瓜含有维生素也有钾。
3). vt 控制; 阻止
More than a hundred firemen are still trying to contain the fire at the plant.
一百多名消防队员仍在努力控制工厂火势。
【短语】
1. be likely to 可能做；可能成为
The tension between the two countries is likely to remain.
两国之间的紧张局面可能持续。
2. due to 由于；因为
The coast road is closed due to bad weather.
由于天气恶劣，滨海公路暂时封闭。
3. social media 社交媒体
Social media has become a platform for advertisements.
社交媒体已经成为做广告的一个平台。
4. ice sheet 冰原；冰盖
The satellite USES radar to measure its altitude above the ice sheet.
卫星用雷达测定卫星从冰层顶部算起的高度。
5. apart from 除……之外（都）
I like all sports apart from football.
除足球外我喜欢所有的运动。
【单元语法】
省略:
为了使语言简洁、避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接，人们常把某些词省略掉，这在英语中是普遍的。
并且结构中的省略
省略主语
例如：
She went to the clinic and (she) saw a doctor.
He can speak, but can’t write, Russian.
(He can speak Russian, but can’t write it.)
A high position was offered to him, but (it) was declined.
To some life is pleasure, and to others (life is) suffering.
(二)省略整个谓语或谓语的主要部分
例如：
Either Sally must be responsible for the matter or we’ll be (responsible for the matter).
Dr Waston will meet some visitors this morning and Peter (will meet some visitors) this afternoon.
Bill, and perhaps Phil, will do it, too.( Bill will do it, and perhaps Phi will do it , too.)
Albert needn’t say, but George must (stay).
Smith will (teach modern essay), and Brown might, teach modern essay.
Smith will teach modern essay, and Brown might ( teach modern essay), too.
The text will have been carefully collated and the mistkaes (will have been) corrected by the end of the month.
(三)省略宾语及宾语连同前面的及物动词一起省略
例如：
Edison invented ( the light bulb), the manufactures produced ( the light bulb), and the inhabitants used, the light bulb.
Laura is ( teaching music), her mother has been ( teaching music), and her sister might also be, teaching music.
(四)省略表语
例如：
They’re more afraid of you than you are of them.
Nigel is (an officer in the navy), and his son will also be, an office in the navy.
George was (interested in the performance), but Jim pretended to be, interested in the performance.
(五)省略状语
例如：
Mr Oliver teaches (in Cambridge), and his son studies, in Cambridge.
The father speaks but the son only dresses like an Englishman.
= The father speaks, but the son only dresses, like an English.
(六)省略冠词
例如：
Both the old and (the) young took part in the singing competition.
Is the baby a boy or (a) girl
(七)省略介词
例如：
You may go by land or (by) water.
It is a matter of life and (of) death.
(八)省略名词
例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is for ( the plan) or against the plan.
It is the listener’s (will) rather than the speaker’s will that is questioned.
注意：指示代词this, that, these, those为限定词时，并且名词的省略。
this (book) and that book
this time and that (time)
these (chairs) and those chairs
these books and those (books)
状语从句中的省略
如果状语从句的主语和主语一致，而且状语从句谓语中有be动词，可以将状语从句的主语连同be动词一起省略。
引导这类状语从句的连词有：when, while, though, if, unless, although等。其结构式为：连词+现在分词/过去分词/介词短语/名词/代词/副词/形容词/从句+主句
例如：
Jacob stared into my eyes while he whispered, as if to communicate something besides the words he spoke.
While ( he was) doing so, he trembled a little.
When ( it is) taken according to the instructions, the drug has no side effects.
He came across the picture while an a visit to New York.
He could write poems when yet a child.
Don’t do it till too late.
He is better than when I last saw him.
I know you better than her.
He hurriedly left the room as though ( he was) very angry.
注意：1）在if it is possible或when it is necessary 等类似结构中，it is常可省略。
If ( it is) possible, we’ll build another railroad in this area.
We’ll have the old house pulled down when necessary.
Put a comma, where needed.
注意2)有些状语从句似乎有词省略，却很难说出省略了哪些词，特别是一些谚语中，例如：
Once bitten, twice shy.
More haste, less speed.
Out of sight, out of mind.
比较结构中的省略
比较结构通常是有些成分被省略，或是省略与主句相同的部分，或是省略在特定下上文或情景中某些不言而喻的部分。
最高级比较结构中的省略 或是在一定上下文中省略比较范围，或是省略最高级后
的名词。
例如：
Which do you think is the prettiest
Who lives nearest to school
—Six juicy orange, please.
—These are our juiciest (oranges).
—I know that kind-they aren’t sweet.
—I’m sorry, they’re the sweetest ( oranges) we’ve got.
(二)as… as和more than
1.省略全部谓语
例如：He had the most beautiful soul, more beautiful than his brilliant mind or his incomparable face or his glorious body.
Clara is more ambitious than I (me非正式文体).
This house is not so expensive as the other one.
2.省略部分谓语
例如：
Wasn’t anybody later than we were
Jane would do it much more quickly than I would.
3.省略主语和谓语的大部分
例如：
Things are no better than before.
The roads are much quieter here than in Loondon.
He is better than ( he was) when I last visited him.
4.下列比较分句中很难指明省略了什么。
例如：This meat is better than what we had last week.
或：This meat is better than we had last eek.
That is more than the workers could stand.
It’s far more important than how much it costs.
注意：在下列比较状语从句中可以说是省略了主语，也可以说是由as或than充当从句主语。例如：
I don’t think this is any better than was ordered.
He drove faster than was wise.
They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as could be.
名词性从句和定语从句中的省略
名词性从句中的省略
在非正式文体中，连词that在主语从句和表语从句中可以省略；连词that引出从句位于句尾，而用it作形式主语放在句首时，that可以省略；若that引出同位语从句，则that不省略。
例如：It is a pity (that) you missed the sports meeting last week.
That you missed the sports meeting last week is a pity.
The only problem is (that) you can’t eat trees!
I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon.
We’ve just heard a warning on the radio that a hurricane is likely to come.
(二)定语从句中的省略
在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词who, whom, which，that常常省略。
例如：This is the film (that/ which) I saw last Saturday.
She is the girl (who/whom/that) they were walking about at the party.
(三)关系副词that的省略
在限制性定语从句中，that可以充当关系副词，在从句中作状语，修饰时间名词time, moment, day, year,地点名词place,方式名词way或原因名词reason等，可以省略。
例如：Do you remember the time (that) /when we all went to a night club
Do you know the reason why/ (that)/ for which he was late
This is the place (that) they swam across the river.
I like the way (that) she did it.
动词不定式符号to的省略
在表示感觉的动词如：feel, hear, see, watch, observe, listen to, look at, notic以及使役
动词let, make, have等后面作宾补的不定式要省略to。但如果这些动词变为被动语态，to不省略。
例如：Harry watched her fly away for a few seconds.
I felt the house shake.
Have you noticed her cry
He was seen to take the money.
在介词but, except后的不定式，如介词前面有实义动词do，介词后跟省略to的不定
式，否则，要跟带to的不定式
例如：They did nothing but complain.
He does everything in the house except put the children to bed.
You have no choice but to wait.
当主语部分有实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略to.
例如：What we can do is (to) continue to wait.
The only thing you have to do is (to) press the button.
(四)在用and或or等连接不定式并且作用相同时，常省略后面不定式to.
例如： She started to shout and cry.
I’d like to lie down and go to sleep.
I wished to finish my business and get away.
She asked you to telephone or wire to her on Monday.
不定式符号的单独使用
为了避免重复前面已经出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号代替不定式结构，省略后面的部分。这种情况主要用于口语中。
to代替不定式作宾语，常同be afraid, care, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, mean, need,
like, plan, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等词连用。
例如：I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to (see the film).
We suggested that she reconsider the matter, but she refused to ( reconsider the matter).
I would mend your radio, but I don’t know how to ( mend it).
to代替不定式作宾语补足语(有时to也可以省略)
例如：We should like Jane to get a good degree but we don’t really expect her to (get it)
If I don’t happen to remember to ring up Mr Smith, would you remind me to
—May I go out this evening
—Yes, I’ll allow you (to).
如果不定式是to be, to have done, to have been done,就不能只用不定式符号“to”来替
代被省略的动词及动词后的部分，而要用to be, to have, to have been。
例如：Were they informed of the delay of the shipment — No, but they ought to have been.
Aren’t you director — No, and I don’t want to be!
Hasn’t he finished the work — No, but he ought to have.
用替代词的省略
在某些情况下，当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时，还需要用某个替代词。常用的替代词有： do (does), so, not, neither, nor, do so, do that, do it, one ones, the same等。
do可用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。
例如：
She speaks English more fluently than you do.(=speak English)
She speaks English more fluently than her brother does. (speak English)
Did you see the film Yes, I did. (=saw the film)
Nelson hoped that they would all do their duty to the country as Englishmen should do.(= should do their duty to the country)
so和not的替代
so可以代替单词、词组和句子，作call, expect, hope, do, fear, imagine, suppose, speak, say, tell, think, believe,be afraid, see, notice等的宾语；not代替否定的句子，用法与so相似，并可放在perhaps, probably, absolutely等副词后。这种用法也可与if连用。
例如： He must be a worker. I imagine so. (=that he is a worker)
She has not angry at first, but became so after a while. (=angry)
Has she finished reading the book I hope so. (=that she has finished reading the book)
He is a great friend of mine and I hope he will always reamain so. (=a great friend of mine)
Is he the best student in the class —I think so. (=that he is…)
I think not. (=that he is not …I don’t think he is… Perhaps not.)
They will return at the weekend.
I am afraid not. (=that he will not return at the weekend)
Please come if you can. If not (=If you can’t come), call me up.
—I was ill last week. — If so, why didn’t you tell me.
do so, do that和do it的替代
do so可以替代动词加宾语，也可以替代动词加状语，so可以用it或that所取代，it指具体事物，that表示较重的口气。
例如：
She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so. ( go with me)
Just finish off watering the flowers. And let me know when you’ve done so.(=finished off watering the flowers)
Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too. (=make the experiment)
They played cards after supper and I watched them do that. (play cards).
(四)one和that作替代词的区别
one替代人和物，that只能代替物;one只能替代可数名词，that可替代可数名词和不可数名词；one可以前有置或后置定语，that只能有后置定语；one (不加定义)表示泛指，that表示特指。
例如：
I have a brother, one in the army.
Look at the picture, that on the wall.
The novel is an interesting as the one (或that) I read last year.
The weather here is colder than that in Beijing.
This is a red pen, and I have three other blue ones.
The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday.
A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese poet.
不用替代词的省略
主语及主语和部分谓语的省略
例如：(It) Sounds funny.
(He) Who breaks pays.
(It is) Very kind of you to help me.
(I’m) Sorry, the line is busy.
(I’ve) Got it.
(二)助动词的省略
例如：（Do） You understand
(Have) Children done their homework
(三)There be的省略
例如：
（There’s） Nothing wrong with the machine.
(Is there )Anything I can do for you
(四)祈使句和感叹句中的省略，祈使句通常省略主语you
例如：Close the window!
Don’t be afraid!
You read the text!
What a wide river ( it is)!
(五)在某些虚拟语气中可以省略should
例如：
He ordered that the soldiers ( should) put out the lights immediately.
It is important that we (should) study science and technology.
（六）介词在某些词组中的省略 *
be busy (in)doing 忙于做 occupy oneself (in) doing 从事于…
employ oneself (in) doing 从事于 pass (in) doing 花…做…
have a hard time (in) doing 做…很难 prevent… (from) doing 阻止…做
have difficulty (in) doing 做…有困难 spend… (in) doing 花…做…
have fun (in) doing 做…开心 stop… (from) doing 阻止…做
have trouble (in) doing 做…有麻烦 take …(in) doing 带…去做…
lose no time (in) doing 不失时机做 waste… (in) doing 做…浪费
【语法练习】
1. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
4. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
5. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
6. When ________ , the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
7. Though ________ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
9. —You 're always e on, let's go shopping.
— ________ you ever want to do is going shopping.
A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That
10. Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work
A. he explained B. what he explained
C. how he explained D. why he explained
11. What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it.
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
12. It is easy to do the repair. ________ you need is a hammer and some nails.
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
13. That's an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ________ he's done for you.
A. something B. anything C. all D. that
14. As you've never been there before, I'll have someone ________ you the way.
A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed
15. —I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat
—Not at all, ________ .
A. I have no time B. I'd rather not C. I'd like it D. I'd be happy to
16. —Does your brother intend to study German
—Yes, he intends ________ .
A. / B. to C. so D. that
17. —Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight
— ________ .
A. Yes, I'd like to go to the Grand Theatre
B. I'd like to, but I have an exam tomorrow
C. No, I won't
D. That's right
18. —You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant ________ , but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to
19. ________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
20. ________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.
A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not
Keys: 1—5 BCDBA 6—10 AADCA 11—15 AACBD 16—20 BBBBC