Unit 2 Roads to education单元知识点讲解（上教版必修二）

Unit 2 Roads to education
【重点词汇】
1. previous / pri v s/ adj.先前的；以往的
She has a teenage daughter from a previous marriage.
她有个出自前一次婚姻的十几岁的女儿。
It was a surprisingly dry day after the rain of the previous week.
这是继前一周的降雨之后出奇干燥的一天。
2. effect / f kt/ n.效应；影响；结果
1）. n. 影响
Parents worry about the effect of music on their adolescent's behaviour.
家长们担心音乐对于其青少年子女行为的影响。
2). n. 印象 *
The whole effect is cool, light, and airy.
整体印象是凉爽、明亮和通风。
3）. n. 个人财物
His daughters were collecting his effects.
他的女儿们正在收集他的个人物品。
4). n. 特殊效果
It's got a gripping story, great acting, superb sets, and stunning effects.
电影有扣人心弦的故事情节、精湛的表演、绝妙的布景和惊人的特效。
5). vt 实现
Prospects for effecting real political change seemed to have taken a major step backwards.
实现真正政治变革的前景似乎暗淡了许多。
3. propose /pr p z/ v.提议；建议
1). vt 建议
Hamilton proposed a change in the traditional debating format.
汉密尔顿建议对传统的辩论形式作一个改变。
2). vt 打算
It's still far from clear what action the government proposes to take over the affair.
尚不清楚政府打算采取什么行动接手这件事。
3). vt. 提出; 提名
He has proposed a resolution limiting the role of U.S. troops.
他提出了一项限制美军作用的决议。
4). vt/vi 求婚
He proposed to his girlfriend over a public-address system.
他在有线广播系统上向女友求婚。
4. eager / e ɡ / adj.热切的；渴望的；渴求的
1). adj 渴望的
Robert was eager to talk about life in the Army.
罗伯特渴望谈论军旅生活。
When my own son was five years old, I became eager for another baby.
当我儿子５岁的时候，我开始渴望要另一个宝宝。
2) adj热切的
Arty sneered at the crowd of eager faces around him.
阿蒂对周围满脸热切的人们报以冷笑。
5. update v.更新
动词读作 p de t。名词读作 pde t。
1). vt 更新
He was back in the office, updating the work schedule on the computer.
他回到办公室，在计算机上更新了工作日程。
Airlines would prefer to update rather than retrain crews.
航空公司宁愿增添新机组人员而不愿对老的机组人员进行再培训。
2). n 最新消息; 快讯
She had heard the newsflash on a TV channel's news update.
她在电视频道的新闻快讯里听到了这条简短报道。
3).vt. 给…提供最新信息
We'll update you on the day's top news stories.
我们将向你提供当天的头条新闻。
6. motivate / m t ve t/ v.激励；激发; 激发…的积极性
They are motivated by a need to achieve.
他们被成功的需要激励着。
How do you motivate people to work hard and efficiently
你是如何激励人们努力而高效地工作的？
【固定搭配】
motivate sb. to do sth.
激励某人做某事
7. recognize / r k ɡ na z/
1） vt 认出
The receptionist recognized him at once.
那名接待员马上认出了他。
2）. vt. 承认
I recognize my own shortcomings.
我承认我自己的那些缺点。
3). vt.承认; 赞成
Many doctors recognize homeopathy as a legitimate form of medicine.
许多医生承认顺势疗法是一种合理的医疗形式。
France is on the point of recognizing the independence of the Baltic States.
法国即将承认波罗的海各国的独立。
8. supply /s pla /
1). vt . 供应
an agreement not to produce or supply chemical weapons.
一份不生产或不供应化学武器的协议。
2).n 补给品
What happens when food and petrol supplies run low
食物和汽油这些补给品减少时会发生什么情况呢？
3）. n. 供应
be in short supply 供应不足
Food is in short supply all over the country.
食品在全国各地都供应不足。
9. devoted /d v t d/ adj.挚爱的；忠诚的；全心全意的
1). adj 专用于…的(常和“to”形成固定搭配)
A large part of the Internet is now devoted to weblogs.
因特网的很大一部分如今都专用于网络博客。
2). 挚爱的
a loving and devoted husband.
一个忠爱的丈夫。
3）. 热衷于…的（常和“to”形成固定搭配）
I have personally been devoted to this cause for many years.
我个人多年来一直热衷于这项事业。
10. concentration / k ns n tre n/ n.专心；专注
1）. n. 专注
Neal kept interrupting, breaking my concentration.
尼尔不断打扰，打断我的注意力。
2). n. 集中
The area has one of the world's greatest concentrations of wildlife.
该地区有世界上野生生物最集中的区域之一。
3). n . 浓度
pH is a measure of the concentration of free hydrogen atoms in a solution.
pH值是溶液中游离氢原子浓度的计量单位。
【拓展】
concentrate / k ns n tre t/
1). vt/vi 集中 (心思); 专心
It was up to him to concentrate on his studies and make something of himself.
他能否专心学习并有所成就取决于他自己。
At work you need to be able to concentrate.
工作时你要能专心。
2). vt 集中 (通常用被动结构)
Italy's industrial districts are concentrated in its north-central and northeastern regions.
意大利的工业区集中在该国中北部和东北部地区。
11. promote /pr m t/ v.促进；推动
promote CET4 TEM4 ( promoting, promoted, promotes )
1）. vt. 促进
You don't have to sacrifice environmental protection to promote economic growth.
你们没有必要牺牲环保来促进经济增长。
2). vt 促销
a tour to promote his second solo album.
一场促销他第二张个人专辑的巡回演出。
3). vt t提拔/晋升
I was promoted to editor and then editorial director.
我晋升为编辑，之后又晋升为编辑部主任。
cooperation /k p re t/ n.合作；协作
【拓展】
cooperate
1）. v 合作
The U.N. had been cooperating with the State Department on a plan to find countries willing to take the refugees.
联合国和美国国务院合作，制定计划来寻找愿意接纳难民的国家。
2）. vi配合 （常和“with”一起形成固定搭配）
He agreed to cooperate with the police investigation.
他同意配合警方调查。
12. mental / m nt l/ adj.思想的；精神的；思考的；智力的；心理上的
The intellectual environment has a significant influence on the mental development of the children.
知识环境对孩子智力的发展有着重大的影响。
The mental state that had created her psychosis was no longer present.
导致她精神错乱的那种心理状态已经不见了。
mentally 智力地
I think you are mentally tired.
我觉得你的头脑累了。
12. academic / k d m k/ adj.学业的
1）. adj. 学术上的
Their academic standards are high.
他们的学术水平很高。
2). academically 学术上地
He is academically gifted.
他在学术方面有天份。
【短语】
academic research 学术研究
academic circles 学术界
academic year 学年
academic achievement 学业成就；学业成绩
academic performance 学习成绩；学业表现；学术成就
13. aware / w / adj.知道；意识到；明白
1).意识到…的 (常用be aware of…的搭配)
Smokers are well aware of the dangers to their own health.
吸烟者们都很清楚吸烟对其自身健康的那些危害。
He should have been aware of what his junior officers were doing.
他本该意识到自己部下在做什么。
2）. awareness n. 意识
The 1980s brought an awareness of green issues.
20世纪80年代有了环保意识。
3). adj . 感受到…的 (常用be aware of…的搭配)例：
She was acutely aware of the noise of the city.
她敏锐地感受到了城市的噪音。
14. addicted / d kt d/ adj.入迷的； 上瘾的
1). (吸食毒品) 成瘾的
Many of the women are addicted to heroin and cocaine.
这些妇女中的很多吸食海洛因和可卡因成瘾。
2). adj 入迷的
She had become addicted to golf.
她已经对高尔夫球入迷了。
【固定搭配】
be addicted to… 对…着迷/上瘾
15. identity /a d nt t / n.特征
Abu is not his real name, but it's one he uses to disguise his identity.
阿布不是他的真名，而是一个他用来掩盖自己身份的假名。
ID 即identity card 身份证
16. signal / s ɡn l/ v.标志；表明；预示
1）. 信号
They fired three distress signals.
他们发射了3次遇难求救信号。
As soon as it was dark, Mrs. Evans gave the signal.
天一黑，埃文斯夫人就发出了那个信号。
2）. vt (打手势或发声音) 向…示意; 发信号
Mandy started after him, signalling to Jesse to follow.
曼迪开始追赶他，示意杰西跟上。
She signalled to Ted that she was moving forward.
她向特德示意她要向前走。
3）. n. 信号
Kurdish leaders saw the visit as an important signal of support.
库尔德领导人把这次访问看作是表示支持的重要信号。
4). vt. 表示
He seemed to be signalling important shifts in U.S. government policy.
他似乎在表示美国政府的政策将会有些重大变化。
17. summarize / s m ra z/ v.总结；概括
Table 3.1 summarizes the information given above.
表3.1总结了以上所给信息。
Basically, the article can be summarized in three sentences.
基本上，这篇文章可用3句话概括。
18. master / mɑ st /
1). n主人
My master ordered me not to deliver the message except in private.
主人命令我不能传送信息，除非在私下里。
2). n 专家
She was a master of the English language.
她曾是一名英语语言专家。
3). adj 精通的
a master craftsman.
一名手艺高超的工匠。
4）. vt. 掌握；掌控
Duff soon mastered the skills of radio production.
达夫很快掌握了广播节目制作的技能。
When you have mastered one situation you have to go on to the next.
当你掌控了一种局面，你不得不继续下一个。
19. cure /kj / n.药；药物；疗法
1）. vt. 治愈 (疾病、损伤)
An operation finally cured his shin injury.
手术最终治愈了他的胫骨损伤。
2）. vt 治愈 (病人)
It is an effective treatment and could cure all the leprosy sufferers worldwide.
那是一种有效的疗法，可以治愈全世界的麻疯病患者。
Almost overnight I was cured.
几乎在一夜之间我被治愈了。
3).vt 解决
Private firms are willing to make large scale investments to help cure Russia's economic troubles.
私有公司愿意进行大规模投资来帮助解决俄罗斯的经济困难。
20. tight /ta t/ adj.严密的；严格的
1). adj 紧的；紧贴的
She walked off the plane in a miniskirt and tight top.
她穿着迷你裙和紧身上衣走下飞机。
She just fell into my arms, clutching me tight for a moment.
她就倒在了我的怀里，一时间紧紧地抓着我。
2）. tightly ADV 紧贴地
He buttoned his collar tightly round his thick neck.
他把衣领紧紧地扣在自己的粗脖子上。
Just hold tight to my hand and follow along.
只要紧紧地抓住我的手，跟着我。
21. pursue /p sju / v.追求，致力于
1）. vt执行; 贯彻
He said Japan would continue to pursue the policies laid down at the London summit.
他说日本将继续贯彻伦敦峰会上确定的方针。
2). vt 追求; 努力实现
He will pursue a trade policy that protects American workers.
他将努力实行保护美国工人的贸易政策。
3). vt 追问
If your original request is denied, don't be afraid to pursue the matter.
如果你最初的要求被拒绝了，不要害怕去追问这件事情。
4).vt 追赶
She pursued the man who had stolen a woman's bag.
她追赶那个偷了一女士钱包的男子。
【短语】
1. rock bank 摇滚乐队
2. in charge of 主管；照管；管理
He is in charge of the work.
这项工作由他抓。
3. sum up 总结；概括
To sum up, the plan falls into seven categories.
该项计划综计有七个方面。
4. fade away （人）衰弱；病重死亡
As you sink into this new activity, the pain and frustration will gradually fade away.
当你沉迷于新的活动时，痛苦和挫折感将会慢慢消失掉。
【单元语法】
分词作定语：
一、定语
定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、副词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为定语是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语和宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活。
The black bike is mine.主语（形容词作定语）
（这辆黑色的自行车是我的。）
Have you ever met anyone famous 宾语（形容词作后置定语）
（你曾经遇到过名人吗？）
说明：当形容词修饰由every-，some-，any-，no-，以及与-thing，-body，-one构成的合成词时须后置。
They made paper flowers.宾语（名词作定语）
（他们制作纸花。）
The boys in the room are in Class Three Grade One.主语（介词短语作定语）
（房间里的男孩们是一年级三班的。）
I have something to do.宾语（不定式作后置定语）
（我还有一些事要去做。）
She bought three books.宾语（数词作定语）
（她买了三本书。）
说明：不定式修饰名词时，一般放在名词后面，作后置定语。
She is a nice person to work with.（她是一个不错的工作伙伴。）
下面讲动词-ing和动词-ed形式做定语的用法。
首先说明的是动词-ing既可以是动名词，也可以是现在分词，因为二者长得一模一样，因此，在学习时要根据具体的语法意义来判断。一般来说，在表示名词属性时它是动名词，比如 a running car （一辆跑车）；强调正在发生的动作时则属于现在分词，比如 a running car (一辆正在奔跑的车)。过去分词不存在这种情况，无需区分。
二、动词-ing形式作定语
A.动词-ing形式作定语时，表示所修饰词的用途，它的位置一般是在它所修饰的词的前面。
dining room餐厅 drinking water饮用水
reading room阅览室 sitting room起居室
sleeping car卧铺车厢 smoking room吸烟室
threshing ground打谷场 waiting room候车室
walking stick手杖 writing desk写字台
B.如果是单个的动词-ing形式作定语，往往位于它所修饰的词的前面；如果是动词-ing短语作定语，则要放在它所修饰的词的后面。
The swimming boy is my younger brother.正在游泳的男孩是我的弟弟。
（swimming是单个的动词-ing形式作定语，修饰boy。）
This is the path leading to the school.这就是通往学校的小路。
（leading to the school是动词-ing短语作定语，修饰the path。）
C.动词-ing形式作定语时，含有进行和主动的意思。
a.动词-ing形式作定语表示现在正发生的动作。
The man running over there is our chairman.
=The man who is running over there is our chairman.正在朝那边跑的那个人是我们的主席。
The boy reading under a tree is an orphan.
=The boy who is reading under a tree is an orphan.正在树下看书的那个男孩是一个孤儿。
I know the young man sleeping on the bench.
=I know the young man who is sleeping on the bench.我认识正在长凳上睡觉的那个年轻人。
b.被修饰的名词与动词-ing形式在逻辑上存在主谓关系。
The road joining the two villages is very wide.
=The road that joins the two villages is very wide.连接这两个村庄的路非常宽。
They lived in a room facing north thirty years ago.
=They lived in a room which faced north thirty years ago.30年前，他们住在朝北的房间里。
注意：动词-ing形式作定语，一般不表示在谓语动词所表示动作之前或之后发生的动作。
（正）The man who came yesterday comes again.（定语从句）
（误）The man coming yesterday comes in.（动词-ing形式）
昨天来过的那个人又来了。
（the man的定语“昨天来过的”所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示动作comes之前，此时不用动词-ing形式，而要用定语从句来作the man的定语，表示这个过去发生的动作。）
The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.（定语从句）
=The students who will attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.（定语从句）
要参加会议的学生们明天到达这里。
动词-ing形式作定语有限定性和非限定性两种情况。
限定性动词-ing形式前后都没有逗号，而非限定性动词-ing形式后面有逗号。有时，这两种形式的句子有很大的区别。
His brother working as a teacher lives in Tianjin.（说明他不止有一个兄弟。）
=His brother who works as a teacher lives in Tianjin.
他当老师的哥哥住在天津。
His brother,working as a teacher,lives in Tianjin.（说明他只有一个兄弟。）
他的哥哥是个老师，住在天津。
三、过去分词作定语
1.过去分词作定语时的位置
A.当单个的过去分词作定语时，一般位于所修饰的名词之前，但有时为了强调动作，也可放在它所修饰词的后面。
Look at the broken glasses.（过去分词+名词）看看那些碎了的玻璃杯。
All the phones broken have been repaired.（名词+过去分词）所有坏掉的电话都已经修好了。
B.当过去分词短语作定语时，位于被修饰名词的后面。
I have a radio made in China.我有一台国产的收音机。
The little girl dressed in white is Mary.穿白衣服的小姑娘是玛丽。
比较：一般来讲，及物动词的动词-ing形式修饰事物，其过去分词修饰人。
a surprising result一个惊人的结果 surprised girls吃惊的姑娘们
tiring music烦人的音乐 a tired man一个疲倦的人
When they heard the exciting news,they got excited.Then the excited people shouted loudly and cheered.当他们听到这一激动人心的消息时，他们变得激动起来。然后这些激动的人们大声地叫喊、欢呼。
2.使用过去分词作定语的场合
因为过去分词只有一种形式，而它又包含完成和被动意味，所以只要符合下列条件便可使用过去分词作定语。
A.过去分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。
This is a picture painted by my father.（painted所表示的动作发生在谓语动词is之前。）
=This is a picture that was painted by my father.这是一张我父亲画的画。
The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
=The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
昨晚寄出的那封信，明天将会到他的手中。
At the party I met my schoolmate just returned from Africa.
=At the party I met my schoolmate who had just returned from Africa.
在聚会上我遇见了刚刚从非洲回来的一个校友。
People like the Great Wall built about two thousand years ago.
人们喜欢大约两千年前修建的长城。
B.过去分词表示的动作是没有一定时间性的。
Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.
进口的商品并不一定比国产的好。
【分词作定语练习】
1. The trees _____ in the storm have been moved off the road.
A. being blown down B. blown down
C. blowing down D. to blow down
2. The Emperor’s New Clothes is an ______ text. All of us are ______ about it.
A. exciting; exciting B. excited; excited
C. excited; exciting D. exciting; excited
3. With ______ leaves ______ in the earth every year, the soil becomes richer and richer.
A. falling; burying B. fallen; buried
C. fallen; burying D. falling; buried
4. —I’m very ______ with the dish I cooked. It looks nice and smells delicious.
—Mm. It does have a ______ smell.
A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased
C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant
5. I have read plenty of books ______ by Lu Xun.
A. written B. wrote C. writes D. writing
6. His nephew, ______ at sea when he was fifteen, had been his only relative.
A. losing B. loses C. lost D. being lost
7. They had beef and ______ for supper.
A. smoking fish B. fish smoking
C. fish to smoke D. smoked fish
8. She asked if there was anything _______ for tonight.
A. to plan B. planned C. that plans D. planning
9.I became ______ after watching too much television.
A. bored B. boring C. bore D. bores
10.I felt ____ by his interest in my new invention.
A. encourage B. to encourage
C. was encouraged D. encouraged
11. Don’t wake up the______ child.
A. sleep B. slept C. sleeping D. sleepy
12.Thousands of products ____ from coal are now in daily use.
A. made B. make C. making D. to make
13.Engines are machines ___ power or motion.
A. produce B. producing C. produced D. which producing
14.The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _____ as the plane was making a landing.
A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating
15.The flowers________ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
16. People ____in the city do not know the pleasure of country life.
A. live B. to live C. lived D. living
17. I smell something __________ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute
A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt
18. The music of the film______ by him sounds so ______ .
A. playing, exciting B. played, excited
C. playing, excited D. played, exciting
19.It is said that her job is ________.
A. keeping the offices clean. B. to keep the offices clean.
C. keep the offices clean. D. kept the offices clean.
20.The sound we heard last night was so_____.
A. frighten B. frightened C. to be frightened D. frightening.
答案1-5 BDBDA 6-10CDBAD 11-15CABCB 16-20DADAD