Unit 3 Progress单元知识点讲解（上教版必修二）
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2021-10-22 18:00:59 | ||
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Unit 3 Progress
【重点词汇】
1. alarming / lɑ m / adj.使人惊恐的；令人惊慌的
The disease has spread at an alarming rate.
这种疾病已经以惊人的速度传播开来。
The disease has spread at an alarming rate.
这种疾病已经以惊人的速度传播开来。
【拓展】
alarmingly adv 令人惊恐地
the alarmingly high rate of heart disease.
高得惊人的心脏病发病率。
2. rate /re t/ n.速度；进度
1). n. 比率
a rate of 70 miles an hour
2). n速度; 速度
The rate at which hair grows can be agonizingly slow.
头发生长的速度可以慢得令人苦恼。
3). n. 频率
New diet books appear at a rate of nearly one a week.
饮食方面的新书以几乎每周一本的频率出版。
4). n价格
A special weekend rate is available from mid-November.
周末特价从11月中旬就有了。
5) 评价; 被评价
Of all the men in the survey, they rate themselves the least fun-loving and the most responsible.
在所有参与调查的人中，他们认为自己是最不喜欢玩乐而最负责任的人。
Most rated it a hit.
大部分人认为那是一次辉煌的成功。
We rate him as one of the best.
我们认为他是最优秀者之一。
6). vi 被评定为; 被看作
He is generally rated the country's No. 3 industrialist.
他被大家普遍看成该国的第3大实业家。
3. predict /pr d kt/ v.预言；预告；预报
The latest opinion polls are predicting a very close contest.
最新的民意测验预言将是一场势均力敌的竞赛。
He predicted that my hair would grow back "in no time."
他预言我的头发会“马上”再长出来。
4. figure n. / f ɡ / （代表数量，尤指官方资料中的）数字
1) n数字
It would be very nice if we had a true figure of how many people in this country haven't got a job.
要是我们有一个确切的数字反映这个国家到底有多少人没有工作就好了。
It will not be long before the inflation figure starts to fall.
过不了多久，通货膨胀的数字就会开始下降。
2). 人像
a life-size bronze figure of a brooding, hooded woman.
一个真人大小、戴着头巾、正在沉思的女铜像。
3). n. 身材
Take pride in your health and your figure.
为你的健康和身材感到骄傲。
4). n 重要人物
The movement is supported by key figures in the three main political parties.
这场运动由3个主要政党的重要人物支持。
5). n 图表
If you look at a world map (see Figure 1) you can identify the major wine-producing regions.
如果你看看世界地图（见图1），你就能辨认出主要的葡萄酒生产地区。
6). vt 想
She figured that both she and Ned had learned a lot from the experience.
她想她和内德都从这次经历中学到了很多。
【拓展】
figure out 认出；分辨出
5. significant /s ɡ n f k nt/ adj
1）. 重大的; 显著的
Most 11-year-olds are not encouraged to develop reading skills; a small but significant number are illiterate.
大多数11岁的儿童没有被鼓励去培养阅读技能。有为数不多、但足以引起人们注意的数目的儿童是文盲。
2). 重要的; 说明问题的
I think it was significant that he never knew his own father.
我想他从不了解自己的父亲这一点就很说明问题。
6. unfamiliar / nf m lj / adj.陌生的；不熟悉的
1). 不太了解的
She grew many wonderful plants that were unfamiliar to me.
她种了很多我从未见过的奇异植物。
2). 对…不熟悉的 (通常和with形成固定搭配)
She speaks no Japanese and is unfamiliar with Japanese culture.
她不说日语并且不熟悉日本文化。
7. threaten / θr t n/ v.危及；对……构成威胁
1). vt 威胁
He said army officers had threatened to destroy the town.
他说军官们已威胁要摧毁这座小镇。
2). vt (坏事) 可能发生
It's threatening to rain.
天可能要下雨。
The fighting is threatening to turn into full-scale war.
这次冲突可能要演变成全面战争。
8. extinction / k st k n/ n.灭绝，绝种
1). n. (物种的) 灭绝
An operation is beginning to try to save a species of crocodile from extinction.
一项行动正在展开来拯救一个鳄鱼种类使其免遭灭绝。
2). n. (生活方式、活动的) 消亡
The loggers say their jobs are faced with extinction because of declining timber sales.
樵夫们说他们的工作因不断下降的木材销售而面临消亡。
9. contrast v. 名词读作 k ntr st。动词读作k n trɑ st。
对比；对照
1). n差别
the contrast between town and country.
城乡差别。
The two visitors provided a startling contrast in appearance.
两位来访者的外貌有惊人的不同。
2). 常用于下列短语：by contrast / in contras/ in contrast to something 相比之下
The private sector, by contrast, has plenty of money to spend.
私营部门相比之下有很多钱可花。
In contrast, the lives of girls in well-to-do families were often very sheltered.
相比之下，富裕家庭的女孩子们通常都过着养尊处优的生活。
3）vt 对比 (事物以指出不同点)
She contrasted the situation then with the present crisis.
她把过去的情况与现在的危机进行了对比。
Contrast that approach with what goes on in most organizations.
对比这个方法与大多数组织运用的方法的不同之处。
4）. vt 与…形成对比
Johnson's easy charm contrasted sharply with the prickliness of his boss.
约翰的随和与他老板的挑剔形成了鲜明的对比。
10. imply v.暗示；暗指
imply / m pla /
1）. vt 暗指
"Are you implying that I have something to do with those attacks " she asked coldly.
“你在暗指我和那些袭击有关吗？”她冷冷地问道。
2）. vt 意味着
Exports in June rose 1.5%, implying that the economy was stronger than many investors had realized.
6月份的出口额增加了1.5%，这意味着经济比许多投资者所了解的要强劲。
22. available / ve l b l/ adj.可获得的；可购得的；可找到的
Since 1978, the amount of money available to buy books has fallen by 17%.
自1978年以来，可供买书的钱已减少了17%。
The shop has about 500 autographed copies of the book available for purchase.
这家书店有大约500本该书的签名版本可供购买。
23. option / p n/ n.选择；可选择的事物
1). n 供选择的东西
He's argued from the start that the US and its allies are putting too much emphasis on the military option.
他从一开始就争论说美国及其盟国过于看重军事这个选项。
2). n. 选择权
Criminals are given the option of going to jail or facing public humiliation.
罪犯们被给予进监狱或面对公众羞辱的选择权。
11. reduce /r dju s/ v.减少，缩小（尺寸、数量、价格等）
1). vt 使变小
It reduces the risks of heart disease.
它减小了犯心脏病的危险。
2). vt使陷入（be reduced to sth.）
They were reduced to extreme poverty.
他们沦落到极度贫困的地步。
3). vt 迫使 （be reduced to doing ）
He was reduced to begging for a living.
他不得不以乞讨为生。
4). vt 使变成; 使简化为
All the buildings in the town have been reduced to rubble.
镇上所有的建筑都变成了瓦砾。
5). vt/vi 使变稠; 收汁
Boil the liquid in a small saucepan to reduce it by half.
在小炖锅中煮沸汤汁使其收到一半的量。
12. concerned /k n s nd/ adj.感兴趣的；关切的；关注的
Academics and employers are concerned that students are not sufficiently prepared for college courses.
学术界和用人单位都担心学生们对大学课程没有做好足够准备。
【拓展】
be concerned to do sth. 想做某事
We are deeply concerned to get out of this problematic situation.
我们非常想摆脱这种问题重重的局面。
13. fund /f nd/ v.为……提供资金；拨款给
1）. n (尤指为特定目的而给予某组织的) 资金
The concert will raise funds for research into AIDS.
这场音乐会将为艾滋病研究筹集资金。
a scholarship fund for undergraduate engineering students.
一笔用于工程学本科生的奖学金专项资金。
2) vt. 资助
The airport is being privately funded by a construction group.
该机场正由一建筑集团私家资助。
14. process / pr s s/ 动词义项 process读作pr s s。
1）. n 过程; 进程
There was total agreement to start the peace process as soon as possible.
全体同意尽快启动和平进程。
They decided to spread the building process over three years.
他们决定在三年内分期完成该建造过程。
It occurs in elderly men, apparently as part of the aging process.
作为衰老进程的一部分，它明显发生在老年男性身上。
2). vt. 加工
The material will be processed into plastic pellets.
该原料将被加工成塑料颗粒。
N-COUNT Process is also a noun. 过程
3).vt 处理
facilities to process the data, and the right to publish the results.
处理数据的设备和公布结果的权利。
15. contact / k nt kt/ v.联系，联结; n. 联系，联结
1). n 往来 (常和with/between联合使用)
Opposition leaders are denying any contact with the government in Kabul.
反对党领袖们在否认同喀布尔政府有任何往来。
2）. n 接触
They compared how these organisms behaved when left in contact with different materials.
他们比较了这些有机物在接触不同材料时如何表现。
The cry occurs when air is brought into contact with the baby's larynx.
当空气接触到婴儿的喉咙时，哭声就会响起。
3). adj联络用的 *
You must leave your full name and contact details when you phone.
你打电话时必须留下自己的完整姓名及用于联络的详细资料。
be in contact with someone 与…有联络
例：
He was in direct contact with the kidnappers.
他与绑匪有直接联络。
make contact with someone（与某人）联系
例：
How did you make contact with the author
你怎么跟这位作者联系的？
lose contact with someone （与某人）失去联系
Though they all live nearby, I lost contact with them really quickly.
虽然他们都住在附近，我真地很快就与他们失去了联系。
4). vt 联系
Contact the Women's Alliance for further details.
请联系妇女联合会获取详情。
16. advertise / dv ta z/ v.做广告；登广告
1). vt/vi 为…做广告; 做广告
The company is spending heavily to advertise its strongest brands.
该公司在花重金为其最强势的品牌做广告。
In 1991, the house was advertised for sale at $49,000.
在1991年，这所房子登出以4.9万美元出售的广告。
2). vi 登广告 (寻求职员、合住者等)
We advertised for staff in a local newspaper.
我们在一份地方报纸上登了广告招聘员工。
3). vt 宣传
There is no need to advertise the fact that you are a single woman.
没必要宣传你是个单身女性这一事实。
17. faithful / fe θf l/ adj.忠实地；忠诚地
She had been faithful to her promise to guard this secret.
她一直信守诺言保守着这个秘密。
【固定搭配】
be faithful to… 对…忠诚
18. official / f l/ adj.正式的；官方的；官方授权的
1). 官方的; 正式的
According to the official figures, over one thousand people died during the revolution.
根据官方数字，有一千多人在革命中丧命。
An official announcement is expected in the next few days.
一份官方声明预计会在接下来的几天内发表。
2). 副词形式是officially 正式地
The election results have still not been officially announced.
选举结果仍未正式宣布。
3）. adj 公务的
The president is in Brazil for an official two-day visit.
总统正在巴西进行为期两天的正式访问。
4) . adj 官员的
official residence of the head of state.
家元首的官邸。
5). adj 对外宣称的
They realized that the official explanation left facts unexplained.
他们意识到那个对外宣称的解释没有对事实做出解释。
6) n. 官员
A senior UN official hopes to visit Baghdad this month.
联合国一位高级官员希望本月访问巴格达。
7). n 裁判
Officials suspended the game because of safety concerns.
出于安全考虑，裁判暂停了那场比赛。
19. fluent / flu nt/ adj.（尤指外语）流利的，流畅的；熟练的
1). 流利的
She studied eight foreign languages but is fluent in only six of them.
她学了8种外语，但流利的只有其中的6种。
2) adj. 流畅的
He had emerged from being a hesitant and unsure candidate into a fluent debater.
他从一个吞吞吐吐、毫不自信的候选人成长为一位流畅的辩手。
20. exchange / ks t e nd / v.交换；交流 n. 交换；交流
1). vt 交换
We exchanged addresses.
我们交换了地址。
The two men exchanged glances.
那两个人交换了眼神。
2). n 交换
He ruled out any exchange of prisoners with the militants.
他拒绝考虑与好战分子交换囚犯。
3).n 交流
a series of sporting and cultural exchanges with Seoul.
与首尔的一系列体育和文化交流。
【重点短语】
1. spring roll 春卷
2. silicon chip 硅片
3. solar-power battery 太阳能电池
4. look forward to 盼望；期待
I'm so glad you join us today and we look forward to seeing you again at the next Inner Core.
感谢大家参与我们的讲座,我们下次见。
5. mother tongue 母语
【单元语法】
动词-ing做状语
上一单元我们在学习动词-ing做定语时，对动名词的v-ing和现在分词的v-ing做了区分，因为二者长得一模一样并且都可以做定语，故而进行了区分，这样可以更好的从语法意义上把握理解，今天的v-ing做状语，基本上就没动名词v-ing什么事儿了。因为作状语是的v-ing通常都是现在分词表示。
1.动词-ing形式作时间状语
动词-ing形式作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，几乎每个动词-ing形式作时间状语时，都可以转换为一个时间状语从句，特别是动词-ing形式的完成式。要特别注意动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作之间的时间关系。
动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系 动词-ing短语的含义 动词-ing形式的位置
动词-ing形式所表示的动作一发生，谓语动词表示的动作就立即发生，用动词-ing形式的一般形式作状语 意为“当……的时候”，可以转换成“on+动词-ing”结构 放在句首
常用的这类动词多是表示一个极短暂动作的动词：
arrive到达 close关闭 hear听见 leave离开 open打开 return归还 see看见
动词-ing形式：Hearing the bad news,they couldn’t help crying.
时间状语从句：When they heard the bad news,they couldn’t help crying.
on+动词-ing：On hearing the bad news,they couldn’t help crying.
当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。
动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系 动词-ing短语的含义 动词-ing形式的位置
动词-ing形式所表示的动作在进行过程中，谓语动词表示的动作发生了，在这种情况下，可以用动词-ing形式短语作状语，但一般在它的前面加上when或while 意为“当……的时候” 放在句首、句末均可
动词-ing形式：Be careful when crossing the street.
时间状语从句：Be careful when you are crossing the street.过马路时要小心。
动词-ing形式：While playing the piano,she got very excited.
时间状语从句：While she was playing the piano,she got very excited.
当她弹钢琴时（过程中），她变得十分兴奋。
动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系 动词-ing短语的含义 动词-ing形式的位置
在动词-ing形式所表示的动作完成之后，谓语动词所表示的动作才发生，用动词-ing形式的完成式作状语 意为“在……之后”，可转换成“after+动词-ing”结构 放在句首、句末均可
动词-ing形式：Having turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.
时间状语从句：After he had turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.
after+动词-ing：After turning off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.
关上收音机之后，他开始温习功课。
动词-ing形式：Having received his letter,I decided to write back.
①Having watered the flowers(＝After／When he had watered the flowers)，he began to cut the grass.
他把花浇好后，开始割草。
②Having eaten his dinner，the boy rushed out.
那男孩吃完了饭就跑出去了。
时间状语从句：After I had received his letter,I decided to write back.
after+动词-ing：After receiving his letter,I decided to write back.
收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。
2.动词-ing形式作原因状语
动词-ing形式作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句，同时也可以转变为一个原因状语从句，动词-ing形式的完成式也经常用来作原因状语。和作时间状语一样，也要注意动词-ing形式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作的时间关系。
A.动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或者几乎同时发生时，用动词-ing形式的一般式。
动词-ing形式：Not recognizing the voice,he refused to give the person his address.
原因状语从句：Because he didn’t recognize the voice,he refused to give the person his address.
因为没听出这个人的声音，所以他没把自己的地址给他。
动词-ing形式：Being so angry,he couldn’t go to sleep.
原因状语从句：Because he was so angry,he couldn’t go to sleep.
他因为太生气了而不能入睡。
动词-ing形式：Forgetting his manners,he put his feet up on the desk.
原因状语从句：As he forgot his manners,he put his feet up on the desk.
此时他忘记了风度，一抬腿把脚放在了书桌上。
补充：若作状语的动词-ing形式含有心理活动的意义，则这个状语一般是表示原因的，如：know，think，forget，learn等。
B.动词-ing形式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，用动词-ing形式的完成式。
动词-ing形式：Having been to the Great Wall many times,he didn’t go (there) last week.
原因状语从句：Because/As he had been to the Great Wall many times,he didn’t go (there) last week.他已去过长城许多次了，故上周他没去。
动词-ing形式：Not having received his father’s letter,he decided to make a call to him.
原因状语从句：Because he hadn’t received his father’s letter,he decided to make a call to him.
因为没收到父亲的信，所以他决定打个电话给父亲。
3.动词-ing形式作让步状语
动词-ing形式作让步状语时，相当于一个让步状语从句。有时，动词-ing形式前可带有连词although，whether，even if，even though。
动词-ing形式：Although working from morning till night,his father didn’t get enough food.
让步状语从句：Although his father worked from morning till night,he didn’t get enough food.
虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命干，但还不能糊口。
4.动词-ing形式作方式或伴随状语
动词-ing形式表示方式或伴随情况是比较常见的，它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。此时，一般情况下，动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。它没有相应的状语从句可转换，但可以用并列句来转换。
动词-ing形式：They came into the classroom,singing and laughing.
并列句：They sang and laughed； they came into the classroom.他们又唱又笑地走进教室。
注意：在动词-ing形式表示方式或伴随情况时，动词-ing形式表示的是次要动作，而谓语动词表示的是主要动作。在上例中，came（进来）是主要动作，singing，laughing是次要动作，是伴随着came这一动作而有的。所以这句不能写为：
（误）They sang and laughed,coming into the classroom.
5.动词-ing形式作结果状语
动词-ing形式作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间有逗号。有时为了突出结果，分词前带有thus。它可以转换为结果状语从句。
动词-ing形式：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,thus causing the delay.
结果状语从句：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,so it caused the delay.
公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽搁了。
6. 作条件状语
Taking(＝If you take)the path that leads out of the town，you will come to a dense wood.
如果你沿着通向郊外的小道前进，就会走到一片密林处。
7. 起补充说明作用
现在分词短语起补充说明的作用与伴随状语有些相似，但严格地说，它不是伴随状语，因为它所表达的情景不与句子的动作相伴而产生，实际上，它起着补充说明的作用，相当于一个并列分句，但比分句简洁、明快。例如：
①My train leaves at six，arriving in Chicago at ten.＝...and will arrive in Chicago at ten.
②The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.＝...and added that he had enjoyed his stay here.
【重点词汇】
1. alarming / lɑ m / adj.使人惊恐的；令人惊慌的
The disease has spread at an alarming rate.
这种疾病已经以惊人的速度传播开来。
The disease has spread at an alarming rate.
这种疾病已经以惊人的速度传播开来。
【拓展】
alarmingly adv 令人惊恐地
the alarmingly high rate of heart disease.
高得惊人的心脏病发病率。
2. rate /re t/ n.速度；进度
1). n. 比率
a rate of 70 miles an hour
2). n速度; 速度
The rate at which hair grows can be agonizingly slow.
头发生长的速度可以慢得令人苦恼。
3). n. 频率
New diet books appear at a rate of nearly one a week.
饮食方面的新书以几乎每周一本的频率出版。
4). n价格
A special weekend rate is available from mid-November.
周末特价从11月中旬就有了。
5) 评价; 被评价
Of all the men in the survey, they rate themselves the least fun-loving and the most responsible.
在所有参与调查的人中，他们认为自己是最不喜欢玩乐而最负责任的人。
Most rated it a hit.
大部分人认为那是一次辉煌的成功。
We rate him as one of the best.
我们认为他是最优秀者之一。
6). vi 被评定为; 被看作
He is generally rated the country's No. 3 industrialist.
他被大家普遍看成该国的第3大实业家。
3. predict /pr d kt/ v.预言；预告；预报
The latest opinion polls are predicting a very close contest.
最新的民意测验预言将是一场势均力敌的竞赛。
He predicted that my hair would grow back "in no time."
他预言我的头发会“马上”再长出来。
4. figure n. / f ɡ / （代表数量，尤指官方资料中的）数字
1) n数字
It would be very nice if we had a true figure of how many people in this country haven't got a job.
要是我们有一个确切的数字反映这个国家到底有多少人没有工作就好了。
It will not be long before the inflation figure starts to fall.
过不了多久，通货膨胀的数字就会开始下降。
2). 人像
a life-size bronze figure of a brooding, hooded woman.
一个真人大小、戴着头巾、正在沉思的女铜像。
3). n. 身材
Take pride in your health and your figure.
为你的健康和身材感到骄傲。
4). n 重要人物
The movement is supported by key figures in the three main political parties.
这场运动由3个主要政党的重要人物支持。
5). n 图表
If you look at a world map (see Figure 1) you can identify the major wine-producing regions.
如果你看看世界地图（见图1），你就能辨认出主要的葡萄酒生产地区。
6). vt 想
She figured that both she and Ned had learned a lot from the experience.
她想她和内德都从这次经历中学到了很多。
【拓展】
figure out 认出；分辨出
5. significant /s ɡ n f k nt/ adj
1）. 重大的; 显著的
Most 11-year-olds are not encouraged to develop reading skills; a small but significant number are illiterate.
大多数11岁的儿童没有被鼓励去培养阅读技能。有为数不多、但足以引起人们注意的数目的儿童是文盲。
2). 重要的; 说明问题的
I think it was significant that he never knew his own father.
我想他从不了解自己的父亲这一点就很说明问题。
6. unfamiliar / nf m lj / adj.陌生的；不熟悉的
1). 不太了解的
She grew many wonderful plants that were unfamiliar to me.
她种了很多我从未见过的奇异植物。
2). 对…不熟悉的 (通常和with形成固定搭配)
She speaks no Japanese and is unfamiliar with Japanese culture.
她不说日语并且不熟悉日本文化。
7. threaten / θr t n/ v.危及；对……构成威胁
1). vt 威胁
He said army officers had threatened to destroy the town.
他说军官们已威胁要摧毁这座小镇。
2). vt (坏事) 可能发生
It's threatening to rain.
天可能要下雨。
The fighting is threatening to turn into full-scale war.
这次冲突可能要演变成全面战争。
8. extinction / k st k n/ n.灭绝，绝种
1). n. (物种的) 灭绝
An operation is beginning to try to save a species of crocodile from extinction.
一项行动正在展开来拯救一个鳄鱼种类使其免遭灭绝。
2). n. (生活方式、活动的) 消亡
The loggers say their jobs are faced with extinction because of declining timber sales.
樵夫们说他们的工作因不断下降的木材销售而面临消亡。
9. contrast v. 名词读作 k ntr st。动词读作k n trɑ st。
对比；对照
1). n差别
the contrast between town and country.
城乡差别。
The two visitors provided a startling contrast in appearance.
两位来访者的外貌有惊人的不同。
2). 常用于下列短语：by contrast / in contras/ in contrast to something 相比之下
The private sector, by contrast, has plenty of money to spend.
私营部门相比之下有很多钱可花。
In contrast, the lives of girls in well-to-do families were often very sheltered.
相比之下，富裕家庭的女孩子们通常都过着养尊处优的生活。
3）vt 对比 (事物以指出不同点)
She contrasted the situation then with the present crisis.
她把过去的情况与现在的危机进行了对比。
Contrast that approach with what goes on in most organizations.
对比这个方法与大多数组织运用的方法的不同之处。
4）. vt 与…形成对比
Johnson's easy charm contrasted sharply with the prickliness of his boss.
约翰的随和与他老板的挑剔形成了鲜明的对比。
10. imply v.暗示；暗指
imply / m pla /
1）. vt 暗指
"Are you implying that I have something to do with those attacks " she asked coldly.
“你在暗指我和那些袭击有关吗？”她冷冷地问道。
2）. vt 意味着
Exports in June rose 1.5%, implying that the economy was stronger than many investors had realized.
6月份的出口额增加了1.5%，这意味着经济比许多投资者所了解的要强劲。
22. available / ve l b l/ adj.可获得的；可购得的；可找到的
Since 1978, the amount of money available to buy books has fallen by 17%.
自1978年以来，可供买书的钱已减少了17%。
The shop has about 500 autographed copies of the book available for purchase.
这家书店有大约500本该书的签名版本可供购买。
23. option / p n/ n.选择；可选择的事物
1). n 供选择的东西
He's argued from the start that the US and its allies are putting too much emphasis on the military option.
他从一开始就争论说美国及其盟国过于看重军事这个选项。
2). n. 选择权
Criminals are given the option of going to jail or facing public humiliation.
罪犯们被给予进监狱或面对公众羞辱的选择权。
11. reduce /r dju s/ v.减少，缩小（尺寸、数量、价格等）
1). vt 使变小
It reduces the risks of heart disease.
它减小了犯心脏病的危险。
2). vt使陷入（be reduced to sth.）
They were reduced to extreme poverty.
他们沦落到极度贫困的地步。
3). vt 迫使 （be reduced to doing ）
He was reduced to begging for a living.
他不得不以乞讨为生。
4). vt 使变成; 使简化为
All the buildings in the town have been reduced to rubble.
镇上所有的建筑都变成了瓦砾。
5). vt/vi 使变稠; 收汁
Boil the liquid in a small saucepan to reduce it by half.
在小炖锅中煮沸汤汁使其收到一半的量。
12. concerned /k n s nd/ adj.感兴趣的；关切的；关注的
Academics and employers are concerned that students are not sufficiently prepared for college courses.
学术界和用人单位都担心学生们对大学课程没有做好足够准备。
【拓展】
be concerned to do sth. 想做某事
We are deeply concerned to get out of this problematic situation.
我们非常想摆脱这种问题重重的局面。
13. fund /f nd/ v.为……提供资金；拨款给
1）. n (尤指为特定目的而给予某组织的) 资金
The concert will raise funds for research into AIDS.
这场音乐会将为艾滋病研究筹集资金。
a scholarship fund for undergraduate engineering students.
一笔用于工程学本科生的奖学金专项资金。
2) vt. 资助
The airport is being privately funded by a construction group.
该机场正由一建筑集团私家资助。
14. process / pr s s/ 动词义项 process读作pr s s。
1）. n 过程; 进程
There was total agreement to start the peace process as soon as possible.
全体同意尽快启动和平进程。
They decided to spread the building process over three years.
他们决定在三年内分期完成该建造过程。
It occurs in elderly men, apparently as part of the aging process.
作为衰老进程的一部分，它明显发生在老年男性身上。
2). vt. 加工
The material will be processed into plastic pellets.
该原料将被加工成塑料颗粒。
N-COUNT Process is also a noun. 过程
3).vt 处理
facilities to process the data, and the right to publish the results.
处理数据的设备和公布结果的权利。
15. contact / k nt kt/ v.联系，联结; n. 联系，联结
1). n 往来 (常和with/between联合使用)
Opposition leaders are denying any contact with the government in Kabul.
反对党领袖们在否认同喀布尔政府有任何往来。
2）. n 接触
They compared how these organisms behaved when left in contact with different materials.
他们比较了这些有机物在接触不同材料时如何表现。
The cry occurs when air is brought into contact with the baby's larynx.
当空气接触到婴儿的喉咙时，哭声就会响起。
3). adj联络用的 *
You must leave your full name and contact details when you phone.
你打电话时必须留下自己的完整姓名及用于联络的详细资料。
be in contact with someone 与…有联络
例：
He was in direct contact with the kidnappers.
他与绑匪有直接联络。
make contact with someone（与某人）联系
例：
How did you make contact with the author
你怎么跟这位作者联系的？
lose contact with someone （与某人）失去联系
Though they all live nearby, I lost contact with them really quickly.
虽然他们都住在附近，我真地很快就与他们失去了联系。
4). vt 联系
Contact the Women's Alliance for further details.
请联系妇女联合会获取详情。
16. advertise / dv ta z/ v.做广告；登广告
1). vt/vi 为…做广告; 做广告
The company is spending heavily to advertise its strongest brands.
该公司在花重金为其最强势的品牌做广告。
In 1991, the house was advertised for sale at $49,000.
在1991年，这所房子登出以4.9万美元出售的广告。
2). vi 登广告 (寻求职员、合住者等)
We advertised for staff in a local newspaper.
我们在一份地方报纸上登了广告招聘员工。
3). vt 宣传
There is no need to advertise the fact that you are a single woman.
没必要宣传你是个单身女性这一事实。
17. faithful / fe θf l/ adj.忠实地；忠诚地
She had been faithful to her promise to guard this secret.
她一直信守诺言保守着这个秘密。
【固定搭配】
be faithful to… 对…忠诚
18. official / f l/ adj.正式的；官方的；官方授权的
1). 官方的; 正式的
According to the official figures, over one thousand people died during the revolution.
根据官方数字，有一千多人在革命中丧命。
An official announcement is expected in the next few days.
一份官方声明预计会在接下来的几天内发表。
2). 副词形式是officially 正式地
The election results have still not been officially announced.
选举结果仍未正式宣布。
3）. adj 公务的
The president is in Brazil for an official two-day visit.
总统正在巴西进行为期两天的正式访问。
4) . adj 官员的
official residence of the head of state.
家元首的官邸。
5). adj 对外宣称的
They realized that the official explanation left facts unexplained.
他们意识到那个对外宣称的解释没有对事实做出解释。
6) n. 官员
A senior UN official hopes to visit Baghdad this month.
联合国一位高级官员希望本月访问巴格达。
7). n 裁判
Officials suspended the game because of safety concerns.
出于安全考虑，裁判暂停了那场比赛。
19. fluent / flu nt/ adj.（尤指外语）流利的，流畅的；熟练的
1). 流利的
She studied eight foreign languages but is fluent in only six of them.
她学了8种外语，但流利的只有其中的6种。
2) adj. 流畅的
He had emerged from being a hesitant and unsure candidate into a fluent debater.
他从一个吞吞吐吐、毫不自信的候选人成长为一位流畅的辩手。
20. exchange / ks t e nd / v.交换；交流 n. 交换；交流
1). vt 交换
We exchanged addresses.
我们交换了地址。
The two men exchanged glances.
那两个人交换了眼神。
2). n 交换
He ruled out any exchange of prisoners with the militants.
他拒绝考虑与好战分子交换囚犯。
3).n 交流
a series of sporting and cultural exchanges with Seoul.
与首尔的一系列体育和文化交流。
【重点短语】
1. spring roll 春卷
2. silicon chip 硅片
3. solar-power battery 太阳能电池
4. look forward to 盼望；期待
I'm so glad you join us today and we look forward to seeing you again at the next Inner Core.
感谢大家参与我们的讲座,我们下次见。
5. mother tongue 母语
【单元语法】
动词-ing做状语
上一单元我们在学习动词-ing做定语时，对动名词的v-ing和现在分词的v-ing做了区分，因为二者长得一模一样并且都可以做定语，故而进行了区分，这样可以更好的从语法意义上把握理解，今天的v-ing做状语，基本上就没动名词v-ing什么事儿了。因为作状语是的v-ing通常都是现在分词表示。
1.动词-ing形式作时间状语
动词-ing形式作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，几乎每个动词-ing形式作时间状语时，都可以转换为一个时间状语从句，特别是动词-ing形式的完成式。要特别注意动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作之间的时间关系。
动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系 动词-ing短语的含义 动词-ing形式的位置
动词-ing形式所表示的动作一发生，谓语动词表示的动作就立即发生，用动词-ing形式的一般形式作状语 意为“当……的时候”，可以转换成“on+动词-ing”结构 放在句首
常用的这类动词多是表示一个极短暂动作的动词：
arrive到达 close关闭 hear听见 leave离开 open打开 return归还 see看见
动词-ing形式：Hearing the bad news,they couldn’t help crying.
时间状语从句：When they heard the bad news,they couldn’t help crying.
on+动词-ing：On hearing the bad news,they couldn’t help crying.
当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。
动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系 动词-ing短语的含义 动词-ing形式的位置
动词-ing形式所表示的动作在进行过程中，谓语动词表示的动作发生了，在这种情况下，可以用动词-ing形式短语作状语，但一般在它的前面加上when或while 意为“当……的时候” 放在句首、句末均可
动词-ing形式：Be careful when crossing the street.
时间状语从句：Be careful when you are crossing the street.过马路时要小心。
动词-ing形式：While playing the piano,she got very excited.
时间状语从句：While she was playing the piano,she got very excited.
当她弹钢琴时（过程中），她变得十分兴奋。
动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系 动词-ing短语的含义 动词-ing形式的位置
在动词-ing形式所表示的动作完成之后，谓语动词所表示的动作才发生，用动词-ing形式的完成式作状语 意为“在……之后”，可转换成“after+动词-ing”结构 放在句首、句末均可
动词-ing形式：Having turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.
时间状语从句：After he had turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.
after+动词-ing：After turning off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.
关上收音机之后，他开始温习功课。
动词-ing形式：Having received his letter,I decided to write back.
①Having watered the flowers(＝After／When he had watered the flowers)，he began to cut the grass.
他把花浇好后，开始割草。
②Having eaten his dinner，the boy rushed out.
那男孩吃完了饭就跑出去了。
时间状语从句：After I had received his letter,I decided to write back.
after+动词-ing：After receiving his letter,I decided to write back.
收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。
2.动词-ing形式作原因状语
动词-ing形式作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句，同时也可以转变为一个原因状语从句，动词-ing形式的完成式也经常用来作原因状语。和作时间状语一样，也要注意动词-ing形式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作的时间关系。
A.动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或者几乎同时发生时，用动词-ing形式的一般式。
动词-ing形式：Not recognizing the voice,he refused to give the person his address.
原因状语从句：Because he didn’t recognize the voice,he refused to give the person his address.
因为没听出这个人的声音，所以他没把自己的地址给他。
动词-ing形式：Being so angry,he couldn’t go to sleep.
原因状语从句：Because he was so angry,he couldn’t go to sleep.
他因为太生气了而不能入睡。
动词-ing形式：Forgetting his manners,he put his feet up on the desk.
原因状语从句：As he forgot his manners,he put his feet up on the desk.
此时他忘记了风度，一抬腿把脚放在了书桌上。
补充：若作状语的动词-ing形式含有心理活动的意义，则这个状语一般是表示原因的，如：know，think，forget，learn等。
B.动词-ing形式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，用动词-ing形式的完成式。
动词-ing形式：Having been to the Great Wall many times,he didn’t go (there) last week.
原因状语从句：Because/As he had been to the Great Wall many times,he didn’t go (there) last week.他已去过长城许多次了，故上周他没去。
动词-ing形式：Not having received his father’s letter,he decided to make a call to him.
原因状语从句：Because he hadn’t received his father’s letter,he decided to make a call to him.
因为没收到父亲的信，所以他决定打个电话给父亲。
3.动词-ing形式作让步状语
动词-ing形式作让步状语时，相当于一个让步状语从句。有时，动词-ing形式前可带有连词although，whether，even if，even though。
动词-ing形式：Although working from morning till night,his father didn’t get enough food.
让步状语从句：Although his father worked from morning till night,he didn’t get enough food.
虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命干，但还不能糊口。
4.动词-ing形式作方式或伴随状语
动词-ing形式表示方式或伴随情况是比较常见的，它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。此时，一般情况下，动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。它没有相应的状语从句可转换，但可以用并列句来转换。
动词-ing形式：They came into the classroom,singing and laughing.
并列句：They sang and laughed； they came into the classroom.他们又唱又笑地走进教室。
注意：在动词-ing形式表示方式或伴随情况时，动词-ing形式表示的是次要动作，而谓语动词表示的是主要动作。在上例中，came（进来）是主要动作，singing，laughing是次要动作，是伴随着came这一动作而有的。所以这句不能写为：
（误）They sang and laughed,coming into the classroom.
5.动词-ing形式作结果状语
动词-ing形式作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间有逗号。有时为了突出结果，分词前带有thus。它可以转换为结果状语从句。
动词-ing形式：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,thus causing the delay.
结果状语从句：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,so it caused the delay.
公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽搁了。
6. 作条件状语
Taking(＝If you take)the path that leads out of the town，you will come to a dense wood.
如果你沿着通向郊外的小道前进，就会走到一片密林处。
7. 起补充说明作用
现在分词短语起补充说明的作用与伴随状语有些相似，但严格地说，它不是伴随状语，因为它所表达的情景不与句子的动作相伴而产生，实际上，它起着补充说明的作用，相当于一个并列分句，但比分句简洁、明快。例如：
①My train leaves at six，arriving in Chicago at ten.＝...and will arrive in Chicago at ten.
②The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.＝...and added that he had enjoyed his stay here.