Unit 4 Achievements单元知识点讲解（上教版必修二）
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| 名称 | Unit 4 Achievements单元知识点讲解（上教版必修二） |  | |
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| 版本资源 | 上教版（2020） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2021-10-22 18:00:59 | ||
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Unit 4 Achievements
【重点词汇】
1. attract / tr kt/ v.吸引；使喜爱
1）. vt. 吸引
The Cardiff Bay project is attracting many visitors.
加的夫湾工程吸引着众多的参观者。
2). vt. 引起…的兴趣
He wasn't sure he'd got it right, although the theory attracted him by its logic.
他不能确定自己理解是否正确，尽管该理论的逻辑推理引起了他的兴趣。
【拓展】
attractive adj 有吸引力的
2. target / tɑ ɡ t/ n.（攻击的）目标，对象
1）. 靶; (攻击的) 目标
The village lies beside a main road, making it an easy target for bandits.
该村位于大路边，容易成为匪徒攻击的目标。
2）. vt 把…作为攻击目标; 把…作为批评对象
Republicans targeted her as vulnerable in her bid for reelection this year.
共和党人认为她在今年的再次参选中是不堪一击的攻击目标。
3). vt 以 (某特定人群) 为目标; 针对
The campaign will target American insurance companies.
这场运动将以美国的保险公司为目标。
3. approach / pr t / v.（在距离或时间上）靠近，接近
1). 靠近；接近
He didn't approach the front door at once.
他没有立即走近前门。
When I approached, they grew silent.
当我走近时，他们变得沉默了。
2）.n. 靠近；接近
At their approach the little boy ran away and hid.
当他们走近时，那个小男孩跑开了并藏了起来。
3）. vt 与…接洽 (approach someone about something./to do sth.)
When Brown approached me about the job, my first reaction was of disbelief.
当布朗为这份工作找我时，我的第一反应是不相信。
He approached me to create and design the restaurant.
他来找我创办并设计那家餐馆。
4) vt. 处理
The Bank has approached the issue in a practical way.
该银行已经务实地处理了这个问题。
5). vi临近
As autumn approached, the plants and colours in the garden changed.
秋天渐近，花园里的植物与色调发生了变化。
6). n 临近
the festive spirit that permeated the house with the approach of Christmas.
随着圣诞节的临近而弥漫在这所房子里的节日气氛。
7). vt逐渐接近 (某时间或事件)
There is a need for understanding and cooperation as we approach the summit.
在我们即将参加峰会之际需要理解与合作。
8). n 路径
The path serves as an approach to the boathouse.
这条小路是通向那个船库的一条路径。
9). n. 方式
We will be exploring different approaches to gathering information.
我们将探索收集信息的不同方法。
4. attack / t k/ v/ n.袭击；攻击
1). vt 攻击
Fifty civilians in Masawa were killed when government planes attacked the town.
马萨瓦50名平民在政府飞机袭击该市时丧生。
He bundled the old lady into her hallway and brutally attacked her.
他把老太太推进她家门厅里，并且野蛮地袭击了她。
They found the least defended area and attacked.
他们找到了防守最薄弱的地区发动了攻击。
2). n. 攻击
a campaign of air attacks on strategic targets.
对战略目标的空袭行动。
3) vt. 抨击
He publicly attacked the people who've been calling for secret ballot nominations.
他公开抨击了那些一直要求秘密投票提名的人。
5. sharp / ɑ p/ adj.
1). 锋利的
With a sharp knife, make diagonal slashes in the chicken breast.
用锋利的刀子斜着切开鸡胸脯。
2). 尖的
His nose was thin and sharp.
他的鼻子又细又尖。
3). 急剧的 (转弯)
I was approaching a fairly sharp bend that swept downhill to the left.
我那时正接近一个朝山下向左急转的弯道。
4). 机敏的
He is very sharp, a quick thinker and swift with repartee.
他很机敏、思维敏捷并且能机智应答。
5). (说话、措辞等) 严厉的
"Don't contradict your mother," was Charles's sharp reprimand.
“不要顶撞你的母亲，”查尔斯严厉的斥责。
6. wrap /r p/ v.包； 用……缠绕（或围紧）
1）. vt 包
Harry had carefully bought and wrapped presents for Mark to give the children.
哈里已精心为马克买好、包好那些给孩子们的礼物。
2）. vt用…包裹
She wrapped a handkerchief around her bleeding palm in an effort to protect it.
她用手帕包扎她那流血的手掌来保护它。
7. bleed /bli d/ v.流血；失血
1）. vi流血
His head had struck the sink and was bleeding.
他的头撞到了洗脸池上，正在流血。
He was bleeding profusely.
他正大量流血。
2). v榨取 (钱财)
We have been gradually bled for twelve years.
12年来，我们被逐渐榨尽了钱财。
8. bite /ba t/ v.咬 ( biting, bit, bitten, bites )
Both sisters bit their nails as children.
这两姐妹在孩童时都啃指甲。
He bit into his sandwich.
他咬了一口三明治。
例：
Every year in this country more than 50,000 children are bitten by dogs.
每年这个国家有五万多个孩子被狗咬伤。
2). n 咬 （常和take搭配）
He took another bite of apple.
他又咬了一口苹果。
3）. n. 一口的量
Look forward to eating the food and enjoy every bite.
盼望吃到那个食品并享受吃它的每一口。
9. intelligent / n t l d nt/ adj.
1). 有智慧的
Susan's a very bright and intelligent woman who knows her own mind.
苏珊是一个非常聪明伶俐而且清楚自己想法的女人。
2).智能的
Intelligent computers will soon be an indispensable diagnostic tool for every doctor.
智能计算机很快将会成为每位医生必不可少的诊断工具。
10. struggle / str ɡ l/ v.搏斗；扭打；挣扎脱身
1). vt/ vi努力; 斗争
They had to struggle against all kinds of adversity.
他们不得不同各种困境斗争。
2). n 努力; 斗争
Life became a struggle for survival.
生活变成了一场争取生存的斗争。
a young boy's struggle to support his poverty-stricken family.
一个年轻男孩为支撑自己贫穷的家庭所做的努力。
3）.n. 很费劲的事
Losing weight was a terrible struggle.
减肥是件很费劲的事。
11. maintain /me n te n/ v.维持；保持
1). vt保持;维持
After the divorce, their father still maintained close contact with the boys.
离婚后，他们的父亲仍和儿子们保持着密切联系。
The government was right to maintain interest rates at a high level.
该政府将利率维持在一个高的层面是正确的。
2). vt 坚持说; 坚持认为
He has maintained that the money was donated for international purposes.
他坚持说这笔钱是出于国际目的而捐助的。
3）. vt 维修; 保养
The house costs a fortune to maintain.
维修这房子花费巨大。
4）. vt 供养
the basic costs of maintaining a child.
供养一个孩子的基本费用。
12. outstanding / a t st nd / adj.优秀的，杰出的；出色的
Derartu is an outstanding athlete and deserved to win.
德拉图是位杰出的运动员，他理应获胜。
【拓展】
outstanding adj 尚未偿还的; 尚未解决的
The total debt outstanding is $70 billion.
尚未偿还的总债务额是700亿美元。
We still have some outstanding issues to resolve before we'll have a treaty that is ready to sign.
我们在签署这份条约之前还有一些悬而未决的问题要解决。
13. request /r kw st/ v/ n.（正式或礼貌的）要求，请求
1). vt 请求; 正式要求
Mr. Dennis said he had requested access to a telephone.
丹尼斯先生说他已正式要求要能够使用一部电话。
2). vt 要求
Students are requested to park at the rear of the building.
学生们被要求在那座楼后面停车。
3). n 请求
France had agreed to his request for political asylum.
法国已经同意了他政治避难的请求。
at someone's request 应某人的要求
例：
The evacuation is being organized at the request of the United Nations Secretary General.
应联合国秘书长的要求，该撤离正在进行中。
on request 应要求
Details are available on request.
详情备索。
14. realistic / r l st k/ adj.现实的；实际的；实事求是的
1). adj . 现实的; 务实的
Police have to be realistic about violent crime.
警察对暴力犯罪不得不采取务实的态度。
2). adj 现实可行的
A more realistic figure is 11 million.
一个更现实可行的数字是1100万。
3). adj. 逼真的
extraordinarily realistic paintings of Indians.
关于印第安人的极其逼真的绘画。
15. professional /pr f n l/ adj.专业的；职业的
1).有关职业的
His professional career started at Colgate University.
他的职业生涯始于科尔盖特大学。
2). adj 专业的 (人士)
highly qualified professional people like doctors and engineers.
像医生和工程师这样高资历的专业人士。
3). n 专业人士
My father wanted me to become a professional and have more stability.
我父亲希望我成为一名专业人士，有更多稳定性。
4). adj 职业的 (运动员等)
This has been my worst time for injuries since I started as a professional player.
这是我成为职业球员以来受伤最严重的一次。
16. permanently / p m n nt/ adv.永久地；永恒地
His confidence had been permanently affected by the ordeal.
他的信心已永久地被这次磨难影响了。
17. setback / s tb k/ n.挫折；阻碍
The move represents a setback for the Middle East peace process.
此举意味着中东和平进程的倒退。
18. title / ta t l/ n.（书、诗歌、图画、乐曲等的）名称，标题，题目
1). n标题
"Patience and Sarah" was first published in 1969 under the title "A Place for Us."
《耐心与萨拉》于1969年以《我们的地方》为书名首次出版。
2）. vt 给…加标题
Pirandello titled his play "Six Characters in Search of an Author."
皮兰德娄将其戏剧命名为《六个寻找作者的剧中人》。
The single is titled "White Love."
这支单曲名为《白色之恋》。
3). n. (某种) 书刊
The magazine has become the biggest publisher of new poetry, with 50 new titles a year.
该杂志已成了最大的新诗出版商，每年出版50种杂志。
4). n. 称呼
Please fill in your name and title.
请填上你的名字和称呼。
5). (体育比赛的) 冠军
He became Jamaica's first Olympic gold medallist when he won the 400 metre title in 1948.
他在1948年赢得400米赛跑冠军,成为牙买加首位奥运金牌得主。
【重点短语】
1. cell phone 移动电话；手机
2. in addition 除……以外（还）
In addition, you can elect to share your files with others.
另外，您可以决定与其他的用户共享您的文件。
【单元语法】
不定式做状语(重点是做目的状语和结果状语)：
一、不定式概述
1.不定式的定义
动词不定式与动词-ing形式、过去分词一样，是动词的非谓语形式。它与动词原形同行，但它的前面一般要带有一个不定式的符号“to”，我们为了把这个“to”与介词“to”区别开来，叫它小品词。动词不定式存在不带to的情况。
2.不定式的形式
不定式的形式有六种（以动词give为例）：
主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to+动词原形（to give） to be+过去分词（to be given）
完成式 to have+过去分词（to have given） to have been+过去分词（to have been given）
进行式 to be+现在分词（to be giving） —
完成进行式 to have been+现在分词（to have been giving） —
另外，请注意不定式与原形和现在式的区别（以be，have，go为例）：
原形 现在式 不定式
be am，is，are to be
have have，has to have
go go，goes to go
二、不定式的用法
动词不定式可以作除了谓语外其他任何句子成分，包括主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和宾语补足语。它可以在句子中起名词、形容词和副词的作用。
不定式作状语的用法
不定式在句子中的作用有时和副词相同，可以作状语，表示原因、目的、结果。另外，不定式也可以修饰形容词。不定式紧跟在及物动词之后，作宾语；不定式紧跟在不及物动词之后，则作状语。
1.不定式作副词表示原因
1.修饰表示感情的形容词
不定式可以在表示感情的形容词后面来修饰该形容词，表示原因。
angry生气的 anxious忧虑的 disappointed失望的
eager渴望的 glad高兴的 happy快乐的
lucky幸运的 proud自豪的 willing愿意的
I’m sorry to hear that.听到这件事我很难过。
Li Ming seemed willing to do that.李明似乎很愿意做那件事。
2.修饰表示感情以外的形容词
下列形容词常用于这类结构中，且这类句子的主语可以是人，也可以是物。
comfortable舒适的 difficult困难的 easy容易的
good好的 hard难的 soft柔软的
The house is very comfortable to live in.这是一座住起来很舒服的房子。
We found him easy to get along with.我们发现他是个很好相处的人。
2.不定式作副词表示目的***
不定式在句子中作状语表示目的的情况很多、很常见，主要有以下几种情形。
A.不定式置于句尾
The local government has adopted new measures to deal with air pollution.
当地政府采取了新的措施来治理空气污染。
B.不定式置于句首
有时为加强语气，可把作目的状语的不定式提到句首来。
To preserve those buildings,only a few people are admitted each day.
为了保护那些建筑，每天只有几个人被允许进去参观。
C.为加强语气，还可在不定式前加in order或so as。
I have brought along three objects to illustrate my talk.
=In order to illustrate my talk,I have brought along three objects.
=I have brought along three objects so as to illustrate my talk.
为了举例说明，我随身带来了3件物品。
比较：in order to do sth.和so as to do sth.的区别
in order to引出的目的状语既可以放在句首又可以放在句尾。so as to引出的目的状语不能放在句首。
In order not to be late,she took a bus.=She took a bus in order not to be late.
=She took a bus so as not to be late.她乘坐公共汽车以免迟到。
so as to除了表目的，也可表结果、程度，即“so...as to+do”。
They started early so as to catch the first bus.（表目的）
他们很早就出发了，以便能赶上头班车。
They started so early as to catch the first bus.（表结果）
他们动身很早，所以/结果赶上头班车了。
He was so angry as to be unable to speak.（表程度）
他气得连话都说不出来了。
3.不定式作副词表示结果***
不定式经常和only，never连用，强调结果和失望的情绪。
I hurried to get there only to find him out.
我匆匆忙忙地赶到那儿，（没想到）他出去了。
They were separated that day,never to see each other again.
那天他们被分开之后，再也没见过面。
【拓展内容】
4.不定式作副词的其他用法
1.too+形容词/副词+（for sb.）+to do sth.的用法
A.不定式在句子中作结果状语。“too...to...”表示“太……而不能……”，具有否定含义。
She is too young to go to school.
=She is so young that she can’t go to school.她太小了，不能上学。
This problem is too difficult (for us) to work out.
注意：用too...to句型时，不定式work out不能再加上it指代problem；用so...that复合句时，则必须用it。
句子主语可作不定式宾语（即work out this problem）时，不定式一般用主动式。
=This problem is so difficult that we can’t work it out.这道题太难了，我们根本算不出来。
We are never too old to learn.我们要活到老，学到老。
说明：用never too...to否定之否定，译文的意思就成为肯定的了。
B.不定式在句子中作原因状语，too具有肯定意义。
还要说明的一点是，too除了我们常见的上述例句中当“more than enough（过分）”讲外，有时还当作“十分”，“非常”，“极其”等带有肯定色彩的意义讲，但此时形容词一般用eager，anxious等。
She is too eager to see her sister.（不定式作原因状语。）她非常渴望见到她的姐姐。
The students are too anxious to know the result of the exam.（不定式作原因状语。）
学生们急于知道考试成绩。
C.too前加only或but（相当于really）以加强语气。
The girl is only too glad to come here.这个女孩子真的很高兴来这儿。
I’m but too happy to see you again.我真的很高兴能再次见到你。
D.too...to结构中经常省略后面的不定式。
The shoes are too big for me (to wear).
这句话要表达的是“这双鞋对于我来说太大了，以至于我不能穿”。
=The shoes are much too big.这双鞋我穿着太大了。
The rice is too hot for the baby (to eat).这米饭太烫了，孩子吃不了。
E.有时句末的不定式还可用一个介词短语来代替。
He is driving too fast to be safe.（不定式）
=He is driving too fast for safety.（介词短语）他开车太快，怕不安全。
必背：“too...not to...”是双重否定，意思是“非常……，不能不……”。
She is too wise not to see that.她很聪明，不会不懂得那一点。
2.不定式修饰副词enough的用法
He is old enough to go to school.
=He is so old that he can go to school.他已经到了上学的年龄了。
He is not old enough to go to school.
=He is so young that he can’t go to school.
=He is too young to go to school.他还不到上学的年龄。
3.不定式在句中作独立成分的用法
有时不定式在句子中作为独立结构出现，用来说明说话人的态度。一般来讲，人们已经把这些不定式作为固定词组或固定搭配来运用。
To tell you the truth,I don’t think the film is good.说句老实话，我认为这部电影并不好。
To be fair,it is not all his fault.说句公道话，这不全是他的错。
It is a good idea,to be sure,but it is hard to practise.的确，这是个好主意，但是难以实行。
To make matters worse,it began to turn dark.更糟的是，天开始变黑了。
【语法练习】
1.I’m glad __________ you.
A.meet B.meeting C.to meet D.met
2.It was foolish __________ you to make such a mistake.
A.for B.of C.to D.at
3.I have never seen her __________.
A.to smile B.to smiling C.smiling D.smile
4.The weather was __________ cold to go out without a coat.
A.such B.so C.too D.enough
5.He was made __________ to hard.
A.work B.working C.to work D.to be work
6.The enemy spy had no choice but __________ the truth.
A.to tell B.tell C.telling D.told
7.The one thing I hate to do is __________ to bed before I feel tired.
A.go B.to go C.went D.gone
8.There is nothing for us to do except __________ the meeting.
A.to put off B.put off C.putting off D.to be put off
9.I think it is stupid __________ them to quarrel about which football team is the best.
A.for B.of C.with D.to
10.It is difficult __________ the foreigners to understand the guidebook.
A.for B.of C.with D.to
11.Is your house easy __________
A.finding it B.finding C.to find D.to find it
12.At first I didn’t know __________ the computer on.
A.what to switch B.what to be switching C.how to switch D.how to be switching
13.He often writes letters to his son __________ hard.
A.to encourage him to study B.encouraging him to study
C.to encourage him studying D.encouraging him studying
14.Mike always has the car __________ by the child who lives next door.
A.clean B.cleaning C.cleaned D.to be cleaning
15.I heard my favourite play __________ again on the radio a few days ago.
A.perform B.performed C.to performed D.to have performed
16.__________ us prepare for the exam,the teacher suggested __________ through our notes.
A.Helping;read B.To help;to read C.Helping;reading D.To help;reading
17.A:Have Li and Wang got over their quarrel
B:I think so.They seem __________ over it.
A.to get B.to be getting C.to have got D.got
18.A:Is your younger brother studying hard
B:Yes,he seems __________ hard now.
A.study B.studying C.to be studying D.to have studied
19.The mother felt herself __________ cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield.
A.grow B.grown C.to grow D.to have grown
20.A:Excuse me,sir,where is Room 301
B:Just a minute.I’ll have Bob __________ you to your room.
A.show B.shows C.to show D.showing
21.A:It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
B:__________ her this weekend
A.Why not visiting B.Why not to visit C.Why not visit D.Why don’t visit
22.Mr.Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy,saying that he was not the one __________.
A.blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed
23.With the world changing fast,we have something new __________ with all by ourselves every day.
A.deal B.dealt C.to deal D.dealing
24.My English teacher’s humor was __________ make every student burst into laughter.
A.so as to B.such as to C.such that D.so that
25.The play __________ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
A.produced B.being produced C.to be produced D.having been produced
26.Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-team teachers,almost three times the number hired last year,__________ reduce unemployment pressures.
A.help B.to have helped C.to help D.having helped
27.__________,you need to give all you have and try your best.
A.Being a winner B.To be a winner C.Be a winner D.Having been a winner
28.__________ the project as planned,we’ll have to work two more hours a day.
A.Completing B.Complete C.Completed D.To complete
29.All of them try to use the power of the workstation __________ information in a more effective way.
A.presenting B.presented C.being presented D.to present
30.He hurried to the booking office only __________ that all the tickets had been sold out.
A.to be hold B.to tell C.told D.telling
KEYS:
1-5 CBDCC 6-10 ABBBA 11-15 CCACB 16-20 DCCAA
21-25 CCCBC 26-30 CBDDA
【重点词汇】
1. attract / tr kt/ v.吸引；使喜爱
1）. vt. 吸引
The Cardiff Bay project is attracting many visitors.
加的夫湾工程吸引着众多的参观者。
2). vt. 引起…的兴趣
He wasn't sure he'd got it right, although the theory attracted him by its logic.
他不能确定自己理解是否正确，尽管该理论的逻辑推理引起了他的兴趣。
【拓展】
attractive adj 有吸引力的
2. target / tɑ ɡ t/ n.（攻击的）目标，对象
1）. 靶; (攻击的) 目标
The village lies beside a main road, making it an easy target for bandits.
该村位于大路边，容易成为匪徒攻击的目标。
2）. vt 把…作为攻击目标; 把…作为批评对象
Republicans targeted her as vulnerable in her bid for reelection this year.
共和党人认为她在今年的再次参选中是不堪一击的攻击目标。
3). vt 以 (某特定人群) 为目标; 针对
The campaign will target American insurance companies.
这场运动将以美国的保险公司为目标。
3. approach / pr t / v.（在距离或时间上）靠近，接近
1). 靠近；接近
He didn't approach the front door at once.
他没有立即走近前门。
When I approached, they grew silent.
当我走近时，他们变得沉默了。
2）.n. 靠近；接近
At their approach the little boy ran away and hid.
当他们走近时，那个小男孩跑开了并藏了起来。
3）. vt 与…接洽 (approach someone about something./to do sth.)
When Brown approached me about the job, my first reaction was of disbelief.
当布朗为这份工作找我时，我的第一反应是不相信。
He approached me to create and design the restaurant.
他来找我创办并设计那家餐馆。
4) vt. 处理
The Bank has approached the issue in a practical way.
该银行已经务实地处理了这个问题。
5). vi临近
As autumn approached, the plants and colours in the garden changed.
秋天渐近，花园里的植物与色调发生了变化。
6). n 临近
the festive spirit that permeated the house with the approach of Christmas.
随着圣诞节的临近而弥漫在这所房子里的节日气氛。
7). vt逐渐接近 (某时间或事件)
There is a need for understanding and cooperation as we approach the summit.
在我们即将参加峰会之际需要理解与合作。
8). n 路径
The path serves as an approach to the boathouse.
这条小路是通向那个船库的一条路径。
9). n. 方式
We will be exploring different approaches to gathering information.
我们将探索收集信息的不同方法。
4. attack / t k/ v/ n.袭击；攻击
1). vt 攻击
Fifty civilians in Masawa were killed when government planes attacked the town.
马萨瓦50名平民在政府飞机袭击该市时丧生。
He bundled the old lady into her hallway and brutally attacked her.
他把老太太推进她家门厅里，并且野蛮地袭击了她。
They found the least defended area and attacked.
他们找到了防守最薄弱的地区发动了攻击。
2). n. 攻击
a campaign of air attacks on strategic targets.
对战略目标的空袭行动。
3) vt. 抨击
He publicly attacked the people who've been calling for secret ballot nominations.
他公开抨击了那些一直要求秘密投票提名的人。
5. sharp / ɑ p/ adj.
1). 锋利的
With a sharp knife, make diagonal slashes in the chicken breast.
用锋利的刀子斜着切开鸡胸脯。
2). 尖的
His nose was thin and sharp.
他的鼻子又细又尖。
3). 急剧的 (转弯)
I was approaching a fairly sharp bend that swept downhill to the left.
我那时正接近一个朝山下向左急转的弯道。
4). 机敏的
He is very sharp, a quick thinker and swift with repartee.
他很机敏、思维敏捷并且能机智应答。
5). (说话、措辞等) 严厉的
"Don't contradict your mother," was Charles's sharp reprimand.
“不要顶撞你的母亲，”查尔斯严厉的斥责。
6. wrap /r p/ v.包； 用……缠绕（或围紧）
1）. vt 包
Harry had carefully bought and wrapped presents for Mark to give the children.
哈里已精心为马克买好、包好那些给孩子们的礼物。
2）. vt用…包裹
She wrapped a handkerchief around her bleeding palm in an effort to protect it.
她用手帕包扎她那流血的手掌来保护它。
7. bleed /bli d/ v.流血；失血
1）. vi流血
His head had struck the sink and was bleeding.
他的头撞到了洗脸池上，正在流血。
He was bleeding profusely.
他正大量流血。
2). v榨取 (钱财)
We have been gradually bled for twelve years.
12年来，我们被逐渐榨尽了钱财。
8. bite /ba t/ v.咬 ( biting, bit, bitten, bites )
Both sisters bit their nails as children.
这两姐妹在孩童时都啃指甲。
He bit into his sandwich.
他咬了一口三明治。
例：
Every year in this country more than 50,000 children are bitten by dogs.
每年这个国家有五万多个孩子被狗咬伤。
2). n 咬 （常和take搭配）
He took another bite of apple.
他又咬了一口苹果。
3）. n. 一口的量
Look forward to eating the food and enjoy every bite.
盼望吃到那个食品并享受吃它的每一口。
9. intelligent / n t l d nt/ adj.
1). 有智慧的
Susan's a very bright and intelligent woman who knows her own mind.
苏珊是一个非常聪明伶俐而且清楚自己想法的女人。
2).智能的
Intelligent computers will soon be an indispensable diagnostic tool for every doctor.
智能计算机很快将会成为每位医生必不可少的诊断工具。
10. struggle / str ɡ l/ v.搏斗；扭打；挣扎脱身
1). vt/ vi努力; 斗争
They had to struggle against all kinds of adversity.
他们不得不同各种困境斗争。
2). n 努力; 斗争
Life became a struggle for survival.
生活变成了一场争取生存的斗争。
a young boy's struggle to support his poverty-stricken family.
一个年轻男孩为支撑自己贫穷的家庭所做的努力。
3）.n. 很费劲的事
Losing weight was a terrible struggle.
减肥是件很费劲的事。
11. maintain /me n te n/ v.维持；保持
1). vt保持;维持
After the divorce, their father still maintained close contact with the boys.
离婚后，他们的父亲仍和儿子们保持着密切联系。
The government was right to maintain interest rates at a high level.
该政府将利率维持在一个高的层面是正确的。
2). vt 坚持说; 坚持认为
He has maintained that the money was donated for international purposes.
他坚持说这笔钱是出于国际目的而捐助的。
3）. vt 维修; 保养
The house costs a fortune to maintain.
维修这房子花费巨大。
4）. vt 供养
the basic costs of maintaining a child.
供养一个孩子的基本费用。
12. outstanding / a t st nd / adj.优秀的，杰出的；出色的
Derartu is an outstanding athlete and deserved to win.
德拉图是位杰出的运动员，他理应获胜。
【拓展】
outstanding adj 尚未偿还的; 尚未解决的
The total debt outstanding is $70 billion.
尚未偿还的总债务额是700亿美元。
We still have some outstanding issues to resolve before we'll have a treaty that is ready to sign.
我们在签署这份条约之前还有一些悬而未决的问题要解决。
13. request /r kw st/ v/ n.（正式或礼貌的）要求，请求
1). vt 请求; 正式要求
Mr. Dennis said he had requested access to a telephone.
丹尼斯先生说他已正式要求要能够使用一部电话。
2). vt 要求
Students are requested to park at the rear of the building.
学生们被要求在那座楼后面停车。
3). n 请求
France had agreed to his request for political asylum.
法国已经同意了他政治避难的请求。
at someone's request 应某人的要求
例：
The evacuation is being organized at the request of the United Nations Secretary General.
应联合国秘书长的要求，该撤离正在进行中。
on request 应要求
Details are available on request.
详情备索。
14. realistic / r l st k/ adj.现实的；实际的；实事求是的
1). adj . 现实的; 务实的
Police have to be realistic about violent crime.
警察对暴力犯罪不得不采取务实的态度。
2). adj 现实可行的
A more realistic figure is 11 million.
一个更现实可行的数字是1100万。
3). adj. 逼真的
extraordinarily realistic paintings of Indians.
关于印第安人的极其逼真的绘画。
15. professional /pr f n l/ adj.专业的；职业的
1).有关职业的
His professional career started at Colgate University.
他的职业生涯始于科尔盖特大学。
2). adj 专业的 (人士)
highly qualified professional people like doctors and engineers.
像医生和工程师这样高资历的专业人士。
3). n 专业人士
My father wanted me to become a professional and have more stability.
我父亲希望我成为一名专业人士，有更多稳定性。
4). adj 职业的 (运动员等)
This has been my worst time for injuries since I started as a professional player.
这是我成为职业球员以来受伤最严重的一次。
16. permanently / p m n nt/ adv.永久地；永恒地
His confidence had been permanently affected by the ordeal.
他的信心已永久地被这次磨难影响了。
17. setback / s tb k/ n.挫折；阻碍
The move represents a setback for the Middle East peace process.
此举意味着中东和平进程的倒退。
18. title / ta t l/ n.（书、诗歌、图画、乐曲等的）名称，标题，题目
1). n标题
"Patience and Sarah" was first published in 1969 under the title "A Place for Us."
《耐心与萨拉》于1969年以《我们的地方》为书名首次出版。
2）. vt 给…加标题
Pirandello titled his play "Six Characters in Search of an Author."
皮兰德娄将其戏剧命名为《六个寻找作者的剧中人》。
The single is titled "White Love."
这支单曲名为《白色之恋》。
3). n. (某种) 书刊
The magazine has become the biggest publisher of new poetry, with 50 new titles a year.
该杂志已成了最大的新诗出版商，每年出版50种杂志。
4). n. 称呼
Please fill in your name and title.
请填上你的名字和称呼。
5). (体育比赛的) 冠军
He became Jamaica's first Olympic gold medallist when he won the 400 metre title in 1948.
他在1948年赢得400米赛跑冠军,成为牙买加首位奥运金牌得主。
【重点短语】
1. cell phone 移动电话；手机
2. in addition 除……以外（还）
In addition, you can elect to share your files with others.
另外，您可以决定与其他的用户共享您的文件。
【单元语法】
不定式做状语(重点是做目的状语和结果状语)：
一、不定式概述
1.不定式的定义
动词不定式与动词-ing形式、过去分词一样，是动词的非谓语形式。它与动词原形同行，但它的前面一般要带有一个不定式的符号“to”，我们为了把这个“to”与介词“to”区别开来，叫它小品词。动词不定式存在不带to的情况。
2.不定式的形式
不定式的形式有六种（以动词give为例）：
主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to+动词原形（to give） to be+过去分词（to be given）
完成式 to have+过去分词（to have given） to have been+过去分词（to have been given）
进行式 to be+现在分词（to be giving） —
完成进行式 to have been+现在分词（to have been giving） —
另外，请注意不定式与原形和现在式的区别（以be，have，go为例）：
原形 现在式 不定式
be am，is，are to be
have have，has to have
go go，goes to go
二、不定式的用法
动词不定式可以作除了谓语外其他任何句子成分，包括主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和宾语补足语。它可以在句子中起名词、形容词和副词的作用。
不定式作状语的用法
不定式在句子中的作用有时和副词相同，可以作状语，表示原因、目的、结果。另外，不定式也可以修饰形容词。不定式紧跟在及物动词之后，作宾语；不定式紧跟在不及物动词之后，则作状语。
1.不定式作副词表示原因
1.修饰表示感情的形容词
不定式可以在表示感情的形容词后面来修饰该形容词，表示原因。
angry生气的 anxious忧虑的 disappointed失望的
eager渴望的 glad高兴的 happy快乐的
lucky幸运的 proud自豪的 willing愿意的
I’m sorry to hear that.听到这件事我很难过。
Li Ming seemed willing to do that.李明似乎很愿意做那件事。
2.修饰表示感情以外的形容词
下列形容词常用于这类结构中，且这类句子的主语可以是人，也可以是物。
comfortable舒适的 difficult困难的 easy容易的
good好的 hard难的 soft柔软的
The house is very comfortable to live in.这是一座住起来很舒服的房子。
We found him easy to get along with.我们发现他是个很好相处的人。
2.不定式作副词表示目的***
不定式在句子中作状语表示目的的情况很多、很常见，主要有以下几种情形。
A.不定式置于句尾
The local government has adopted new measures to deal with air pollution.
当地政府采取了新的措施来治理空气污染。
B.不定式置于句首
有时为加强语气，可把作目的状语的不定式提到句首来。
To preserve those buildings,only a few people are admitted each day.
为了保护那些建筑，每天只有几个人被允许进去参观。
C.为加强语气，还可在不定式前加in order或so as。
I have brought along three objects to illustrate my talk.
=In order to illustrate my talk,I have brought along three objects.
=I have brought along three objects so as to illustrate my talk.
为了举例说明，我随身带来了3件物品。
比较：in order to do sth.和so as to do sth.的区别
in order to引出的目的状语既可以放在句首又可以放在句尾。so as to引出的目的状语不能放在句首。
In order not to be late,she took a bus.=She took a bus in order not to be late.
=She took a bus so as not to be late.她乘坐公共汽车以免迟到。
so as to除了表目的，也可表结果、程度，即“so...as to+do”。
They started early so as to catch the first bus.（表目的）
他们很早就出发了，以便能赶上头班车。
They started so early as to catch the first bus.（表结果）
他们动身很早，所以/结果赶上头班车了。
He was so angry as to be unable to speak.（表程度）
他气得连话都说不出来了。
3.不定式作副词表示结果***
不定式经常和only，never连用，强调结果和失望的情绪。
I hurried to get there only to find him out.
我匆匆忙忙地赶到那儿，（没想到）他出去了。
They were separated that day,never to see each other again.
那天他们被分开之后，再也没见过面。
【拓展内容】
4.不定式作副词的其他用法
1.too+形容词/副词+（for sb.）+to do sth.的用法
A.不定式在句子中作结果状语。“too...to...”表示“太……而不能……”，具有否定含义。
She is too young to go to school.
=She is so young that she can’t go to school.她太小了，不能上学。
This problem is too difficult (for us) to work out.
注意：用too...to句型时，不定式work out不能再加上it指代problem；用so...that复合句时，则必须用it。
句子主语可作不定式宾语（即work out this problem）时，不定式一般用主动式。
=This problem is so difficult that we can’t work it out.这道题太难了，我们根本算不出来。
We are never too old to learn.我们要活到老，学到老。
说明：用never too...to否定之否定，译文的意思就成为肯定的了。
B.不定式在句子中作原因状语，too具有肯定意义。
还要说明的一点是，too除了我们常见的上述例句中当“more than enough（过分）”讲外，有时还当作“十分”，“非常”，“极其”等带有肯定色彩的意义讲，但此时形容词一般用eager，anxious等。
She is too eager to see her sister.（不定式作原因状语。）她非常渴望见到她的姐姐。
The students are too anxious to know the result of the exam.（不定式作原因状语。）
学生们急于知道考试成绩。
C.too前加only或but（相当于really）以加强语气。
The girl is only too glad to come here.这个女孩子真的很高兴来这儿。
I’m but too happy to see you again.我真的很高兴能再次见到你。
D.too...to结构中经常省略后面的不定式。
The shoes are too big for me (to wear).
这句话要表达的是“这双鞋对于我来说太大了，以至于我不能穿”。
=The shoes are much too big.这双鞋我穿着太大了。
The rice is too hot for the baby (to eat).这米饭太烫了，孩子吃不了。
E.有时句末的不定式还可用一个介词短语来代替。
He is driving too fast to be safe.（不定式）
=He is driving too fast for safety.（介词短语）他开车太快，怕不安全。
必背：“too...not to...”是双重否定，意思是“非常……，不能不……”。
She is too wise not to see that.她很聪明，不会不懂得那一点。
2.不定式修饰副词enough的用法
He is old enough to go to school.
=He is so old that he can go to school.他已经到了上学的年龄了。
He is not old enough to go to school.
=He is so young that he can’t go to school.
=He is too young to go to school.他还不到上学的年龄。
3.不定式在句中作独立成分的用法
有时不定式在句子中作为独立结构出现，用来说明说话人的态度。一般来讲，人们已经把这些不定式作为固定词组或固定搭配来运用。
To tell you the truth,I don’t think the film is good.说句老实话，我认为这部电影并不好。
To be fair,it is not all his fault.说句公道话，这不全是他的错。
It is a good idea,to be sure,but it is hard to practise.的确，这是个好主意，但是难以实行。
To make matters worse,it began to turn dark.更糟的是，天开始变黑了。
【语法练习】
1.I’m glad __________ you.
A.meet B.meeting C.to meet D.met
2.It was foolish __________ you to make such a mistake.
A.for B.of C.to D.at
3.I have never seen her __________.
A.to smile B.to smiling C.smiling D.smile
4.The weather was __________ cold to go out without a coat.
A.such B.so C.too D.enough
5.He was made __________ to hard.
A.work B.working C.to work D.to be work
6.The enemy spy had no choice but __________ the truth.
A.to tell B.tell C.telling D.told
7.The one thing I hate to do is __________ to bed before I feel tired.
A.go B.to go C.went D.gone
8.There is nothing for us to do except __________ the meeting.
A.to put off B.put off C.putting off D.to be put off
9.I think it is stupid __________ them to quarrel about which football team is the best.
A.for B.of C.with D.to
10.It is difficult __________ the foreigners to understand the guidebook.
A.for B.of C.with D.to
11.Is your house easy __________
A.finding it B.finding C.to find D.to find it
12.At first I didn’t know __________ the computer on.
A.what to switch B.what to be switching C.how to switch D.how to be switching
13.He often writes letters to his son __________ hard.
A.to encourage him to study B.encouraging him to study
C.to encourage him studying D.encouraging him studying
14.Mike always has the car __________ by the child who lives next door.
A.clean B.cleaning C.cleaned D.to be cleaning
15.I heard my favourite play __________ again on the radio a few days ago.
A.perform B.performed C.to performed D.to have performed
16.__________ us prepare for the exam,the teacher suggested __________ through our notes.
A.Helping;read B.To help;to read C.Helping;reading D.To help;reading
17.A:Have Li and Wang got over their quarrel
B:I think so.They seem __________ over it.
A.to get B.to be getting C.to have got D.got
18.A:Is your younger brother studying hard
B:Yes,he seems __________ hard now.
A.study B.studying C.to be studying D.to have studied
19.The mother felt herself __________ cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield.
A.grow B.grown C.to grow D.to have grown
20.A:Excuse me,sir,where is Room 301
B:Just a minute.I’ll have Bob __________ you to your room.
A.show B.shows C.to show D.showing
21.A:It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
B:__________ her this weekend
A.Why not visiting B.Why not to visit C.Why not visit D.Why don’t visit
22.Mr.Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy,saying that he was not the one __________.
A.blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed
23.With the world changing fast,we have something new __________ with all by ourselves every day.
A.deal B.dealt C.to deal D.dealing
24.My English teacher’s humor was __________ make every student burst into laughter.
A.so as to B.such as to C.such that D.so that
25.The play __________ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
A.produced B.being produced C.to be produced D.having been produced
26.Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-team teachers,almost three times the number hired last year,__________ reduce unemployment pressures.
A.help B.to have helped C.to help D.having helped
27.__________,you need to give all you have and try your best.
A.Being a winner B.To be a winner C.Be a winner D.Having been a winner
28.__________ the project as planned,we’ll have to work two more hours a day.
A.Completing B.Complete C.Completed D.To complete
29.All of them try to use the power of the workstation __________ information in a more effective way.
A.presenting B.presented C.being presented D.to present
30.He hurried to the booking office only __________ that all the tickets had been sold out.
A.to be hold B.to tell C.told D.telling
KEYS:
1-5 CBDCC 6-10 ABBBA 11-15 CCACB 16-20 DCCAA
21-25 CCCBC 26-30 CBDDA