江苏省某市重点中学高二英语导学案：M5U3 grammar（牛津译林版）

学案：非谓语动词——过去分词
过去分词在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。
（一）作定语
作定语用的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰的词的前面；
过去分词短语作定语，则放在被修饰的词的后面。
smoked ham 熏火腿 boiled water 开水 steamed roll 花卷
spoken English 英语口语 oppressed people 被压迫的人民
There are many fallen leaves on the ground. 地上有很多落叶。
This is a book written by a peasant. 这是一本农民写的书。
（二）作表语
过去分词作表语，多表示主语所处的状态。
I was pleased at the news. 听了这消息我很高兴。
The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。
He looked very excited. 他显得很激动。
过去分词作表语用，相当于形容词，最常见的有：delighted, disappointed, discouraged, drunk, amused, astonished, interested, crowded, tired, satisfied, pleased, surprised, worried, excited, married, puzzled, upset 等。
（三）作宾语补足语
过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel等动词后与名词（代词）构成复合宾语。
结构：动词+宾语（名词或代词）+宾补（过去分词）
I often hear the song sung in English.
She found the door closed.
I must get my bike repaired.
Can you make yourself understood
（四）作状语
过去分词短语常用作状语，修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。
前提条件：过去分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须与句子的主语一致。
这类状语大多数放在句子前部（主语前面），也有少数可以放在句子后部（谓语后面），或者插在中间（主语后面）
Inspired by him, we worked even harder.
The professor came in, followed by a group of young men.
Mr. Green, deeply moved, thanked us again and again.
过去分词也可以单独作状语。
Heated, water changes into steam.
She turned away, disappointed.
过去分词短语作状语可以表示：
1、相当于一个原因状语从句
Inspired by her example, the League members worked even harder.
=_____________________________________________________________
The children soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey.
=______________________________________________________________
2、相当于一个时间状语从句
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
=______________________________________________________________
Once published, this dictionary will be very popular!
=______________________________________________________________
3、假设的情况，相当于一个条件状语从句
United, we stand; divided, we fall.
=______________________________________________________________
Given more time, we could do it much better.
=______________________________________________________________
4、相当于一个让步状语从句
Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged and practiced even harder.
=______________________________________________________________
这类状语多数放在句子前面，个别放在主谓之间。
5、伴随情况（这种用法没有与之相当的状语从句可以代替）
He came back, completely tired.
The woman scientist entered the lab, followed by her assistants.
注意：正如前所述：过去分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须与句子的主语一致。
但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立（主格）结构。多数情况下它表示一种伴随动作或情况。
The boy rushed into the classroom, his face covered with sweat.（=… and his face was covered with sweat.）
All things considered, your article is of greater value than hers.
现在分词与过去分词的区别
（一）现在分词与过去分词在语态和时间关系上的区别
1、语态上的不同
现在分词表示_________的意思，而过去分词表示___________的意思。
例1：The exploiting classes I heard someone opening the door.

The exploited class I heard the door opened.
观察：the fallen leaves, the risen sun, the exploded bomb, faded roses, retired workers, returned students.
这些过去分词用法和例1中的例子表示的意义一样吗？注意观察过去分词动词的词性！那么它们表示：__________
2、时间关系上的不同
观察下列四组：
the changing world boiling water
the changed world. boiled water
developing countries the rising sun
developed countries the risen sun
总结：一般说来，现在分词所表示的动作往往________________，而过去分词所表示的动作往往_________________。
（二）现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别
例子：I found them painting the windows.
I found the windows painted.
结论：现在分词与句子中的宾语是______关系，它表示的动作往往______________。过去分词与宾语是________关系，它所表示的动作往往______________。
（三）作定语的区别
一般说来，现在分词修饰事物，常与非人称主语连用；而过去分词修饰人，常与人称主语连用。
常见的分词amazed/amazing; excited/exciting; bored/boring; annoyed/annoying; interested/interesting; pleased/pleasing; tired/tiring; surprised/surprising; worried/worrying; satisfied/satisfying; amused/amusing