江苏省某市重点中学高二英语导学案：M6U1grammar present tenses（牛津译林版）

M6U1 Grammar and Usage 导学案
(present tenses)
Learning aims(学习目标):
(1) Master the usage of present tenses.
(2) Practice about the four kinds of present tenses.
Important points(学习重点) ：
How to use the simple present tense; the present continuous tense; the present perfect tense; the present perfect continuous tense:
Difficult points(学习难点)：Some special usage of present tenses.
Learning guides( 方法导引)：compare, deduce and practice
Learning procedure（学习过程）:
Step 1 Lead-in
Warming up:
Watch flash. Describe what you’ve watched, using present tenses.
Step 2 General knowledge of present tenses
I The present tense
1 表示客观事实或普通真理.(不受时态限制)
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东方。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳东升西落。
Galileo collected facts that proved the earth _____ around the sun.
A. moved B. moves C. has moved D. had moved
2 表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态,常和often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, once a week 等表示频率的时间状语连用.
He takes a walk after supper every day. 他每天晚饭后散步。
My mother works at the same company as my father.
We always care for each other and help each other.
（06 辽宁）The father as well as children _____ skating every Sunday afternoon in winter.
A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going
3 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等。
Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any. 斯密斯先生讨厌鱼而且从来不吃。
Mary speaks both English and French very well. 玛丽英语和法语都说的很好。
1) ——Can I help you, sir
——Yes, I bought this radio yesterday, but it ____.
A. didn’t work B. won’t work C. can’t work D. doesn’t work
2) (06浙江) This machine _______. It hasn’t worked for years.
A. didn’ t work B. wasn’ t working C. doesn’ t work D. isn’ t working
3) (06全国) The house belongs to my aunt but she______ here any more.
A. hasn't lived B. didn't live C. hadn't lived D. doesn't live
4) (06全国) As you can see, the number of cars on our roads ______ rising these days. A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping
4 表示安排或计划好的肯定会出现的动作或状态。
The plane takes off at 10:00 a.m. 飞机上午10点起飞。
Tomorrow is Wednesday. 明天是星期三。
1) According to the time-table, the train for Shanghai _____ at 7 o’clock in the evening. A. leaves B. has left C. was left D. will leave
2) (06四川) Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 ____ off at 18:20.
A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken
5 在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作。
We will have to put off the sports meeting if it rains tomorrow.
如果明天下雨我们将不得不推迟会议。
I can’t leave unless my boss agrees. 除非老板同意，否则我不能走。
When you see her, just tell her that I am all right. 你见到她告诉她我很好。
Notes: if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall 或will 表示意愿，但不表示时态。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你能接受我的邀请来参加我我们的聚会，我的家人会很高兴的。
1) (06上海) Send my regards to your lovely wife when you _______ home.
A. wrote B. will write C. have written D. write
2) (08湖南) — Do you have any problems if you ______ this job
— Well, I’m thinking about the salary….
A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered
比较：3）(06辽宁) I think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone, for I sometimes want to make sure if he _____ home for dinner.
A.come B.comes C.has come D. will come
Practice:
1 The exhibition _opens_____on May 1st and __closes____ at the end of June. (open; close)
2 The plane __takes off_______at 11:30 and ___arrives_____ in Shanghai at 1:20.(take off; arrive)
3 _Is____there a film on tonight (be)
4 I’ll give her the notebook____when I meet her________. (when)
Tell me__in case he needs our help_______________________.(in case)
He will keep the work _no matter what happens_____________________.(no matter)
Translation:
1 我叔叔从不来看我们。 2 这儿很少下雪。3 你老师给你们测验吗？
Uncle never comes to see us / it seldom snows here/does your teacher give you tests
II. Present continuous tense
1 表示说话时正在进行的动作。
—what are you doing
—I am writing a letter.
It’s raining heavily now, so we must stay inside.
1、(1997NMET)---Is this raincoat yours？
---No，mine_____there behind the door.
A.is hanging B.has hung C.hangs D.hung
2、(2000春京皖)A new cinema_____here.They hope to finish it next month.
A.will be built B.is built C.has been built D.is being built
2 表示现阶段一直在进行的动作。
Jane is studying law while her sister is doing physics.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese. 他正在一边教英语一边学中文。
(2005湖南，32)Since I won the big prize，my telephone hasn't stopped ringing，people_____to ask how I am going to spend the money.
A.phone B.will phone C.were phoning D.are phoning
3 表示按计划近期内即将发生的动作。
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight. 我今晚要去见王先生。
I am going to Qingdao for the summer holiday this year.
The plane is leaving for London soon. 飞机即将飞往伦敦。
(2005浙江，12)---Are you still busy？
---Yes.I____my work，and it won't take long.
A.just finish B.am just finishing
C.have just finished D.am just going to finish
2、(2006福建，24)Ladies and gentlemen，please fasten your seatbelts. The plane________.
A.takes off B.is taking off C.has taken off D.took off
4 与always often 等频度副词连用表示经常反复的行为或某种感彩。
The girl is always talking loud in public. 那个女孩总爱当众大声喧哗。
She is often borrowing money and forgetting to pay me back.
She is constantly complaining about her fate. 她不停地抱怨自己的命运不好。
(2004湖南)Turn on the television or open a magazine and you_____advertisements showing happy families.
A.will often see B.often see C.are often seeing D.have often see
5、表示行动或状态的过程。人和事物的变化已经开始，但变化还在进行过程中，并未最后完成。表示这一类动词有go，become，get，grow，fall，turn，die，begin，drown等。如：
Her hair is becoming grey.
Mr.Smith is beginning to regret what he has done before.
People are dying in that part of the world.
链接高考：
(2001NMET)Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task
because technology___so rapidly.
A.is changing B.has changed C.will have changed D.will change
Notes: 以下四类动词不宜用现在进行时。
A 表示心理状态、情感的动词
Like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need
B 表示存在状态的动词
appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on
C 表示瞬间动作的动词
allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete
D 表示感官的动词
see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look
Comparison:
The idea sounds great.
Why is the driver sounding his horn
I _see____what you mean. He __is seeing a doctor____the doctor now. （see）
The roses __smells_____nice. I ___am smelling________ the roses.(smell)
Fill in the blanks:
People ___are lying______on the beach. The city _lies____on the coast.(lie)
He _is standing____ on a rock. His statue _stands___ in the city square.(stand)
My father _is fitting__the parts together. The dress _fits____ my mother perfectly.(fit)
The wine __tastes_____ good. I ___am tasting______ the wine.(taste)
Translation:
John is nodding his head. He is jumping up and down.
He is being terribly friendly to us. The train is arriving.
The Boeing 747 is arriving. The old man is dying.
III. The present perfect tense
1 表示反复发生的经历
He has hosted the show eight times. 他已经连续八次主持表演。
Billy Crystal has been in many films and television shows.
贝利克克里斯托已经出演过多部电影和电视剧。
We have been to the Great Wall many times. 我们已去过长城多次。
2 表示动作发生在过去，但对现在仍留下某种后果和影响。
He has paid his income tax. 他已经交了个人所得税。
Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!
--- ＿ my glasses
---Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
　A. Do you see　B. Had you seen　C. Would you see　　D. Have you seen
3 表示从过去持续到现在的动作。
My mother has been ill for three days. 我妈妈已经生病3天。
Most of us have studied English for 5 years.
　　---How are you today
　　---Oh, I ________ as ill as I do now for a long time.
　　A. didn’t feel　　B. don’t feel　　C. wasn’t feeling　　D. haven’t felt
4 下列句型中常用现在完成时。
It is (has been) +一段时间＋ since +从句
This (that/ It ) is the first (second…) time that + 完成时
This (That/ It) is the best/ finest / most interesting….+that+完成时
It’s/ It has been 3 years since they got married. 他们结婚已有3年了。
It’s the first time that I have been to the Great Wall. 这是我第一次到长城。
This is the most interesting film that I have seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。
Notes: 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。
If you have done the experiment, you’ll understand the theory better. 如果你做完试验，你会更好地理解这个理论的。
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. 车停稳之前，别忙着下车。
Notes: 注意区分一般过去时与现在完成时
时间上有差异：凡有具体的过去时间，均用过去时态，不能用完成上，如：ago, last year, just now, the other day 等。
结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的动作发生在过去，和现在没有关系。
IV. The present perfect continuous tense
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，这个动作可能刚刚结束，也可能还要继续下去。
Chinese have been making paper for more than 2000 years. 中国造纸的历史已有2000多年了。
She has been working in Shenzhen since 1995. 她从1995年就来深圳工作了。
Doctors have been researching that question for many years.
多年来，医生们一直在研究这个问题。
The children have bee watching TV all morning. 孩子们一上午一直在看电视。
She has been waiting for her boss for almost an hour. 她等她的老板等了将近一个小时。
Practice:
have gone / have been
Tonny ___has gone______abroad to continue his studies.
His girl friend __has been_______abroad many times to see him.
since /when/if
We _have been____in England since I was a child.
It _has been____ just a week since I met him.
I’ll write to him when I __have got___________the book.
If she _has gone____to bed when you see her, tell her to give me a ring.(go)
this morning/afternoon/season…
I haven’t seen Tom this morning. I didn’t see Tom this morning.
We have visited a lot of places this summer. We visited a lot of places this summer.
time
It’s the first time she has driven a car. That’s the third time he has phoned her this morning.
It’s the first gold medal I’ve had for ages.
Mike likes_ traveling (travel)all year round. He ___has been________(go\be) to many places of interests. But these days he has to stay at home and look after his 6-week-old baby. Because his wife also loves traveling .She __has gone__(go\be) to Australia with her friends .She _will be away from_/has been away from___(leave) home for some days and she __will not return______(not return ) until next week. Oh, what a poor man!
4 the present perfect continuous tense:
1 叙述“最近”一直在从事的工作或活动——没有明确的时间副词，可以有lately, recently等表示“最近”的词语。如：
我的背部痛，因此最近我一直睡在地板上。床太软了。
My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. The bed is too soft.
嗨，桑妮。我有几个星期没见到你了。你最近一直在做什么？
Hi, Sunny. I haven’t seen you for weeks. What have you been doing lately
2 叙述某一动作从过去开始一直继续到现在仍在继续之中或刚刚停止——至于是否仍将继续下去，见上下文义或当时情况而定。此种含义的现在完成进行时都是和for…,since…,all morning/day/week等时间词语用在一起。如：
你看书已经整整四个小时了。为什么不休息一会儿？
You have been reading for four hours. Why don’t you take a break
电话铃声响了差不多一分钟了。为什么没人接？
The telephone has been ringing for almost a minute. Why doesn’t someone answer it？
从昨天晚上开始雨一直下个不停。我想知道雨何时会停。
It has been raining since last night. I wonder when it will stop.
3 叙述从过去某时开始一直继续到现在，但不再继续下去的事情。——用进行时的作用是带有浓厚的感彩，也就是强调此一动作或工作持续了“那么久”或做得“那么辛苦”。如：
啊，你终于来了！我等了你足足两个小时。（现在你已经来了，我等你的动作当然是结束了。）
Oh! You have come at last! I have been waiting for you for two long hours.
很抱歉我迟到了。你等了很久吗？
I’m so sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long
真感谢你送的太阳镜。我一直想要一副想很久了。
Thank you so much for the sunglasses. I’ve been wanting a pair for a long time.
Note: 叙述从过去某时到现在，或最近，一再重复的动作——但是，不可明白表示重复的次数，否则必须用现在完成时。如：
我一直在敲门。我想没人在里面。
I have been knocking. I don’t think anybody’s in.
我已经敲了五次门。我想里面没人。
I have knocked five times. I don’t think anybody’s in.
——你有没有收到你兄弟的来信？
——我没有，但他的太太经常收到他的信息。
-- Have you received any letters from your brother
-- I haven’t, but his wife has been hearing from him regularly.
最近天气变化无常，我常常感冒。
The weather has been changeable lately; I’ve been having a lot of colds.
现在完成进行时与现在完成时：
expect, hope, learn, lie, live, look, rain, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, want, work等延续性动词表示从过去开始到现在仍在继续或刚刚停止时，用现在完成时与现在完成进行时几乎无区别。如：
我学习英语已经五年了。
I have studied English for five years.
I have been studying English for five years.
她从中午开始就一直坐在那里。
She has sat there since noon.
She has been sitting there since noon.
现在完成进行时说明的是动作本身，不管它是否已完成；现在完成时常用于强调一个完成的动作，说明动作的结果，而不是动作本身。如：
My hands are very dirty. I’ve been repairing the car.
The car is OK again now. I’ve repaired it.
She’s been smoking too much recently. She should smoke less.
Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty.
It’s nice to see you again. What have you been doing since we last met
Where’s the book I gave you What have you done with it
现在完成进行时用于询问或说明动作的延续性；现在完成时用于询问或说明已经完成动作的多少或次数。如：
How long have you been reading that book
How many pages of that book have you read
Mary is still writing letters. She’s been writing letters all day.
Mary has written ten letters today.
They’ve been playing tennis since 2 o’clock.
They’ve played tennis three times this week.
be, have, know等通常不可用于现在进行时的动词也不可用于现在完成进行时。此外，被动语态也不可用于现在完成进行时。如：
我们拥有这辆新车已经有一个星期了。
We have had our new car for a week.
不能说：We have been having our new car for a week.
自从发生事故以来，他就一直住在医院里。
He has been in hospital since his accident.
不能说：He has been being in hospital since his accident.
你认识他有多久了？
How long have you known him
不能说：How long have you been knowing him
Practice:
We have just moved into a new house and I ________________hard all morning. I ______________to get my new room in order. This ___________ easy because I _____ over a thousand books. To make matters worse, the room is rather small, so I __________________ my books on the floor.
At the moment, they ______every inch of floor space and I actually ______ walk on them to get in or out of the room. A short while ago, my sister ______me to carry one of my old bookcases up the stairs. She _____ into my room and got a big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor.
'This is the prettiest carpet I _____________,' she said. She gazed at it for some time then added, 'You _______________bookcases at all. You can sit here in your spare time and read the carpet!'
Answers: have been working; have been trying; has not been; own; have… put; cover; have to; helped; went; have ever seen; don’t need
Step3 follow up
1 How can you possibly miss the news It _______ on TV all day long. （2004北京春）
A. has been B had been C was D will be
2 I arrived late; I _____ the road to be so icy. （2004北京春）
A. wouldn’t expect B haven’t expected
C hadn’t expected D wasn’t expecting
3 Although he has lived with us for years, he ______ us much impression. (2004上海春)
A hadn’t left B didn’t leave C doesn’t leave D hasn’t left
4 ―Sorry, Joe. I didn’t mean to….
―Don’t call me “Joe”. I’m Mr. Parker to you, and ______ you forget it! （2003全国）
A do B didn’t C did D don’t
5 All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness_______.（2003全国）
A has grown B is growing C grew D had grown
6 Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge It will _______ fresh for several days. （2003全国）
A be stayed B stay C be staying D have stayed
7 ―_______ David and Vicky _______ married (2003北京)
―For about three years.
A How long were; being B How long have; got
C How long have; been D How long did; get
8 Come and see me whenever_______. (2003北京)
A you are convenient B you will be convenient]
C it is convenient to you D it will be convenient to you
9 ―When will you come to see me, Dad
―I will go to see you when you ______ the training course. (2003北京)
A will have finished B will finish C are finishing D finish
10 When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _______ yet. (2003北京春)
A are not decided B have not been decided
C has been completed D had been completed
11 I wonder why Jenny ______ us recently. We should have heard from her by now. (2002全国)
A hasn’t written B doesn’t write C won’t write D hadn’t write
12 He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _______ from the university next year. （2002上海）
A will graduate B will have graduated
C graduates D is to graduate
13 ―Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation
―It _______. （2004上海）
A all depend B all depends C is all depended D is all depending
14 John and I _______ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we ______ each other a couple of times before that. (2002北京春)
A had been; have seen B have been; have seen
C had been; had seen D have been; had seen
15 ―How are the team playing
―They’re playing well, but one of them ______ hurt. (2002北京春)
A got B gets C are being cut D had been cut
16 Rainforests _______ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. (2002上海春)
A cut B are cut C are being cut D had been cut
17 It ______ long before we ______ the result of the experiment. (2002上海春)
A will not be; will know B is; will know
C will not be; know D is; know
18 Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ______ so rapidly. （2001全国）
A is changing B has changed C will have changed D will change
19 I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. （2001全国）
A will play B have played C played D play
20. In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they _______. （2001上海）
A have survive B are to survive C would survive D will survive
1-5 ACDDC 6-10 BCCDD 11-15 ACBDA 16-20 CCADB