江苏省某市重点中学高二英语导学案：M7U4grammar（1）（牛津译林版）

M7U4 Grammar(1)
(Verb-ed and verb-ing)
Learning aims(学习目标):
To review the usage of some verb-ed and verb-ing
Important points(学习重点) ：
To learn how to use some verb-ed and verb-ing in different situations
Difficult points(学习难点)：To apply what they have learnt to practice by fulfilling some written tasks
Learning guides( 方法导引)：compare, deduce and practice
Learning procedure（学习过程）:
Step1: v-ing形式与v-ed形式作定语
（1）v-ing形式作定语
1. 单个的v-ing形式可以作前置定语，表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题
2. 作定语的v-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。
The bottle _______ _________ should be sent to the laboratory.
= The bottle which contains vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.
They lived in a house facing south.. = They lived in a house_____ _______ ______.
3. 某些情况下，定语不能用v-ing形式，必须用定语从句。
① 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。
昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。
【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.
② v-ing形式的完成式一般只用作状语，不作定语。
被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。
【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
Having been destroyed by the earthquake，The temple will be rebuilt soon.
（2） v-ed形式作定语
1. 单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。
A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.所有的坏门窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。
提示： 如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。
Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。
2. v-ed形式如是一个短语,一般都作后置定语，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。
We have read many novels ________ by this author.
= We have read many novels that are written by this author.
被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。
Half of the honored guests _______ to the reception were foreign ambassadors.
= Half of the honored guests who had been invited to the reception.
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
= The meeting ______ ________ _______ by one thousand students，was a success.
一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。
A woman dressed like a lawyer came in and took her seat as judge.
= A woman _____ _____ ______ like a lawyer came in and took her seat as judge.
（3）v-ing 和v-ed形式作定语的区别
1．及物动词的-ing形式作定语表示与被修饰名词是主动关系，及物动词的-ed 形式表示与被修饰名词是被动关系。
The group ______ Green Hand is trying to help the environment.
The group ________ itself Green Hand is trying to help the environment.
2．不及物动词-ing形式表示动词正在进行，而v-ed形式表示动作已完成。
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 the risen sun 升起了的太阳
boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 开水
falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 fallen leaves 落叶
changing condition 变化着的情况 changed condition 改变了的情况
developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家
不及物动词－ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。
an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped 逃犯
a retired worker = a worker who has retired 退休工人
a newly arrived guest = a guest who has just arrived 新来的客人
Step2: v-ing形式与v-ed形式作状语
（1）v-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，其动作执行者常与句子主语是主动关系。在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
1. 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 　　
______ _______ ______ ________, we are ready for the examination.
= After we have made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
2. 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
_______ _____, he didn't go to school yesterday.
= Since he was ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
3. 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 　　
His father died, _______ him a lot of money.
= His father died, and left him a lot of money.
4. 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
_______ hard at your lessons, you will succeed.
=If you work hard at your lessons, you will succeed.
5. 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 　　
_________ all this, they made me pay for the damage.
= Although they knew all this, they made me pay for the damage.
6. 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 　　
He lay on the grass, ________ at the sky for a long time.
= He lay on the grass and stared at the sky for a long time.
（2）v-ed形式作状语
动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。但其动作执行者与句子主语是被动关系。
1. 动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
______ from the tower, the city looks beautiful.
= When the city is seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.
_________ _________ by the doctors, he went back to school right away.
= After he was completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.
有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while, once等来强调时间概念。
_______ _______, he went all out to do his work.
一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
_________ ________why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.
当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。
______ ______ , the clock will go half a month and keep good time.(start)
一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。
2. 动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
______ by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.
= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.
______ in haste, her letter is very hard to read.
= As it was written in haste, her letter is very hard to read.
_______ by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.
= Because we were excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.
3. 动词-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
______ , water changes into steam.= If water is heated, water changes into steam.
_______ more time, he would be able to do better.
= If he was given more time, he would be able to do better.
_________ with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.　
= If she was compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.　
4. 动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。
_______ by the running, they went on running after the robber.
= Although they were exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
_______ at by many people, he continued his research..
= Even if he was laughed by many people, he continued his research.
为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词（if, unless, even if/though, though等）。
____ ____ _______, I won't go. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。
_______ _______ by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. 尽管被对方队打败，但他们并没有灰心。
_______ ______, he will not come back to the company. 除非被邀请，否则他不会重回公司的。
5. 动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。
The teacher stood there, _______ by the students.
= The teacher stood there and he was surrounded by the students.
He went into the office, ______ by some children.
=He went into the office and he was followed by some children.
Step3:【小试牛刀】用括号内动词的适当形式填空：
1. __________ (give) more time, he will make a first class tennis player.
2. ___________(hear) that Li Yuchun will give a performance in the city, he got very excited.
3.________(lose) in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
4. __________ (be) a student in the new century, we should know what is honourable behavior in the world.
5. He sent the company another e-mail, ___________(hope) to get further information about the job.
6. Unless __________(invite ) to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
7. Generally speaking, when______________ (take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
8. ____________ (depend) on the nature of the materials, some waste can be thrown into the sea, but some can’t.
1. ________with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
A. Faced B. Face
C. Facing D. To face
2. Faced with a bill for ＄10,000, _________.
A. John has taken an extra job
B. the boss has given John an extra job
C. an extra job has been taken
D. an extra job has been given to John
3. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _________ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4.
A. have reached B. reaching
C. to reach D. to be reaching
4 ________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police
A. Having lost B. Lost
C. Being lost D. Losing
5. _______ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed
C. Not having completed D. Having not completed