【拔高版】【中考英语重难点语法复习专题】第六讲：复杂长难句（含习题+答案）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第六讲：复杂长难句
专题概述
由二个或二个以上的分句，用并列连词连接所组成的句子，称为并列句。
由一个主句加上一个以上的从句所构成的句子，称为复合句。
一个句子中包含包括并列句和复合句叫做复杂句。
语法考点
长难句一般是由“主干部分+四长两短一并列”组成的，我们可把这个“四长两短一并列”称为构成英语句子的“组件”21世纪教育网版权所有
所谓“四长”，就是构成长难句的四种较长修饰成分，即形容词短语，介词短语、非谓语动词短语和从句
所谓“两短”，指的是镶嵌于句子之中的、会稍稍提高句子复杂度的两种较短修饰成分，即形容词、副词。
而除了“四长两短”之外，另 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )外一个使句子变得复杂的结构就是“平行并列结构”。“平行并列结构”是由一些并列关系的连词(and、or、as well as等)构成，是将句子变长的重要手段。21·cn·jy·com
并列结构可以是多层次的并列，所以要注意寻找同级并列元素。
Eg: The sky was clea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r and lit by the light of the moon, and the walls of the yard looked scary behind the shadows of these trees.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Eg: Wasting time or ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) money is a crime, and being absent from school is a shame while John used to spend time on Internet and never listened to his mother. www-2-1-cnjy-com
用括号法分析长难句：
英语长句的分析方法：去枝叶， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )留主干。
1. 划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;
2. 划出所有短语: 介词短语，形容词短语和非谓动词短语（除了be动词后面）2-1-c-n-j-y
3. 划出所有的并列连词，找出同级并列元素
1. Li Hui is a te ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )acher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (of China) (and) he often goes abroad to study further21*cnjy*com
2. (Compared with tho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )se (in poor health)), some people (who enjoy good health) are very lucky and others( enjoying healthy body and good income) are unusually lucky.21cnjy.com
第六讲课堂练习
分析下列句子结构并翻译句子意思
1. This will be particula ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. 21教育网
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5.It leads the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.
6. But even m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ore important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.　　
7. Thus it hap ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.
8. As a result of two ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.
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11. We assumed that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely.
12. This need is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )enshrined in the concept of sustainable development，which means that we must，for the benefit of coming generations，leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations.
13. Painting lacks onl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y the means to represent movement in time and space，which is the special property of sculpture and architecture，since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one time，whereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view，thus supplying movements in space and time.
14. Once intimidated ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classes，and that they might lose their heritage in regular classes，these women have since given voice，loudly and persuasively，to what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted country，their children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs.
15. The presumption on ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) which human cloning rests is that all these cells，though now specialized，still contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on.www.21-cn-jy.com
第六讲课后练习
分析下列句子结构并翻译句子意思
1.Thus，a regularity f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories.
2.It is becaus ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e of the close association in most people's minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool，but it is important to realize that this ability，on its own，does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned.
3.The point at which ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes，and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble.
4.Such large, imper ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
5.So don't be su ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks;and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you haven't heard before，you can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn’t know it either.
6.Despite th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him，a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if quick enough，take protective action in time.
7.The“shareholder”as s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uch had no knowledge of the lives,thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares,and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.
8.The paid m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )anager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands,but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
9.When a journalist re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cently accused the company of lacking integrity in its testing of beauty products，the company overtly appealed to the public by citing its corporate brand，which was firmly associated in people's minds with strong ethical standards concerning animal rights.
10.However，the crim ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )inals quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiable，so even when caught the police had trouble proving the theft.
参考答案
第六讲：复杂长难句
课堂练习
1.译文：这种困境将是确定无疑 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的，因为能源的匮乏，高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
2.译文：既然对智力的评估相比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。
3.译文：一般来说，当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时，测试最为有效;而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时，测试效果最差。
4.译文：例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境中成长的话，会有多大才干。
5.译文：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关怀体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
6.译文：但更重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的有关过去的最为遥远的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
7.译文:于是就出现了这样的情况:正当新办的工厂纷纷建立，需要劳动力的时候，成千上万无家可归、饥肠辘辘、以农业为生的劳动者携家带口，被迫进入城市;他们要找活干，不管什么活儿，不论什么条件，只要不被饿死就行。
8.译文:由于两三个世纪以来的科学研究成果，我们逐渐相信，如果运用合适的观察和实验方法向大自然探究问题，她会真心实意地给我们答复，并且以永垂不朽的发现来报答我们。从这个意义上来说，大自然是可以认识的。
9.译文：理论上的认识已达到了这样一个阶段,即现在已能指出需要哪种测量方式才能可靠地预报天气。如果做不到这一点，那么上述这些新的观察能力只不过提供了一大堆细节而已。
10.译文:当固体浸没到液体中时，固体会失去它所排出的液体的那部分重量，这就是现在通常所谓的阿基米德原理。有关这一发现的故事说法众多，下面的故事就是其中之一。
11.译文：我们曾经假定，分子之间存在引力，这种引力随着分子之间距离的不同而有显著的变化，因而，在间距为千万分之几毫米的分子之间的引力是很小的，但是分子靠得很近时，这种引力会变得相当大。
12.译文：这一需要被正式载入可持续发展的概念之中。所谓可持续发展是指:为了子孙后代的利益，我们必须保留足够的生存环境空间，以满足他们的需要，施展抱负。
13.译文：绘画缺少的仅仅是表现空间与时间变化的手法，而这正是雕塑与建筑的特性。绘画时只要求在某一时刻，从空间的一点来欣赏，而雕塑和建筑的创造则要求从各个角度来欣赏，这样就表现出了空间，时间的变化。
14.译文：有人说，孩子们在双语课堂里会感到更加自由自在，而在正规班级会丧失其传统文化。这几位母亲曾被这一论点搞得惶恐不安，现在发表了最响亮，最有说服力的意见。从她们自身的经验中，他们深知:如果孩子们不熟练掌握他们所移居国家的语言，除了那些最简单的体力活儿外，根本谈不上上大学，也谈不上找到理想的工作。
15.译文：人类克隆赖以存在的假定是:虽然所有的细胞现已全部特化，但却仍然包含有发育为完整个体所需的与母体完全一致的全部遗传指令;如果能找到一个方法使失去作用的部分恢复作用，这些细胞就能发育成为完整的个体。
2·1·c·n·j·y
课后练习
1.译文：因此，与一条不能被归 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )入更普遍的法则或理论而是基于经验的规律相比，一条具有普遍理论依据支持的规律很可能被认可为一条自然法则。
2.译文：正是由于在大多数人头脑中工具与人类联系密切，人类才特别关注有能力把物体当工具使用的任何一种动物。但值得注意的是，这种能力就其自身而言，并不表明这种动物有什么特别的智慧。
3.译文：当一种动物能够使自己操纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的目标范围，并且能够自发地使用物体解决只有通过工具才能解决的崭新问题时，工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化意义的阶段。
4.译文： 对资本和企业进行大规模的非个人操纵，大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。
5.译文：因此，如果在某些教科书里你碰到某些词组是你从未见过的，你不必惊讶。如果下次你听到有人用一个你以前从未听到过的新词，你可以这样安慰自己说，很可能在什么地方有一个讲英语的本地人也不认识这个字呢!
6.译文:尽管人们常说一个人从来不知道是否遭到闪电的袭击，但是一个人有时能感觉到闪电的到来，如果动作快，就能及时采取保护措施。
7.译文：这样的股东，对他拥有股份的公司里所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系，也不会产生积极的影响。
8.译文:受聘于公司并代表公司的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是,就连他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在，正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式制度下的雇主们，却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人关系。
9.译文：有一名记者近日指责该公司在美容产品的测试上缺乏整体性，该公司公开利用其公司品牌求助于公众。在公众的心目中，该品牌同关系到动物权利的道德标准息息相关。
10.译文:但偷盗者认识到，电脑中真正值钱的东西是芯片（或叫集成电路片），这是可以随身携带和无法识别的。即使当场被抓住，警察也难以证明那是偷来的。21·世纪*教育网
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