Unit2 Topic talk&Lesson1
Topic Talk
1．athlete n．运动员→athletic adj．运动的→athletics n．田径运动
2． frequency n．发生的频率，发生率→frequent adj．经常的 → frequently adv．频繁地；经常
3．prefer vt. 较喜欢，更喜欢→preference n．偏好，喜好→preferable adj. 更可取的，更合适的
4．cycle vi．骑自行车→cyclist n．骑自行车的人
5．bowling n．保龄球→ bowl n．碗 v. (草地滚球戏或保龄球运动中)滚球，投球
6．balance n．[U,sing.]均衡，平衡；[U]平衡能力→balanced adj．保持（或显示）平衡的
8．regularly adv．经常；定期地→regular adj．规律的；规则的→regulation n．规则→regulate vt．约束；控制；管理
Lesson 1
1．inspiration n．激励；灵感→inspire vt．鼓励；激励→inspiring adj. 令人鼓舞的→inspired adj. 感到鼓舞的
2．replacement n．替换的人（物）→ replace vt．代替
3．sharply adv．严厉地，毫不客气地；猛烈地→sharp adj．急剧的，猛烈的；尖的，锋利的；adv．（时间）整点→sharpen vi．& vt．（使）变得锋利→sharpener n．[C] 磨具，削具
4．energy n．精力，活力→energetic adj．有活力的
5．crowd n．人群→ crowded adj．拥挤的
6．clap vt．&vi．鼓掌，拍手→ clapping [现在分词] → clapped [过去式] → clapped [过去分词]
重点单词与短语精析
★课标词 ▲高频词
▲★1. prefer vt. 更喜欢，喜欢……多于…… (preferred , preferred , preferring)
【用法归纳】
prefer doing sth./to do sth. 更喜欢做某事
prefer sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
prefer A to B 与B相比更喜欢A（to为介词）
prefer doing A to doing B 与做B相比更喜欢做A
prefer to do A rather than (to) do B （=would rather do A than do B/
would do A rather than do B）宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
prefer + that从句 希望/更喜欢……（从句谓语常用“should +动词原形”，should可以省略）
We can eat out if you like, but I would prefer staying/ to stay in.
如果你愿意的话我们可以去外面吃饭，但我更倾向于待在家里。
I prefer to walk there rather than go by car. =I would rather walk there than go by car.
我宁愿步行去那儿而不愿开车去。
They preferred the money (should) be used for building schools and hospitals.
他们更愿意拿这笔钱来建学校和医院。
【注意】
1. prefer意为“更喜欢”，相当于 like better，因此不能再与比较级连用
2. prefer不能用于进行时
3. 要注意区分 prefer的搭配中to为不定式符号还是介词
【拓展】词性拓展
preferable adj. 更可取的，更合适的
preference n. [C,U]偏好，喜好；[C]偏爱的事物，最喜爱的东西
have a preference for sth. 偏爱某物 in preference to 而不是
[语境串记]I prefer the preferable suggestion you mentioned in the book in preference to the words you told me yesterday. 我更喜欢你在书中提到的那个更可取的建议，而不是你昨天告诉我的那些话。
【练习】语法填空
①(浙江高考单项填空改编) We most prefer saying/to say (say) yes to the requests of someone we know and like.
②They prefer to put (put) off the birthday party till next Sunday rather than (to) hold (hold)it without the presence of their manager.
③(浙江高考单项填空改编) People develop a preference for a particular style of learning at an early age and these preferences affect learning. (prefer)
④I am busy preparing for the final examination. I prefer that you (should) come (come) tomorrow rather than today.
⑤I prefer the school uniform to the traditional Chinese dress at the welcome ceremony next month.
⑥I can’t say which type of tea tastes better. It’s just a matter of personal preference prefer.
⑦(2018·江苏阅读理解改编) Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay (stay) longer and spend.
2. rather than
【用法归纳】rather than意为“而不是……”，常用于连接平行结构，它连接的并列成分可以是动词、动词不定式、名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、v-ing或句子等。
He is a sailor rather than an explorer.他是一个海员，而不是一个探险者。(连接两个名词)
He is kind- hearted rather than foolish. 他是好心，而不是傻。(连接两个形容词)
He asked me how I found the hole rather than how I escaped.
他问我是怎样发现这个洞的，而不是问我怎样逃出来的。(连接两个句子)
【注意】
l. rather than连接两个不定式时，后一个不定式常省略to，但rather than位于句首时，跟不带to的动词不定式。
He wanted to swim rather than play volleyball.他想去游泳,而不是打排球。
Rather than stay here, I prefer to leave. 我宁愿离开也不愿待在这里。
2. rather than连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词应与 rather than前面的成分在人称和数上保持一致，即“就远原则”。具有相同用法的词语还有as well as, with, besides等。
You rather than I are going to go camping. 要去野营的是你，而不是我。
The father rather than the brothers is responsible for the accident. 为这起事故负责的是那个父亲，而不是那些兄弟。
【练习】语法填空
1.(浙江高考单项填空改编) Facing up to your problems rather than running (run) away from them is the best approach to working things out.
2.(2020·四川省南充高级中学月考)I prefer to stay at home all night to make up the lost time rather than watch (watch) TV programs.
3. You rather than your sister are (be) to run the shop after your parents retire.
4.(安徼高考单项填空改编) What we expect from you is working hard rather than hardly working (work).
▲★3. diet
【用法归纳】
(1)n. [C,U]日常饮食；[C]规定饮食 (为健康或减肥等目的)
a balanced/ healthy diet 一种均衡/健康的饮食
be on a diet节食(表状态)
go on a diet节食(表动作)
To keep healthy, we must have a balanced diet. 为了保持健康，我们必须有一个均衡的饮食。
My sister is on a diet, but she can’t resist the temptation of sweet food. 我的姐姐在节食，但她抵制不住甜食的诱惑。
Many people have come to realize that they should go on a diet and spare some time for exercise in their daily life.
很多人都已经开始意识到在日常生活中他们应该节食并抽出一些时间锻炼。
(2) v.节食，进行规定饮食
She’s always dieting but she never seems to lose any weight.她总是在节食，但体重好像从未减少。
【练习】完成句子
1.(2020·黑龙江哈三中期末) He must be on a diet (节食). He looks much thinner than he used to be.
2. Plants need water and sunlight to grow well. Similarly, healthy body requires a balanced diet (均衡的饮食).
3. As a matter of fact, you can’t expect to lose weight simply by going on a diet/ dieting .(节食)
4. make it
【用法归纳】
(1)获得成功
The little boy tried more than once and made it at last. 小男孩试了不止一次，终于成功了。
(2)能够出席(或到场)。后接宾语时需加介词to。
Nice to see you. I’m glad you could make it. 见到你真好。我很高兴你能来。
I’m afraid I can’t make it to the meeting tomorrow. 恐怕我明天不能出席会议了。
(3)(尤指在困难情况下)准时到达，赶上。后接宾语时常带有介词to，后面的宾语通常是表示地点的名词。
The flight leaves in twenty minutes—we will never make it. 再过二十分钟飞机就起飞了，我们无论如何也赶不上了。
For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip.
然而，对于许多到了道森的人来说，这趟艰难的旅程是值得的。(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)
【练习】判断下列句子中 make it的含义
①What a strong wind I don’t think we will make it to the airport on time. 准时到达
②After so many years of hard work in the field of music, she finally made it. 获得成功
③I’m really sorry that I won’t be able to make it on Sunday after all. 能够出席(或到场)
5. try out for 参加……选拔(或试演)
【用法归纳】
These teams are going to try out for the Olympic Games这些队伍要参加奥林匹克运动会的选拔赛。
She is trying out for the school play.她正在参加学校戏剧演员甄选。
【拓展】try构成的其他短语：
try on试穿 try for力争赢得 try out (on sb.) 测试，试验，试用(某人)
try one’s best 尽某人最大的努力
【练习】用try的相关短语完成句子
①While he tried out for the freshman basketball team in high school, Michael didn’t make it as a member.
②The boy’s dream was to have his own laboratory to try out some of his own ideas.
③Why not try on that suit to see if it matches your shirt
▲★5. desire
【用法归纳】
(1)n. 愿望，渴望，欲望
have a desire for/ to do sth. 渴望得到某物/做某事
He has a strong desire to join the army. 他非常渴望参军。
His desire is that he (should) visit the Great Wall someday.他的愿望是有一天能参观长城。
(2)v. 渴望，期望，想望
desire to do sth. 渴望做某事
desire sb. to do sth. 渴望某人做某事
desire + that从句 希望……
We always desire to live in peace with our neighbors.我们一直希望能与我们的邻居和睦相处。
She desires that he (should) come at once. She desires him to come at once. 他想让他马上过来。
【注意】当 desire (意为“渴望，期望”)作动词后接宾语从句，以及 desire作名词后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。
He desires that his book (should) reach as many people as possible.他期望他的书能引起尽可能多的人的注意。
[语境串记] My daughter is now a senior high school student. She desires/has a desire that she (should) be admitted to a famous university. Besides, she has a strong desire to major in English while I desire her to study medicine in the future. But now she desires to have a good time in the coming summer holiday. 我的女儿现在是一名高中生。她渴望被一所著名的大学录取。此外，她非常渴望主修英语，而我希望她将来学医。但是现在她渴望在即将到来的暑假中过得愉快。
【练习】语法填空
①(2020·厦门福建校级月考)Even so, she impressed the world with her courage and strong desire to succeed (succeed).
②Fashion is a competitive and hard business where people’s desire for new ideas is hard to satisfy.
③Actually, all of us desire to achieve (achieve) success, but sometimes our actions don’t correspond with(与……一致) what we desire.
④We desire that immediate help (should) be given (give) to the local villagers who have been suffering from the rising floodwater.
2.单句写作
那位老妇人希望她的女儿时常来看她。(desire)
The old woman desires her daughter to come and see her from time to time. 或 The old woman desires that her daughter
(should)visit her now and then.
6. pay off
【用法归纳】
(1)取得成功，奏效。为不及物动词短语。
With the help of a lot of people, our plan paid off.在很多人的帮助下，我们的计划成功了。
All his efforts have paid off and his dream has come true.他所有的努力都得到了回报，他的梦想实现了。
(2)付清，偿清；付清工资后解雇，遣散。为及物动词短语。
The poor couple worked hard day and night in order to pay off their debts. 这对可怜的夫妇日夜努力工作以偿清债务。
【拓展】pay构成的其他短语
pay back还钱；报复 pay for...支付……的钱；为……付出代价
【练习】结合pay的相关短语完成句子
①Our teachers often tell us that every minute we spend on studying will finally pay off in the near future.
②J.K. Rowling spent many hours in a warm cafe because she had no money to pay for the heating at home.
[高频短语]7. keep up with
【用法归纳】
(1)跟上，与……齐步前进
I had to walk fast to keep up with him. 我要快走才能跟上他。
Jack is having trouble keeping up with the rest of the class. 杰克很难跟上班里的其他同学。
(2)与(某人)保持联系
She still kept up with her classmates after graduation. 毕业后她仍然与她的同班同学保持联系。
【拓展】keep构成的其他短语：
keep off (sb./sth.) 让开，不接近；使……不接近
keep away (from) 远离……，避免接近……
keep on (doing sth.) 继续(做某事)
keep sth. back 抑制(或阻止)感情等的流露
【练习】用keep的相关短语完成句子
①Today the students in the countryside should have easy access to computers to keep up with the modern times.
②Proper physical exercise enables the youth to work effectively and to keep away from disease.
③Deeply moved by the play, she could hardly keep back her tears.
▲★8. earn
【用法归纳】
(1)vt. 赢得，博得
earn sb. sth. 为某人赢得某物
earn a reputation 赢得声誉
earn the respect/ trust of sb. 赢得某人的尊敬/信任
His outstanding ability earned him a place on the team. 他非凡的能力为他在队中赢得了一席之地。
Your efforts will earn you a good reputation.你的努力将会为你赢得佳誉。
As a teacher, she had earned the respect of the students.
作为教师，她赢得了学生们的尊敬。
(2)vt.&vi. 挣得，赚得
earn money(= make money)赚钱，挣钱
earn/one’s living(= make a/one’s living)谋生
My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.
我爷爷说去年夏天他们靠卖鱼赚了很多钱。(2018·全国I卷)
The boy wanted to earn some pocket money by selling newspapers. 这个男孩想通过卖报纸赚一些零花钱。
She earns her living by teaching at a language school. 她靠在语言学校教书维持生计。
【练习】用earn的相关短语完成句子
①他决定通过买卖东西来赚钱。He decided to earn money by buying and selling things.
②他现在靠写小说谋生。He now earns his/a living by writing novels.
重点句型分析
1. Bogues was only1.6 metres tall, which made him the shortest player ever in the NBA.
博格斯身高只有一米六，是NBA历史上最矮的球员。
【句式剖析】本句的结构分析如下：
Bogues was only 1.6 metres tall, which made him the shortest player ever in the NBA.
主句 which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句
【考点提炼】which引导的非限制性定语从句
(1)非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去也不会影响主句的意思，它和主句之间往往用逗号隔开。
(2) which引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词既可以是指物的单个的名词或代词，也可以是整个句子或其中的一部分。
(3) which引导非限制性定语从句时在从句中作主语、宾语或表语等成分，且不能省略。
(4) which引导非限制性定语从句时，不能换成 that。
Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Second World War.
昨晚我看了一部非常好的电影，它是关于第二次世界大战的。(which指代的是 a very good film, 且在从句中作主语)
The manager said nothing, which made him tenser still.
经理什么也没说，这使他更加紧张。( which指代的是前面的整个句子，且在从句中作主语)
These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not borne any fruit.
这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。( which指代的是apple trees，且在从句中作宾语)
She is an artist, which I am not.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。(which指代的是an artist，且在从句中作表语)
【练习】语法填空
①(2019·全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解改编)During the rosy years of elementary school (小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,
which allowed me to keep my high social status.
②(2018·北京单项填空改编) She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.
③(2017·全国Ⅱ卷短文改错改编)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, which is on the rooftop of their house.
2. The last quarter was about to begin, and my team was behind by10 points. 最后一节即将开始，我们队还落后10分。
【考点提炼】 be about to do sth.
be about to do sth. 表示“将要做某事”，一般不与具体的表示将来的时间状语连用。常用于“be about to do...when...”结构，意为“正要做……，这时(突然)……”。
The train is about to leave.火车就要开走了。
She was about to leave when the teacher came in.她刚要离开，这时老师进来了。
【练习】语法填空
①As I was about to give (give) up hope, a man driving a dirty old car came to my aid.
②We were about to climb up to the top of the mountain when it began to rain heavily.
3. “I don’t think I can play anymore, coach,”I said quietly as the doctor put an ice pack on my knee.
“教练，我觉得我没法再打了，”当医生将冰袋放在我的膝盖上时，我轻声说。
【句式剖析】本句的结构分析如下：
“I don’t think I can play anymore, coach,” I said quietly as the doctor put an ice pack on my knee.
省略that的宾语从句，此处用了否定转移 as引导的时间状语从句
【考点提炼】as引导的时间状语从句
as引导时间状语从句时，意为“随着，当……时”，强调主从句的谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行。
As she grew older, she gained confidence.随着年龄的增长她的信心增强了。
We all cheered as we watched the national flag rising in the Olympic Games on TV.
在电视上看到国旗在奥运会会场上升起的时候，我们都欢呼起来。
【注意】as意为“随着”时，意思同with，但with为介词，后面不能跟从句。试比较：
随着时间的流逝，他的记忆力似乎越来越差。
As time goes by, his memory seems to get worse.
With time going by, his memory seems to get worse.
【练习】单句写作
随着中国的发展，汉语变得越来越重要。
As China develops, Chinese is becoming more and more important. 或With the development of China, Chinese is becoming more and more important.
4. “Well，”said the coach as he hit Paul on the shoulder, “you’ve just earned your place on the team, big guy!”
“嗯，”教练一边拍着保罗的肩膀一边说，“你已经为自己赢得了球队中的位置，‘大个子’!”
【句式剖析】本句中的as引导时间状语从句，hit Paul on the shoulder属于“动词+sb. +介词+the+表示身体部位的名词”结构，该结构用来表示接触某人身体的某一部位。
【考点提炼】“动词+sb.+介词+the+表示身体部位的名词”结构
该结构中，若身体部位不同，介词也不同，其具体用法如下：
Don’t hit him in the face.不要打他的脸。
The angry father caught his son by the arm.那个生气的父亲拽住了儿子的胳膊。
The naughty boy hit the man on the nose.那个淘气的男孩儿打中了那个人的鼻子。
【练习】单句写作
①小男孩挽着奶奶的胳膊，带她过了马路。
The little boy took his grandma by the arm and walked her across the street.
②一个苹果从树上掉下来砸在他的头上。
An apple fell from the tree and hit him on the head.
③在泰国，你不能碰别人的头，即使是意外。
In Thailand, you mustn’t touch someone on the head , even by accident.
5. What do you think the coach might have learnt from his experiences with Paul
你认为教练可能从保罗的经历中学到什么
【句式剖析】本句为特殊疑问句，句中“might have learnt”为“情态动词+have done”结构。
【考点提炼】“情态动词+ have done”结构
(1) should/ ought to have done表示“本来应该做(但实际上未做)”，含有责备或遗憾的语气；其否定形式 should not/ought not to have done表示某种行为本不该发生却发生了。
You are late again. You should have come earlier.你又迟到了，你本应该早点来的。
You should have gone to the concert with us yesterday. What a pity!你昨天本该和我们一起去听音乐会的。太遗憾了!
(2) must have done表示对过去情况的肯定推测，意为“一定做过”，只用于肯定句。
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面是湿的。
(3)can/ could have done用于表示对过去情况的推测，意为“可能做了某事”，一般用于疑问句和否定句(could have done还可用于肯定句，表示“本可以做而未做”)；其否定形式 can’t/couldn’t have done sth.表示“过去不可能做了某事”，表示一种非常有把握的推测。
There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out 屋里没有灯光，他们可能出去了吗
Mr Smith can’t have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now.
史密斯先生不可能去北京了，因为我刚才在图书馆看见他了。
He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless.本来他能够通过考试的，但是他太粗心了。
(4)may/ might have done表示对过去情况不肯定的推测，意为“过去可能做了某事”。
You may have read about it in the newspapers.你可能已经在报上看过这个消息了。
(5) needn’t have done表示“本不必做某事(而实际上做了)”，一般不用 need have done的形式。
You needn’t have told me the news. I have already known it.你本不必告诉我这个消息的。我已经知道了。
【练习】
1.语法填空
①—Oh, I just missed the last bus back home.
—That’s really bad. I’m sure you could have caught (catch) it, but you just didn’t hurry up.
②(2019·江苏阅读理解改编) At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown (blow) up with a violence far beyond the scale (规模) of anything known to humans.
③—Is it Mr Smith
—There isn’t any Mr Smith here. You must have dialed the wrong number.
2.完成句子
①怀特先生本应该上午8:30到达并参加这次会议的，但他没有出席。
Mr White should/ought to have arrived at 8:30 am for the meeting, but he didn’t show up.
②(浙江高考单项填空改编)乔治不可能已经走远了，因为他的咖啡还是热的。
George can’t/couldn’t have gone too far. His coffee is still warm.
③我已经带了一把伞，你本不必再带一把的。
I have taken an umbrella, so you needn’t have taken another one.
语法
挖教材 语法示例
用适当的关系代词完成下面教材中的句子并体会它们的语法特征。
1. When we weren’t playing on the court which/that was next to our building, we were watching a game on TV.
2. Paul’s favourite player was Tyrone Bogues, a guy who/that played for the Charlotte Hornets, although we actually agree that they are both champions.
3. Everyone knew Paul had real skills, and was someone who worked really hard and had a strong desire to play for the team.
4. This week, The Lions were playing our main competitors,The Bears, a team whose record this season had been perfect.
5. Paul didn’t know he’d soon get the chance which/that he’d been waiting for.
6. And clearly, all the extra hours that he’d spent practising alone paid off.
限制性定语从句( I )——关系代词
【知识点1】定语从句的基本概述
1.定语从句的定义：
在复合句中修饰或限定主句中某一名词或代词的从句定语从句，它所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。限制性定
语从句与先行词之间的关系非常密切，从句说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况。限制性定语从句不能省略，否则句意就不完整。引导定语从句的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。
2.关系词的作用：
①连接主句和从句；②指代先行词；③在从句中充当句子成分。
3.关系词的分类：
①关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as(本单元讲前五个的用法)；②关系副词：when, where, why。
【知识点2】关系代词的基本用法
关系代词用于替代指人或物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
1.who指人，在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语。
Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。(who在从句中作主语)
He is the man who I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见到的人。(who在从句中作宾语)
2.whom指人，在定语从句中只作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。若whom前有介词，则不能用who代替，也不可省略。
Rose is the person (whom/who) you should look after. 罗丝是你应该照顾的人。
When I have trouble, he is the only one to whom I can go for help.当我有困难时，他是我唯一可以求助的人。
3. whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那个人的车坏了，他们冲过去帮忙。
4. which一般指物，在定语从句中作主谙或宾语。作宾语时一般可省略。
China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。(which在从句中作主语)
The package (which) you are carrying is about to fall.你拿的包快掉了。( which在从句中作宾语)
5.that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时一般可省略。指人时一般可用who替代，指物时一般可用 which替代。
The number of people that/ who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.
每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。(that/who在从句中作主语)
The chair (that/which) you broke yesterday is now being repaired.
你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修。(that/who在从句中作宾语)
【知识点3】关系代词的选择
1.宜用that不用 which的情况
(1)当先行词是all, much, anything, something, everything, nothing, little, none等不定代词时。
She told me everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。
(2)当先行词被all, no, few, any, little, some, much, last, only, very等修饰时。
I’ve read all the books that were borrowed from others. 我已经读了从别人那儿借来的所有的书。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that she knows.史密斯先生是她唯一认识的外国人。
(3)当先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰，或先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the most exciting football game that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最激动人心的足球比赛。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚地记得我在那个房间里所见到的人和一些照片。
The foreign visitors spoke highly of the young pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
(5)当先行词在主句中作表语，且关系代词本身在定语从句中也作表语时。此时句子一般带有类比含义。
He is no longer the star that he was.他不再是过去的那位明星了。
Our school is no longer the place that it used to be.我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
2.宜用which不用that的情况
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时。
The bookstore provides us with all the books we need, which makes us moved.
这家书店给我们提供了所有我们需要的书，这使我们感动。
(2)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。
I’m looking for a container in which I can put all these peaches. 我正在找一个能放下所有这些桃子的容器。
(3)在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中前一个的关系代词是that，那么后一个的关系代词宜用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly opened.
我给你看看这本从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
3.宜用who不用that的情况
(1)先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one, anyone, no one, all, nobody, anybody, none等，或先行词为 those或被 those修饰且指人时。
The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies well.
你应该向那个努力学习而且学习好的学生学习。
(2)一个句子中含有两个定语从句，且先行词都为人时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个一般用who
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
昨晚你遇到的那个男孩是那个学习非常努力的小组组长。
【知识点4】定语从句中的主谓一致
一般情况下，关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句谓语动词的人称和数一般与先行词的人称和数保持一致。
The books that were sold out in two weeks were all written by Tom. 两周内卖光的那些书都是汤姆写的。
I’m fond of the piece of music which was played by Jenny. 我喜欢珍妮演奏的那首曲子。
【注意】“one of the+可数名词复数+定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；而“the only/very/ right one of the+可数名词复数+定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
He is one of the players who were presented with the medal.他是被授予了奖章的运动员之一。
He is the only one of the players who was presented with the medal.他是唯一一位被授予了奖章的运动员。
基础练｜知识巩固｜建议时间：25分钟
Topic Talk
一、单词拼写(用本部分所学单词)
1.(2020·广东佛山期末) Normally, an athlete (运动员) in sports like track and field and ball sports retires in his or her 30s.
2. It’s important to form a good habit of taking exercise regularly (经常地).
3. The elevator broke down. That’s why I chose to climb the stairs (楼梯) instead.
4. The gym (健身房) is under construction. It won’t open to the public until the end of this year.
5. Would you like to play tennis with me in the school court (球场) this weekend
二、语法填空。在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式
1. I must say I have a strong preference (prefer) for classical architecture(建筑).
2. In sunny days, he prefers to do/ doing (do) some outdoor activities and enjoys the warm sunshine.
3.(2017·天津单项填空改编) Nowadays, cycling (cycle), along with jogging (jog) and swimming (swim), is regarded as one of the best all-around forms of exercise.
4. I prefer doing sports with others to chatting (chat) online in the room.
5. Tom, rather than Jackie, is (be) going to speak on behalf of our class in tomorrow’s meeting.
三、完成句子
1. A balanced diet (均衡的饮食) with proper amount of physical exercise contributes to a healthy life.
2. My mother is not in good shape (健康状况良好), and has taken up tennis to get fit.
3. The doctor suggested that I take more exercise rather than go on a diet (节食) to improve my poor health.
Lesson1
一、单词拼写(用本部分所学单词)
1. (2020·江苏盐城期末)The crowd (人群) cheered widely at the sight of the champion (冠军), who was reported to have broken the world record.
2. It won’t be easy to defeat (战胜) the COVID-19(新型冠状病毒肺炎), but if we hang on, we will succeed in the end.
3. Running a company (公司) is not a simple matter of hiring people—they also need to be trained.
4. Historic sites impress writers with their amazing beauty, which are a great source of inspiration (灵感).
5. We packed (打包) all the books in wooden boxes so that they wouldn’t get damaged.
6. Bring an extra (额外的) pencil with you in case something goes wrong with this one during the exam.
7. He is always full of energy (活力) as thought he never knew tiredness.
8. The majority of the workers find it hard to live on the amount earn (赚得).
9. The young boy always reports to his mother how many home runs(本垒打) he hits and she always claps (鼓掌)and cheers for him.
二、语法填空。在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.(2020·黑龙江哈三中期末) I have a strong desire to visit (visit) the old castle whose door is painted red.
2. It’s her great desire for improvement and willingness to try out new ideas that have given Drew Faust success in a world controlled by men.
3.(2017·北京单项填空改编) The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations (inspire) for great inventions.
4. Several passers-by came to rescue the passengers immediately when the car crashed into the tree on the roadside.
5. Keep in mind that your effort will pay off . Don’t let one or two failures get you down.
6. Charles is an expert in repairing bikes. He will not let you down .
7. In my opinion, the key to air pollution is to inspire people to take (take) public transport in big cities.
三、单句写作
1.我找不到我的钱包了。我可能昨天把它忘在超市了，但我不确定。(“情态动词+ have done”结构)
I can’t find my purse. I can/may/could/might have left it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure.
2.我需要减肥，我的衣服都不合适了。(not...anymore)
I need to lose weight. My clothes don’t fit anymore
3.我正在街上走，突然有人拍了拍我的肩膀，吓了我一跳。(“动词+sb.+介词+the+表示身体部位的名词”结构，which引导的非限制性定语从句)
I was walking in the street when someone patted me on the shoulder, which frightened me
4.我正要做晚饭，这时突然停电了。(be about to do sth.)
I was about to cook my dinner when the power was cut off.
5.蒂娜经常在课堂上听老师讲课时做笔记，这对她复习很有帮助。(as引导的时间状语从句，which引导的非限制性定语从句)
Tina often takes notes as she listens to the teacher in class, which helps her a lot when she goes over her lessons.
语法练｜专项突破｜建议时间：20分钟
一、用适当的关系代词填空
1.(2020·天津河北区模考) How medicine works in a human body is a question that/which not everyone can understand fully.
2.(江苏省扬州中学月考) He was the only one of the boys who was late for class. [注:先行词是one指人，宜用who]
3.(北京四中期末) Please go through the text and underline the words whose meanings you don’t know.
4. —Do you know everybody who came to the party
—No. I don’t know the one who/whom you had a long talk with.
5.(2020·黑龙江哈三中期末) I have seen most of the greatest buildings in the world that are famous on the Internet.
6.(重庆高考单项填空改编) We’ll reach the sales targets in a month that/which we set at the beginning of the year.
7. The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well-known.
8.(2020·上海金山区期末) This novel is popular with those who were born in the 1980s.
9. There is no success without hard work; success is something that is only earned after much labor.
10. She is the teacher from whom I have borrowed this dictionary.
11. According to the new plan, students can choose the teacher whose class they wish to take.
12. He spent his Sunday afternoon in the library that/which was built of stone.
13.(2020·上海金山区期末) The thought of going back home was all that kept him happy while he was working abroad.
14. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those whose lives were affected.
15. Luckily we’d brought a map without which we would have lost our way.
二、用关系代词引导的定语从句合并下列句子
1.I have a friend. He likes listening to classical music.
I have a friend that/who likes listening to classical music.
2. Last week Mary wore the dress. I gave it to her.
Last week Mary wore the dress that/which I gave to her.
3. They live in a room. Its window faces south.
They live in a room whose window faces south.
4. She wants to visit the village. Her mother likes it best.
She wants to visit the village that/which her mother likes best.
5. The old man likes reading the newspaper every day. It contains important information.
The old man likes reading the newspaper that/which contains important information every day.
综合练｜能力提升｜建议时间：6分钟
课文语法填空。阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Paul and I were on the school basketball team. Paul’s favourite player was Tyrone Bogues, a guy (1)who/that played for the Charlotte Hornets. Guess why Paul was only 1.6 metres high, as tall as Bogues. Being (2) shorter (short) than other players meant he had to practise more and he used Bogues as his (3) inspiration (inspire). He said if Bogues could make it, he could too. Although he had a strong desire (4) to play (play) for the team, he was still usually on the bench. That’s (5) really (real) tough on him. This week, he got the chance he had been waiting for. I got (6) injured (injure) in the competition. The coach agreed to give him (7) a shot. We were behind by 10 points then and it was only 15 minutes before the competition ended. The extra hours Paul spent (8) practising (practise) paid off and he made shot after shot. We (9) won (win) by 2 points with Paul’s help. The coach hit him (10) on the shoulder and said
he had earned his place.Unit2 Topic talk&Lesson1
Topic Talk
1．athlete n．运动员→athletic adj．运动的→athletics n．田径运动
2． frequency n．发生的频率，发生率→frequent adj．经常的 → frequently adv．频繁地；经常
3．prefer vt. 较喜欢，更喜欢→preference n．偏好，喜好→preferable adj. 更可取的，更合适的
4．cycle vi．骑自行车→cyclist n．骑自行车的人
5．bowling n．保龄球→ bowl n．碗 v. (草地滚球戏或保龄球运动中)滚球，投球
6．balance n．[U,sing.]均衡，平衡；[U]平衡能力→balanced adj．保持（或显示）平衡的
8．regularly adv．经常；定期地→regular adj．规律的；规则的→regulation n．规则→regulate vt．约束；控制；管理
Lesson 1
1．inspiration n．激励；灵感→inspire vt．鼓励；激励→inspiring adj. 令人鼓舞的→inspired adj. 感到鼓舞的
2．replacement n．替换的人（物）→ replace vt．代替
3．sharply adv．严厉地，毫不客气地；猛烈地→sharp adj．急剧的，猛烈的；尖的，锋利的；adv．（时间）整点→sharpen vi．& vt．（使）变得锋利→sharpener n．[C] 磨具，削具
4．energy n．精力，活力→energetic adj．有活力的
5．crowd n．人群→ crowded adj．拥挤的
6．clap vt．&vi．鼓掌，拍手→ clapping [现在分词] → clap [过去式] → clap [过去分词]
重点单词与短语精析
★课标词 ▲高频词
▲★1. prefer vt. 更喜欢，喜欢……多于…… (preferred , preferred , preferring)
【用法归纳】
prefer doing sth./to do sth. 更喜欢做某事
prefer sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
prefer A to B 与B相比更喜欢A（to为介词）
prefer doing A to doing B 与做B相比更喜欢做A
prefer to do A rather than (to) do B （=would rather do A than do B/
would do A rather than do B）宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
prefer + that从句 希望/更喜欢……（从句谓语常用“should +动词原形”，should可以省略）
We can eat out if you like, but I would prefer staying/ to stay in.
如果你愿意的话我们可以去外面吃饭，但我更倾向于待在家里。
I prefer to walk there rather than go by car. =I would rather walk there than go by car.
我宁愿步行去那儿而不愿开车去。
They preferred the money (should) be used for building schools and hospitals.
他们更愿意拿这笔钱来建学校和医院。
【注意】
1. prefer意为“更喜欢”，相当于 like better，因此不能再与比较级连用
2. prefer不能用于进行时
3. 要注意区分 prefer的搭配中to为不定式符号还是介词
【拓展】词性拓展
preferable adj. 更可取的，更合适的
preference n. [C,U]偏好，喜好；[C]偏爱的事物，最喜爱的东西
have a preference for sth. 偏爱某物 in preference to 而不是
[语境串记]I prefer the preferable suggestion you mentioned in the book in preference to the words you told me yesterday. 我更喜欢你在书中提到的那个更可取的建议，而不是你昨天告诉我的那些话。
【练习】语法填空
①(浙江高考单项填空改编) We most prefer saying/to say (say) yes to the requests of someone we know and like.
②They prefer to put (put) off the birthday party till next Sunday rather than (to) hold (hold)it without the presence of their manager.
③(浙江高考单项填空改编) People develop a preference for a particular style of learning at an early age and these preferences affect learning. (prefer)
④I am busy preparing for the final examination. I prefer that you (should) come (come) tomorrow rather than today.
⑤I prefer the school uniform to the traditional Chinese dress at the welcome ceremony next month.
⑥I can’t say which type of tea tastes better. It’s just a matter of personal preference prefer.
⑦(2018·江苏阅读理解改编) Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay (stay) longer and spend.
2. rather than
【用法归纳】rather than意为“而不是……”，常用于连接平行结构，它连接的并列成分可以是动词、动词不定式、名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、v-ing或句子等。
He is a sailor rather than an explorer.他是一个海员，而不是一个探险者。(连接两个名词)
He is kind- hearted rather than foolish. 他是好心，而不是傻。(连接两个形容词)
He asked me how I found the hole rather than how I escaped.
他问我是怎样发现这个洞的，而不是问我怎样逃出来的。(连接两个句子)
【注意】
l. rather than连接两个不定式时，后一个不定式常省略to，但rather than位于句首时，跟不带to的动词不定式。
He wanted to swim rather than play volleyball.他想去游泳,而不是打排球。
Rather than stay here, I prefer to leave. 我宁愿离开也不愿待在这里。
2. rather than连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词应与 rather than前面的成分在人称和数上保持一致，即“就远原则”。具有相同用法的词语还有as well as, with, besides等。
You rather than I are going to go camping. 要去野营的是你，而不是我。
The father rather than the brothers is responsible for the accident. 为这起事故负责的是那个父亲，而不是那些兄弟。
【练习】语法填空
1.(浙江高考单项填空改编) Facing up to your problems rather than running (run) away from them is the best approach to working things out.
2.(2020·四川省南充高级中学月考)I prefer to stay at home all night to make up the lost time rather than watch (watch) TV programs.
3. You rather than your sister are (be) to run the shop after your parents retire.
4.(安徼高考单项填空改编) What we expect from you is working hard rather than hardly working (work).
▲★3. diet
【用法归纳】
(1)n. [C,U]日常饮食；[C]规定饮食 (为健康或减肥等目的)
a balanced/ healthy diet 一种均衡/健康的饮食
be on a diet节食(表状态)
go on a diet节食(表动作)
To keep healthy, we must have a balanced diet. 为了保持健康，我们必须有一个均衡的饮食。
My sister is on a diet, but she can’t resist the temptation of sweet food. 我的姐姐在节食，但她抵制不住甜食的诱惑。
Many people have come to realize that they should go on a diet and spare some time for exercise in their daily life.
很多人都已经开始意识到在日常生活中他们应该节食并抽出一些时间锻炼。
(2) v.节食，进行规定饮食
She’s always dieting but she never seems to lose any weight.她总是在节食，但体重好像从未减少。
【练习】完成句子
1.(2020·黑龙江哈三中期末) He must be on a diet (节食). He looks much thinner than he used to be.
2. Plants need water and sunlight to grow well. Similarly, healthy body requires a balanced diet (均衡的饮食).
3. As a matter of fact, you can’t expect to lose weight simply by going on a diet/ dieting .(节食)
4. make it
【用法归纳】
(1)获得成功
The little boy tried more than once and made it at last. 小男孩试了不止一次，终于成功了。
(2)能够出席(或到场)。后接宾语时需加介词to。
Nice to see you. I’m glad you could make it. 见到你真好。我很高兴你能来。
I’m afraid I can’t make it to the meeting tomorrow. 恐怕我明天不能出席会议了。
(3)(尤指在困难情况下)准时到达，赶上。后接宾语时常带有介词to，后面的宾语通常是表示地点的名词。
The flight leaves in twenty minutes—we will never make it. 再过二十分钟飞机就起飞了，我们无论如何也赶不上了。
For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip.
然而，对于许多到了道森的人来说，这趟艰难的旅程是值得的。(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)
【练习】判断下列句子中 make it的含义
①What a strong wind I don’t think we will make it to the airport on time. 准时到达
②After so many years of hard work in the field of music, she finally made it. 获得成功
③I’m really sorry that I won’t be able to make it on Sunday after all. 能够出席(或到场)
5. try out for 参加……选拔(或试演)
【用法归纳】
These teams are going to try out for the Olympic Games这些队伍要参加奥林匹克运动会的选拔赛。
She is trying out for the school play.她正在参加学校戏剧演员甄选。
【拓展】try构成的其他短语：
try on试穿 try for力争赢得 try out (on sb.) 测试，试验，试用(某人)
try one’s best 尽某人最大的努力
【练习】用try的相关短语完成句子
①While he tried out for the freshman basketball team in high school, Michael didn’t make it as a member.
②The boy’s dream was to have his own laboratory to try out some of his own ideas.
③Why not try on that suit to see if it matches your shirt
▲★5. desire
【用法归纳】
(1)n. 愿望，渴望，欲望
have a desire for/ to do sth. 渴望得到某物/做某事
He has a strong desire to join the army. 他非常渴望参军。
His desire is that he (should) visit the Great Wall someday.他的愿望是有一天能参观长城。
(2)v. 渴望，期望，想望
desire to do sth. 渴望做某事
desire sb. to do sth. 渴望某人做某事
desire + that从句 希望……
We always desire to live in peace with our neighbors.我们一直希望能与我们的邻居和睦相处。
She desires that he (should) come at once. She desires him to come at once. 他想让他马上过来。
【注意】当 desire (意为“渴望，期望”)作动词后接宾语从句，以及 desire作名词后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。
He desires that his book (should) reach as many people as possible.他期望他的书能引起尽可能多的人的注意。
[语境串记] My daughter is now a senior high school student. She desires/has a desire that she (should) be admitted to a famous university. Besides, she has a strong desire to major in English while I desire her to study medicine in the future. But now she desires to have a good time in the coming summer holiday. 我的女儿现在是一名高中生。她渴望被一所著名的大学录取。此外，她非常渴望主修英语，而我希望她将来学医。但是现在她渴望在即将到来的暑假中过得愉快。
【练习】语法填空
①(2020·厦门福建校级月考)Even so, she impressed the world with her courage and strong desire to succeed (succeed).
②Fashion is a competitive and hard business where people’s desire for new ideas is hard to satisfy.
③Actually, all of us desire to achieve (achieve) success, but sometimes our actions don’t correspond with(与……一致) what we desire.
④We desire that immediate help (should) be given (give) to the local villagers who have been suffering from the rising floodwater.
2.单句写作
那位老妇人希望她的女儿时常来看她。(desire)
The old woman desires her daughter to come and see her from time to time. 或 The old woman desires that her daughter
(should)visit her now and then.
6. pay off
【用法归纳】
(1)取得成功，奏效。为不及物动词短语。
With the help of a lot of people, our plan paid off.在很多人的帮助下，我们的计划成功了。
All his efforts have paid off and his dream has come true.他所有的努力都得到了回报，他的梦想实现了。
(2)付清，偿清；付清工资后解雇，遣散。为及物动词短语。
The poor couple worked hard day and night in order to pay off their debts. 这对可怜的夫妇日夜努力工作以偿清债务。
【拓展】pay构成的其他短语
pay back还钱；报复 pay for...支付……的钱；为……付出代价
【练习】结合pay的相关短语完成句子
①Our teachers often tell us that every minute we spend on studying will finally pay off in the near future.
②J.K. Rowling spent many hours in a warm cafe because she had no money to pay for the heating at home.
[高频短语]7. keep up with
【用法归纳】
(1)跟上，与……齐步前进
I had to walk fast to keep up with him. 我要快走才能跟上他。
Jack is having trouble keeping up with the rest of the class. 杰克很难跟上班里的其他同学。
(2)与(某人)保持联系
She still kept up with her classmates after graduation. 毕业后她仍然与她的同班同学保持联系。
【拓展】keep构成的其他短语：
keep off (sb./sth.) 让开，不接近；使……不接近
keep away (from) 远离……，避免接近……
keep on (doing sth.) 继续(做某事)
keep sth. back 抑制(或阻止)感情等的流露
【练习】用keep的相关短语完成句子
①Today the students in the countryside should have easy access to computers to keep up with the modern times.
②Proper physical exercise enables the youth to work effectively and to keep away from disease.
③Deeply moved by the play, she could hardly keep back her tears.
▲★8. earn
【用法归纳】
(1)vt. 赢得，博得
earn sb. sth. 为某人赢得某物
earn a reputation 赢得声誉
earn the respect/ trust of sb. 赢得某人的尊敬/信任
His outstanding ability earned him a place on the team. 他非凡的能力为他在队中赢得了一席之地。
Your efforts will earn you a good reputation.你的努力将会为你赢得佳誉。
As a teacher, she had earned the respect of the students.
作为教师，她赢得了学生们的尊敬。
(2)vt.&vi. 挣得，赚得
earn money(= make money)赚钱，挣钱
earn/one’s living(= make a/one’s living)谋生
My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.
我爷爷说去年夏天他们靠卖鱼赚了很多钱。(2018·全国I卷)
The boy wanted to earn some pocket money by selling newspapers. 这个男孩想通过卖报纸赚一些零花钱。
She earns her living by teaching at a language school. 她靠在语言学校教书维持生计。
【练习】用earn的相关短语完成句子
①他决定通过买卖东西来赚钱。He decided to earn money by buying and selling things.
②他现在靠写小说谋生。He now earns his/a living by writing novels.
重点句型分析
1. Bogues was only1.6 metres tall, which made him the shortest player ever in the NBA.
博格斯身高只有一米六，是NBA历史上最矮的球员。
【句式剖析】本句的结构分析如下：
Bogues was only 1.6 metres tall, which made him the shortest player ever in the NBA.
主句 which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句
【考点提炼】which引导的非限制性定语从句
(1)非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去也不会影响主句的意思，它和主句之间往往用逗号隔开。
(2) which引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词既可以是指物的单个的名词或代词，也可以是整个句子或其中的一部分。
(3) which引导非限制性定语从句时在从句中作主语、宾语或表语等成分，且不能省略。
(4) which引导非限制性定语从句时，不能换成 that。
Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Second World War.
昨晚我看了一部非常好的电影，它是关于第二次世界大战的。(which指代的是 a very good film, 且在从句中作主语)
The manager said nothing, which made him tenser still.
经理什么也没说，这使他更加紧张。( which指代的是前面的整个句子，且在从句中作主语)
These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not borne any fruit.
这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。( which指代的是apple trees，且在从句中作宾语)
She is an artist, which I am not.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。(which指代的是an artist，且在从句中作表语)
【练习】语法填空
①(2019·全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解改编)During the rosy years of elementary school (小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,
which allowed me to keep my high social status.
②(2018·北京单项填空改编) She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.
③(2017·全国Ⅱ卷短文改错改编)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, which is on the rooftop of their house.
2. The last quarter was about to begin, and my team was behind by10 points. 最后一节即将开始，我们队还落后10分。
【考点提炼】 be about to do sth.
be about to do sth. 表示“将要做某事”，一般不与具体的表示将来的时间状语连用。常用于“be about to do...when...”结构，意为“正要做……，这时(突然)……”。
The train is about to leave.火车就要开走了。
She was about to leave when the teacher came in.她刚要离开，这时老师进来了。
【练习】语法填空
①As I was about to give (give) up hope, a man driving a dirty old car came to my aid.
②We were about to climb up to the top of the mountain when it began to rain heavily.
3. “I don’t think I can play anymore, coach,”I said quietly as the doctor put an ice pack on my knee.
“教练，我觉得我没法再打了，”当医生将冰袋放在我的膝盖上时，我轻声说。
【句式剖析】本句的结构分析如下：
“I don’t think I can play anymore, coach,” I said quietly as the doctor put an ice pack on my knee.
省略that的宾语从句，此处用了否定转移 as引导的时间状语从句
【考点提炼】as引导的时间状语从句
as引导时间状语从句时，意为“随着，当……时”，强调主从句的谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行。
As she grew older, she gained confidence.随着年龄的增长她的信心增强了。
We all cheered as we watched the national flag rising in the Olympic Games on TV.
在电视上看到国旗在奥运会会场上升起的时候，我们都欢呼起来。
【注意】as意为“随着”时，意思同with，但with为介词，后面不能跟从句。试比较：
随着时间的流逝，他的记忆力似乎越来越差。
As time goes by, his memory seems to get worse.
With time going by, his memory seems to get worse.
【练习】单句写作
随着中国的发展，汉语变得越来越重要。
As China develops, Chinese is becoming more and more important. 或With the development of China, Chinese is becoming more and more important.
4. “Well，”said the coach as he hit Paul on the shoulder, “you’ve just earned your place on the team, big guy!”
“嗯，”教练一边拍着保罗的肩膀一边说，“你已经为自己赢得了球队中的位置，‘大个子’!”
【句式剖析】本句中的as引导时间状语从句，hit Paul on the shoulder属于“动词+sb. +介词+the+表示身体部位的名词”结构，该结构用来表示接触某人身体的某一部位。
【考点提炼】“动词+sb.+介词+the+表示身体部位的名词”结构
该结构中，若身体部位不同，介词也不同，其具体用法如下：
Don’t hit him in the face.不要打他的脸。
The angry father caught his son by the arm.那个生气的父亲拽住了儿子的胳膊。
The naughty boy hit the man on the nose.那个淘气的男孩儿打中了那个人的鼻子。
【练习】单句写作
①小男孩挽着奶奶的胳膊，带她过了马路。
The little boy took his grandma by the arm and walked her across the street.
②一个苹果从树上掉下来砸在他的头上。
An apple fell from the tree and hit him on the head.
③在泰国，你不能碰别人的头，即使是意外。
In Thailand, you mustn’t touch someone on the head , even by accident.
5. What do you think the coach might have learnt from his experiences with Paul
你认为教练可能从保罗的经历中学到什么
【句式剖析】本句为特殊疑问句，句中“might have learnt”为“情态动词+have done”结构。
【考点提炼】“情态动词+ have done”结构
(1) should/ ought to have done表示“本来应该做(但实际上未做)”，含有责备或遗憾的语气；其否定形式 should not/ought not to have done表示某种行为本不该发生却发生了。
You are late again. You should have come earlier.你又迟到了，你本应该早点来的。
You should have gone to the concert with us yesterday. What a pity!你昨天本该和我们一起去听音乐会的。太遗憾了!
(2) must have done表示对过去情况的肯定推测，意为“一定做过”，只用于肯定句。
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面是湿的。
(3)can/ could have done用于表示对过去情况的推测，意为“可能做了某事”，一般用于疑问句和否定句(could have done还可用于肯定句，表示“本可以做而未做”)；其否定形式 can’t/couldn’t have done sth.表示“过去不可能做了某事”，表示一种非常有把握的推测。
There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out 屋里没有灯光，他们可能出去了吗
Mr Smith can’t have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now.
史密斯先生不可能去北京了，因为我刚才在图书馆看见他了。
He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless.本来他能够通过考试的，但是他太粗心了。
(4)may/ might have done表示对过去情况不肯定的推测，意为“过去可能做了某事”。
You may have read about it in the newspapers.你可能已经在报上看过这个消息了。
(5) needn’t have done表示“本不必做某事(而实际上做了)”，一般不用 need have done的形式。
You needn’t have told me the news. I have already known it.你本不必告诉我这个消息的。我已经知道了。
【练习】
1.语法填空
①—Oh, I just missed the last bus back home.
—That’s really bad. I’m sure you could have caught (catch) it, but you just didn’t hurry up.
②(2019·江苏阅读理解改编) At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown (blow) up with a violence far beyond the scale (规模) of anything known to humans.
③—Is it Mr Smith
—There isn’t any Mr Smith here. You must have dialed the wrong number.
2.完成句子
①怀特先生本应该上午8:30到达并参加这次会议的，但他没有出席。
Mr White should/ought to have arrived at 8:30 am for the meeting, but he didn’t show up.
②(浙江高考单项填空改编)乔治不可能已经走远了，因为他的咖啡还是热的。
George can’t/couldn’t have gone too far. His coffee is still warm.
③我已经带了一把伞，你本不必再带一把的。
I have taken an umbrella, so you needn’t have taken another one.
语法
挖教材 语法示例
用适当的关系代词完成下面教材中的句子并体会它们的语法特征。
1. When we weren’t playing on the court which/that was next to our building, we were watching a game on TV.
2. Paul’s favourite player was Tyrone Bogues, a guy who/that played for the Charlotte Hornets, although we actually agree that they are both champions.
3. Everyone knew Paul had real skills, and was someone who worked really hard and had a strong desire to play for the team.
4. This week, The Lions were playing our main competitors,The Bears, a team whose record this season had been perfect.
5. Paul didn’t know he’d soon get the chance which/that he’d been waiting for.
6. And clearly, all the extra hours that he’d spent practising alone paid off.
限制性定语从句( I )——关系代词
【知识点1】定语从句的基本概述
1.定语从句的定义：
在复合句中修饰或限定主句中某一名词或代词的从句定语从句，它所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。限制性定
语从句与先行词之间的关系非常密切，从句说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况。限制性定语从句不能省略，否则句意就不完整。引导定语从句的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。
2.关系词的作用：
①连接主句和从句；②指代先行词；③在从句中充当句子成分。
3.关系词的分类：
①关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as(本单元讲前五个的用法)；②关系副词：when, where, why。
【知识点2】关系代词的基本用法
关系代词用于替代指人或物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
1.who指人，在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语。
Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。(who在从句中作主语)
He is the man who I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见到的人。(who在从句中作宾语)
2.whom指人，在定语从句中只作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。若whom前有介词，则不能用who代替，也不可省略。
Rose is the person (whom/who) you should look after. 罗丝是你应该照顾的人。
When I have trouble, he is the only one to whom I can go for help.当我有困难时，他是我唯一可以求助的人。
3. whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那个人的车坏了，他们冲过去帮忙。
4. which一般指物，在定语从句中作主谙或宾语。作宾语时一般可省略。
China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。(which在从句中作主语)
The package (which) you are carrying is about to fall.你拿的包快掉了。( which在从句中作宾语)
5.that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时一般可省略。指人时一般可用who替代，指物时一般可用 which替代。
The number of people that/ who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.
每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。(that/who在从句中作主语)
The chair (that/which) you broke yesterday is now being repaired.
你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修。(that/who在从句中作宾语)
【知识点3】关系代词的选择
1.宜用that不用 which的情况
(1)当先行词是all, much, anything, something, everything, nothing, little, none等不定代词时。
She told me everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。
(2)当先行词被all, no, few, any, little, some, much, last, only, very等修饰时。
I’ve read all the books that were borrowed from others. 我已经读了从别人那儿借来的所有的书。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that she knows.史密斯先生是她唯一认识的外国人。
(3)当先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰，或先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the most exciting football game that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最激动人心的足球比赛。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚地记得我在那个房间里所见到的人和一些照片。
The foreign visitors spoke highly of the young pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
(5)当先行词在主句中作表语，且关系代词本身在定语从句中也作表语时。此时句子一般带有类比含义。
He is no longer the star that he was.他不再是过去的那位明星了。
Our school is no longer the place that it used to be.我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
2.宜用which不用that的情况
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时。
The bookstore provides us with all the books we need, which makes us moved.
这家书店给我们提供了所有我们需要的书，这使我们感动。
(2)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。
I’m looking for a container in which I can put all these peaches. 我正在找一个能放下所有这些桃子的容器。
(3)在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中前一个的关系代词是that，那么后一个的关系代词宜用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly opened.
我给你看看这本从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
3.宜用who不用that的情况
(1)先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one, anyone, no one, all, nobody, anybody, none等，或先行词为 those或被 those修饰且指人时。
The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies well.
你应该向那个努力学习而且学习好的学生学习。
(2)一个句子中含有两个定语从句，且先行词都为人时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个一般用who
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
昨晚你遇到的那个男孩是那个学习非常努力的小组组长。
【知识点4】定语从句中的主谓一致
一般情况下，关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句谓语动词的人称和数一般与先行词的人称和数保持一致。
The books that were sold out in two weeks were all written by Tom. 两周内卖光的那些书都是汤姆写的。
I’m fond of the piece of music which was played by Jenny. 我喜欢珍妮演奏的那首曲子。
【注意】“one of the+可数名词复数+定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；而“the only/very/ right one of the+可数名词复数+定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
He is one of the players who were presented with the medal.他是被授予了奖章的运动员之一。
He is the only one of the players who was presented with the medal.他是唯一一位被授予了奖章的运动员。
基础练｜知识巩固｜建议时间：25分钟
Topic Talk
一、单词拼写(用本部分所学单词)
1.(2020·广东佛山期末) Normally, an athlete (运动员) in sports like track and field and ball sports retires in his or her 30s.
2. It’s important to form a good habit of taking exercise regularly (经常地).
3. The elevator broke down. That’s why I chose to climb the stairs (楼梯) instead.
4. The gym (健身房) is under construction. It won’t open to the public until the end of this year.
5. Would you like to play tennis with me in the school court (球场) this weekend
二、语法填空。在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式
1. I must say I have a strong preference (prefer) for classical architecture(建筑).
2. In sunny days, he prefers to do/ doing (do) some outdoor activities and enjoys the warm sunshine.
3.(2017·天津单项填空改编) Nowadays, cycling (cycle), along with jogging (jog) and swimming (swim), is regarded as one of the best all-around forms of exercise.
4. I prefer doing sports with others to chatting (chat) online in the room.
5. Tom, rather than Jackie, is (be) going to speak on behalf of our class in tomorrow’s meeting.
三、完成句子
1. A balanced diet (均衡的饮食) with proper amount of physical exercise contributes to a healthy life.
2. My mother is not in good shape (健康状况良好), and has taken up tennis to get fit.
3. The doctor suggested that I take more exercise rather than go on a diet (节食) to improve my poor health.
Lesson1
一、单词拼写(用本部分所学单词)
1. (2020·江苏盐城期末)The crowd (人群) cheered widely at the sight of the champion (冠军), who was reported to have broken the world record.
2. It won’t be easy to defeat (战胜) the COVID-19(新型冠状病毒肺炎), but if we hang on, we will succeed in the end.
3. Running a company (公司) is not a simple matter of hiring people—they also need to be trained.
4. Historic sites impress writers with their amazing beauty, which are a great source of inspiration (灵感).
5. We packed (打包) all the books in wooden boxes so that they wouldn’t get damaged.
6. Bring an extra (额外的) pencil with you in case something goes wrong with this one during the exam.
7. He is always full of energy (活力) as thought he never knew tiredness.
8. The majority of the workers find it hard to live on the amount earn (赚得).
9. The young boy always reports to his mother how many home runs(本垒打) he hits and she always claps (鼓掌)and cheers for him.
二、语法填空。在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.(2020·黑龙江哈三中期末) I have a strong desire to visit (visit) the old castle whose door is painted red.
2. It’s her great desire for improvement and willingness to try out new ideas that have given Drew Faust success in a world controlled by men.
3.(2017·北京单项填空改编) The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations (inspire) for great inventions.
4. Several passers-by came to rescue the passengers immediately when the car crashed into the tree on the roadside.
5. Keep in mind that your effort will pay off . Don’t let one or two failures get you down.
6. Charles is an expert in repairing bikes. He will not let you down .
7. In my opinion, the key to air pollution is to inspire people to take (take) public transport in big cities.
三、单句写作
1.我找不到我的钱包了。我可能昨天把它忘在超市了，但我不确定。(“情态动词+ have done”结构)
I can’t find my purse. I can/may/could/might have left it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure.
2.我需要减肥，我的衣服都不合适了。(not...anymore)
I need to lose weight. My clothes don’t fit anymore
3.我正在街上走，突然有人拍了拍我的肩膀，吓了我一跳。(“动词+sb.+介词+the+表示身体部位的名词”结构，which引导的非限制性定语从句)
I was walking in the street when someone patted me on the shoulder, which frightened me
4.我正要做晚饭，这时突然停电了。(be about to do sth.)
I was about to cook my dinner when the power was cut off.
5.蒂娜经常在课堂上听老师讲课时做笔记，这对她复习很有帮助。(as引导的时间状语从句，which引导的非限制性定语从句)
Tina often takes notes as she listens to the teacher in class, which helps her a lot when she goes over her lessons.
语法练｜专项突破｜建议时间：20分钟
一、用适当的关系代词填空
1.(2020·天津河北区模考) How medicine works in a human body is a question that/which not everyone can understand fully.
2.(江苏省扬州中学月考) He was the only one of the boys who was late for class. [注:先行词是one指人，宜用who]
3.(北京四中期末) Please go through the text and underline the words whose meanings you don’t know.
4. —Do you know everybody who came to the party
—No. I don’t know the one who/whom you had a long talk with.
5.(2020·黑龙江哈三中期末) I have seen most of the greatest buildings in the world that are famous on the Internet.
6.(重庆高考单项填空改编) We’ll reach the sales targets in a month that/which we set at the beginning of the year.
7. The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well-known.
8.(2020·上海金山区期末) This novel is popular with those who were born in the 1980s.
9. There is no success without hard work; success is something that is only earned after much labor.
10. She is the teacher from whom I have borrowed this dictionary.
11. According to the new plan, students can choose the teacher whose class they wish to take.
12. He spent his Sunday afternoon in the library that/which was built of stone.
13.(2020·上海金山区期末) The thought of going back home was all that kept him happy while he was working abroad.
14. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those whose lives were affected.
15. Luckily we’d brought a map without which we would have lost our way.
二、用关系代词引导的定语从句合并下列句子
1.I have a friend. He likes listening to classical music.
I have a friend that/who likes listening to classical music.
2. Last week Mary wore the dress. I gave it to her.
Last week Mary wore the dress that/which I gave to her.
3. They live in a room. Its window faces south.
They live in a room whose window faces south.
4. She wants to visit the village. Her mother likes it best.
She wants to visit the village that/which her mother likes best.
5. The old man likes reading the newspaper every day. It contains important information.
The old man likes reading the newspaper that/which contains important information every day.
综合练｜能力提升｜建议时间：6分钟
课文语法填空。阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Paul and I were on the school basketball team. Paul’s favourite player was Tyrone Bogues, a guy (1)who/that played for the Charlotte Hornets. Guess why Paul was only 1.6 metres high, as tall as Bogues. Being (2) shorter (short) than other players meant he had to practise more and he used Bogues as his (3) inspiration (inspire). He said if Bogues could make it, he could too. Although he had a strong desire (4) to play (play) for the team, he was still usually on the bench. That’s (5) really (real) tough on him. This week, he got the chance he had been waiting for. I got (6) injured (injure) in the competition. The coach agreed to give him (7) a shot. We were behind by 10 points then and it was only 15 minutes before the competition ended. The extra hours Paul spent (8) practising (practise) paid off and he made shot after shot. We (9) won (win) by 2 points with Paul’s help. The coach hit him (10) on the shoulder and said
he had earned his place.
