2022届高考英语二轮复习： 动词的时态和语态学案（含答案）
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| 名称 | 2022届高考英语二轮复习： 动词的时态和语态学案（含答案） |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2021-10-29 11:34:33 | ||
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动词的时态和语态
一、动词的时态
(一)一般现在时
1．一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语一般由动词原形后加 s或 es构成。其变化规则如下：
情况 变化规则 例词
一般情况 直接加 s work—works learn—learns come—comes play—plays want—wants need—needs
结尾为 s， x， sh， ch或 o 在词尾加 es pass—passes discuss—discusses teach—teaches wash—washes fix—fixes go—goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y” 变y为i再加 es carry—carries cry—cries study—studies worry—worries
2.一般现在时的用法
1)主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time等时间状语。
I usually get up at four o'clock every morning when it's still dark.
我通常每天早晨四点起床，那时天还很黑。
2)表示主语目前的性格、特征、状态或能力等。
①She knows French and German besides English.
除了英语，她还会法语和德语。
②Planning so far ahead makes no sense — so many things will have changed by next year.
这么早作计划没有什么意义——到明年很多事情会发生变化。
3)表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象，或用在格言中。
①It's known that the earth goes round the sun.
众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
②“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say, “because every step shows.”
奶奶过去经常说，“人生就像在雪中行走，因为每一步都留有足迹。”
4)一般现在时代替一般将来时。
(1)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态，可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，主句仍用一般将来时。
①I'll tell him about it as soon as he comes.
他一来，我就告诉他这件事。
②They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(2)表示按规定、计划、安排、时间表等马上要发生的事，常与具体的时间状语连用。该用法常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息、安排等时刻表上，且仅限于少数表示短暂意义的动词，这类词语主要有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, take off, finish, stop等。
①The train leaves at 4：30 p．m.
火车在下午4：30出发。
②The plane takes off at 5 o'clock.
飞机在5点钟起飞。
(二)一般过去时
1．一般过去时的构成
(1)一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加 ed构成，其变化规则如下：
情况 变化规则 例词
一般情况 在动词后加 ed look—looked watch—watched stay—stayed expect—expected
以 e结尾的动词 后加 d hope—hoped like—liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词 变y为i再加 ed study—studied try—tried copy—copied carry—carried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写词尾的辅音字母再加 ed stop—stopped clap—clapped plan—planned prefer—preferred admit—admitted permit—permitted
2．一般过去时的用法
(1)表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。
—Is Peter coming
—No, he changed his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
——彼得要来吗？
——不来了。他在最后时刻接了一个电话后改变了主意。
(2)表示过去一段时间内完成的动作。
—Long time no see! Haven't you graduated from college
—Yes. I studied English for four years in Nanjing.
——好久不见！你大学毕业了吗？
——毕业了，我在南京学了四年英语。
(3)表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。
I always got up late, and never had enough time for breakfast.
我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。
(4)有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明，但实际上是“刚才，刚刚”发生，应使用一般过去时。
①I didn't know you were here.
我不知道你在这里。
②Sorry, I forgot to bring your book.
很抱歉，我忘记带你的书来了。
(5)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时表示过去将来的意义。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(三)一般将来时
1．will/shall＋动词原形
(1)表示不含主观因素，单纯的将来，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。shall一般用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称。
①By the time you have finished this book, your meal will get cold.
等到你看完这本书，你的饭就凉了。
②My birthday is coming. I shall be 18 years old.
我的生日就要到了。我将要18岁了。
(2)will还可表达说话时临时做出的决定。
—What time is it
—I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.
—几点了？
—我不知道。稍等，我帮你看一下。
2．be going to＋动词原形
“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
①I feel I am going to make progress with her help.
我觉得在她的帮助下我会进步的。
②Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.
看那些乌云。天要下雨了。
3．be to＋动词原形
“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.
10点前你们得交上论文。
(四)现在进行时
1．现在进行时的构成
现在进行时的构成形式为：am/is/are＋v. ing。v. ing形式的变化规则如下：
情况 变化规则 例词
一般情况 在词尾直接加 ing work—working look—looking study—studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词 去e再加 ing have—having face—facing take—taking write—writing
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写该辅音字母再加 ing cut—cutting put—putting swim—swimming begin—beginning
以 ie结尾的动词 变ie为y再加 ing lie—lying tie—tying die—dying
2.现在进行时的用法
(1)表示说话之时或现阶段正在发生或一直进行着的动作。
The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill.
秘书生病时，教授自己打他的信。
(2)现在进行时还可以表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，这类动词主要有：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stop, do等。
My aunt is leaving for Shanghai at eleven o'clock tomorrow morning.
明天早上十一点我婶婶将离开去上海。
(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。
Tom is always coming late for meetings, which makes his boss very angry.
汤姆开会老是迟到，这使他的老板很生气。
(五)过去进行时
1．过去进行时的构成为“was/were＋doing”。表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
当那个男孩的父亲下班回来时，他正在做作业。
2．表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有leave, start, arrive, go, come等。
I was coming to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.
我打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是不得已打电话取消了。
(六)将来进行时
表示将来某个时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作。其构成为：will/shall be doing。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如：at this time tomorrow (明天的这个时间)，from 1：30 to 4：30 the day after tomorrow (后天从1：30到4：30)等。
①If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you will be eating fresh watermelon in the fall.
如果你春天播下西瓜种子，那么秋天就能吃上新鲜的西瓜了。
②I'll be talking with the professor at this time tomorrow.
明天这个时间我将在和教授谈话。
(七)现在完成时
现在完成时由“have/has＋过去分词”构成，其基本用法如下：
1．表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。
—I'm sorry, but I don't follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20
—Sorry, I haven't made myself clear. We want to return on October 20.
——对不起，我没明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？
——对不起，我没有表达清楚，我们打算10月20号回来。
2．表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
3．在时间、条件状语从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
Will you come to my office when you have finished your work
你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？
4．在“It (This) is the best (worst, most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
It is the most interesting book that I have read since I grew up.
这是自从我长大以来所读过的最有趣的书。
5．在“It (This) is (will be) the first/second/third ... time＋that从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
It is the third time that you have been late for work this week, isn't it
这已经是这周你第三次工作迟到了，不是吗？
(八)过去完成时
过去完成时的构成为：had＋done，其基本用法如下：
1．表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before, after, by, up till)，这种时态从来不孤立使用。
I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.
我发现这个报告很难懂，因为当我到的时候，它已经开始了。
2．动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped to come to help you. Something happened to me. That's why I didn't come.
我本希望能来帮助你，但我出了点事，所以没有来。
3．在“hardly (scarcely)．..when ..., no sooner ...than ...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“一……就……”。
Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.
演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。
4．by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用过去完成时。
By the time the messenger reached him, the damage had been done.
送信人赶到他那儿时，损失已经造成了。
5．表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
这是她第二次看见她的祖父了。
(九)将来完成时
表示在将来某个时刻前已经完成或一直持续的动作，并对将来产生一定的影响。常与“by＋将来的某个时间”或when/before引导的时间状语从句连用。其结构为：will/shall have done。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家时我将已把房子彻底打扫一遍了。
(十)现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“have/has been＋现在分词”构成，其基本用法如下：
1．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作，并仍在进行。
—Tony, why are your eyes red
—I have been cutting up peppers for the last five minutes.
—托尼，为什么你的眼睛那么红啊？
—在过去的5分钟里，我一直都在切辣椒。
2．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。
Where have you been We have been looking for you everywhere.
你刚才去哪里了？我们一直在到处找你。
3．现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
I have been ringing you several times in two days.
这两天内我给你打过几次电话。
(十一)过去完成进行时
表示一个动作从过去某个时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去时刻，到那个时刻，这一动作可能刚结束，也可能仍在进行。
He had been living here before he went to New York.
他去纽约之前一直住在这里。
(十二)过去将来时
1．过去将来时的基本构成和用法
过去将来时由“would＋动词原形”构成，主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作(尤其用于宾语从句中)，还可以表示过去的动作习惯或倾向。
She said that she wouldn't do that again.
她说她再不会这样做了。
2．表示过去将来时的其他表达法
(1) was/were going to ＋ 动词原形：该结构有两个主要用法，一是表示过去的打算，二是表示在过去看来有迹象表明将要发生某事。
I thought it was going to rain.
我认为要下雨了。
(2)was/were to ＋ 动词原形：主要表示过去按计划或安排要做的事情。
She said she was to get married next month.
她说她计划在下个月结婚。
(3)was/were about to ＋ 动词原形：表示在过去看来即将要发生的动作，由于本身已含有“即将”的意味，所以不再与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。
I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.
电话铃响时我正好要上床睡觉。
(4)was/were ＋现在分词：表示在过去看来即将发生的动作，通常可用于该结构中的动词是come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等瞬间动词。
Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.
杰克说他打算明天动身。
二、被动语态
(一)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化(以动词clean为例)列表如下：
形态 时间 一般 进行 完成
现在 am/is/are cleaned am/is/are being cleaned have/has been cleaned
过去 was/were cleaned was/were being cleaned had been cleaned
将来 shall/will be cleaned shall/will have been cleaned
过去将来 should/would be cleaned
①I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but was held back thankfully by the shop window.
当时我有一种强烈的愿望想要把手伸进去玩那个玩具，但是幸好被橱窗阻隔了。
②The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruits and vegetables.
如果人们被说服了吃更多的水果和蔬菜，那么死于心脏病的人数将大大减少。
(二)被动语态的基本用法
1．强调或突出动作的承受者。
New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.
新西兰葡萄酒质量很好，行销全世界。
2．不知道或无需说出动作的执行者。
—Have you heard about that fire in the market
—Yes, fortunately no one was hurt.
—你听说市场里发生的火灾了吗？
—听说了，幸运的是，没有人受伤。
3．用在科技文献或新闻报道中。
Cars of this kind were made in the 1980s.
这种小汽车是二十世纪80年代制造的。
【高考这样考】
Ⅰ.单句语法填空。
1.（2019·高考全国卷Ⅱ）Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award, proud Irene___________(declare)she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.
2. （2019·高考全国卷Ⅲ）On the last day of our week-long stay, we___________(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
3. （2019·高考北京卷）On the first day of my first grade, I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach, I__________(voice) my biggest concern to my mother,“How will I make friends”.
4. （2019·高考江苏卷）The musician along with his band members___________(give) ten performances in the last three months.
5.（2019·高考江苏卷）A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith__________(fall)in love with the people and culture there.
6.（2019·高考江苏卷）They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals____________(install) by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.
7.（2019·高考天津卷）Amy, as well as her brothers,______________(give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
8.（2019·高考天津卷）My washing machine________________(repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
9.（2018·高考全国卷Ⅱ）Since 2011, the country_________(grow) more corn than rice.
10.（2018·高考北京卷）—Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here I haven’t seen you around.
—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just___________(start) on Monday.
11.（2018·高考北京卷）China’s high-speed railways__________(grow) from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.
12.（2017·高考北京卷）__________(do) you call that company to see how they think of our product yesterday
—Yes, they are happy with it.
13.（2017·高考天津卷）I___________(drive)down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
14.（2017·高考天津卷）Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming,______________(regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
15.（2017·高考江苏卷）He’s been informed that he_________(do) not qualify for the scholarship because of his academic background.
16.（2016·高考北京卷）Jack__________(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
17.（2016·高考北京卷）I___________(read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.
18.（2016·高考北京卷）The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts_____________(reward) with success in the end.
19.（2016·高考江苏卷）Dashan, who__________(learn) crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
20.（2015·高考北京卷）In the last few years, China____________(make) great achievements in environmental protection.
21.（2015·高考北京卷）—Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house
—Not really. She__________(give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
22.（2015·高考北京卷）—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
—All right. I____________(call) him later.
23.（2015·高考北京卷）—Did you enjoy the party
—Yes. We_____________(treat) well by our hosts.
24.（2015·高考安徽卷）It is reported that a space station_____________(build) on the moon in years to come.
25.（2015·高考福建卷）To my delight, I was___________(choose) from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
26.（2015·高考安徽卷）Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I ____________(leave) my book in the café.
27.（2015·高考湖南卷）I wasn’t able to hide my eagerness when I ___________(ask),“what do you wish me to do now ”
28.（2015·高考湖南卷）He must have sensed that I______________(look) at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly,“Why are you staring at me like that ”
29.（2015·高考天津卷）Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement__________(reach) so far by the two sides.
Ⅱ.单句改错。
1.（2019·高考全国卷Ⅱ）One was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a doctor. And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.______________
2.（2019·高考全国卷Ⅲ）Now my dream is to open a café. Though it may appear simple, it required a lot of ideas and efforts._______________
3. (2018·高考全国卷Ⅰ) During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.______________
4.（2018·高考全国卷Ⅱ）They would say to me that playing card games would help my brain. Still I unwilling to play the games with them sometimes.___________________
5. (2017·高考全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders, but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.________________
动词的时态和语态 答案
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.declared 2.were invited 3.voiced 4.has given 5.fell 6.will have been installed 7.was given 8.is being repaired 9.has grown 10.started 11.have grown 12.Did 13.was driving 14.is regarded 15.does 16.was working 17.have read 18.will be rewarded 19.has been learning 20.has made 21.had given 22.will call 23.were treated 24.will be built 25.chosen 26.had left 27.asked 28.was looking 29.has been reached
Ⅱ.单句改错
iswas 2.requiredrequires 3.findfound 4.unwilling前加was 5.goeswent
一、动词的时态
(一)一般现在时
1．一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语一般由动词原形后加 s或 es构成。其变化规则如下：
情况 变化规则 例词
一般情况 直接加 s work—works learn—learns come—comes play—plays want—wants need—needs
结尾为 s， x， sh， ch或 o 在词尾加 es pass—passes discuss—discusses teach—teaches wash—washes fix—fixes go—goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y” 变y为i再加 es carry—carries cry—cries study—studies worry—worries
2.一般现在时的用法
1)主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time等时间状语。
I usually get up at four o'clock every morning when it's still dark.
我通常每天早晨四点起床，那时天还很黑。
2)表示主语目前的性格、特征、状态或能力等。
①She knows French and German besides English.
除了英语，她还会法语和德语。
②Planning so far ahead makes no sense — so many things will have changed by next year.
这么早作计划没有什么意义——到明年很多事情会发生变化。
3)表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象，或用在格言中。
①It's known that the earth goes round the sun.
众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
②“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say, “because every step shows.”
奶奶过去经常说，“人生就像在雪中行走，因为每一步都留有足迹。”
4)一般现在时代替一般将来时。
(1)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态，可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，主句仍用一般将来时。
①I'll tell him about it as soon as he comes.
他一来，我就告诉他这件事。
②They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(2)表示按规定、计划、安排、时间表等马上要发生的事，常与具体的时间状语连用。该用法常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息、安排等时刻表上，且仅限于少数表示短暂意义的动词，这类词语主要有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, take off, finish, stop等。
①The train leaves at 4：30 p．m.
火车在下午4：30出发。
②The plane takes off at 5 o'clock.
飞机在5点钟起飞。
(二)一般过去时
1．一般过去时的构成
(1)一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加 ed构成，其变化规则如下：
情况 变化规则 例词
一般情况 在动词后加 ed look—looked watch—watched stay—stayed expect—expected
以 e结尾的动词 后加 d hope—hoped like—liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词 变y为i再加 ed study—studied try—tried copy—copied carry—carried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写词尾的辅音字母再加 ed stop—stopped clap—clapped plan—planned prefer—preferred admit—admitted permit—permitted
2．一般过去时的用法
(1)表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。
—Is Peter coming
—No, he changed his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
——彼得要来吗？
——不来了。他在最后时刻接了一个电话后改变了主意。
(2)表示过去一段时间内完成的动作。
—Long time no see! Haven't you graduated from college
—Yes. I studied English for four years in Nanjing.
——好久不见！你大学毕业了吗？
——毕业了，我在南京学了四年英语。
(3)表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。
I always got up late, and never had enough time for breakfast.
我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。
(4)有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明，但实际上是“刚才，刚刚”发生，应使用一般过去时。
①I didn't know you were here.
我不知道你在这里。
②Sorry, I forgot to bring your book.
很抱歉，我忘记带你的书来了。
(5)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时表示过去将来的意义。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(三)一般将来时
1．will/shall＋动词原形
(1)表示不含主观因素，单纯的将来，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。shall一般用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称。
①By the time you have finished this book, your meal will get cold.
等到你看完这本书，你的饭就凉了。
②My birthday is coming. I shall be 18 years old.
我的生日就要到了。我将要18岁了。
(2)will还可表达说话时临时做出的决定。
—What time is it
—I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.
—几点了？
—我不知道。稍等，我帮你看一下。
2．be going to＋动词原形
“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
①I feel I am going to make progress with her help.
我觉得在她的帮助下我会进步的。
②Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.
看那些乌云。天要下雨了。
3．be to＋动词原形
“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.
10点前你们得交上论文。
(四)现在进行时
1．现在进行时的构成
现在进行时的构成形式为：am/is/are＋v. ing。v. ing形式的变化规则如下：
情况 变化规则 例词
一般情况 在词尾直接加 ing work—working look—looking study—studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词 去e再加 ing have—having face—facing take—taking write—writing
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写该辅音字母再加 ing cut—cutting put—putting swim—swimming begin—beginning
以 ie结尾的动词 变ie为y再加 ing lie—lying tie—tying die—dying
2.现在进行时的用法
(1)表示说话之时或现阶段正在发生或一直进行着的动作。
The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill.
秘书生病时，教授自己打他的信。
(2)现在进行时还可以表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，这类动词主要有：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stop, do等。
My aunt is leaving for Shanghai at eleven o'clock tomorrow morning.
明天早上十一点我婶婶将离开去上海。
(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。
Tom is always coming late for meetings, which makes his boss very angry.
汤姆开会老是迟到，这使他的老板很生气。
(五)过去进行时
1．过去进行时的构成为“was/were＋doing”。表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
当那个男孩的父亲下班回来时，他正在做作业。
2．表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有leave, start, arrive, go, come等。
I was coming to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.
我打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是不得已打电话取消了。
(六)将来进行时
表示将来某个时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作。其构成为：will/shall be doing。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如：at this time tomorrow (明天的这个时间)，from 1：30 to 4：30 the day after tomorrow (后天从1：30到4：30)等。
①If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you will be eating fresh watermelon in the fall.
如果你春天播下西瓜种子，那么秋天就能吃上新鲜的西瓜了。
②I'll be talking with the professor at this time tomorrow.
明天这个时间我将在和教授谈话。
(七)现在完成时
现在完成时由“have/has＋过去分词”构成，其基本用法如下：
1．表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。
—I'm sorry, but I don't follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20
—Sorry, I haven't made myself clear. We want to return on October 20.
——对不起，我没明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？
——对不起，我没有表达清楚，我们打算10月20号回来。
2．表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
3．在时间、条件状语从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
Will you come to my office when you have finished your work
你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？
4．在“It (This) is the best (worst, most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
It is the most interesting book that I have read since I grew up.
这是自从我长大以来所读过的最有趣的书。
5．在“It (This) is (will be) the first/second/third ... time＋that从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
It is the third time that you have been late for work this week, isn't it
这已经是这周你第三次工作迟到了，不是吗？
(八)过去完成时
过去完成时的构成为：had＋done，其基本用法如下：
1．表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before, after, by, up till)，这种时态从来不孤立使用。
I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.
我发现这个报告很难懂，因为当我到的时候，它已经开始了。
2．动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped to come to help you. Something happened to me. That's why I didn't come.
我本希望能来帮助你，但我出了点事，所以没有来。
3．在“hardly (scarcely)．..when ..., no sooner ...than ...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“一……就……”。
Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.
演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。
4．by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用过去完成时。
By the time the messenger reached him, the damage had been done.
送信人赶到他那儿时，损失已经造成了。
5．表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
这是她第二次看见她的祖父了。
(九)将来完成时
表示在将来某个时刻前已经完成或一直持续的动作，并对将来产生一定的影响。常与“by＋将来的某个时间”或when/before引导的时间状语从句连用。其结构为：will/shall have done。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家时我将已把房子彻底打扫一遍了。
(十)现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“have/has been＋现在分词”构成，其基本用法如下：
1．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作，并仍在进行。
—Tony, why are your eyes red
—I have been cutting up peppers for the last five minutes.
—托尼，为什么你的眼睛那么红啊？
—在过去的5分钟里，我一直都在切辣椒。
2．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。
Where have you been We have been looking for you everywhere.
你刚才去哪里了？我们一直在到处找你。
3．现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
I have been ringing you several times in two days.
这两天内我给你打过几次电话。
(十一)过去完成进行时
表示一个动作从过去某个时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去时刻，到那个时刻，这一动作可能刚结束，也可能仍在进行。
He had been living here before he went to New York.
他去纽约之前一直住在这里。
(十二)过去将来时
1．过去将来时的基本构成和用法
过去将来时由“would＋动词原形”构成，主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作(尤其用于宾语从句中)，还可以表示过去的动作习惯或倾向。
She said that she wouldn't do that again.
她说她再不会这样做了。
2．表示过去将来时的其他表达法
(1) was/were going to ＋ 动词原形：该结构有两个主要用法，一是表示过去的打算，二是表示在过去看来有迹象表明将要发生某事。
I thought it was going to rain.
我认为要下雨了。
(2)was/were to ＋ 动词原形：主要表示过去按计划或安排要做的事情。
She said she was to get married next month.
她说她计划在下个月结婚。
(3)was/were about to ＋ 动词原形：表示在过去看来即将要发生的动作，由于本身已含有“即将”的意味，所以不再与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。
I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.
电话铃响时我正好要上床睡觉。
(4)was/were ＋现在分词：表示在过去看来即将发生的动作，通常可用于该结构中的动词是come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等瞬间动词。
Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.
杰克说他打算明天动身。
二、被动语态
(一)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化(以动词clean为例)列表如下：
形态 时间 一般 进行 完成
现在 am/is/are cleaned am/is/are being cleaned have/has been cleaned
过去 was/were cleaned was/were being cleaned had been cleaned
将来 shall/will be cleaned shall/will have been cleaned
过去将来 should/would be cleaned
①I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but was held back thankfully by the shop window.
当时我有一种强烈的愿望想要把手伸进去玩那个玩具，但是幸好被橱窗阻隔了。
②The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruits and vegetables.
如果人们被说服了吃更多的水果和蔬菜，那么死于心脏病的人数将大大减少。
(二)被动语态的基本用法
1．强调或突出动作的承受者。
New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.
新西兰葡萄酒质量很好，行销全世界。
2．不知道或无需说出动作的执行者。
—Have you heard about that fire in the market
—Yes, fortunately no one was hurt.
—你听说市场里发生的火灾了吗？
—听说了，幸运的是，没有人受伤。
3．用在科技文献或新闻报道中。
Cars of this kind were made in the 1980s.
这种小汽车是二十世纪80年代制造的。
【高考这样考】
Ⅰ.单句语法填空。
1.（2019·高考全国卷Ⅱ）Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award, proud Irene___________(declare)she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.
2. （2019·高考全国卷Ⅲ）On the last day of our week-long stay, we___________(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
3. （2019·高考北京卷）On the first day of my first grade, I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach, I__________(voice) my biggest concern to my mother,“How will I make friends”.
4. （2019·高考江苏卷）The musician along with his band members___________(give) ten performances in the last three months.
5.（2019·高考江苏卷）A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith__________(fall)in love with the people and culture there.
6.（2019·高考江苏卷）They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals____________(install) by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.
7.（2019·高考天津卷）Amy, as well as her brothers,______________(give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
8.（2019·高考天津卷）My washing machine________________(repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
9.（2018·高考全国卷Ⅱ）Since 2011, the country_________(grow) more corn than rice.
10.（2018·高考北京卷）—Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here I haven’t seen you around.
—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just___________(start) on Monday.
11.（2018·高考北京卷）China’s high-speed railways__________(grow) from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.
12.（2017·高考北京卷）__________(do) you call that company to see how they think of our product yesterday
—Yes, they are happy with it.
13.（2017·高考天津卷）I___________(drive)down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
14.（2017·高考天津卷）Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming,______________(regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
15.（2017·高考江苏卷）He’s been informed that he_________(do) not qualify for the scholarship because of his academic background.
16.（2016·高考北京卷）Jack__________(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
17.（2016·高考北京卷）I___________(read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.
18.（2016·高考北京卷）The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts_____________(reward) with success in the end.
19.（2016·高考江苏卷）Dashan, who__________(learn) crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
20.（2015·高考北京卷）In the last few years, China____________(make) great achievements in environmental protection.
21.（2015·高考北京卷）—Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house
—Not really. She__________(give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
22.（2015·高考北京卷）—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
—All right. I____________(call) him later.
23.（2015·高考北京卷）—Did you enjoy the party
—Yes. We_____________(treat) well by our hosts.
24.（2015·高考安徽卷）It is reported that a space station_____________(build) on the moon in years to come.
25.（2015·高考福建卷）To my delight, I was___________(choose) from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
26.（2015·高考安徽卷）Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I ____________(leave) my book in the café.
27.（2015·高考湖南卷）I wasn’t able to hide my eagerness when I ___________(ask),“what do you wish me to do now ”
28.（2015·高考湖南卷）He must have sensed that I______________(look) at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly,“Why are you staring at me like that ”
29.（2015·高考天津卷）Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement__________(reach) so far by the two sides.
Ⅱ.单句改错。
1.（2019·高考全国卷Ⅱ）One was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a doctor. And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.______________
2.（2019·高考全国卷Ⅲ）Now my dream is to open a café. Though it may appear simple, it required a lot of ideas and efforts._______________
3. (2018·高考全国卷Ⅰ) During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.______________
4.（2018·高考全国卷Ⅱ）They would say to me that playing card games would help my brain. Still I unwilling to play the games with them sometimes.___________________
5. (2017·高考全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders, but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.________________
动词的时态和语态 答案
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.declared 2.were invited 3.voiced 4.has given 5.fell 6.will have been installed 7.was given 8.is being repaired 9.has grown 10.started 11.have grown 12.Did 13.was driving 14.is regarded 15.does 16.was working 17.have read 18.will be rewarded 19.has been learning 20.has made 21.had given 22.will call 23.were treated 24.will be built 25.chosen 26.had left 27.asked 28.was looking 29.has been reached
Ⅱ.单句改错
iswas 2.requiredrequires 3.findfound 4.unwilling前加was 5.goeswent