2022届高考英语二轮复习：代词、冠词精讲义 学案（无答案）

Pron 代词
一、人称代词
　人称代词不同的格在句中有不同的句法功能:人称代词的主格作主语;宾格可作宾语也可作表语。
He would drown his sadness in coffee.(主格作主语)
他会借咖啡来浇愁。
Thank you for your letter.(宾格作及物动词的宾语)
谢谢你的来信。
I bought a present for him.(宾格作介词宾语)
我给他买了件礼物。
Hi,it’s me.(宾格作表语)
你好,是我。
温馨提示　①在It is/was...that/who...强调句型中,若被强调部分作主语, 虽然跟在is/was后,但仍用主格形式。
It’s I who did it. 这件事是我做的。
②在没有谓语动词的句子中,人称代词常用宾格。如:
—Glad to meet you.——见到你很高兴。
—Me,too.——我也是(见到你很高兴)。
题组训练·完成句子
①——谁在敲门 ——是我。
—Who is knocking at the door —It’s me .
②除了他没有人知道这事。
Nobody but him knew it.
二、物主代词
1.形容词性物主代词
形容词性物主代词相当于形容词。置于名词之前,作定语。
Is this your seat,sir
这是你的座位吗,先生
The government has changed its policy.
政府已经改变了政策。
2.名词性物主代词
名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,在句中作主语、
表语、宾语。
This is not my dictionary.Mine is lent to Lucy.(作主语)
这不是我的字典,我的借给露西了。
This camera is mine and that is yours.(作表语)
这部照相机是我的,那部是你的。
Every person showed his ticket,and I showed mine too.(作宾语)
每个人都出示了票,我也出示了我的。
题组训练·用物主代词填空
③—Tom,　____ (I)bike is broken. Would you please lend_______(you)to me
—Sorry. ____(I)has been taken by Jack. You can ask him if you like.
④______(he) coming to help encouraged us a lot.
反身代词
1.反身代词的基本用法
2.含有反身代词的习惯用语
(1)与介词连用
You’ll have to see if he has gone to the school for yourself.(亲自)
你得亲自去看看他是否已经去了学校。
The computer may shut off by itself.(自动地)
计算机可能会自动关闭。
One would rather have a bedroom to oneself.(=for one’s own private use, not to be shared独自享用)
每个人都愿意有一间自己的卧室。
I can’t finish the work by myself.(=alone;without help单独地、独自地)
我自己干不完这个活。
He was beside himself with joy when he heard he had passed the exam.(=almost mad with anger/excitement,etc.由于气愤、激动等而近乎发狂、忘形)
当听说通过了考试时,他欣喜若狂。
(2)与动词连用
enjoy oneself(=have a good time)玩得开心,过得愉快
Behave yourself!(=Be polite!Show good manners!)规矩点!
absent oneself缺席;不参加
devote oneself to专心于
apply oneself to专心致志于
adapt oneself to适应
treat oneself to sth.用……犒劳自己
make oneself at home不要客气
seat oneself(=sit)坐
think for oneself(=form one’s own opinion)独立思考(形成自己的看法,自行决定)
He is not himself today.(be oneself处于正常状态,显得自然)他今天不在状态。
He is always boasting himself.(boast oneself自夸)
他总是自夸。
A moment later,he came to himself.(come to oneself=regain self-control or consciousness恢复自制力/知觉;苏醒过来)
过了一会儿,他苏醒过来。
When he woke up,he found himself in a hospital bed.(find oneself+介词短语/doing sth.:发现自己处于某种状态或在做某事)
醒来时,他发现自己躺在医院的床上。
The money was on the table and no one was there,so he helped himself to it.(help oneself to sth.=take sth.for oneself擅自取用)
钱在桌子上放着,没人在那儿,所以他就擅自取用了。
题组训练·用反身代词填空
⑤You must believe him. I saw with my eyes that he did it________ .
⑥Hello, boys and girls, I’d like you to introduce_______ first.
⑦We should be independent of our parents.We should depend on_________ .
四、指示代词
指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,表示“这个,这些”“那个,那些”。常用的指示代词有this,that,these,those。this,that用来指代或标记单数名词;these,those用来指代或标记复数名词。另外,为了方便学习,我们把such,so也归到这一类。
1.指示代词的句法功能
Charlie,this is my friend,Amy.(作主语)
查理,这是我的朋友埃米。
This house is for rent.(作定语)此房出租。
What I want to stress is this.(作表语)
我想强调的是这一点。
What do you think of this (作宾语)
你觉得这个怎么样
2.指示代词的用法
(1)this,that,these,those
指示代词this,these往往指在时间或空间上较近的人或物;that,those往往指在时间或空间上较远的人或物。
This picture was painted by Robert and that one by Bruce.
这幅画是罗伯特画的,那幅是布鲁斯画的。(this近指,that远指)
I love these books but I don’t like those(ones).
我喜欢这些书,但不喜欢那些。(these近指,those远指)
知识拓展
A.用英语打电话时,this指自己,that指别人。
Hello!This is Alan.Who is that speaking
喂!我是艾伦。你是哪位
B.刚提到过的或已经完成的事情用that,而将要发生或将要提到的事情用this。
Little George broke the vase,but he didn’t admit it.That was very annoying.
小乔治打碎了花瓶,但他自己还不承认。那真是太令人生气了。
—Professor Watson is going to give us a lecture on geology.
沃森教授要来给我们作一场关于地质学的讲座。
—This is very exciting.这真是太令人激动了。
(2)such的用法
such指如前面所述的这样的人或事物。
Such was the result.结果就是这样。
(3)so的用法
so起指代作用时,代替一个句子或短语所表达的内容。
①在believe,think,expect,suppose,imagine等词后用so代替前文提出的观点。既可用于肯定句也可用于否定句。
I think/expect/suppose/imagine/believe so.我想如此。
I don’t think/expect/suppose/imagine/believe so.=I think/expect/suppose/imagine/believe not.我想不是这样。
②用于表示肯定的hope,I’m afraid后,代替前文提出的观点。
—It is going to rain this evening.今天晚上要下雨。
—I hope so./I hope not.我希望下。/我希望不下。(不可以说:I don’t hope so.)
题组训练·完成句子
⑧你们学校的学生比我们学校的学生学习更努力。
The students in your school study harder than _____in ours.
⑨北京的人口比上海的人口少。
The population of Beijing is smaller than_______of Shanghai.
五、it的用法
1.指代上文提到的某样东西
Where is my dictionary I left it right on the desk.
我的字典哪里去了 我就把它放在桌子上了。
2.用以代替指示代词this,that
—What’s this 这是什么
—It’s a flag.是一面旗。
—Whose exercise book is that 那是谁的练习本
—It’s hers.是她的。
3.指不知性别的婴儿(baby)或身份不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)
The baby cried because it was hungry.
婴儿因饥饿而啼哭。
—Who is knocking at the door 谁在敲门
—It’s me.是我。
4.指时间、天气、距离等
It is nine o’clock sharp now.现在是9点整。
It is raining hard outside.外面雨下得正大。
It is a long way to the factory.
到工厂有很长一段路。
5.作形式主语或形式宾语
it常用来代替不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语或形式宾语而将真正的主语或宾语后置。
It’s not easy to learn a foreign language.(作形式主语,代替不定式短语)
学习一门外语不容易。
It’s impossible for him to get there in time.(作形式主语,代替不定式结构)
他不可能及时到达那里。
It is no good living alone without keeping in touch with others.(作形式主语,代替动名词短语)
独居不和外人来往是没有好处的。
I find it easy to get on with Jim.(作形式宾语,代替不定式短语)
我发现同吉姆相处很容易。
I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.(作形式宾语,代替名词性从句)
我已经讲得很清楚,任何人都不准在这儿吸烟。
题组训练·用it作形式主语或形式宾语补全下列句子
⑩我认为我们开这个会是必要的。
I think it(is)necessary that we have the meeting.
众所周知,在世界上中国人口最多。
It is well known that China has the largest population in the world.
据说他们都去看电影了。
It is said that all of them have gone to the cinema.
6.熟记下列有关it的固定结构:
I take it that you don’t agree with me.
我的理解是:你不同意我的见解。
I hate it when I have to speak in French on the phone.
有时,不得不用法语打电话,我感到很厌烦。
I like it when she sings me a song.
我喜欢她为我唱歌。
I can’t help it if he is always late.
如果他总是迟到,我也没办法。
I would appreciate it if you can help me.
如果您能帮忙,我将不胜感激。
I don’t mind it if you are late.
如果你迟到,我不会介意的。
Please see to it that(make sure that)you bring enough money when you go out.
出门时请务必带够钱。
You can count on it that he is very smart.
你就相信吧,他非常聪明。
As someone puts it:practice makes perfect.
像某人所说的那样:熟能生巧。
You needn’t go if you don’t feel like it.
如果不愿意去,你就不必去了。
When it comes to football,he is more excited.
一提到足球,他就更兴奋了。
7.用于强调句型(详见特殊句式专题)
题组训练·用适当的代词填空
I hate_____ when people talk with their mouths full.
Fortunately, I made_____to the airport just in time this morning to catch the plane to New York.
_______is a wonder (that) he continues to gamble when he always loses!
不定代词
(一)both,all,either,any,neither,none的区别 如:
I’ve bought two books;you can have either.
我买了两本书,你要哪本都行。
I am sorry I can’t lend you any(money).
对不起,我不能借给你钱。
None of this money is mine.
这笔钱没有一点是我的。
题组训练·用适当的代词填空
—Which of those ties do you like best
—　_____.They are all too expensive and don’t go with my new suit.
There are two bikes in the shop, but I like ______of them.
(二)one,ones,the one,the ones,that,those的区别
替代
one a/an+单数名词
ones 零冠词+复数名词
the one the+单数名词
the ones the+复数名词
that the+单数名词或不可数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)
those the+复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)
We have various summer camps for your holidays,you can choose one (=a summer camp)based on your own interests.我们为您的假期提供了各种各样的夏令营,您可以根据自己的兴趣选择一种。(one代替“a/an+单数名词”)
Mr. Zhang gave me many valuable presents,ones(=presents)that I had never seen.
张先生给了我很多珍贵的礼物,这些(礼物)是我从来没见过的。(ones代替“零冠词+复数名词”)
The book on the desk is better than the one/that(=the book)under the desk.
桌上的那本书比桌下的那本书要好。(the one/that代替“the+单数名词”)
The books on the desk are better than the ones/those(=the books)under the desk.桌子上那些书比桌子底下那些书好。(the ones/those代替“the+复数名词”)
Little joy can equal that(=the joy)of a surprising ending when you read stories.
几乎没有什么乐趣能比得上在阅读故事时读到一个出乎意料的结局时的乐趣。(that代替“the+不可数名词”)
题组训练·用适当的代词填空
I’m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than______ in the city.
Helping others is a habit, _____ you can learn even at an early age.
(三)one,another,the other;some,others,the others的区别
一个/一些 另外一个/一些 剩余的一个/一些
单数 one another the other
复数 some others the others
一本/一些书 另外一本/一些书 剩余的一本/一些书
单数 one book another book the other book
复数 some books other books the other books
注意:
1.the other后通常加可数名词(单数或复数),不能加不可数名词;短语the rest of(剩余的)后既可以加可数名词(单数或复数),也可以加不可数名词;else只能放在不定代词或特殊疑问词后。
Ask somebody else to help you. 请别人帮帮你吧。
2.体会下列句子中黑体词的用法
①I have two books:one is English,and _______is French.
我有两本书。一本是英语书,一本是法语书。
②He will stay here for _______days.
他在这里还要待上3天。
③There are many books on the table:some are English;______are French.
桌子上有很多书。一些是英语书,剩下的是法语书。
④He’ll be in a wheelchair for the rest of his life.
他的余生将在轮椅上度过。
⑤Would you please make it ________
你能改天吗
⑥I saw him in London the other day/week/month.我几天(周/个月)前在伦敦见过他。(=a few days/weeks/months ago)
⑦He has no other close friends like John.
他没有别的像约翰那样亲密的朋友了。
⑧If this dictionary is not yours,who else’s can it be
如果这本字典不是你的,会是谁的呢
题组训练·用another或the other填空
We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun,so let’s have another one this month.
_________day, he told me that he would go abroad to study next year.
(四)someone/somebody/something,anyone/anybody/anything,everyone/ev-
erybody/everything,no one/nobody/nothing的区别
某 任何 每个,所有 没有
人 someone/somebody anyone/anybody everyone/everybody no one/nobody
物 something anything everything nothing
Nothing in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum.
我的一生中,印象最深的就是第一次去参观故宫。
Jim sold most of his things.He has hardly anything (almost nothing)left in the house.
吉姆把他的大部分东西都卖了,在他的房子里几乎没剩下什么东西。
(五)none,nobody/no one,nothing的区别
1.
指代 用来回答 相当于
none 人或物 how manyhow much not a/an/any+名词或no+名词
nobody(no one) 人 who not anyone not anybody
nothing 物 what not anything
幻灯片46
如:
—How much money do you have
—None.
——你有多少钱
—— 一点也没有。
If I had some money,I would lend him some,but unfortunately,I have none.
(none=not any money)
如果我有钱的话,我就借给他了,但遗憾的是,我没钱。
I wished someone could help me,but there was no one at the moment.(no one=not anyone)
我希望当时有人能帮我,但当时没有人。
2.none后面可跟of短语,而something/anything/everything/nothing someone/anyone/everyone/no one却不能。如:
As we were asleep,none of us heard the sound.
由于我们都睡着了,因此我们当中没人听到那个声音。
None of them knew about the plan because it was kept as a secret.他们当中没人知道那项计划,因为那还是一个秘密。
题组训练·用none,nobody(no one),nothing填空
(2013江西,23)　_________can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn’t love it.
Swimming is my favorite sport.There is_______like swimming as a means of keeping fit.
—Wow!You’ve got so many clothes.
—But______of them are in fashion now.
I couldn’t just stand by and do ______ .
(六)含复合不定代词的习惯用语
He is nothing but a clerk.他只是一名职员。
He is anything but a clerk.他根本不是一名职员。
She is something of a doctor.She has saved many lives.
可以说她是一位医生。她救了很多人的命。
He is a scientist or something.
他大概是科学家之类的人物。
Your house is something like ours.
你们的房子有点像我们的。
They get something like 97% renewals every year.
他们每年大约有97%的用户续订。
题组训练·用anything,nothing填空
She’s always trying to get something for_______.
Trump doesn’t have any experience in management. He is_______but a manager.
The visit is boring.It is________ but a waste of time.
(七)any,every的区别
any every not any not every
(三个或三个以上中的)任何一个 (三个或三个以上中的)每一个 任何人/物都不(全部否定) 并非每个(部分否定)
I have many books here,and you can take any one.
我这里有很多书,你可以拿任何一本。
Every student has to take the examination.
=All the students have to take the examination.
每个学生都必须参加考试。
(八)each,every的区别
词性 功能 意义
every 限定词 定语 三个或三个以上中的每一个,强
调“整体”
each 代词、限定词 主语、宾语、同位语、定语 两个或两个以上中的每一个,强
调“个体”
Each of my children goes to a different school.
我的几个孩子各自在不同的学校上学。
Each of the tickets costs 10 dollars.
=The tickets cost 10 dollars each.
=The tickets each cost 10 dollars.
每张票10美元。
Every man is not honest.=Not every man is honest.
并非每个人都诚实。
题组训练·用each或every填空
He had a cut on_______foot.
_______child in the class passed the examination.
______of the houses is slightly different.
I asked all the children and_____ told a different story.
(九)many,much,few,little,a few,a little的区别
多 少
复数名词概念 many few
不可数名词概念 much little
肯定 否定
复数名词概念 a few few
不可数名词概念 a little little
注意:only a few=few;only a little=little;quite a few=many;quite a little=much。
题组训练·用many,much,few,little,a few,a little完成下列句子
　______ (很多)people don’t have______ (很多)food.
　_______(很多)of the mistakes were just caused by carelessness.
　_______ (很少)people can live to be 100 years old.
You have done______(很少)for me.
Come in and have_________(一点)whisky.
She has written many books but I’ve only read________ (少数).
(十)全部否定和部分否定
all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及“every+名词”都表示全部肯定; no one,none,nobody,nothing,not...any以及“no+名词”都表示全部否定;
当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中时,不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后都表示部分否定。此外,not与总括性副词如everywhere,always,wholly,altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。
Not all of them smoke.=All of them don’t smoke.
他们当中不是所有的人都抽烟。
All of the boys are clever,but none of them can work out this problem.
这些男孩都很聪明,但他们当中没有一个能解出这道题。
Such a thing can’t be found everywhere.
这种事并非到处可见。
题组训练·翻译句子
并不是所有的同学都喜欢这本书。
　__________________________________
我昨天给父母打了电话。但是他们没有一个人在家。
　__________________________________
七、疑问代词
1.who和whom的用法
who是主格,在句中常作主语、宾语;whom是宾格,在句中常作宾语。在口语中who可以代替whom作宾语,但whom前有介词时除外。
Who do you think is better (作主语)
你认为谁更好些
Whom/Who did you often play with when you were a child (作介词with的宾语)孩提时你常和谁玩
With whom did you discuss the question (whom不可用who替代,因为前面有介词with)你和谁一起讨论的这个问题
2.whose的用法
表示“谁的”,既可置于名词前作定语,也可单独使用。在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语。
Whose is better,yours or hers (作主语)
谁的更好些,你的还是她的
Whose side are you on (作定语)你站在谁那一边
Whose do you love better,Jack’s or Sally’s car (作宾语)
你更喜欢谁的车呢,杰克的还是萨莉的
Helen has already taken her bag away.Whose is this (作表语)海伦已把她的书包拿走了,这是谁的呢
3.which与what的用法
两者均可就人或物提问,但which一般用于有选择范围的情况,what用于无选择范围或选择范围不清楚的情况。which后可以跟of,而what不可。which,what还可置于名词前作定语。
Which would you like to eat,meat or fish
你想吃什么,肉还是鱼
What boys do you like best
你最喜欢什么样的男孩
知识拓展　what的习惯用法
(1)注意what与下列黑体名词的搭配。
What is
(2)What...for 和What for 用于询问原因和目的。
—What did you put it into the soup for
——你为什么把那东西放到汤里去
—It would improve the taste.
——那会使汤的味道更好。
—I’m going to the grocery store.
——我打算去食品杂货店。
—What for We still have enough food in the fridge.
——为什么 我们的冰箱里还有足够的食物。
(3)What if... 表示假设、建议、征求意见或疑虑。
What if it rains while we are on the way
要是我们在途中时天下雨怎么办
(4)What do you mean(by...) 表示愤怒、不满等情绪。
What do you mean by shutting the door so loudly
你关门这么大声音是什么意思
(5)What/How about... 用于征求对方意见、询问对方的情况。
—We need one more player.
——我们还需一个队员。
—What about Elaine She is a very nice girl.
——伊莱恩怎么样 她是个不错的姑娘。
(6)疑问词what构成的习惯用语。
So what
那又怎么样呢 (表示不感兴趣或认为不重要)
Guess what
你猜怎么着 (用以引起他人的注意)
What next (店员用语)还要什么
4.what与who的区别
一般来说,what问的是职业或地位;who问的是姓名或身份。
—Who is that over there
—It’s Robert.
——那边的人是谁
——是罗伯特。
—What is the man over there
—He is a doctor.
——那边的那个人是干什么的
——他是医生。
题组训练·用疑问代词填空
______is the population of China
_______is better exercise—swimming or tennis
Article 冠词
一、冠词的泛指、特指
题组训练·冠词填空
①I found____ beautiful bike in our yard yesterday. _____ bike was _____ gift from my father for my birthday.
②The biggest whale is______ blue whale,which grows to be about 29 meters long—the height of_____ 9-story building.
二、不定冠词
1.不定冠词有a,an两种形式,当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为辅音音素(注意:不是辅音字母)时用a;当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为元音音素(注意:不是元音字母)时用an。如:
a university,a useful animal,a one-eyed dog,a European car,an hour,an
honest boy,an X-ray,an ugly man,an honor等。
题组训练·冠词填空
③I earn 10 dollars_____ hour as　_____ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
④The teacher asked us to write_____ 800-word-long composition.
2.表示one,the same或every的意思。如:
They are of an age.(=the same)他们年龄相同。
I will return in a day or two.(=one)
我将在一两天内回来。
题组训练·冠词填空
⑤The Spring Festival is_____special holiday for Chinese people when ____whole family are supposed to get together.
⑥They are twins,so they are of_____ age.
3.不定冠词的特殊位置
1)“so/as/too/how/however+ adj.+a/an+单数名词”。如:
This is so interesting a film that we all want to see it.
这部电影很有趣,我们都想去看。
He is as good a student as you(are).
他和你一样是个好学生。
He is too young a boy to join the army.
这个男孩太小了,他参不了军。
How clever a boy he is!(=What a clever boy he is!=How clever the boy is!)
这个男孩多聪明呀!
However clever a man he is,he can’t learn English well without enough practice.
一个人不管有多聪明,没有足够的练习是学不好英语的。
2)quite,rather与单数名词连用且名词前有形容词修饰时,其顺序为: “a+rather+形容词+单数名词”或“rather/quite+ a/an+形容词+单数名词”。如:
It was a rather difficult question.它是一个相当难的问题。
It was rather a difficult question.它真是一个难题。
It is quite a small house.它是一间十分小的房子。
注意:
①没有“a+ quite+形容词+单数名词”结构。
②“quite+a/an+单数名词”用于强调在某方面很突出。如:
She is quite a beauty.她可真是个大美人啊。
③在quite a few,quite a little等短语中,由于a few,a little为固定短语,故不能拆成 a quite few,a quite little等。
3)“no/much/far/all...+形容词比较级+a/an+单数名词”。如:
He is far more clever a boy.他是个相当聪明的孩子。
4)“more/less+形容词+a/an+单数名词”。
Tom is less significant a figure.汤姆并非是主要人物。
5)what/such/half+ a/an+ 单数名词;many a/an+单数名词:许多;not a/an+单数名词:一个也不。
题组训练·同义句转换
⑦What an interesting book I have read!
　_______________ book I have read!
⑧This dress is twice as expensive as that one.
This is twice______________dress as that one.
4.含有不定冠词的常考结构
have a cold得了感冒　　　　have a good time玩得高兴
have a gift for有……的天赋　　have a word with与……谈话
at a blow一下子　　have/take a rest休息一下
have a holiday度假　　make a living谋生
get a lift/ride搭便车　　go on a diet节食
as a result因此　　as a matter of fact事实上
as a rule通常,照例　　after a while一会儿后
in a hurry匆忙地　　in a sense在某种意义上
in a word总之　　in a moment立刻
once in a while偶尔　　at a loss困惑,不知所措
at a distance在远处　　for a while暂时,一时
once upon a time从前　　all of a sudden突然
a waste of...……的浪费　 a matter of...……的问题
What a pity!真遗憾!　　with a score of以……的分数
have a population of有……人口
have a history of有……的历史
have an area of有……的面积
a collection of一批……
a knowledge of(=know)知道
an understanding of(=understand)懂得
注意:通常成对出现的名词(被视为一套或一体),一般只用一个不定冠
词。如:a knife and fork一副刀叉。
题组训练·冠词填空
⑨I don’t want to have words with you.I prefer to have____ word with you.
⑩I got____ fever yesterday and as_____result, I asked for_____leave.
What he said was true in____ sense.
Hi, Mike,______Mr Green is wanting you on the phone.
三、定冠词
1.用在表示特指的人或物的名词前。
The book on the desk is mine. 书桌上的那本书是我的。
Would you mind turning down the radio a little The baby is sleeping.
你介意把收音机音量调小点吗 那个宝宝在睡觉。
2.用在姓氏复数前,表一家人或夫妇二人。
The Greens are at table.
格林一家在吃饭。
The Chens are going to move to Langfang.
姓陈的一家要搬到廊坊去。
3.用在年代、朝代名词及逢十的数词(表某个年代)前或用在表示方位的名词前。
the Tang dynasty唐朝;the Spring and Autumn Period春秋时期;in the 1990s/1990s在20世纪90年代;the south南方(部)
用在表度量单位的名词前,表示“每一”。如by the hour/day/week/ month /year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo/thousand,但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。
We got paid by the month.我们按月计酬。
Meat is sold by weight.肉按重量出售。
5.“the+形容词或分词”有时也可表类指。
the wounded 伤员　　　　　 the dying垂死之人
the unknown未知的事物　　 the deaf聋子
the young年轻人　　 the old老人
the living 生者 　　 the dead死者
6.“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”结构中的the不可用物主代词代替。
take sb.by the arm抓某人的胳膊
An apple fell from the tree and hit him on the head.
一个苹果从树上落下,砸在了他的头上。
此外,在be red in the face(脸红),be lame in the right leg(右腿瘸),be blind
in the left eye(左眼瞎)等结构中,名词前也要用the。
7.用在某些固定结构中。
in the end最后,终于　　　in the daytime在白天
get into/in the habit of养成……习惯
make the most/best of充分利用
in the distance在远处　　in the way挡路
on the whole总之　　on the right/left在右/左面
at the same time同时　　at the moment此刻
for the time being暂时　　in the public eye 广为人知的
go to the doctors去看医生
by the way顺便说,附带问一句
the other day(=a few days ago)几天前
on the radio/phone通过广播/电话
on the spot在场,当场,在原地
to tell(you)the truth说实话,老实说
go to the cinema去看电影
not in the least(=not at all)一点也不
on the one hand...,on the other hand...一方面……,另一方面……
for the most part整体上,通常,多半
四、零冠词
1.不可数名词、复数名词表泛指,用零冠词。
My father went to his doctor for advice about his heart trouble.
我父亲去了医生那里寻求关于他的心脏病的建议。
2.名词前已有this,that,my,your,some,each,no,any等指示代词、形容词性物主代词、限定词以及名词所有格等限定时不再用冠词。
She is not my type of woman.
她不是我心目中的那类女人。
His heart was beating wildly with fear.
他的心因害怕而狂跳不已。
He went to some place in France.
他到法国某地去了。
Each student must hand in his exercise book.
每个学生必须上交作业本。
3.零冠词的用法口诀
月、季、星期、节假、洲,
称呼、头衔、职务前;
三餐、球类、惯用语;
学科、棋类名词前。
A year can be divided into four seasons—spring,summer,autumn and winter.
一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
He has no lessons on Sundays.他周日没有课。
Mr.Li is chairman of the meeting.
李先生是本次会议的主席。
(注:表示称呼、头衔的名词作表语、同位语、补足语时用零冠词)
4.高考中常见的纯不可数名词有:baggage,luggage,furniture,health,weather,fun,space(太空),advice,word(=news),progress,information,news,luck,wealth(财富)等。以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用。
Beyond the stars,the astronaut saw nothing but space.
除了星星,宇航员只看见太空,看不到别的东西。
5.系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语,用零冠词。
Has he turned scientist 他成为科学家了吗
6.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语+主句”,意为“虽然/尽管……,但是……”。
Hero as he is,he has some shortcomings.
虽然他是英雄,但他也有一些缺点。
五、冠词的活用
(一)抽象/物质名词的具体化
1.某些表示特性、状态、情感、情绪等的抽象名词,如果仅仅表示“概念”,是不可数名词,表泛指时,要与零冠词连用;但如果这类名词被具体化则表示具体的人或事物,表示泛指时,需与不定冠词连用。如:
surprise惊奇,惊讶　 a surprise一件意外的事
pleasure愉快,高兴　 a pleasure一件乐事
pressure压力　 a pressure一种压力
concern关心,忧虑　 a concern一件令人关切的事
success成功　 a success一个/件成功的人/事
failure失败　 a failure一个/件失败的人/事
comfort安慰　 a comfort一个给人安慰的人或物
pity同情, 怜悯　 a pity一件遗憾/可悲的事
worry担忧,担心,忧愁　 a worry一件令人担忧的事
honour尊重,尊敬　 an honour一个引起尊敬的人或物
wonder惊奇,惊叹,惊愕　 a wonder一件令人惊奇的事
题组训练·冠词填空
The race ended in ____ success for our class.
His new book was_____great success.
All my efforts ended in______failure.
Of her plays,three were successes and one was______failure.
2.rain,snow,fog,wind,gas,fire,crop,coffee,tea,food,drink,ice,chalk,sugar等物质名词可以被具体化成为可数名词,与不定冠词连用表示“一场,一种,一份……”。用复数形式表示类别、数量。如:
a heavy rain/snow一场大雨/雪
two drinks两杯饮料　　foods各种各样的食品
two ices两份冰激凌　　two teas两杯茶
(二)具体名词的抽象化
school,college,hospital,court,prison,bed,table,church等是可数名词,有具体的意义,但这类名词可被抽象化从而只突出与之有关的活动,却失去了原来的具体意义。这时,这类名词前需用零冠词。如:
go to school去上学　　at table在吃饭
in prison蹲监狱 　　go to church去做礼拜
(三)纯专有名词的普通化纯专有名词被普通化时,被普通化的专有名词可与冠词连用。如:
He is a Li Feng.他是个活雷锋。
Is that a Monet 那是莫奈的画吗
题组训练·冠词填空
Compared with that in the past, we are really living in_____ new Hangzhou.
(四)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前的冠词活用在表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词(如:sun,moon,world,sky等)前,往往用定冠词,但当这些名词前有形容词作定语时,可用不定冠词表示泛指。如:
The moon travels around the earth.月亮围着地球转。
A new moon is hanging in the sky.一轮新月悬挂在天空。
We have friends all over the world.我们的朋友遍天下。
They are trying to make a new world.
他们正在努力创造一个新世界。
(五)形容词比较等级前的冠词活用形容词比较级前用定冠词表示“两者当中较……的”,而形容词比较级前用不定冠词,表示“更……”。most前用定冠词表示“三者或三者以上中最……的”,most前用不定冠词,并无比较含义,most等于very。如:
Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia
加拿大和澳大利亚,哪个国家更大
It is a most useful book.(=a very useful)
它是一本非常有用的书。
题组训练·冠词填空
This pair of shoes is not fit for me.Would you show me____ bigger pair
He is______ most diligent student in his class.
If we sit near_____front of the bus,we’ll have____ better view.
(六)序数词前的冠词活用
“the+序数词”表顺序,而“a/an+序数词” 表“又一,再一”;序数词修饰动词时,已成为副词,因此不必与冠词连用。如:
Can you give me a second chance,please (=another chance)
请再给我一次机会好吗
He was only 5 years old when I first saw him.(adv.)
当我第一次见到他时,他只有5岁。
(七)零冠词用法口诀:月、季、星期、节假、洲,称呼、头衔、职务前;三餐、球类、惯用语,学科、棋类名词前。但这种用法是相对而言的,在不同的句子中,可能会用到不定冠词或定冠词。因此,用哪种冠词要视情况而定。如:
Autumn is the harvest season.
秋季是收获的季节。
The organization was founded in the spring of(the year)2010.
这个组织是在2010年春天成立的。
George couldn’t remember when he first met Mr.Anderson,but he was sure it was a Sunday because everybody was at church.乔治记不清是什么时候第一次见到安德森先生了,但他确信那是一个星期天,因为那天每个人都在做礼拜。
(八)表乐器的名词及man,word前的冠词活用
1.西洋乐器名称前往往用定冠词,但是当此类名词用作普通名词时,可以与不定冠词连用。此外,中国乐器名称前不用冠词。如:
play the piano;play the violin;play the guitar;play erhu(二胡)
He is playing a borrowed violin.
他正在拉一把借来的小提琴。
2.man作“男人,人”讲,word作“单词,话”讲时,这两个词为普通名词,根据需要可与相应的不定冠词或定冠词连用;但man作“人类”,word作“消息,信息”讲时,需与零冠词连用。如:
For a long time they walked without saying a word.Jim was the first to break the silence.
他们走了好长时间,一言不发,是吉姆首先打破了沉默。
Word came that I was needed at home.
有消息说家里需要我。
While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope,Newton made a discovery which completely changed man’s understanding of colour.
牛顿在研究改进望远镜的方法时有一个发现,这一发现完全改变了人类对颜色的理解。
(九)有无冠词的短语意义不同
无冠词 有冠词 无冠词 有冠词 无冠词 有冠词
by day在白天 by the day按天计算 in case of 以防 in the case of如果,假
使 in front of在……(外
部)的前面 in the front of在……
(内部)的前面
in charge of 负责,管
理 in the charge of在…
…的管理下 in prison坐牢 in the prison在监狱里
(不一定坐牢) take place发生 take the place of代替
in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在那所
医院(工作或看病人) in class在上课 in the class在这个班
里 in office 在执政 in the office 在办公室
in future 今后 in the future将来 in red 穿红衣 in the red负债 in sight (of) 看见 in the sight of在……
看来
out of question 毫无
问题 out of the question不
可能 sit at table坐下吃饭 sit at the table 坐在桌
旁 go to sea去当水手 go to the sea到海边去
go to school去上学 go to the school到学
校去 go to church 去做礼
拜 go to the church去教
堂 go to bed睡觉 go to the bed到床边
去
live on farm以务农为
生 live on the farm住在
农场 leave school辍学 leave the school离开
学校
题组训练·冠词填空
He is out of_____ work, and he wants to go to_____school for further study.
I’d like to have______ try again. Can you give me______ second chance
In order to pass the exams, we must have _____good knowledge of laws.