(共65张PPT)
1. contribute
阅读下列句子，并在其后的括号内填入contribute (to)的含义
a. 捐助；帮助 b. 投稿；撰稿 c. 促进 d. 有助于
e. 是……的原因；导致
①Various factors contributed to his downfall. ( e )
②She has been contributing to the paper for 5 years. ( b )
③The rich man contributed to the children in poor areas.
( a )
④Your suggestion has contributed to the accomplishment of our work. ( c )
⑤This policy will contribute to further development of our economy. ( d )
contribution是contribute的名词形式。
make a contribution (to)=contribute (to), 意为：(为……)做出贡献
看图说话(结合图片翻译句子)
Many people contributed money to the poor boy, which contributed to his returning to school. A writer wrote an article about the story and contributed it to a newspaper.
许多人给那位可怜的男孩捐款，这促使他重返校园。有位作家写了一篇有关此事的文章并投稿到报社。
2. apart from
Apart from the construction mentioned above, you have also learned the following phrases. (P4)
除了上面提到的结构，你还学过以下短语。
Apart from them, I have no one to talk to.
除了他们，我没有人交流谈心。
It is a good piece of work apart from a few slight faults.
这是一个不错的作品，只是有几处轻微的毛病。
apart from有三种基本的意义
①apart from=besides，意思是：除……之外(还有)；此外
②apart from=but/except, 意思是：除了……之外(没有)
③apart from=except for，意思是：除了；只是
①_____ good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes. ［2011福建高考］
A. Far from B. Apart from
C. Instead of D. Regardless of
【解析】选B。考查介词短语辨析。句意：除了好的服务，这家饭店还提供各种各样的传统的福建菜。far from远非，远不如；apart from除……之外；instead of代替，而不是；regardless of不管，不顾。根据句意选B。
②I almost knew nothing about the accident______ the report about it in the newspaper.
A. besides B. except for C. apart from D. except that
【解析】选C。句意：除了报纸上对事故的报道之外，我几乎对它一无所知。apart from 除……之外，符合句意。besides除……之外还有……；except for除去不同类的东西；except that意义同except for，但其后接从句。
③ ________ being too large, it just doesn’t suit me.
A. Except B. Except for
C. In addition D. Apart from
【解析】选D。句意：除了尺寸太大外，它也不适合我穿。apart from在本句中相当于besides，意为“除了……之外”。
3. make sense
This sentence doesn’t make sense/makes no sense.
这句子毫无意义。
It makes sense to take care of your health.
注意身体健康是明智的。
①make sense 意为：讲得通；有意义；有道理。
②make no sense 意为：讲不通；没有意义；没有道理。
make sense of. . . 了解……的意义；懂得
a sense of humor/direction/fear 幽默感/方向感/恐惧感
common sense 常识
in a sense 在某种意义上
in no sense 决不(位于句首表示强调时，
句子的主谓要用部分倒装)
There is no sense in (doing) sth. 做某事没有道理/意义
The conclusion is in no sense scientific.
=In no sense is the conclusion scientific.
这个结论决不是科学的。
①Can you ____ the point If you can, please explain to me.
A. make sense of B. make difference to
C. make a remark on D. have an effect on
【解析】选A。句意：你懂得这个要点吗？如果懂，请你给我解释一下。make sense of懂得；make difference to有影响；有关系；make a remark on发表评论；批评；have an effect on影响。
②What he said _____. He knows nothing about the economy.
A. make some sense B. makes some sense
C. make no sense D. doesn’t make any sense
【解析】选D。句意：他的话没有任何意义。对于经济他一无所知。make no sense“没有意义，讲不通”，但C项应该用第三人称单数形式，故答案为D。
③现在担心这件事已经没有意义了。(一句多译)
A. It doesn’t make any sense/makes no sense to worry about it now.
B. There is no sense in worrying about it now.
4. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. (P7)．
只有把太阳放在那个位置，天空中其他行星的运动才能讲得通。
这是一个倒装句。当“only＋状语”置于句首时，句子的主谓采用部分倒装。
①Only then did I realize that I was wrong. (only+副词)
直到那时我才意识到我错了。
②Only in this way can we learn a foreign language well. (only＋介词短语)
只有这样我们才能学好外语。
③Only when he returned did we find the truth. (only＋状语从句)
只有当他回来时，我们才弄明白事实真相。
①Only if you practice enough will you (你们才会) defeat your opponents.
②If only you had attended our evening party (你要是参加我们的晚会就好了). We had a good time.
③If only you _____ there joining us yesterday!
A. are B. were C. had been D. be
【解析】选C。if only后接与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，从句谓语动词用had done。句意：你昨天要是和我们一块就好了!
④ ______ you eat the correct food_____ be able to keep fit and stay healthy.
A. Only if; will you B. Only if; you will
C. Unless; will you D. Unless; you will
【解析】选A。考查倒装句的用法。句意：只有在你饮食正确的条件下，你才能保持健康。only用于句首和条件状语连用时，后面使用倒装结构。
5. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth . (P7)
他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，而行星则围绕着太阳转，只有月球仍然绕着地球转。
这是一个较复杂的简单句。(1)过去分词fixed在句中作定语，修饰名词sun；(2)with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth，是两个“with+名词/代词+v. -ing形式”复合结构，在句中作状语，the moon前面省略了介词with。
—Come on; please give me some ideas about the project.
——快点，请给我一些有关这个项目的建议。
—Sorry. With so much work filling my mind, I almost break down.
——很抱歉，脑子里装这么多的工作，我几乎要垮掉了。
你知道with复合结构的具体构成形式吗
【知识链接】
with复合结构在句中作定语或状语，其构成是：
①With you standing here (站在这儿), we can’t be absorbed into our job. (stand)
②Deng Xiaoping got off the bus, with his daughter supporting him (搀扶着他). (support)
③ _____of the danger in the street at night, she had to go home, with a friend ____ her.
A. Warned; followed B. Warned; following
C. Having warned; followed D. Having warned; following
【解析】选B。主语she与warn之间为被动关系，warned. . . 作原因状语；a friend与follow之间为主动关系，用现在分词，with复合结构作方式状语。
④I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise_____ .
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
【解析】选A。考查“with +复合宾语”结构。noise与go on之间为主动关系，而且表示进行，因此选A。
⑤With the meal over，we all went home.
吃完了饭，我们都回了家。
⑥With all the dishes washed, she took a rest.
刷完了所有的碗碟，她休息了一下。
⑦I can’t go out with a lot of problems to solve .
我不能出去，因为有很多问题需要解决。
⑧I’m used to sleeping with the windows open.
我习惯于开着窗户睡觉。
⑨The street looks more beautiful with all the lights on.
所有的灯都亮着，街道看起来更加漂亮。
⑩He was sleeping with his head on his arm.
脑袋枕着胳膊，他睡着了。
1. cautious
His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. (P7)
他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，但哥白尼却很谨慎。
Life is a chess and we should be cautious of/about taking every step.
人生就是一盘棋，我们要谨慎走好每一步棋。
①cautious的意思是：小心的；谨慎的。
②be cautious about/of. . . “对……小心；留意……；谨防……” 。
①The economic situation is worse at present. You should always be ____ about making investments.
A. enthusiastic B. optimistic
C. cautious D. careful
【解析】选C。句意：目前经济形势更糟了，你在投资时应该小心谨慎。cautious小心的(侧重考虑事情后果)；enthusiastic热心的；热情的；optimistic乐观的；careful小心的(侧重做事细心、留心)。
用cautious，careful填空
②He is cautious of telling the secret.
③You have to be careful with people you don’t know.
④The doctor gave the patient a careful examination. But he was very cautious of telling him the truth.
⑤He studies hard and is very careful with his study.
2. reject
The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God’s idea and people who supported it would be attacked. (P7) 基督教会不接受他的理论，说它违背上帝的意愿，支持它的人会遭到报应的。
All apples with soft spots were rejected.
所有带软斑点的苹果都被剔除。
reject作为及物动词，意为：拒绝；不接受；抛弃。
用reject，refuse的适当形式填空
①We rejected his idea for a music club， and decided to have an art club instead.
②They refused to accept our offer of help.
③We were going to set off immediately, but the truck refused to start.
④It is hard for me to reject some bad habits.
⑤The shop assistant brought out a pile of rejected clothes for him to choose from.
⑥The patient’s body rejected the heart transplant (心脏移植).
⑦I wrote a letter to him asking for help, but I was refused.
In the year 1666 there was a terrible disease in London. Thousands of people died every week. The disease was 1 by fleas(跳蚤), which lived in clothes. When people started to feel 2 , they sneezed (打喷嚏). Then they had a headache and had a high temperature, and in less than a week they died.
The village of Eyam is in the north of England. People there heard of the terrible 3 in London. They were very 4 that London was so far away.
One day a man arrived from 5 . He brought with him lots of different things to 6 . Among these things there was some cloth. On it were the 7 “Made in London”. Two days later, a boy sneezed. He said he had a 8 . Nobody worried much，but soon he was 9 with a high temperature. The next day, the boy 10 died, and another two people 11 to sneeze. At once the village people held a meeting to 12 what to do. An old man said, “If people run away from this village, they 13 carry the disease with them. Then the disease will be carried to other 14 and thousands of people will die. We must 15 other people outside our village don’t 16 this terrible disease”.
The people of Eyam 17 the old man. In this way they 18 the population of the other villages from the terrible disease. 19 , 40% of the population of Eyam died from the disease. The disease itself 20 . The people who were still living were able to visit people outside the village again.
1. A. took B. brought C. spread D. carried
【解析】选D。构成被动语态was carried by. . . ，而动词spread通常用作不及物动词。
2. A. sad B. ill C. worried D. nervous
【解析】选B。根据上下文可知，只有当人们生病的时候，才会有下文中提到的情况。
3. A. disease B. earthquake
C. flood D. fighting
【解析】选A。伦敦发生的可怕疾病(illness/disease )。
4. A. happy B. sad
C. frightened D. surprised
【解析】选A。结合上下文，London距离Eyam村庄很远，这有利于阻止疾病的蔓延，因而人们很高兴。
5. A. Paris B. New York C. London D. Berlin
【解析】选C。根据短文下面的介绍，这个村庄的疾病正是由这个来自伦敦的人带来的，以及下文Made in London也可知答案。
6. A. sell B. give
C. show D. send
【解析】选A。根据情景可知，这个人是来这个村庄卖东西的。
7. A. sentence B. phrase C. words D. letters
【解析】选C。根据前面的系动词用were，可知主语是复数人称形式，因此用words, 而letters不符合句意。
8. A. toothache B. earache
C. stomachache D. headache
【解析】选D。根据前面介绍，得这种病时会头痛和发高烧。
9. A. in the classroom B. in the office
C. at his desk D. in bed
【解析】选D。be in bed表示“病得卧床不起”。
10. A. quickly B. suddenly C. early D. immediately
【解析】选B。副词suddenly表示“突然”，说明出乎人们预料。
11. A. wanted B. decided C. started D. continued
【解析】选C。根据句意，应是开始出现打喷嚏的症状。
12. A. discuss B. talk C. say D. see
【解析】选A。村民们聚集到一起显然是讨论或商议如何采取措施来遏制疾病的蔓延。
13. A. must B. may C. should D. need
【解析】选B。may表示存在的可能性，因为那时并非人人都感染了疾病。
14. A. cities B. places C. villages D. countries
【解析】选B。这些村民如果外出，可能去的地方很多，不会局限于某一类地点。
15. A. help B. tell
C. make promise D. make sure
【解析】选D。构成短语make sure，表示“确保，保证”。
16. A. take up B. pick up
C. look up D. bring up
【解析】选B。pick up在这里表示“被感染”。
17. A. agreed with B. said “hi” to
C. believed in D. talked to
【解析】选A。构成agree with someone，表示“同意／赞成某人的观点或看法”。
18. A. increased B. reduced
C. saved D. rescued
【解析】选C。由于这个村庄的人都同意了村中这位老人的观点，没有外出，从而使其他村庄的人免遭这种疾病。
19. A. Instead B. Unfortunately
C. In the end D. On the other hand
【解析】选C。in the end说明最后结果。
20. A. came out B. turned out
C. looked out D. died out
【解析】选D。短语动词die out表示“消失，绝迹”。(共19张PPT)
如何写建议信
本单元的写作要求是写封建议信。建议信是用书信的方式发表你的建议与看法。在写建议信时应该做到：1. 注意格式。2. 客观提出问题。3. 针对所存在的问题给出你的观点与看法，提出你的建议。4. 语言要委婉，精练，表达要简洁清楚。
假如你是某乡镇一小学的校长杨华，写信给有关领导反映你学校附近一家化工厂给你们带来的危害，建议政府关闭化工厂。理由如下：
1. 工厂排放的气体污染空气。2. 学校的饮用水受到污染。
3. 工厂噪音影响教学。
4. 上学、放学途中，进出工厂的车辆给师生的安全带来隐患。
要求：词数120左右(开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数)
参考词汇：化工厂chemical plant
Dear Sir/Madam,
Many students and teachers have been feeling sick and some began to cough. We conclude that the chemical plant near our school is to blame. ____________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Yang Hua
【审题谋篇】
1．时态：一般现在时兼用一般过去时
2．人称：第一人称和第三人称
3．结构：①开头用简练的语言提出问题，引出话题。
②正文列举现象及结果。
③结尾提出建议和愿望。
【遣词造句】
1. 词汇：
①责备；谴责blame ②判断; 推断conclude ③暴露expose
④污染pollute ⑤此外apart from ⑥吸收absorb
⑦预见；预知foresee ⑧建设construct
2. 句型：(仿写)
①我们判断我们学校附近的化工厂是罪魁祸首。
示例：It seemed that the water was to blame. (be to blame)
仿写：We conclude that the chemical plant near our school is to blame.
②我很担心每天暴露于恶劣环境下的师生。
示例：He became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. (exposed to. . . v. -ed形式作后置定语)
仿写：I’m concerned about the teachers and students exposed to a terrible environment every day.
③为了我们不受到危害，我写信建议将化工厂关闭。
示例：To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. (suggest+that从句)
仿写：I’m writing to suggest that the chemical plant be shut down to prevent us from being harmed.
Dear Sir/Madam,
Many students and teachers have been feeling sick and some began to cough. We conclude that the chemical plant near our school is to blame.
I’m concerned about the teachers and students exposed to a terrible environment every day. Firstly, the terrible smell sent out by the plant makes it hard for us to breathe. We breathe in the polluted air and absorb it into our body, which
does harm to our health. Apart from it, the water we drink is also polluted. Thirdly, with the noise going on, we can’t concentrate on our teaching and study. Fourthly, we teachers and parents are worried about the road safety, because there are many trucks going in and out of the plant on our way.
I wonder whether the government had foreseen this when the plant was constructed. I’m writing to suggest that the chemical plant be shut down to prevent us from being harmed. I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Yang Hua
1. 写作前要明确写作的体裁。本文为书信，因此首先要注意书信的格式，不要遗漏书信的开头和结尾。
2. 写作时要注意要点全面，可以根据现象加以联想与发挥。根据题目背景构思好文章的结构，将要点归于不同的部分。如本题首段要引出话题。所给的要点1、2、3、4都属于中段正文部分，末段为结束段。
假如你是来自美国的Peter，在中国留学期间，经常在马路上看到一些人不遵守交通规则，于是向某报社写信反映此情况，内容如下：
1. 部分行人过马路时慢慢悠悠或攀爬护栏，乱穿马路；
2. 某些骑自行车的人擅闯红灯，骑车带人；
3. 一些司机驾车时不系安全带；超速行驶；在开车时抽烟、打电话；
4. 你的看法和建议……
注意：词数120左右(文章的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数)
参考词汇：行人pedestrian；护栏guardrail；系安全带fasten seat belts
Dear Editor,
I am a foreign student from America and I am studying in China. I find many people break the traffic rules here.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Peter
【参考范文】
Dear Editor,
I am a foreign student from America and I am studying in China. I find many people break the traffic rules here.
For example, some pedestrians cross the streets slowly and some jump over the guardrails in the streets. Some cyclists don’t stop when the traffic lights turn red. And they often carry a passenger or more than a light load. What’s worse, many drivers don’t fasten their seat belts while driving. Smoking, speaking on mobile phones and speeding while driving can be seen everywhere.
In my opinion, these actions are very irresponsible and dangerous. It is our duty to obey the traffic rules. We must treasure our lives and protect the lives of others. So I suggest that those who break traffic rules should be fined or punished. Only in this way will they think twice about breaking traffic rules again.
Best wishes.
Yours sincerely,
Peter(共24张PPT)
Ⅰ. Match the following great scientists with
their contributions.
1. The electric light bulb ( F )
2. The Origin of Species ( D )
3. Universal Gravitation and Three Laws of Motion ( B )
4. The development of telescope ( C )
5. Big Bang Theory and Black Hole Theory ( A )
6. Theory of Relativity ( E )
Ⅱ. Skim the passage and answer the following question.
Why is the cholera called“King Cholera” in the text
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Because cholera was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its
cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of
terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.
Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks according to the text.
Ⅳ. Scan the reading passage and choose the best answers.
1. What’s the purpose of the text
A. To show us how difficult it was to find a cure for cholera.
B. To tell us how John Snow found the cause of cholera and the cure for it.
C. To show us how difficult it was to carry out experiments at that time.
D. To tell us the way cholera spread and how serious it was.
2. John Snow finally proved the theory he believed by_____.
A. gathering information with the help of a map
B. looking into the source of the water for Broad Street and Cambridge Street
C. separating those who suffered cholera from those who didn’t
D. both A and B
3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text
A. John Snow became famous after cholera hit England in the 19th century.
B. John Snow began to collect information long before cholera hit England in the 19th century.
C. The mother and her daughter mentioned in the text both lived in Broad Street.
D. John Snow felt unsure about the cause of cholera after he marked on the map.
4. Which of the following theories did John Snow believe
A. Cholera multiplied in the air.
B. People absorbed the disease into their bodies, then were affected and died.
C. People spread the virus when speaking to each other.
D. People didn’t pay attention to personal hygiene(卫生)．
5. When was John Snow able to announce for sure that polluted water carried the virus
A. After he found a supporting evidence.
B. After he looked into the source of the water for those two streets.
C. When cholera broke out.
D. After many more people died
Ⅴ. Fill in the blanks according to the reading passage using words we have just learnt.
John Snow was an 1. expert physician who ever 2. attended Queen Victoria. Cholera was the deadly disease of its day. As neither its cause nor its 3. cure was found, many thousands of people who were 4. exposed to the disease died every time there was an 5. outbreak. To help the ordinary people, John Snow was determined to face the 6. challenge and solve this problem. Through analysis, John Snow 7. suspected that
people 8. absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to make an 9. enquiry and collect information. He mapped the places where all the dead people had lived and found that the 10. victims had been drinking the water from the river 11. polluted by the dirty water from London. He 12. instructed people to remove the 13. handle from the pump and the disease slowed down. Having found another supporting evidence, he 14. announced with certainty that the water was to 15. blame. Finally, “King Cholera” was
16. defeated.
In the rush to get to school, you drop a piece
of toast on the floor. Do you throw it away or
decide it’s still OK to eat If you’re like most
people, you eat it. Maybe you follow the
“5-second rule”, which claims foods are safe to eat if you pick them up within 5 seconds after dropping them.
But you might want to think again. Scientists now say that 5 seconds is all it takes for foods to become polluted with enough bacteria (细菌) to make you sick.
Bacteria can cause many kinds of illnesses. Some kinds of bacteria can grow on food. If you eat foods on which these bacteria are growing, you can become sick.
One of these food-borne bacteria is Salmonella. It makes 1. 4 million people sick every year. Salmonella is often found in raw eggs and chicken. Cooking kills these bacteria, which is why it is so important to cook eggs, chicken, and other foods thoroughly.
But how long does it take these bacteria to pollute food A team of scientists in South Carolina did an experiment. First, they placed an amount of Salmonella on three surfaces: wood, tile (瓦片) and carpet. They placed a piece of bread and a piece of bologna (一种大红肠) on each surface for 5, 30 and 60 seconds. After just 5 seconds, both the bread and the bologna picked up enough bacteria to make you sick.
So, forget the 5-second rule. If your toast drops on the floor, throw it away and get another piece of clean toast. And this time, be careful not to drop it!
1. In which part of a newspaper can you most probably find this passage
A. Culture B. Health
C. Advertisement D. Technology
【解析】选B。推理判断题。文章从“五秒钟定律”谈掉在地上的烤面包能不能吃，又谈到科学家通过实验否定“五秒钟定律”的说法。根本内容是食品与健康问题。
2. After dropping a piece of toast, a person who follows the “5-second rule” will_______.
A. throw away dirty toast immediately and go away
B. pick up the toast as quickly as possible and eat it
C. eat the toast within 5 seconds and feel pleased
D. get another piece of clean toast quickly and eat it
【解析】选B。细节理解题。从第一段最后一句可以看出。
3. The underlined word“raw” in Paragraph 4 most probably means________.
A. delicious B. hot C. cheap D. uncooked
【解析】选D。词义猜测题。从第四段第三句和第四句的对比可以看出“raw”的意思是“未煮过的；生的”。
4. The scientists in South Carolina did the experiment to_____.
A. see how quickly bacteria can pollute food
B. show that the 5-second rule is correct
C. see how harmful bacteria are to people’s health
D. show that bacteria grow at different speeds on different foods
【解析】选A。细节理解题。从第五段尤其是首句和最后一句可以看出，科学家的实验是要测验一下食物沾染细菌的速度有多快。(共21张PPT)
动词过去分词和动词不定式及动词的-ing形式称为非谓语动词，是高中阶段学习的重点内容，也是高考的常考内容之一。学习过去分词时应该注意以下几点：一、了解过去分词的基本概念。二、掌握过去分词的基本的用法。三、过去分词和现在分词及不定式在具体应用时的区别。
观察下列句子，注意黑体字部分在句中的成分及作用
①He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.
他发现水是从被伦敦排出的脏水污染了的河里来的。
②But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.
但当他想到要帮助那些得了霍乱病的普通百姓时，他感到很振奋。
句①中的黑体字部分在句中作定语。句②中的黑体字部分在句中作表语。
Ⅰ.过去分词作定语
1. 不及物动词的过去分词一般作前置定语，被修饰词与过去分词之间为主动关系，但表示动作的完成，相当于谓语为完成时的定语从句。
①an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped 一名逃犯
②developed countries = countries that have developed发达国家
③the risen sun=the sun which has risen升起的太阳
2. 单个及物动词的过去分词一般作前置定语；及物动词短语的过去分词作定语要放在被修饰词之后。被修饰词与过去分词之间为被动及完成的关系，相当于谓语为被动语态的定语从句。
①He is a respected teacher. 他是位受人尊敬的老师。
②Teenagers exposed to (=who are exposed to) violence and sex on TV or on the Internet are more likely to commit crimes.
接触暴力和色情电视节目和网络内容的青少年极容易犯罪。
Ⅱ. 过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语，常放在系动词be，get，become，grow，turn，remain，seem，appear，feel，look之后，这时候的过去分词常已具备形容词的特点，很多词的前面可以用quite，very，rather等副词修饰，后面常可以接at，with，about等介词，说明主语所处的状态。
①The hall was crowded with (挤满) refugees.
②Most of middle school students are interested in (对……感兴趣)pop stars and NBA star players.
③He appeared (looked, felt )a little excited when he saw his boss.
当他见到他的老板时，他显得(看上去/感到)有点激动。
④The river is badly polluted.
这条河受到了严重的污染。(系表结构)
⑤The river was polluted by a paper mill.
这条河被一家造纸厂污染了。(被动语态)
1. 句型转换
①Used plastic can be recycled and reused.
→Plastic that is used can be recycled and reused.
②The plan that was put forward by the Trade Union was constructive.
→The plan put forward by the Trade Union was constructive.
③Things that are seen are mightier than things that are heard.
→Things seen are mightier than things heard.
④You must drink boiled water, or you can buy bottled water.
→You must drink water that has boiled, or you can buy water that is bottled.
2. 根据英语及汉语提示完成句子
①Those who were wounded in the fight (打架受伤的那些人) were sent to hospital at once. (those)
②The truck was blocked by a fallen tree (被一棵倒下的树挡住了). (fall)
③For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit grown on his own farm (自己农场里种植的). (grow)
3. 单项填空
①The players _____from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game. ［2011湖南高考］
A. selecting B. to select
C. selected D. having selected
【解析】选C。考查非谓语动词。句意：这些从全国挑选出来的选手都被期待在这次夏季赛事中为我们带来荣誉。the players与select是被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
②Throughout history, the language______ by a powerful group spreads across a civilization.
A. speaking B. spoken
C. to speak D. to be spoken
【解析】选B。考查非谓语动词。句意：纵观历史，一个强大群体使用的语言传播着一种文明。spoken by a powerful group是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the language，the language与speak之间是被动关系。
③In April，thousands of holidaymakers remained _____ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. ［2010福建高考］
A. sticking B. stuck
C. to be stuck D. to have stuck
【解析】选B。remain是系动词，后接过去分词短语stuck abroad作表语，表明主语所处的状态。句意为：由于火山灰云的原因，四月份仍有数千度假者滞留在国外。
④He looked at me with an____ look. Obviously he was____.
A. interested；interested
B. interesting；interested
C. interested；interesting
D. interesting；interesting
【解析】选A。考查interest的非谓语形式作定语和表语。interesting“有趣的”，interested“感兴趣的”。由句意可知A项正确。
4. 根据汉语释义完成句子
①老师对他的回答感到非常满意。
The teacher was very satisfied with his answer.
②他对考试的结果很失望。
He was disappointed at the result of the examination.
③他一生致力于科学研究。
He was devoted to scientific research all his life.
④他的女儿嫁给了一位有钱人。
His daughter was married to a rich man.
⑤他害怕独自一人进入那个空房子。
He was frightened of going alone into the empty house.(共91张PPT)
1. put forward
阅读下列句子，并在其后的括号内填入put forward的含义
a. 推荐 b. 提前 c. 把钟/表拨快 d. 提出 e. 把……往前放/移
①Who put forward a theory about black holes (P1) ( d )
②The men’s final has been put forward to 13: 30. ( b )
③I put forward the hands of a clock when it is slow. ( c )
④We all put him forward for the position of club secretary.
( a )
⑤Why don’t you put your chair forward to get a better view ( e )
put up with 忍受
put up 举起；安装；修建；张贴；投宿
put off 推迟；延期
put out 扑灭；生产；出版；使不高兴
put down 写下来；镇压
put away 收拾起来；放弃；打消；存起来
put aside 放一边；搁置起来；积蓄
①We’ve put forward the date of our wedding (将婚礼的日期提前) by one week.
②─Excuse me, can I ______ my suggestion
─Go ahead.
A. give off B. call in C. put forward D. set out
【解析】选C。考查动词短语。give off“发出”；call in“请来”；put forward“提出”；set out“动身；开始”。由句意可知C项正确。
③He decided that he would drive all the way home instead of _____at a hotel for the night.
［2011浙江高考］
A. putting down B. putting off
C. putting on D. putting up
【解析】选D。考查动词短语的辨析。句意为“他决定一路驾车回家，不在旅馆留宿。”put down放下，平定, 镇压，记下；put off推迟；put on穿上，戴上，上演，假装，增加；put up举起，建立，张贴，投宿。根据句意选D。
2. conclude
From these observations we conclude that the moon has little or no atmosphere.
由这些观察，我们断定月球很少或根本没有大气层。
We will conclude our concert with the National Anthem.
我们将以国歌结束我们的音乐会。
The Shenzhen Universiade concluded successfully.
深圳大运会圆满结束。
①conclude作及物动词和不及物动词，意为“断定，得出结论”时，常和from连用；意为“结束”时，常与with搭配。
From what has been discussed above, we can safely draw/come to/arrive at a conclusion that fate is equitable to every one.
In conclusion, I wish you all good health and a long life.
To avoid a silly mistake, don’t jump to a conclusion.
②conclude的名词是conclusion。
③draw/come to/arrive at a conclusion 得出结论
④in conclusion 最后，总之
⑤jump to a conclusion 仓促得出结论
①The doctor concluded that the patient was suffering from cancer. (句型转换)
→The doctor drew a conclusion that the patient was suffering from cancer.
②The story concluded with (以……而告终) the hero’s death.
③In conclusion (最后), I’d like to thank you for all you’ve done for me.
④Don’t jump to a conclusion before considering all the facts. Be careful. (英译汉)
没有考虑所有事实之前，不要匆忙下结论。要谨慎小心。
⑤After analysing the advantages and disadvantages of the plan, they finally came to the _____that it was practical.
A. decision B. opinion
C. conclusion D. agreement
【解析】选C。考查固定搭配。句意为：经过对这个计划的优缺点进行分析之后，他们得出了计划可行的结论。come to the conclusion that. . . “得出的结论是……”。
3. attend
阅读下列句子，并在其后的括号内填入attend的含义
a. 出席，参加 b. 照顾 c. 上(学)，前往，去 d. 陪伴；伴随
①John Snow was a famous doctor in London—so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. (P2) ( b )
②Danger attended everything he did. ( d )
③Since you have no time, you need not attend the tea party.
( a )
④Born in India, he attended high school and medical school in Madras. ( c )
I have a number of other matters to attend to.
She had to attend to her sick mother in hospital.
She had three servants attending on her.
⑤attend to 意为：处理；照顾。
⑥attend on 意为：照顾；侍候
attend与take part in, join in, join有什么区别？
【知识链接】
①It is her duty for a nurse to attend (to) the patients (照顾病人) daily.
同义句转换
②Could you deal with the letter immediately
→Could you attend to the letter immediately
③Only his friends were present at his wedding.
→Only his friends attended his wedding.
翻译句子
④Why weren’t you attending to what I said when I was explaining
我在解释的时候，你为什么不注意听？
⑤Success attended her efforts.
成功伴随着她的努力而来。
⑥我上这个班是为了提高英语水平。(汉译英)
I attended the class to improve my English level.
用attend，take part in，join，join in的适当形式填空
⑦The meeting our manager attended last week was very important.
⑧She is enthusiastic and takes part in all the activities in her community.
⑨Soon the whole crowd joined in singing the song.
⑩When he attended middle school, he joined the League. He liked sports and joined in running, jumping and playing balls after class. Every year he took part in the school sports meet.
4. expose
阅读下列句子，并在其后的括号内填入expose的含义
a. 使暴露 b. 揭露 c. 使接触 d. 使曝光
①But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. (P2) ( c )
②The reporter was killed because he tried to expose a plot.
( b )
③You had better not expose the young flowers to the hot sun.
( a )
④Be careful not to expose the film to light. ( d )
A teacher should expose his students to real-life situations.
Trees were cut down and the bare hill was exposed to the wind and rain.
⑤expose常与介词to搭配，意为：使接触……；使暴露于……
⑥be exposed to意为：接触……；暴露于……
①Workers (who are) exposed to dust (接触尘土的工人)every day suffer easily from pneumoconiosis disease (尘肺病). (expose)
②This chemical is not to be exposed to the sun.
这种化学制品不可暴露于阳光下。
③Newspapers in some countries published articles to expose the real intention of France attacking Libya.
一些国家的报纸刊登文章来揭露法国攻击利比亚的真实意图。
④We should combine our efforts to make sure our children are not_____ to bad living conditions.
A. affected B. exposed C. exposing D. effected
【解析】选B。考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们应该共同努力，确保孩子们不会接触到不良的生活环境。be exposed to“暴露在……之中；接触到”。
5. cure
Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. (P2)
人们既不知道它的病因，又不了解它的治疗方法。
At present there is no cure for cancer.
目前还没有治愈癌症的方法。
She tried every means to cure her child of the bad habit.
她想尽一切办法试图改掉她孩子的这个恶习。
①cure作名词，意思是：治疗/治愈的方法，常和介词for搭
配。
②cure作动词，意思是：治愈；治疗；纠正, 后常接介词of。
介词填空
①The cure of his headache was soon effected.
②The doctor claimed to have discovered a cure for the disease.
③It proves that whiskey can not cure one of his/her worry.
用cure和treat的适当形式填空
④The doctor cured the patient of his sleeplessness.
⑤He got injured in the accident and he is being treated in hospital now.
⑥He was treated for his heart disease for three months, but the doctor had said they could cure him of it in one month.
6. blame
It seemed that the water was to blame. (P2)
看来一切要归咎于水。
He blamed you for the neglect of duty.
他责备你玩忽职守。
①blame用作动词，常与介词 for 搭配。
②blame sb. for (doing) sth. 意思是：因……而责备某人
③be to blame (for. . . )意思是：(对某事)应该负责任/应该受到责备
The police blame the accident on the driver who was drunk.
警方把事故的责任归咎于醉酒的司机。
I am ready to take the blame for the mistake.
我准备承担这一错误的责任。
④blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人
⑤take/get/bear the blame for 对……承担责任
①He was to blame for the accident (应该为这次事故负责), so he was blamed for it (为此受到了责备). (blame)
②Don’t always put the blame of your own failure on others. (句型转换)
→Don’t always blame your own failure on others.
③我已准备对我说的话负责。
I am ready to take the blame for what I said.
④Don’t blame the fault on others. It is you who are to blame. You should dare to take the blame for it.
别把错误 归咎于别人，该受责备的是你，你应该敢于承担责任。
⑤Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one_______.
A. blamed B. blaming
C. to blame D. to be blamed
【解析】选C。考查动词用法。blamed表示被动和完成，不符合语境；blaming表示主动，结构不符；to blame是主动式表示被动；“某人该受责备”不用to be blamed。
7. announce
With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus. (P3)
有了这个额外的证据，约翰·斯诺肯定地宣布这种污染了的水携带着病毒。
It is officially announced that he will not run for re-election.
据正式宣布，他将不再争取再次当选。
I’ve got an important announcement to make.
我有件重要的事要宣布。
①announce意思是：宣布；宣告；通知；其名词形式是announcement。
②It is announced that. . . 意思是：据宣布……。
①The old man was born on the day when the USA _______war on Japan.
A. announced B. declared C. spoke D. began
【解析】选B。考查动词辨析。“向……宣战”用declare war on. . . 。
②Everyone was silent as the organizer_______ the result of the speech competition.
A. announced B. pronounced
C. declared D. instructed
【解析】选A。句意：当组织者宣布演讲比赛的结果时，大家都静了下来。announce“宣布”；pronounce“发音”；declare“宣称；宣布”，常用于宣战、议和或谈判；instruct“指示；指导”。
③Please announce to the children (通知孩子们) that there will be no school this afternoon.
④We regret to announce (宣布) that due to the weather conditions, there will be a delay.
⑤There was a silence after the announcement (宣布).
8. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. (P3)
有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢那里的水，每天都要派人从水泵打水运到家里。
have sth. done此处的意思是“让别人做某事”，也可以说get sth. done。have sth. done还常用来表示“遭受某事”之意。
The patient is going to have his temperature taken (让人量体温).
Workers in some factories have their hearing harmed by the noise of the machines.
在有些工厂里，工人们的听力受到机器噪音的损害。
①Don’t have the horse run so fast. “have+宾语+不带to的不定式”意为“ 让/叫……做某事 ”
②I don’t have you speaking so rudely to your mother. “have+宾语+v. -ing”用于否定式的时候意为“不准/允许某人做某事”
③He had us laughing during the lunchtime. “have+宾语+
v. -ing”意为“使……做某事”
①—Did Peter fix the computer himself
—He____, because he doesn’t know much about computers.
A. has it fixed B. had fixed it
C. had it fixed D. fixed it
【解析】选C。从doesn’t know much about computers暗示该空表示“让别人修了这台电脑”，说的是已发生的事，因此应填had it fixed。
②—Excuse me，sir, where is Room 301
—Just a minute. I’ll have Bob _____ you to your room.
A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing
【解析】选A。句中have表示“让”，为使役动词，因此后面应接省去to的不定式作宾语补足语。
③昨天夜里为什么你让灯整夜地亮着？我不允许你熬夜。
Why did you have the light burning all night long I won’t have you staying up .
1. defeat
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”(P2)
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
Our hopes were defeated.
我们的希望落空了。
The news of the enemy’s defeat quickly circulated around the town.
敌人被打败的消息很快在整个城镇传播开来。
defeat作动词意为：打败；战胜；使受挫 ；作名词意为：
失败。
①The manager of the hotel instructed his staff to improve the quality of service to _____ guests.
A. defeat B. win
C. beat D. invite
【解析】选B。考查动词辨析。句意为：宾馆经理指示他的员工要提高服务质量来赢得客人。win sb. 意思是“争取某人”。
②The recent examination____ her hope of going to university.
A. defeated B. lost
C. beat D. gave up
【解析】选A。考查动词辨析。句意为：最近的考试使她上大学的希望落空。defeat表示“挫败”的意思。
用defeat，beat，win的适当形式填空
③We defeated/beat them in the football match yesterday.
④She was very pleased because she had won the first prize in the competition.
⑤Before the race, her heart beat fast, as she was afraid she would be beaten/defeated .
2. link
In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. (P3)
在伦敦另一个地方，他从另外两个病例中发现了有力的证据，它们与宽街爆发的霍乱有联系。
When completed, this railway will link many industrial cities to a seaport. 这条铁路建成后，将把许多工业城市和一个海港连接起来。
It was very convenient to link up all of the computers.
连接所有的计算机做事很方便。
Is there a link between smoking and lung disease
抽烟和肺病之间有联系吗？
①link用作动词，意思是：连接；联系。
②link. . . to. . . 意思是：将……和……连接/联系起来；
③be linked to. . . 意思是：与……相连/有关系；
④link up意思是：连接/联合起来。
⑤link作名词意思是：连接；联系，纽带。
①指纹证实了嫌疑犯的犯罪行为。
Fingerprint linked the suspect to the crime.
②这些证据连接起来就能说明小偷是谁了。
These evidences linked up to suggest who the thief was.
③过去，书信是同远方朋友的一种联系。
In the past, letters are a link with friends who live far away.
④据说他被迫辞职与受贿有关。
It is said that his being forced to resign is linked to bribery(受贿).
⑤The Chinese people have linked rice with Yuan Longping. (英译汉)
中国人已经将水稻和袁隆平联系起来。
3. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. (P2)
因此每当(霍乱)爆发时，就有成千上万恐惧的人死亡。
这是一个复合句，every time是名词短语充当从属连词，引导时间状语从句，意思是“每当……的时候”，相当于each time。
Every time I meet him, I always think of the things happening between us.
能够引导时间状语从句的名词(词组)或副词还有：
the moment/minute/second一……就；next time下次……的时候；the last time上次……的时候；immediately /directly/instantly一……就。
句型转换(①—②)
①Whenever he spoke in public, he felt nervous.
→Every time he spoke in public, he felt nervous.
②When we met last time, he said he had trouble with his study.
→The last time we met , he said he had trouble with his study.
③我一见到他就把你的信交给了他。
I gave your letter to him immediately / the moment / the instant / the minute / as soon as I saw him .
A
Steve Jobs made technology fun. The
co-founder of Apple died on Wednesday at
the age of fifty-six. He had fought for years
against cancer. Mourners gathered outside his house in Palo Alto, California, and Apple stores around the world.
Steve Jobs was a college dropout. He was adopted by a machinist and his wife, an accountant. They supported his early interest in electronics.
He and his friend Steve Wozniak started Apple Computer—now just called Apple—in 1976. They stayed at the company until 1985. That year, Steve Wozniak returned to college and Steve Jobs left in a dispute(争执) with the chief executive.
Mr. Jobs then formed his own company, called NeXT Computer. He rejoined Apple in 1997 after it bought NeXT. He helped remake Apple from a business that was in bad shape then to one of the most valuable companies in the world today.
Steve Wozniak, speaking on CNN, remembered his longtime friend as a “great visionary and leader” and a “marketing genius”.
President Obama said in a statement: “By building one of the planet’s most successful companies from his garage, he showed the spirit of American creativity. By making computers personal and putting the Internet in our pockets, he made the information revolution not only accessible, but intuitive(直观的) and fun. ”
David Carroll is a professor at Parsons School of Design in New York City. He says Steve Jobs not only revolutionized technology, but also revolutionized American business.
Steve Jobs stepped down as Apple’s chief executive in August because of his health. He died a day after the company released a new iPhone version that met with limited excitement. Apple’s new chief, Tim Cook, will also have to deal with the new Kindle Fire tablet computer from Amazon. com. It costs less than half as much as an iPad but also does less.
1. Which of the following is RIGHT about Steve Jobs
A. He graduated from college with excellent grades.
B. He had great interest in electronics when he was young.
C. He was brought up by his relatives.
D. He was diagnosed with cancer the year before his death.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第二段的They supported his early interest in electronics. 可知。
2. How long was it before Steve Jobs rejoined Apple
A. 10 years. B. 12 years.
C. 21 years. D. 18 years.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第三段的They stayed at the company until 1985. 和第四段的He rejoined Apple in 1997 after it bought NeXT. 可知。
3. When Steve Jobs rejoined Apple, the company______.
A. didn’t buy NeXT
B. was in terrible condition
C. was in the charge of Steve Wozniak
D. was one of the most valuable companies in the world
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第四段的内容可知，苹果公司收购了NeXT后，史蒂夫·乔布斯返回了苹果公司，并且帮助苹果公司从困境中重生，使它成为世界上最具价值的公司之一。故选B。
4. According to the comment from Steve Wozniak, Obama and David Carroll, we can know Steve Jobs_____.
A. was not good at marketing
B. was not creative
C. was not a good leader
D. influenced American business
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据三位的评价可知A、B、C三项是错误的，D项是正确的。
5. What’s the best title of the passage
A. The reason why Steve Jobs died
B. Steve Jobs, a man who revolutionized American business
C. How Apple was created
D. Apple’s future
【解析】选B。主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了已逝的原苹果公司的总裁史蒂夫·乔布斯。故选B。
B
Unlike modern animal scientists,
dinosaur scientists cannot sit on a hillside
and use telescopes to watch dinosaurs in order to know how they lived and whether they were good parents. Instead, they have to search hard for information from dinosaurs’ fossils (恐龙化石) because dinosaurs died out millions of years ago.
It’s very difficult for the scientists to reach an agreement because different results can be got from the same fossils. Many fossils of the same kind of dinosaurs have been dug out from one place. They might have formed when an entire group of dinosaurs got stuck (陷入) all at once, or they might have been the result of dinosaurs getting stuck one after another over a course of a few centuries. Thus we can say that dinosaurs might have in the first case lived in big groups and in the second lived alone.
Though there are two different results, dinosaur scientists now generally agree that at least some kinds of dinosaurs lived in big groups. “That’s pretty much settled at this point, ” says Paul Sereno. A kind of dinosaurs called Sauropods left behind tracks in the western United States that appear to run north and south, suggesting that they even moved long distances together.
As to whether dinosaurs cared for their young, dinosaur scientists have turned to the closest living relatives of dinosaurs—birds and crocodiles—for possible models. Birds give a lot of care to their young, while crocodiles just help their young to the water. The discovered fossils of dinosaurs sitting on their eggs and staying with their young suggest the parents were taking care of their babies, but we still cannot say that all dinosaurs did the same.
There is still a long way to go before the above questions could be answered. Dinosaur scientists will have to find more proofs to reach an agreement.
6. Dinosaur scientists can get information directly by_____.
A. studying dinosaur fossils
B. examining modern animals
C. watching dinosaurs
D. using telescopes
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第一段“Instead, they have to search hard for information from dinosaurs’fossils because dinosaurs died out millions of years ago. ”，恐龙已经灭绝了亿万年了，所以科学家只能研究化石得出结论。
7. What is pretty much settled according to Paul Sereno
A. Half of the dinosaurs lived alone.
B. Most dinosaurs moved long distances.
C. Many dinosaurs settled in the north.
D. Some dinosaurs lived in big groups.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第三段“Though there are two different results, dinosaur scientists now generally agree that at least some kinds of dinosaurs lived in big groups. ”，说明研究恐龙的科学家们同意至少部分恐龙是群居的，选D。
8. Dinosaur scientists can probably know whether dinosaurs were good parents by_____.
A. watching many kinds of animals
B. studying dinosaurs’ living relatives
C. following the tracks left behind
D. working on dug-out dinosaur eggs
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第四段“As to whether dinosaurs cared for their young, dinosaur scientists have turned to the closest living relatives of dinosaurs—birds and crocodiles—for possible models. ”可知，科学家通过研究恐龙的近亲——鸟和鳄鱼——来推断恐龙是否照顾小恐龙。
9. Which of the following is true according to the fourth paragraph
A. Birds hardly pay attention to their young.
B. Baby crocodiles can look after themselves well.
C. Some dinosaurs took care of their young.
D. Birds and crocodiles take good care of their young.
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第四段，鸟会照顾幼体，但是鳄鱼不会。从恐龙孵蛋以及和幼体在一起的化石可以推断出部分恐龙照顾幼体，但不能得出所有恐龙都照顾幼体的结论，故选C。
