外研版初中英语八年级上册Module 11 Unit 3 随堂小练笔

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外研版初中英语八年级上册Module 11 Unit 3 随堂小练笔
一、单词拼写(词汇运用)
1.—Susan, s   is
waiting for you at the gym.
—Oh, it must be Jenny.
2.The
cookies look nice and t   delicious.
3.I got his invitation and I was happy to
a     it.
4.Don't play music l     after
10 pm.
5.In
China, when you receive a gift, you should a   it with both hands.
二、补全对话
6.情景交际
A. What does the bride do before she
leaves her family B. Yes, I have nothing to do. C. There are many more customs about the
wedding. D. Could you tell me something about the
wedding here E. And, when the bride walks into the
bridegroom's house, she must eat some noodles.
A: Good morning, David.
B: Good morning,Li
Kai.
A: Tomorrow is Saturday. Are you free
B:    
A: That's good. Would you like to go to my cousin's
wedding with me
B: I'd love to.    
A: OK. On the early morning of the wedding,
the bridegroom goes to the bride's home.
But before he enters the room,he must hand out some hongbao to children. .
B:    
A: She must cry. It is our old custom here.
   
B: That sounds very interesting!
A:     I will tell you later.
B: OK!
三、完形填空
7.完形填空
What must you (1) when you receive a present for your
birthday You should sit down and write a thank you letter. The sentence “Thank
you, ”is very important. We use it often. We (2) when someone gives us a drink, helps us
pick up things, hands us a letter, lends us a book, or gives us a present.
(3) important word is “please". Many
people always forget (4) it. It is not polite to ask someone to do
something (5) saying
“please”. We use it when we (6) something
too. It may be a book or a pencil, more rice or more tea. It (7) be used in the classroom, at home, at
the bus stop or in a shop. We have to say “please” to make each other (8) .
We have to (9) to say “sorry” too. When we hurt someone,
we have to say we are (10) When
we tell a lie and feel sorry, we use (11) word
“sorry”. When we forget something (12) break
something, we use the word “sorry” too. “Sorry” is a
word that can make people forget mistakes.
(1)A.to do B.do C.say D.speak
(2)A.say it B.say them C.talk them D.tell it
(3)A.The other B.Other C.Another D.The others
(4)A.using B.to use C.to using D.use
(5)A.with B.and C.without D.or
(6)A.ask B.ask for C.ask to D.ask about
(7)A.may B.should C.must D.need
(8)A.happy B.happily C.happier D.happiest
(9)A.know B.learning C.studying D.learn
(10)A.glad B.angry C.sorry D.busy
(11)A.same B.one C.different D.the same
(12)A.but B.or C.and D.with
四、选词填空(词汇运用)
8.根据语境从方框中选择恰当的情态动词填空,每词限用一次
must, can, needn't, mustn't, have to
(1)—    I come in
—Yes, please.
(2)We should be quiet in the theatre. We   speak loudly.
(3)—Must I return this book to the library today, Mrs Brown
—No, you    
(4)—Must I stay with you, Grandpa
—No, you don't   You can go swimming with your friends.
(5)We   be careful when we cross the road.
五、书面表达
9.话题:本模块的话题为“生活方式”。不同的国家有不同的生活方式和习惯。了解不同国家或地区的习俗是写作的话题之一。
假如你叫王彬,你的一位外国朋友杰克要来中国参观。在他来中国之前你想向他介绍一下中国人的习惯。内容包括以下几点:
1)在中国必须靠右边走路;
2)当你遇到别人时要问好;
3)吃饭时常用筷子,主人(host) 通常礼让客人多吃饭,客人不一定非得把盘子里的东西吃掉;
4)吃完饭人们通常沏茶喝,临走时要有礼貌地道别。请根据以上提示给你的朋友杰克发一封电子邮件,词数:80左右,开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
Dear
Jack, I am very happy to hear that you will come to visit China.
I
hope you will have a good time in China.
Yours,
Wang
Bin
答案解析部分
1.【答案】someone
【知识点】不定代词
【解析】【分析】句意:——苏珊,有人在健身房等你。——哦,一定是珍妮。有人在等Susan,someone某人,复合不定代词,故填someone。
【点评】考查代词拼写,首先理解句意,然后确定单词。
2.【答案】taste
【知识点】动词原形
【解析】【分析】句意:这些饼干看起来很好,并且尝起来好吃。饼干尝起来美味,taste尝起来,系动词,后面用形容词。时态是一般现在时,主语是复数cookies,所以用原形taste,故填taste。
【点评】考查动词拼写,首先理解句意,然后注意句子时态。
3.【答案】accept
【知识点】动词原形
【解析】【分析】句意:我收到了他的邀请,我很高兴地接受了。根据固定搭配,be happy to do sth,可知这里是动词原形,结合句意和首字母提示可知accept,接受,符合题意,故答案为accept。
【点评】考查动词原形。注意识记动词accept的用法。
4.【答案】loudly
【知识点】其他副词
【解析】【分析】句意:晚上10点以后不要大声播放音乐。修饰动词用副词,根据句意和首字母提示可知loudly,大声地,符合题意,故答案为loudly。
【点评】考查副词。注意识记副词loudly的用法。
5.【答案】accept
【知识点】动词原形
【解析】【分析】句意:在中国,当你收到一个礼物时,你应该用双手接受。由常识以及In China, when you receive a gift,可知这里要说的是“用双手接受” ,接受,accept,空格前有情态动词should,因此其后要用动词原形,故答案为accept。
【点评】考查动词的拼写,注意根据句意确定词义,从而拼写出正确的单词。
6.【答案】B;D;A;E;C
【知识点】补全对话
【解析】【分析】短文大意:本文是关于婚礼习俗的一段对话。
选项意思:
A. What does the bride do before she leaves her family 新娘在离开家之前会做什么
B. Yes, I have nothing to do.是的,我无事可做。
C. There are many more customs about the wedding.关于婚礼还有很多习俗。
D. Could you tell me something about the wedding here 你能告诉我一些关于这里婚礼的事情吗
E. And, when the bride walks into the bridegroom's house, she must eat some noodles.而且,当新娘走进新郎家时,她必须吃一些面条。
(1)根据上文 Are you free 可知是一般问句,用yes或no作答,结合选项可知B符合题意,故答案为B。
(2)根据下文OK. On the early morning of the wedding, the bridegroom goes to the bride's home.But before he enters the room,he must hand out some hongbao to children. 可知上文是请求告诉一些婚礼的情况,结合选项可知D符合题意,故答案为D。
(3)根据 下文答语A: She must cry. It is our old custom here. 可知是问新娘做什么,结合选项可知A符合题意,故答案为A。
(4)根据上文 It is our old custom here.和下文That sounds very interesting! 可知这里还是介绍和新娘有关的婚礼习俗,结合选项可知E符合题意,故答案为E。
(5)根据下文 I will tell you later. 可知是关于婚礼还有很多习俗,故答案为C。
【点评】考查补全对话。要紧扣话题,根据上下文逻辑关系和语境回答问题,注意前后的呼应。
7.【答案】(1)B;(2)A;(3)C;(4)B;(5)C;(6)B;(7)A;(8)A;(9)D;(10)C;(11)D;(12)B
【知识点】日常生活类
【解析】【分析】短文大意:本文为我们介绍了常用的三个礼貌用语:请,谢谢和对不起并告诉我们什么时候用。
(1)句意:当你收到生日礼物时,你必须做什么 to do做,不定式;do做,动词原形;say说,动词原形;speak说,动词原形;根据句意可知是做什么,must后用动词原形,故答案为B。
(2)句意:当某人给我们一杯饮料,帮我们拿起东西,递给我们一封信,借给我们一本书,或者送给我们一件礼物时,我们就会说谢谢。say it说它;say them说它们;talk them谈论它们;tell it告诉它;根据句意可知这里是指谢谢这个礼貌用语,用it来代替,故答案为A。
(3)句意:另一个重要的词是“请”。The other另一个,指两者之中另一个;Other别的,泛指;Another另一个,泛指三者或三者以上的另一个;The others别的,其余的,特指一定范围内除去一部分,其余的;根据句意可知这里是指另一个礼貌用语,是泛指,用another,故答案为C。
(4)句意:许多人总是忘记使用它。根据句意和固定搭配forget to do忘记做某事,可知这里用动词不定式:to+动词原形,故答案为B。
(5)句意:没有说“请”就要求别人做某事是不礼貌的。with有;and和;without没有;or或者,不然;根据句意和语境可知是“没有”,故答案为C。
(6)句意:当我们提出要求时也可以用这个短语。ask问;ask for要求;ask to邀请……参加……;ask about询问……关于……;根据句意可知是请求,要求……,故答案为B。
(7)句意:它可以用在教室,在家里,在公共汽车站或在商店。may可以,可能;should应该;must必须;need需要;根据句意和语境可知是表示可以用在什么地方,故答案为A。
(8)句意:我们必须说“请”,让对方高兴。happy高兴,形容词;happily高兴地,副词;happier形容词的比较级;happiest形容词的最高级;根据句意可知是人彼此高兴,用happy,故答案为A。
(9)句意:我们也要学会说“对不起”。know知道,动词原形;learning学,分词;studying学习,分词,动名词;learn学,动词原形;have to后跟动词原形,根据句意和语境可知是学说对不起,故答案为D。
(10)句意:当我们伤害了别人,我们不得不说对不起,当我们说谎和感到抱歉,我们使用相同的单词“对不起”。glad高兴的;angry生气的;sorry抱歉的;busy忙碌的;根据句意可知是抱歉,故答案为C。
(11)句意:当我们伤害了别人,我们不得不说对不起,当我们说谎和感到抱歉,我们使用相同的单词“对不起”。same相同的;one一;different不同的;the same相同的;根据句意和语境可知是相同的,same前用定冠词the,故答案为D。
(12)句意:当我们忘记了什么或弄坏了什么东西时,我们也用“sorry”这个词。but但是;or或者;and和;with和;根据句意可知这里是表示选择,意为“或者”,故答案为B。
【点评】考查日常生活类阅读。先通览全文,掌握文章大意;然后再根据文章的语境特点从词语搭配、习惯用法、上下文的逻辑关系以及一般的生活常识等方面进行分析,从而选出既合语法又合语境的答案。
8.【答案】(1)Can
(2)mustn't
(3)needn't
(4)have to
(5)must
【知识点】情态动词
【解析】【分析】must必须, can能, needn't不必, mustn't必须不, have to不得不
⑴句意:—我可以进来吗?—请进。表示请求许可,可以用can,首字母大写,故答案为Can。
⑵句意:在戏院我们应该保持安静。我们一定不要大声喧哗。表示禁止,在剧院不准喧哗,用mustn't。故答案为mustn't。
⑶句意:我今天必须把这本书还给图书馆吗,布朗夫人?—不,你不必。must提问的一般疑问句,否定回答用needn't。故答案为needn't。
⑷句意:—爷爷,我必须跟你呆在一起吗?—不,你不必,你可以跟朋友去游泳。have to不得不;don't have to=needn't 不必。已有don't,故答案为have to。
⑸句意:我们过马路的时候一定要小心。过马路要小心是必须的事情,用must,故答案为must。
【点评】考查情态的动词的用法。弄清词义,理解句子,根据句意判断答案。
9.【答案】Dear Jack,
I am
very happy to hear that you will come to visit China. Now let me tell you some
traditions.
When
you are in China, you must walk on the right. When you meet other people, you
must say hello to them. When you eat something, you had better use chopsticks.
The host often asks you to eat more food. If you are full, you needn't eat up
the food on the plate. After the meal, the host often makes tea for you. It is
delicious. Before you leave the house, you must say goodbye to the host
politely.
I
hope you will have a good time in China.
Yours,
Wang
Bin
【知识点】应用文写作
【解析】【分析】这是一篇应用作文,主要介绍中国人的习惯。时态是一般将来时和一般现在时,首先总结介绍告诉Jack中国的传统;然后介绍中国人走路、见面和吃饭时的习惯;最后总结。为文章增色,注意运用好词好句,同时注意恰当使用连词,使文章上下文联系更为紧密。
【点评】写作时作文内容全面,运用好词好句,如:let sb. do;tell sb. sth.;on the right;say hello/goodbye to sb.;had better do sth.;ask sb. to do sth.;eat up;have a good time等。祈使句、状语从句、比较级、和宾语从句的运用为文章增色不少,如:Now let me tell you some traditions.When you are in China, you must walk on the right. When you meet other people, you must say hello to them. When you eat something, you had better use chopsticks. The host often asks you to eat more food. If you are full, you needn't eat up the food on the plate. 等。连词when、if、before的运用使文章上下文联系更为紧密。
1 / 1外研版初中英语八年级上册Module 11 Unit 3 随堂小练笔
一、单词拼写(词汇运用)
1.—Susan, s   is
waiting for you at the gym.
—Oh, it must be Jenny.
【答案】someone
【知识点】不定代词
【解析】【分析】句意:——苏珊,有人在健身房等你。——哦,一定是珍妮。有人在等Susan,someone某人,复合不定代词,故填someone。
【点评】考查代词拼写,首先理解句意,然后确定单词。
2.The
cookies look nice and t   delicious.
【答案】taste
【知识点】动词原形
【解析】【分析】句意:这些饼干看起来很好,并且尝起来好吃。饼干尝起来美味,taste尝起来,系动词,后面用形容词。时态是一般现在时,主语是复数cookies,所以用原形taste,故填taste。
【点评】考查动词拼写,首先理解句意,然后注意句子时态。
3.I got his invitation and I was happy to
a     it.
【答案】accept
【知识点】动词原形
【解析】【分析】句意:我收到了他的邀请,我很高兴地接受了。根据固定搭配,be happy to do sth,可知这里是动词原形,结合句意和首字母提示可知accept,接受,符合题意,故答案为accept。
【点评】考查动词原形。注意识记动词accept的用法。
4.Don't play music l     after
10 pm.
【答案】loudly
【知识点】其他副词
【解析】【分析】句意:晚上10点以后不要大声播放音乐。修饰动词用副词,根据句意和首字母提示可知loudly,大声地,符合题意,故答案为loudly。
【点评】考查副词。注意识记副词loudly的用法。
5.In
China, when you receive a gift, you should a   it with both hands.
【答案】accept
【知识点】动词原形
【解析】【分析】句意:在中国,当你收到一个礼物时,你应该用双手接受。由常识以及In China, when you receive a gift,可知这里要说的是“用双手接受” ,接受,accept,空格前有情态动词should,因此其后要用动词原形,故答案为accept。
【点评】考查动词的拼写,注意根据句意确定词义,从而拼写出正确的单词。
二、补全对话
6.情景交际
A. What does the bride do before she
leaves her family B. Yes, I have nothing to do. C. There are many more customs about the
wedding. D. Could you tell me something about the
wedding here E. And, when the bride walks into the
bridegroom's house, she must eat some noodles.
A: Good morning, David.
B: Good morning,Li
Kai.
A: Tomorrow is Saturday. Are you free
B:    
A: That's good. Would you like to go to my cousin's
wedding with me
B: I'd love to.    
A: OK. On the early morning of the wedding,
the bridegroom goes to the bride's home.
But before he enters the room,he must hand out some hongbao to children. .
B:    
A: She must cry. It is our old custom here.
   
B: That sounds very interesting!
A:     I will tell you later.
B: OK!
【答案】B;D;A;E;C
【知识点】补全对话
【解析】【分析】短文大意:本文是关于婚礼习俗的一段对话。
选项意思:
A. What does the bride do before she leaves her family 新娘在离开家之前会做什么
B. Yes, I have nothing to do.是的,我无事可做。
C. There are many more customs about the wedding.关于婚礼还有很多习俗。
D. Could you tell me something about the wedding here 你能告诉我一些关于这里婚礼的事情吗
E. And, when the bride walks into the bridegroom's house, she must eat some noodles.而且,当新娘走进新郎家时,她必须吃一些面条。
(1)根据上文 Are you free 可知是一般问句,用yes或no作答,结合选项可知B符合题意,故答案为B。
(2)根据下文OK. On the early morning of the wedding, the bridegroom goes to the bride's home.But before he enters the room,he must hand out some hongbao to children. 可知上文是请求告诉一些婚礼的情况,结合选项可知D符合题意,故答案为D。
(3)根据 下文答语A: She must cry. It is our old custom here. 可知是问新娘做什么,结合选项可知A符合题意,故答案为A。
(4)根据上文 It is our old custom here.和下文That sounds very interesting! 可知这里还是介绍和新娘有关的婚礼习俗,结合选项可知E符合题意,故答案为E。
(5)根据下文 I will tell you later. 可知是关于婚礼还有很多习俗,故答案为C。
【点评】考查补全对话。要紧扣话题,根据上下文逻辑关系和语境回答问题,注意前后的呼应。
三、完形填空
7.完形填空
What must you (1) when you receive a present for your
birthday You should sit down and write a thank you letter. The sentence “Thank
you, ”is very important. We use it often. We (2) when someone gives us a drink, helps us
pick up things, hands us a letter, lends us a book, or gives us a present.
(3) important word is “please". Many
people always forget (4) it. It is not polite to ask someone to do
something (5) saying
“please”. We use it when we (6) something
too. It may be a book or a pencil, more rice or more tea. It (7) be used in the classroom, at home, at
the bus stop or in a shop. We have to say “please” to make each other (8) .
We have to (9) to say “sorry” too. When we hurt someone,
we have to say we are (10) When
we tell a lie and feel sorry, we use (11) word
“sorry”. When we forget something (12) break
something, we use the word “sorry” too. “Sorry” is a
word that can make people forget mistakes.
(1)A.to do B.do C.say D.speak
(2)A.say it B.say them C.talk them D.tell it
(3)A.The other B.Other C.Another D.The others
(4)A.using B.to use C.to using D.use
(5)A.with B.and C.without D.or
(6)A.ask B.ask for C.ask to D.ask about
(7)A.may B.should C.must D.need
(8)A.happy B.happily C.happier D.happiest
(9)A.know B.learning C.studying D.learn
(10)A.glad B.angry C.sorry D.busy
(11)A.same B.one C.different D.the same
(12)A.but B.or C.and D.with
【答案】(1)B;(2)A;(3)C;(4)B;(5)C;(6)B;(7)A;(8)A;(9)D;(10)C;(11)D;(12)B
【知识点】日常生活类
【解析】【分析】短文大意:本文为我们介绍了常用的三个礼貌用语:请,谢谢和对不起并告诉我们什么时候用。
(1)句意:当你收到生日礼物时,你必须做什么 to do做,不定式;do做,动词原形;say说,动词原形;speak说,动词原形;根据句意可知是做什么,must后用动词原形,故答案为B。
(2)句意:当某人给我们一杯饮料,帮我们拿起东西,递给我们一封信,借给我们一本书,或者送给我们一件礼物时,我们就会说谢谢。say it说它;say them说它们;talk them谈论它们;tell it告诉它;根据句意可知这里是指谢谢这个礼貌用语,用it来代替,故答案为A。
(3)句意:另一个重要的词是“请”。The other另一个,指两者之中另一个;Other别的,泛指;Another另一个,泛指三者或三者以上的另一个;The others别的,其余的,特指一定范围内除去一部分,其余的;根据句意可知这里是指另一个礼貌用语,是泛指,用another,故答案为C。
(4)句意:许多人总是忘记使用它。根据句意和固定搭配forget to do忘记做某事,可知这里用动词不定式:to+动词原形,故答案为B。
(5)句意:没有说“请”就要求别人做某事是不礼貌的。with有;and和;without没有;or或者,不然;根据句意和语境可知是“没有”,故答案为C。
(6)句意:当我们提出要求时也可以用这个短语。ask问;ask for要求;ask to邀请……参加……;ask about询问……关于……;根据句意可知是请求,要求……,故答案为B。
(7)句意:它可以用在教室,在家里,在公共汽车站或在商店。may可以,可能;should应该;must必须;need需要;根据句意和语境可知是表示可以用在什么地方,故答案为A。
(8)句意:我们必须说“请”,让对方高兴。happy高兴,形容词;happily高兴地,副词;happier形容词的比较级;happiest形容词的最高级;根据句意可知是人彼此高兴,用happy,故答案为A。
(9)句意:我们也要学会说“对不起”。know知道,动词原形;learning学,分词;studying学习,分词,动名词;learn学,动词原形;have to后跟动词原形,根据句意和语境可知是学说对不起,故答案为D。
(10)句意:当我们伤害了别人,我们不得不说对不起,当我们说谎和感到抱歉,我们使用相同的单词“对不起”。glad高兴的;angry生气的;sorry抱歉的;busy忙碌的;根据句意可知是抱歉,故答案为C。
(11)句意:当我们伤害了别人,我们不得不说对不起,当我们说谎和感到抱歉,我们使用相同的单词“对不起”。same相同的;one一;different不同的;the same相同的;根据句意和语境可知是相同的,same前用定冠词the,故答案为D。
(12)句意:当我们忘记了什么或弄坏了什么东西时,我们也用“sorry”这个词。but但是;or或者;and和;with和;根据句意可知这里是表示选择,意为“或者”,故答案为B。
【点评】考查日常生活类阅读。先通览全文,掌握文章大意;然后再根据文章的语境特点从词语搭配、习惯用法、上下文的逻辑关系以及一般的生活常识等方面进行分析,从而选出既合语法又合语境的答案。
四、选词填空(词汇运用)
8.根据语境从方框中选择恰当的情态动词填空,每词限用一次
must, can, needn't, mustn't, have to
(1)—    I come in
—Yes, please.
(2)We should be quiet in the theatre. We   speak loudly.
(3)—Must I return this book to the library today, Mrs Brown
—No, you    
(4)—Must I stay with you, Grandpa
—No, you don't   You can go swimming with your friends.
(5)We   be careful when we cross the road.
【答案】(1)Can
(2)mustn't
(3)needn't
(4)have to
(5)must
【知识点】情态动词
【解析】【分析】must必须, can能, needn't不必, mustn't必须不, have to不得不
⑴句意:—我可以进来吗?—请进。表示请求许可,可以用can,首字母大写,故答案为Can。
⑵句意:在戏院我们应该保持安静。我们一定不要大声喧哗。表示禁止,在剧院不准喧哗,用mustn't。故答案为mustn't。
⑶句意:我今天必须把这本书还给图书馆吗,布朗夫人?—不,你不必。must提问的一般疑问句,否定回答用needn't。故答案为needn't。
⑷句意:—爷爷,我必须跟你呆在一起吗?—不,你不必,你可以跟朋友去游泳。have to不得不;don't have to=needn't 不必。已有don't,故答案为have to。
⑸句意:我们过马路的时候一定要小心。过马路要小心是必须的事情,用must,故答案为must。
【点评】考查情态的动词的用法。弄清词义,理解句子,根据句意判断答案。
五、书面表达
9.话题:本模块的话题为“生活方式”。不同的国家有不同的生活方式和习惯。了解不同国家或地区的习俗是写作的话题之一。
假如你叫王彬,你的一位外国朋友杰克要来中国参观。在他来中国之前你想向他介绍一下中国人的习惯。内容包括以下几点:
1)在中国必须靠右边走路;
2)当你遇到别人时要问好;
3)吃饭时常用筷子,主人(host) 通常礼让客人多吃饭,客人不一定非得把盘子里的东西吃掉;
4)吃完饭人们通常沏茶喝,临走时要有礼貌地道别。请根据以上提示给你的朋友杰克发一封电子邮件,词数:80左右,开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
Dear
Jack, I am very happy to hear that you will come to visit China.
I
hope you will have a good time in China.
Yours,
Wang
Bin
【答案】Dear Jack,
I am
very happy to hear that you will come to visit China. Now let me tell you some
traditions.
When
you are in China, you must walk on the right. When you meet other people, you
must say hello to them. When you eat something, you had better use chopsticks.
The host often asks you to eat more food. If you are full, you needn't eat up
the food on the plate. After the meal, the host often makes tea for you. It is
delicious. Before you leave the house, you must say goodbye to the host
politely.
I
hope you will have a good time in China.
Yours,
Wang
Bin
【知识点】应用文写作
【解析】【分析】这是一篇应用作文,主要介绍中国人的习惯。时态是一般将来时和一般现在时,首先总结介绍告诉Jack中国的传统;然后介绍中国人走路、见面和吃饭时的习惯;最后总结。为文章增色,注意运用好词好句,同时注意恰当使用连词,使文章上下文联系更为紧密。
【点评】写作时作文内容全面,运用好词好句,如:let sb. do;tell sb. sth.;on the right;say hello/goodbye to sb.;had better do sth.;ask sb. to do sth.;eat up;have a good time等。祈使句、状语从句、比较级、和宾语从句的运用为文章增色不少,如:Now let me tell you some traditions.When you are in China, you must walk on the right. When you meet other people, you must say hello to them. When you eat something, you had better use chopsticks. The host often asks you to eat more food. If you are full, you needn't eat up the food on the plate. 等。连词when、if、before的运用使文章上下文联系更为紧密。
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