2021-2022学年上海市高二上学期牛津上海版英语期中练习卷
第I卷（共110分）
▲I. Listening Comprehension (30分)
Section A (10分)
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. A writer． B. A teacher C. A journalist． D. A student．
2. A. All day. B. Only in the morning．
C. Only in the afternoon．D. The same as during the week
3. A. $30. B. $35. C. $60. D. $70.
4. A. About 7:15. B. About 7:30.C. About 7:45. D. About 8:00.
5. A. The man knew the woman would come here.
B. The woman took the place of Betty to work today.
C. The man asked the woman to come to work.
D. Betty has gone abroad.
6. A. The department will pay for the trip.
B. She’s not sure if she paid for the trip.
C. Some people may not go on the trip.
D. Everyone paid for the trip.
7. A. He was seriously injured in a car accident.
B. He was absent all week because of sickness.
C. He called to say that his wife had been injured.
D. He had to be away from school to look after his wife.
8. A. The woman is planning a trip to Austin．
B. The woman hasn’t been to Austin before．
C. The woman likes Austin very much．
D. The woman has been to Austin before．
9. A. She’s too busy to run for class president. B. She wants to run for class president．
C. She plans to apply for a part-time job.D. She hopes the man can help her.
10. A. They can’t speak English. B. He’s speaking too quickly．
C. They are not familiar with his topic．D. He’s using a defective microphone．
Section B （20分）
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two longer conversations and two short passages, and you will be asked two or three questions on each of them. The conversations and passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 12 are based on the following conversation.
11. A. The manager and customer.B. Husband and Wife.
C. Workmates.D. Friends.
12. A. 1707. B. 1708. C. 2002. D. 2004.
Questions 13 through 14 are based on the following conversation.
13. A. At the airport. B. On the phone.C. On the plane. D. In the street.
14. A. He wants to attend his brother’s wedding.
B. He loves to see the scenery on the ground while flying.
C. The number of the flight is 102.
D. The flight will arrive at Paris local time 12:00 Noon.
Questions 15 through 17 are based on the following passage.
15. A. By teaching. B. By writing.C. By translating. D. By working as a lawyer.
16. A. Eatonton Georgia. B. Atlanta.C. Sarah Lawrence.D. Spelman College.
17. A. A pile of books. B. A letter.C. A prize. D. Some oranges.
Questions 18 through 20 are based on the following passage.
18. A. They think travel has become a trend.
B. They think travel gives them their money’s worth．
C. They find many of the banks untrustworthy．
D. They lack the knowledge to make capital investments．
19. A. Lower their prices to attract more customers．
B. Introduce travel packages for young travellers．
C. Design programmes targeted at retired couples．
D. Launch a new programme of adventure trips．
20. A. The role of travel agents. B. The number of last-minute bookings．
C. The way people travel. D. The prices of polar expeditions．
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A (10分)
Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
For the Stone Age people, ____1____ (hunt) was an important way to get food. Stone Age hunter had only crude weapons ____2____ (make) of stone and wood. When they went hunting, their weapons were not powerful enough ____3____ (kill) big animals so they had to rely more upon their wisdom than weapons. Stone Age hunters often cooperated with each other in hunting big animals. Some hunters drove a herd of animals like horses or buffaloes over steep cliffs, and ____4____ waited at the bottom of the cliffs to finish ____5____ kill. Another popular method was to dig a deep pit. The pit then was covered with branches and dirt. ____6____ an animal walked over the pit, it fell in and was trapped. The hunters rolled heavy stones on the animal and killed it.
Modern hunters are equipped ____7____ powerful weapons, but for most of them, hunting is more for pleasure than for food. Because many big animals like lions, tigers and elephants are decreasing in number rapidly, they ____8____ no longer be hunted at will. Nowadays in many countries, hunting ____9____(prohibit) in national environments. And even in some countries _____10_____ hunting is permitted, a hunter has to get a license for hunting particular game in a particular season; otherwise he will be punished as poacher.
【答案】1. hunting
2. made 3. to kill
4. others 5. the
6. When 7. with
8. can 9. is prohibited
10. where
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人类狩猎方式和目的的改变，将石器时代的狩猎与现代狩猎进行了对比。
【1题详解】
考查名词。句意：对于石器时代的人来说，狩猎是获取食物的重要方式。此处作主语，表示“打猎”应用名词hunting，为不可数名词。故填hunting。
【2题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：石器时代的猎人只有粗糙的石头和木头制成的武器。分析句子结构可知make在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语weapons构成被动关系，用过去分词作定语。故填made。
【3题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：当他们去打猎时，他们的武器不足以杀死大型动物，所以他们不得不更多地依靠自己的智慧而不是武器。结合句意表示“不足以做某事”可知短语为be not enough to do sth.。故填to kill。
【4题详解】
考查代词。句意：一些猎人赶着一群动物，比如马或水牛，来到陡峭的悬崖，其他人则在悬崖底部等待着完成猎杀。作主语，表示“其他人”应用代词others。故填others。
【5题详解】
考查冠词。句意：一些猎人赶着一群动物，比如马或水牛，来到陡峭的悬崖，其他人则在悬崖底部等待着完成猎杀。kill此处为特指，前面应用定冠词。故填the。
【6题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：当一只动物走过坑时，它掉了进去，被困住了。引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时候”应用when，句首单词首字母要大写。故填When。
【7题详解】
考查介词。句意：现代猎人装备了强大的武器，但对他们中的大多数人来说，狩猎更多的是为了娱乐而不是为了食物。结合句意表示“配备”短语为be equipped with。故填with。
【8题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：因为许多大型动物，如狮子、老虎和大象的数量正在迅速减少，它们再也不能被随意猎杀了。后跟动词原形，表示“能够”应用情态动词can。故填can。
【9题详解】
考查时态和语态。句意：现在在许多国家，在民族环境中狩猎是被禁止的。根据上文Nowadays可知应用一般现在时，主语与谓语构成被动关系，用一般现在时的被动语态，主语为hunting，谓语用单数。故填is prohibited。
【10题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：即使在一些允许狩猎的国家，猎人在特定的季节狩猎特定的猎物也必须获得许可证; 否则他将受到偷猎者的惩罚。此处为定语从句修饰先行词countries，先行词在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导。故填where。
▲Section B (10分)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. cultivate B. apparently C. essential D. significance E. pick F. differently G. suitable H. actually I. relationship J. ends K. care
Berlin: At nine most mornings the same scene is repeated in office buildings around the world. An employee walks into the elevator with his boss and apart from a mumbled “good morning” the junior is lost for other words. That’s an opportunity missed, says experts, who believe that such an ____11____ dull 30-second conversation can be invaluable for those who want to climb the career ladder.
“Small talk can help establish a ____12____upon which you can build,” says Dusseldorf communication advisor Thorsten Knobble, whose company customize curriculum vitas and job references.
As a matter of fact, the ____13____ of small talk goes far beyond the relationship to one’s boss. People who fail the art of speaking a lot without ____14____ saying anything find it harder to ____15____ relationships in the workplace, believes Ulrich Goldschmidt, director of the senior management association VDF Essen“Small talk is an ____16____ part of networking,” he says.
Virtually every conversation begins and ____17____ with small talk, according to Wolf Lasko, who has written a book on the topic and its bearing on career prospects.
Not everyone is good at small talk. It takes skill to ____18____ the right moment and the right topic with which to start a conversation. There are plenty of topics although some are not ____19____ for informal chat. “Anything to do with sex is taboo,” cautions Knobble. “_____20_____ is needed with politics, religion, money and health.” Safe topics include the holidays, the movies, or sports.
【答案】11. B 12. I
13. D 14. H
15. A 16. C
17. J 18. E
19. G 20. K
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。作者强调闲聊可以帮助你建立一种可以建立的关系，并具体介绍了几种可以用于闲聊的话题。
【11题详解】
考查副词。句意：专家们表示，这是一个错失的机会，他们认为，这种看似乏味的30秒对话对那些想要攀登职业阶梯的人来说是无价的。分析句子可知，空格处应为句子的修饰成分，副词apparently，意为“肯定地；必然” ，修饰形容词 dull，作状语，符合句意，故选择B。
【12题详解】
考查名词。句意：闲聊可以帮助你建立一种可以建立的关系。根据前面冠词a可知，空格处应填名词作宾语，relationship “关系”为可数名词，help establish a relationship意为“帮助建立一种关系”，符合句意。故选I。
【13题详解】
考查名词。句意：事实上，闲聊的意义远远超出了与老板的关系。根据前面冠词the可知，空格处应填名词作主语，significance “重要性”， the significance of small talk，闲聊的意义，符合句意，故选D。
【14题详解】
考查副词。句意：那些不懂得说很多话但实际上什么也不说人会发现，在工作场所培养人际关系变得更加困难。分析句子可知，空格处应为句子的修饰成分，副词actually，意为“实际上的”，符合句意，故选H。
【15题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：那些不懂得说很多话但实际上什么也不说的人会发现，在工作场所培养人际关系变得更加困难。根据前面的to 可知，空格处填动词原形构成不定式，cultivate the relationship,意为“培养人际关系”，符合句意，故填A。
【16题详解】
考查形容词。句意：闲聊是社交的一个重要组成部分。根据空格前后可知，空格处为应为 part 名词的修饰成分，用形容词，a essential part，意为“一个必要的部分”，符合句意，故填C。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：几乎每一次谈话都是以闲聊开始和结束的。根据and 前面的begins可知，空格处需要第三人称单数形式的动词作并列成分，ends意为结束，和“开始”相呼应，符合句意，故填J。
【18题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：选择合适的时间和合适的话题来开始一段对话需要技巧。根据前面的to可知，缺少动词原形构成不定式，pick the right moment and the right topic,选择时刻和话题，符合句意，故选择E。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意: 书中有很多话题，尽管有些不适合在非正式聊天中谈论。分析句子可知，缺少形容词作表语，suitable意为合适的，符合句意，故选G.
【20题详解】
考查名词。句意：关心政治、宗教、金钱和健康是必须的。分析句子可知需要名词作主语，care，意为“关注”，符合句意，故选K。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A (15分)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
For most people today, their GPS (Global Positioning System) has become a lifeline, giving directions to the nearest bathroom or restaurant. But the ____21____ we pay for the convenience could be our sense of ____22____.
“I do think GPS devices cause our navigational skills to atrophy (萎缩),” said Nora Newcombe, a psychologist at Temple University in the US who studies how the human brain ____23____. “The problem is that you don’t see an overview (概貌) of the area and where you are in relation to other things.”
To understand the risk you first need to ____24____ how our brain keeps us from getting lost. Through experiments, researchers have found that our navigational strategies usually fall into two groups.
The first involves a spatial (空间的) map inside your brain. As you ____25____ an area, you think about how the streets fit together and the best way to get between different locations. ____26____, the map lets you navigate between any two points in the area.
The second involves a series of landmarks and steps: Turn right at the gas station and your school is on the left. It’s quick and reliable, ____27____ less flexible—it doesn’t help you get from your school to a totally new place, even if it’s nearby.
These two methods might not sound all that different, but according to Newcombe’s research, people who are bad at navigation have trouble with the first strategy—creating spatial maps. ____28____, through further studies Newcombe has come to believe that people’s ability to create spatial maps is decided by how ____29____ we use the skill.
That helps _____30_____ what happens when people trust themselves with GPS devices. According to Veronique Bohbot of McGill University, people using navigation based on direction show more activity in their caudate nucleus (尾状核)—the part of the brain that is good at following directions—but less activity in the hippocampus (海马体), which creates the spatial maps.
It turns out that our sense of direction isn’t the only thing we could lose.
One thing that could go is our _____31_____ to the environment we travel through. Researchers have found that when people _____32_____ GPS directions while driving, their memory of their trip is of a route on a _____33_____, rather than the landscape they travelled through.
_____34_____, researchers believe that active navigation _____35_____ the type of thinking used in all kinds of spatial processes. “It’s things like urban planning, and looking at a map to see where resources are. That’s not replaceable by your phone,” Newcombe said.
21. A. price B. service C. attention D. curiosity
22. A. balance B. direction C. control D. satisfaction
23. A. works B. thinks C. learns D. navigates
24. A. decide B. calculate C. understand D. predict
25. A. explore B. cover C. travel D. map
26. A. Unfortunately B. Eventually C. Slowly D. Reluctantly
27. A. even B. although C. but D. much
28. A. For example B. As a result C. In fact D. What’s more
29. A. often B. much C. long D. soon
30. A. move B. evaluate C. explain D. detect
31. A. judgment B. connection C. decision D. treatment
32. A. rely on B. focus on C. object to D. adapt to
33. A. window B. key C. press D. screen
34. A. However B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Above all
35. A. displays B. improves C. provides D. involves
【答案】21. A 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. C 28. D 29. A 30. C 31. B 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了使用GPS的利弊。一方面过度依赖GPS，可能使我们失去方向感，因为人们创造空间地图的能力取决于我们使用这种技能的频率.。此外过度依赖GPS，还会让我们失去在旅游途中与环境的联系；另一方面，使用GPS可以使我们出行更加便利，并且可以提高人的空间想象能力。
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但我们为这种便利付出的代价可能是我们失去方向感。A. price价格；B. service服务；C. attention注意；D. curiosity好奇。根据“we pay for the convenience”可知，我们所付出的代价可能是我们失去了方向感。故选A。
22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但我们为这种便利付出的代价可能是我们失去方向感。A. balance平衡；B. direction方向；C. control控制；D. satisfaction满意。根据“For most people today, their GPS (Global Positioning System) has become a lifeline, giving directions to the nearest bathroom or restaurant.”可知，GPS为我们指明方向，所以我们会失去方向感。故选B。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国坦普尔大学研究人类大脑导航的心理学家诺拉·纽科比说：“我确实认为GPS设备会导致我们的导航技能萎缩。”A. works工作；B. thinks思考；C. learns学习；D. navigates导航。GPS是用来导航的，但是在没有GPS之前，人类是靠大脑导航的。故选D。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：要了解这种风险，你首先需要了解我们的大脑是如何防止我们迷路的。A. decide决定；B. calculate计算；C. understand理解；D. predict预言。根据“To understand the risk,”可知，了解风险，需要理解我们的大脑怎样避免迷路的。故选C。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：当你探索一个地区时，你会思考街道是如何连接在一起的，以及在不同地点之间的最佳交通方式。A. explore探索；B. cover覆盖；C. travel旅行；D. map绘制地图。根据“The first involves a spatial (空间的) map inside your brain.”可知，当一张地图进入大脑时，人们会想要去探索这些地区。故选A。
【26题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：最终，地图可以让你在该地区的任意两点之间导航。A. Unfortunately不幸地；B. Eventually最后；C. Slowly缓慢地；D. Reluctantly不情愿地。根据“you think about how the streets fit together and the best way to get between different locations.”可知，你会想到街道是如何组合在一起的以及如何在不同的地点之间找到最好的方法，最后地图让你在该区域的任意两点之间进行导航。故选B。
【27题详解】
考查副词/连词词义辨析。句意：它快速可靠，但不太灵活——它不能帮助你从学校到一个全新的地方，即使它就在附近。A. even甚至；B. although尽管；C. but但是；D. much大量。根据“It’s quick and reliable,”和“less flexible”可知，这里是转折关系。故选C。
【28题详解】
考查短语词义辨析。句意：更重要的是，通过进一步的研究，纽科姆相信人们绘制空间地图的能力是由我们使用这项技能的频率决定的。A. For example例如；B.As a result结果；C. In fact事实上；D. What's morel此外。根据“through further studies”通过进一步研究可知，这是递进关系。故选D。
【29题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：更重要的是，通过进一步的研究，纽科姆相信人们绘制空间地图的能力是由我们使用这项技能的频率决定的。A. often 经常；B. much许多；long长期地；D. soon不久。how often多久一次。这里指人们创造空间地图的能力取决于我们使用这种技能的频率。故选A。
【30题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这有助于解释当人们相信自己有GPS设备时会发生什么。A. move移动；B. evaluate评价；C. explain解释；D. detect察觉。根据“According to Veronique Bohbot of McGill University, people using navigation based on direction show more activity in their caudate nucleus (尾状核)—the part of the brain that is good at following directions—but less activity in the hippocampus (海马体), which creates the spatial maps.”可知，后文是对这种现象进行解释。故选C。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：其中一件事可能是我们与所处环境的联系。A. judgment判断；B. connection联系；C. decision决定；D. treatment治疗。根据“It turns out that our sense of direction isn’t the only thing we could lose.”可知，事实证明，我们的方向感不是我们唯一可能失去的东西，与旅游途中环境的联系也将失去。故选B。
【32题详解】
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：研究人员发现，当人们开车时依靠GPS导航时，他们对旅途记忆是屏幕上的一条路线，而不是所经过的风景。A. rely on依赖；B. focus on集中于；C. object to反对；D. adapt to适应。根据前面的内容可知，驾车时人们依赖GPS来导航。故选A。
【33题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员发现，当人们开车时依靠GPS导航时，他们对旅途的记忆是屏幕上的一条路线，而不是所经过的风景。A. window窗口；B. key钥匙；C. press压力；D. screen屏幕。根据“rather than the landscape they travelled through.”可知，有了GPS，旅途中的路线都是通过屏幕展现，而不是通过沿途的风景判断路线。故选D。
【34题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，研究人员认为，主动导航改善了用于各种空间过程的思维类型。A. However然而；B. Therefore所以；C. Moreover此外；D. Above all最重要的是。后面是继续说明使用GPS的利弊，所以是并列递进关系。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，研究人员认为，主动导航改善了用于各种空间过程的思维类型。A. displays显示；B. improves提高；C. provides提供；D. involves包含。根据“researchers believe that active navigation”中的形容词“active”可知，这里是强调使用GPS的益处，能提高在各种空间使用的思维方式，即提高空间想象力。故选B。
Section B (22分)
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A
Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to relatives and neighbors, and substituted in their place loose relationships with passing acquaintances (相识之人). However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the “obvious” is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.
Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with relatives than big-city residents are. Yet city residents make up for it by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities more likely to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than residents of smaller communities are. However, city residents do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers.
These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community’s population size and its social heterogeneity (多样性). For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city residents are also more likely than small-town residents to have a cosmopolitan (见识广的) outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional family roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be willing to accept nontraditional religious groups and unpopular political groups. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behaviour seem to be outcomes of large population size.
36. According to paragraph 1, it was once a common belief that people in modern society ________.
A. tended to acquaint themselves with people passing by
B. couldn’t develop very close relationships with others
C. bore great responsibilities to neighbors and relatives
D. usually had more friends than small-town residents
37. One of the consequences of urbanism is that the city residents ________.
A. suffer from the lack of friendship
B. lower the quality of relationships
C. show little concern for other people
D. become suspicious of each other
38. We can learn from the passage that the bigger a community is, ________.
A. the more tolerant and open-minded it is B. the more similar its interests is
C. the more likely it is to display stress D. the better the quality of life is
39. What is the passage mainly about
A. Advantages and disadvantages of living in big cities or small towns.
B. Minor differences in interpersonal rela-tionships between cities and towns.
C. The positive role that urbanism has been playing in our modern society.
D. The strong feeling of alienation that city residents are suffering.
【答案】36. B 37. C 38. A 39. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了城镇之间人际关系的微小差异。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to relatives and neighbors, and substituted in their place loose relationships with passing acquaintances.（就在几十年前，无论是对公众还是对社会学家来说，现代社会已经改变了人们的自然关系，放松了他们对亲戚和邻居的责任，取而代之的是与过往熟人的松散关系，这一点似乎是“显而易见的”）”可知，根据第一段，人们曾经普遍认为，现代社会的人不可能与他人发展非常亲密的关系。故选B。
【37题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Small-town residents are more involved with relatives than big-city residents are.（小城镇居民比大城市居民与亲属的关系更密切）”和“However, city residents do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers.（然而，城市居民确实更担心犯罪，这导致他们不信任陌生人）”可知，城市化的后果之一是城市居民很少关心他人。故选C。
【38题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Large-city residents are also more likely than small-town residents to have a cosmopolitan (见识广的) outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional family roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be willing to accept nontraditional religious groups and unpopular political groups.（与小城镇居民相比，大城市居民也更有可能拥有国际化的视野，对传统家庭角色的责任感更少，更愿意投票给左翼政治候选人，更愿意接受非传统宗教团体和不受欢迎的政治团体）”可推知，我们可以从这篇文章中了解到，一个社区越大，它就越宽容、越开放。故选A。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the “obvious” is not true…. that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.（然而，近年来，越来越多的研究表明，“显而易见”的事实并非如此。似乎如果你是一个城市居民，你认识的邻居的比例通常比你是一个小社区的居民的比例要小。但在大多数情况下，这一事实几乎没有什么重大影响。这并不一定意味着，如果你认识的邻居很少，你就不会认识其他任何人）”结合下文对城镇人际关系的介绍可知，文章主要讲述了城镇之间人际关系的微小差异。故选B。
B
40. How much will a passenger pay if he wants to alter his ticket to three days later
A. 25% of the original price. B. 20% of the original price.
C. 15% of the original price. D. 10% of the original price.
41. The limit of luggage for a single passenger is ________.
A. one suitcase, one handbag and one 15kgs check-in luggage
B. one handbag, two pieces of 15kgs check-in luggage
C. one handbag and two pieces of 15kgs check-in luggage
D. one suitcase, one handbag and one 30kgs check-in luggage
42. What does the Train Company guarantee
A. Students, children, senior citizens and groups can get 25% discount of the original price.
B. Passengers get the full price of the tickets back if the train is delayed over five minutes.
C. Same-day-returns can be fully refunded if they are cancelled two minutes before departure.
D. People with Globe-trotter tickets can take any kind of the discounts listed in the brochure.
【答案】40. D 41. A 42. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇应用文。这是一篇乘坐火车的布告，介绍了关于退票、改期以及携带行李要求等信息。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据CHANGES AND REFUNDS部分中“the journey may be changed to another day for a charge of 10% of the ticket price.(行程可改期，但需收取票价的10%)”可知，如果乘客想把票改到三天后，他要付原价的10%。故选D。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Each traveller may take on suitcase and one item of hand luggage. You may also check in 15kgs of luggage not later than 30 minutes before departure, at no extra charge.(每个旅客可以携带一个手提箱和一件手提行李。您也可以在发车前30分钟内托运15公斤行李，不收取额外费用)”可知，每个旅客托运的行李限额是一个手提箱、一个手提包和一个15公斤的托运行李。故选A。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“If the arrival of your train at your destination is delayed by more than 5 minutes according to the timetable, we will refund the full price of your ticket if the delay is caused by our company.(如果您乘坐的列车按照时刻表延误超过5分钟，如果是由于我公司原因造成的，我们将全额退还您的车票)”可知，火车公司担保如果火车晚点超过五分钟，乘客可以拿回全价车票。故选B。
C
How do predators affect populations of the prey animals The answer is not as simple as might be thought. The moose reached Isle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and bred freely there in isolation without predators. When wolves later reached the island, naturalists widely assumed that the wolves would play a key role in controlling the moose population. Careful studies have demonstrated, however, that this is not the case. The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway. In general, the moose population is controlled by food availability, disease and other factors rather than by wolves.
When experimental populations are set up under simple laboratory conditions, the predator often wipes out its prey and then becomes extinct itself. However, if safe areas like those prey animals have in the wild are provided, the prey population drops to low level but not extinction. Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the predators, causing the predator population to decrease. When this occurs, the prey population can rebound. In this situation the predator and prey population may continue in this cyclical pattern for some time.
Population cycles are characteristic of small mammals, and they sometimes appear to be brought about by predators. Ecologists studying hare populations have found that the North American snowshoe hare follows a roughly ten-year cycle. Two factors appear to be generating the cycle: food plants and predators.
The preferred foods of snowshoe hares are tender willow branches. As the hare population increases, the quantity of these branches decreases, forcing the hares to feed on low-quality high-fiber food. Lower birth rates and low growth rates follow, so there is a corresponding decline in hare quantity. Once the hare population has declined, it takes two to three years for the quantity of branches to recover.
A key predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. The Canada lynx shows a ten-year cycle of abundance that parallels the abundance cycle of hares. As hare numbers fall, so do lynx numbers, as their food supply decreased.
Predators are an essential factor in maintaining communities that are rich and diverse in species. Without predators, the species that is the best competitor for food, shelter, and other environmental resources tends to dominate and exclude the species with which it competes. This phenomenon is known as “competitor exclusion”. However, if the community contains a predator of the strongest competitor species, then the population of that competitor is controlled. Thus even the less competitive species are able to survive. From the stand point of diversity, it is usually a mistake to eliminate a major predator from a community.
43. The author uses the example of the moose and wolves on Isle Royale to ________.
A. provide evidence that predators influence prey populations
B. question the belief in the effect of predators on prey populations
C. demonstrate predator population grows faster than that of the prey
D. prove that the studies of isolated populations tend to be useful
44. The word “rebound” in the passage is closest in meaning to ________.
A. react B. resist C. remain D. recover
45. Which of the following is true according to the passage
A. Laboratory results can’t explain the changes in predator and prey populations of the wild.
B. The growth of hare population may lead to a corresponding increase in its birth rates.
C. The experimental environments can promote the growth of predator and prey populations.
D. The existence of a major predator in a community is a threat to the diversity of species.
46. What can we conclude from the passage about the cycle of the Canada lynx
A. When hare numbers decrease, lynx numbers increase.
B. It has a great effect on the number of snowshoe hares.
C. It closely follows the cycle of the snowshoe hare.
D. It is not directly related to the availability of lynx food.
【答案】43. B 44. D 45. A 46. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了捕食动物并不像人们认为的那样，对被捕食动物的数量产生很大影响。介绍了相关的实验研究，指出捕食者是维持物种丰富多样的群落的一个重要因素，然而，如果群落中有最强竞争物种的捕食者，那么该竞争物种的数量就会受到控制。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“The moose reached Isle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and bred freely there in isolation without predators. When wolves later reached the island, naturalists widely assumed that the wolves would play a key role in controlling the moose population. Careful studies have demonstrated, however, that this is not the case. The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway. In general, the moose population is controlled by food availability, disease and other factors rather than by wolves.(这只驼鹿通过穿越冬季的冰层到达了苏必略湖的皇家岛，在没有捕食者的隔离环境下自由繁殖。当狼后来到达这个岛屿时，博物学家普遍认为狼在控制驼鹿的数量方面起着关键作用。然而，仔细的研究表明，事实并非如此。狼吃的大多是年老或患病的动物，反正它们也活不了多久。一般来说，麋鹿的数量是由食物、疾病和其他因素控制的，而不是狼)”可推知，作者以皇家岛的驼鹿和狼为例，质疑食肉动物对猎物数量的影响。故选B。
【44题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the predators, causing the predator population to decrease. When this occurs, the prey population can”可知，猎物数量低导致捕食者食物不足，从而导致捕食者数量减少，当这种情况发生时，猎物的数量就会有所恢复。故画线词意思是“恢复”。A. react反应；B. resist阻挡；C. remain保持；D. recover恢复。故选D。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“When experimental populations are set up under simple laboratory conditions, the predator often wipes out its prey and then becomes extinct itself. However, if safe areas like those prey animals have in the wild are provided, the prey population drops to low level but not extinction.(当在简单的实验室条件下建立实验种群时，捕食者往往会消灭其猎物，然后自己灭绝。然而，如果提供像猎物在野外那样的安全区域，猎物的数量会下降到低水平，但不会灭绝)”可知，A选型“实验室的结果不能解释野生环境中捕食者和猎物数量的变化”正确。故选A。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“A key predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. The Canada lynx shows a ten-year cycle of abundance that parallels the abundance cycle of hares. As hare numbers fall, so do lynx numbers, as their food supply decreased. (北美雪兔的主要捕食者是加拿大猞猁。加拿大猞猁的10年丰富周期与北美雪兔的丰富周期相同。野兔的数量减少了，猞猁的数量也减少了，因为它们的食物供应减少了)”可推知，加拿大猞猁紧紧跟随北美雪兔的周期。故选C。
Section C (8分)
Directions: Choose from the sentences A—F to complete the passage. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.
“After you finish your homework.” You have probably heard your mum or dad say these words. It might seem like all the good stuff has to wait until your homework is done. There’s a good reason why adults make a big deal out of homework. ____47____ And getting a good education can help you build the kind of future life that you want. So homework is important, but how can you get it done ____48____ Writing on top of potato chip crumbs while talking on the phone is not going to help you finish your history lesson. Turn off the TV and other distractions. You’ll be better able to concentrate, which usually means you’ll finish your work more quickly and it’s more likely to be correct.
Set aside enough time to finish your work without rushing. You can’t just squeeze your science assignment into the commercials during your favourite TV show. ____49____ But if you find that you’re struggling even after putting in the time, you’ll want to ask for help.
Aside from just not understanding the lesson or assignment, kids might need homework help for other reasons. Some kids are out sick for a long time and miss a lot of work. ____50____
Personal problems can cause trouble with your work, too. Some kids may be dealing with stuff outside of school that can make homework harder, like problems with friends or things going on at home.
A. Homework helps you learn.
B. Some kids don’t like to do their homework.
C. Really learning something takes time.
D. First, you need a quiet place without clutter and confusion.
E. Others get so busy that they don’t spend enough time on homework.
F. Ask your friends or teacher to help you when you have problems.
【答案】47. A 48. D 49. C 50. E
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。成年人把家庭作业当大事儿是有充分理由的。接受良好的教育可以帮助你建立你想要的未来生活。所以家庭作业很重要，本文介绍了如何很好地完成作业。
【47题详解】
根据后一句“And getting a good education can help you build the kind of future life that you want.(接受良好的教育可以帮助你建立你想要的未来生活)”可知，A选项“Homework helps you learn.(家庭作业帮助你学习)”两句中的“help”构成并列关系。故选A。
【48题详解】
根据前一句“So homework is important, but how can you get it done (所以家庭作业很重要，但是你如何才能完成它呢？)”可知，接下来提出如何完成家庭作业。D选项“First, you need a quiet place without clutter and confusion.(首先，你需要一个安静的地方，没有杂乱和混乱)”符合要求。故选D。
【49题详解】
根据段首句“Set aside enough time to finish your work without rushing.(留出足够的时间完成你的工作，不要匆忙)”和空格后一句“But if you find that you’re struggling even after putting in the time, you’ll want to ask for help.(但是，如果你发现即使在投入时间后仍在挣扎，你会想寻求帮助)”可知，前一句应该是说时间的问题，所以C选项“Really learning something takes time.(真正学习一些东西需要时间)”符合题意。故选C。
【50题详解】
根据空格前一句“Some kids are out sick for a long time and miss a lot of work.(有些孩子生病很长时间，错过了很多功课)”可知，E选项“Others get so busy that they don’t spend enough time on homework. (其他人太忙了，以至于没有花足够的时间做家庭作业)”中的others 和前一句的Some对应。故选E。
Section D (15分)
51. Directions: Write the summary of the passage in no more than 130 words and the original sentences in the passage are not all owed to use.
It has been found that fewer than one shopper in five makes a complete shopping list before going to the store. The reason for this is that seven out of ten of today’s purchases are decided in stores where shoppers tend towards impulse buying. Buying groceries on impulse has risen for the past forty years, and this rise has coincided with the growth of self-service shopping. However, in grocery stores where clerks wait on customers, there is much less impulse buying. It is hard for people to buy on impulse if they have to address a clerk.
Psychologists have joined forces with merchandising experts. It is their job to persuade people to buy products which they may not need or even want until they see them attractively presented. It was discovered by the psychologists that shoppers want help with their purchases. Having so many choices confuses them, but they are affected most by attractive package designs. Attraction also depends a lot on the products position on the shelf, however, and persuading shoppers to buy is easier when the product is located at eye-level.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】One possible version:
Less than one in five shoppers make a complete shopping list before going shopping. Seven out of ten purchases are impulse buys. Impulse grocery buying has increased in the last forty years because of self-service shops. In shops with shop assistants, impulse buying is less frequent.
Psychologists and merchandising experts try to find ways to make products look attractive so that people will buy them on impulse because they look good. Shoppers want advice when shopping, but with so many choices, they usually just go with the one that’s most attractive to them. Food manufacturers pay a lot of attention to attractive packaging, and placing items on shelves at eye-level also works as a tool to persuade shoppers to buy on impulse.
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章指出一种现象：人们倾向于在商店里进行冲动消费，尤其是随着自助购物的发展变得更甚，消费者是很容易在琳琅满目的商品中迷失的。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①It has been found that fewer than one shopper in five makes a complete shopping list before going to the store.
②The reason for this is that seven out of ten of today’s purchases are decided in stores where shoppers tend towards impulse buying.
③Buying groceries on impulse has risen for the past forty years, and this rise has coincided with the growth of self-service shopping.
④However, in grocery stores where clerks wait on customers, there is much less impulse buying.
⑤Psychologists have joined forces with merchandising experts. It is their job to persuade people to buy products which they may not need or even want until they see them attractively presented.
⑥It was discovered by the psychologists that shoppers want help with their purchases. Having so many choices confuses them, but they are affected most by attractive package designs.
⑦Attraction also depends a lot on the products position on the shelf, however, and persuading shoppers to buy is easier when the product is located at eye-level.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、3、4四个要点进行整合，5、6、7三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Less than one in five shoppers make a complete shopping list before going shopping. Seven out of ten purchases are impulse buys.
Impulse grocery buying has increased in the last forty years because of self-service shops. In shops with shop assistants, impulse buying is less frequent. Psychologists and merchandising experts try to find ways to make products look attractive so that people will buy them on impulse because they look good.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Impulse grocery buying has increased in the last forty years because of self-service shops.运用because of引导的原因状语对第二个要点进行了总结。
[高分句型2]：Psychologists and merchandising experts try to find ways to make products look attractive so that people will buy them on impulse because they look good.运用so that引导的结果状语从句对原文第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
第II卷（共40分）
I. Translation (15分)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 我们被教了很多发展我们的语言和学习技能的好方法。(method) (汉译英）
【答案】We have been taught many good methods to develop our language and study skills.
【解析】
【分析】
【详解】考查固定短语和时态语态。此处主语为we；表示“教”应用动词teach，此处用现在完成时的被动语态；表示“很多发展我们的语言和学习技能的好方法”翻译为many good methods to develop our language and study skills，其中不定式作后置定语，故翻译为We have been taught many good methods to develop our language and study skills.
53. 最重要的事情是你是否愿意去学并努力学习。(whether) (汉译英）
【答案】What matters most is whether you are willing to learn and to study hard.
【解析】
【分析】
【详解】考查主语从句、表语从句及固定短语、词汇。matter：有重大影响，事关紧要；主语部分是“最重要的事情”，可以用主语从句来翻译，翻译为：what matters most ，其中连接代词what作matters的宾语；愿意做某事：be willing to do，努力学习：study hard，根据汉语提示可知，此处用whether引导表语从句，从句用陈述语序，结合主谓一致，故翻译为：What matters most is whether you are willing to learn and to study hard.
54. 在如此糟糕的天气里，出去散步，还不如待在家里。（It’s better to ...）(汉译英）
【答案】In such awful weather, it’s better to stay at home rather than go out for a walk.
【解析】
【分析】
【详解】考查固定句型和短语。句子为一般现在时，结合句意表示“在如此糟糕的天气里”可知短语为in such awful weather；表示“与其……还不如……”句型为it’s better to do sth. rather than do sth.；表示“待在家里”短语为stay at home；表示“出去散步”短语为go out for a walk。故翻译为In such awful weather, it’s better to stay at home rather than go out for a walk.
55. 公司从这个新产品中盈利了两年了。（现在完成进行时）(汉译英）
【答案】The company has been profiting from the new product for two years.
【解析】
【分析】
【详解】考查时态。此处主语为名词company；表示“从……盈利”短语为profit from，此处应用现在完成进行时；表示“新产品”应用the new product；表示“两年”短语为for two years。故翻译为The company has been profiting from the new product for two years.
II. Guided Writing (25分)
56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
你班将召开一次主题班会，探讨高中生在成长过程中遇到的烦恼。请根据自己实际生活中遇到的学习、交友、代沟、同龄人攀比等现象进行思考，写一篇发言稿。文章需包括：
1. 你在实际生活中遇到的至少两种烦恼并简要介绍；
2. 你应对这些烦恼所采取的举措和建议。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Guided Writing
Recently, with the phenomenon of chasing celebrities becoming more and more common in our class, we felt it a necessity to hold a class meeting to talk about this. Yesterday we had one. Everybody was involved in the discussion and it reached a heated point. Let’s take a good look at how students’ opinions vary from person to person.
Some students are crazy about celebrities for the following reasons. To begin with, they gain quite a lot of fun by listening to music or watching movies. They regard it as a way to relax from a heavy study burden on them. Music or movies about celebrities can bring them extraordinary happiness. What’s more, some works of celebrities are educational. They really enjoy them a great deal. In addition, they are inclined to beauties. After all, they are adolescents who are fond of whatever or whoever looks nice. Nevertheless, others argue that it’s bad for the general development of the students who are in adolescence. As far as I’m concerned, I’m for the latter one. Adolescence is a time for them to develop their character, fall into the good habit and prepare for their future. They should spend too much time not chasing or imitating others, but learning knowledge so that they can have a bright future. Besides, some celebrities aren’t what they appear to be, which in some way, may lead fans of celebrities to the wrong direction of life.
Taking the above into consideration, I do believe we’d better off chasing celebrities.
【解析】
【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生根据自己实际生活中遇到的学习、交友、代沟、同龄人攀比等现象进行思考，写一篇发言稿。文章内容包括：在实际生活中遇到的至少两种烦恼并简要介绍；应对这些烦恼所采取的举措和建议。
【详解】1. 词汇积累
参与：be involved in→take part in
认：regard→consider
赞成：be for→be in favor of
喜欢：be fond of→like
2. 句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：What’s more, some works of celebrities are educational. They really enjoy them a great deal.
拓展句：What’s more, some works of celebrities are educational, which students really enjoy a great deal.
【点睛】[高分句型1]After all, they are adolescents who are fond of whatever or whoever looks nice.(运用了who引导的定语从句)
[高分句型2]Besides, some celebrities aren’t what they appear to be, which in some way, may lead fans of celebrities to the wrong direction of life.(运用了what引导表语从句和which引导的非限定性定语从句)
听力答案：1—5 CBBAB 6—10 CDBAD 11—15 AAACB 16—20 CDBDC2021学年牛津上海版英语高二期中复习练习卷
第I卷（共110分）
▲I. Listening Comprehension (30分)
Section A (10分)
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. A writer． B. A teacher C. A journalist． D. A student．
2. A. All day. B. Only in the morning．
C. Only in the afternoon．D. The same as during the week
3. A. $30. B. $35. C. $60. D. $70.
4. A. About 7:15. B. About 7:30.C. About 7:45. D. About 8:00.
5. A. The man knew the woman would come here.
B. The woman took the place of Betty to work today.
C. The man asked the woman to come to work.
D. Betty has gone abroad.
6. A. The department will pay for the trip.
B. She’s not sure if she paid for the trip.
C. Some people may not go on the trip.
D. Everyone paid for the trip.
7. A. He was seriously injured in a car accident.
B. He was absent all week because of sickness.
C. He called to say that his wife had been injured.
D. He had to be away from school to look after his wife.
8. A. The woman is planning a trip to Austin．
B. The woman hasn’t been to Austin before．
C. The woman likes Austin very much．
D. The woman has been to Austin before．
9. A. She’s too busy to run for class president. B. She wants to run for class president．
C. She plans to apply for a part-time job.D. She hopes the man can help her.
10. A. They can’t speak English. B. He’s speaking too quickly．
C. They are not familiar with his topic．D. He’s using a defective microphone．
Section B （20分）
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two longer conversations and two short passages, and you will be asked two or three questions on each of them. The conversations and passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 12 are based on the following conversation.
11. A. The manager and customer.B. Husband and Wife.
C. Workmates.D. Friends.
12. A. 1707. B. 1708. C. 2002. D. 2004.
Questions 13 through 14 are based on the following conversation.
13. A. At the airport. B. On the phone.C. On the plane. D. In the street.
14. A. He wants to attend his brother’s wedding.
B. He loves to see the scenery on the ground while flying.
C. The number of the flight is 102.
D. The flight will arrive at Paris local time 12:00 Noon.
Questions 15 through 17 are based on the following passage.
15. A. By teaching. B. By writing.C. By translating. D. By working as a lawyer.
16. A. Eatonton Georgia. B. Atlanta.C. Sarah Lawrence.D. Spelman College.
17. A. A pile of books. B. A letter.C. A prize. D. Some oranges.
Questions 18 through 20 are based on the following passage.
18. A. They think travel has become a trend.
B. They think travel gives them their money’s worth．
C. They find many of the banks untrustworthy．
D. They lack the knowledge to make capital investments．
19. A. Lower their prices to attract more customers．
B. Introduce travel packages for young travellers．
C. Design programmes targeted at retired couples．
D. Launch a new programme of adventure trips．
20. A. The role of travel agents. B. The number of last-minute bookings．
C. The way people travel. D. The prices of polar expeditions．
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A (10分)
Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
For the Stone Age people, ____1____ (hunt) was an important way to get food. Stone Age hunter had only crude weapons ____2____ (make) of stone and wood. When they went hunting, their weapons were not powerful enough ____3____ (kill) big animals so they had to rely more upon their wisdom than weapons. Stone Age hunters often cooperated with each other in hunting big animals. Some hunters drove a herd of animals like horses or buffaloes over steep cliffs, and ____4____ waited at the bottom of the cliffs to finish ____5____ kill. Another popular method was to dig a deep pit. The pit then was covered with branches and dirt. ____6____ an animal walked over the pit, it fell in and was trapped. The hunters rolled heavy stones on the animal and killed it.
Modern hunters are equipped ____7____ powerful weapons, but for most of them, hunting is more for pleasure than for food. Because many big animals like lions, tigers and elephants are decreasing in number rapidly, they ____8____ no longer be hunted at will. Nowadays in many countries, hunting ____9____(prohibit) in national environments. And even in some countries _____10_____ hunting is permitted, a hunter has to get a license for hunting particular game in a particular season; otherwise he will be punished as poacher.
▲Section B (10分)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. cultivate B. apparently C. essential D. significance E. pick F. differently G. suitable H. actually I. relationship J. ends K. care
Berlin: At nine most mornings the same scene is repeated in office buildings around the world. An employee walks into the elevator with his boss and apart from a mumbled “good morning” the junior is lost for other words. That’s an opportunity missed, says experts, who believe that such an ____11____ dull 30-second conversation can be invaluable for those who want to climb the career ladder.
“Small talk can help establish a ____12____upon which you can build,” says Dusseldorf communication advisor Thorsten Knobble, whose company customize curriculum vitas and job references.
As a matter of fact, the ____13____ of small talk goes far beyond the relationship to one’s boss. People who fail the art of speaking a lot without ____14____ saying anything find it harder to ____15____ relationships in the workplace, believes Ulrich Goldschmidt, director of the senior management association VDF Essen“Small talk is an ____16____ part of networking,” he says.
Virtually every conversation begins and ____17____ with small talk, according to Wolf Lasko, who has written a book on the topic and its bearing on career prospects.
Not everyone is good at small talk. It takes skill to ____18____ the right moment and the right topic with which to start a conversation. There are plenty of topics although some are not ____19____ for informal chat. “Anything to do with sex is taboo,” cautions Knobble. “_____20_____ is needed with politics, religion, money and health.” Safe topics include the holidays, the movies, or sports.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A (15分)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
For most people today, their GPS (Global Positioning System) has become a lifeline, giving directions to the nearest bathroom or restaurant. But the ____21____ we pay for the convenience could be our sense of ____22____.
“I do think GPS devices cause our navigational skills to atrophy (萎缩)” said Nora Newcombe, a psychologist at Temple University in the US who studies how the human brain ____23____. “The problem is that you don’t see an overview (概貌) of the area and where you are in relation to other things.”
To understand the risk, you first need to ____24____ how our brain keeps us from getting lost. Through experiments, researchers have found that our navigational strategies usually fall into two groups.
The first involves a spatial (空间的) map inside your brain. As you ____25____ an area, you think about how the streets fit together and the best way to get between different locations. ____26____, the map lets you navigate between any two points in the area.
The second involves a series of landmarks and steps: Turn right at the gas station and your school is on the left. It’s quick and reliable, ____27____ less flexible—it doesn’t help you get from your school to a totally new place, even if it’s nearby.
These two methods might not sound all that different, but according to Newcombe’s research, people who are bad at navigation have trouble with the first strategy—creating spatial maps. ____28____, through further studies Newcombe has come to believe that people’s ability to create spatial maps is decided by how ____29____ we use the skill.
That helps _____30_____ what happens when people trust themselves with GPS devices. According to Veronique Bohbot of McGill University people using navigation based on direction show more activity in their caudate nucleus (尾状核)—the part of the brain that is good at following directions—but less activity in the hippocampus (海马体), which creates the spatial maps.
It turns out that our sense of direction isn’t the only thing we could lose.
One thing that could go is our _____31_____ to the environment we travel through. Researchers have found that when people _____32_____ GPS directions while driving, their memory of their trip is of a route on a _____33_____, rather than the landscape they travelled through.
_____34_____, researchers believe that active navigation _____35_____ the type of thinking used in all kinds of spatial processes. “It’s things like urban planning, and looking at a map to see where resources are. That’s not replaceable by your phone,” Newcombe said.
21. A. price B. service C. attention D. curiosity
22. A. balance B. direction C. control D. satisfaction
23 A. works B. thinks C. learns D. navigates
24. A. decide B. calculate C. understand D. predict
25. A. explore B. cover C. travel D. map
26. A. Unfortunately B. Eventually C. Slowly D. Reluctantly
27. A. even B. although C. but D. much
28. A. For example B. As a result C. In fact D. What’s more
29. A. often B. much C. long D. soon
30. A. move B. evaluate C. explain D. detect
31. A. judgment B. connection C. decision D. treatment
32. A. rely on B. focus on C. object to D. adapt to
33. A. window B. key C. press D. screen
34. A. However B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Above all
35. A. displays B. improves C. provides D. involves
Section B (22分)
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A
Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to relatives and neighbors, and substituted in their place loose relationships with passing acquaintances (相识之人). However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the “obvious” is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.
Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with relatives than big-city residents are. Yet city residents make up for it by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities more likely to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than residents of smaller communities are. However, city residents do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers.
These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community’s population size and its social heterogeneity (多样性). For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city residents are also more likely than small-town residents to have a cosmopolitan (见识广的) outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional family roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be willing to accept nontraditional religious groups and unpopular political groups. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behaviour seem to be outcomes of large population size.
36. According to paragraph 1, it was once a common belief that people in modern society ________.
A. tended to acquaint themselves with people passing by
B. couldn’t develop very close relationships with others
C. bore great responsibilities to neighbors and relatives
D. usually had more friends than small-town residents
37. One of the consequences of urbanism is that the city residents ________.
A. suffer from the lack of friendship
B. lower the quality of relationships
C. show little concern for other people
D. become suspicious of each other
38. We can learn from the passage that the bigger a community is, ________.
A. the more tolerant and open-minded it is B. the more similar its interests is
C. the more likely it is to display stress D. the better the quality of life is
39. What is the passage mainly about
A. Advantages and disadvantages of living in big cities or small towns.
B. Minor differences in interpersonal rela-tionships between cities and towns.
C. The positive role that urbanism has been playing in our modern society.
D. The strong feeling of alienation that city residents are suffering.
B
40. How much will a passenger pay if he wants to alter his ticket to three days later
A. 25% of the original price. B. 20% of the original price.
C. 15% of the original price. D. 10% of the original price.
41. The limit of luggage for a single passenger is ________.
A. one suitcase, one handbag and one 15kgs check-in luggage
B. one handbag, two pieces of 15kgs check-in luggage
C. one handbag and two pieces of 15kgs check-in luggage
D. one suitcase, one handbag and one 30kgs check-in luggage
42. What does the Train Company guarantee
A. Students, children, senior citizens and groups can get 25% discount of the original price.
B. Passengers get the full price of the tickets back if the train is delayed over five minutes.
C. Same-day-returns can be fully refunded if they are cancelled two minutes before departure.
D. People with Globe-trotter tickets can take any kind of the discounts listed in the brochure.
C
How do predators affect populations of the prey animals The answer is not as simple as might be thought. The moose reached Isle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and bred freely there in isolation without predators. When wolves later reached the island naturalists widely assumed that the wolves would play a key role in controlling the moose population. Careful studies have demonstrated, however, that this is not the case. The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway. In general, the moose population is controlled by food availability, disease and other factors rather than by wolves.
When experimental populations are set up under simple laboratory conditions, the predator often wipes out its prey and then becomes extinct itself. However, if safe areas like those prey animals have in the wild are provided, the prey population drops to low level but not extinction. Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the predators, causing the predator population to decrease. When this occurs, the prey population can rebound. In this situation the predator and prey population may continue in this cyclical pattern for some time.
Population cycles are characteristic of small mammals, and they sometimes appear to be brought about by predators. Ecologists studying hare populations have found that the North American snowshoe hare follows a roughly ten-year cycle. Two factors appear to be generating the cycle: food plants and predators.
The preferred foods of snowshoe hares are tender willow branches. As the hare population increases, the quantity of these branches decreases, forcing the hares to feed on low-quality high-fiber food. Lower birth rates and low growth rates follow, so there is a corresponding decline in hare quantity. Once the hare population has declined, it takes two to three years for the quantity of branches to recover.
A key predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. The Canada lynx shows a ten-year cycle of abundance that parallels the abundance cycle of hares. As hare numbers fall, so do lynx numbers, as their food supply decreased.
Predators are an essential factor in maintaining communities that are rich and diverse in species. Without predators, the species that is the best competitor for food, shelter, and other environmental resources tends to dominate and exclude the species with which it competes. This phenomenon is known as “competitor exclusion”. However, if the community contains a predator of the strongest competitor species, then the population of that competitor is controlled. Thus even the less competitive species are able to survive. From the stand point of diversity, it is usually a mistake to eliminate a major predator from a community.
43. The author uses the example of the moose and wolves on Isle Royale to ________.
A. provide evidence that predators influence prey populations
B. question the belief in the effect of predators on prey populations
C. demonstrate predator population grows faster than that of the prey
D. prove that the studies of isolated populations tend to be useful
44. The word “rebound” in the passage is closest in meaning to ________.
A. react B. resist C. remain D. recover
45. Which of the following is true according to the passage
A. Laboratory results can’t explain the changes in predator and prey populations of the wild.
B. The growth of hare population may lead to a corresponding increase in its birth rates.
C. The experimental environments can promote the growth of predator and prey populations.
D. The existence of a major predator in a community is a threat to the diversity of species.
46. What can we conclude from the passage about the cycle of the Canada lynx
A. When hare numbers decrease, lynx numbers increase.
B. It has a great effect on the number of snowshoe hares.
C. It closely follows the cycle of the snowshoe hare.
D. It is not directly related to the availability of lynx food.
Section C (8分)
Directions: Choose from the sentences A—F to complete the passage. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.
“After you finish your homework.” You have probably heard your mum or dad say these words. It might seem like all the good stuff has to wait until your homework is done. There’s a good reason why adults make a big deal out of homework. ____47____ And getting a good education can help you build the kind of future life that you want. So homework is important, but how can you get it done ____48____ Writing on top of potato chip crumbs while talking on the phone is not going to help you finish your history lesson. Turn off the TV and other distractions. You’ll be better able to concentrate, which usually means you’ll finish your work more quickly and it’s more likely to be correct.
Set aside enough time to finish your work without rushing. You can’t just squeeze your science assignment into the commercials during your favourite TV show. ____49____ But if you find that you’re struggling even after putting in the time, you’ll want to ask for help.
Aside from just not understanding the lesson or assignment, kids might need homework help for other reasons. Some kids are out sick for a long time and miss a lot of work. ____50____
Personal problems can cause trouble with your work, too. Some kids may be dealing with stuff outside of school that can make homework harder, like problems with friends or things going on at home.
A. Homework helps you learn.
B. Some kids don’t like to do their homework.
C. Really learning something takes time.
D. First, you need a quiet place without clutter and confusion.
E. Others get so busy that they don’t spend enough time on homework.
F. Ask your friends or teacher to help you when you have problems.
Section D (15分)
51. Directions: Write the summary of the passage in no more than 130 words and the original sentences in the passage are not all owed to use.
It has been found that fewer than one shopper in five makes a complete shopping list before going to the store. The reason for this is that seven out of ten of today’s purchases are decided in stores where shoppers tend towards impulse buying. Buying groceries on impulse has risen for the past forty years, and this rise has coincided with the growth of self-service shopping. However, in grocery stores where clerks wait on customers, there is much less impulse buying. It is hard for people to buy on impulse if they have to address a clerk.
Psychologists have joined forces with merchandising experts. It is their job to persuade people to buy products which they may not need or even want until they see them attractively presented. It was discovered by the psychologists that shoppers want help with their purchases. Having so many choices confuses them, but they are affected most by attractive package designs. Attraction also depends a lot on the products position on the shelf, however, and persuading shoppers to buy is easier when the product is located at eye-level.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第II卷（共40分）
I. Translation (15分)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 我们被教了很多发展我们的语言和学习技能的好方法。(method) (汉译英）
53. 最重要的事情是你是否愿意去学并努力学习。(whether) (汉译英）
54. 在如此糟糕的天气里，出去散步，还不如待在家里。（It’s better to ...）(汉译英）
55. 公司从这个新产品中盈利了两年了。（现在完成进行时）(汉译英）
II. Guided Writing (25分)
56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
你班将召开一次主题班会，探讨高中生在成长过程中遇到的烦恼。请根据自己实际生活中遇到的学习、交友、代沟、同龄人攀比等现象进行思考，写一篇发言稿。文章需包括：
1. 你在实际生活中遇到至少两种烦恼并简要介绍；
2. 你应对这些烦恼所采取的举措和建议。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
听力答案：1—5 CBBAB 6—10 CDBAD 11—15 AAACB 16—20 CDBDC
