高考语法考点1 动词时态和语态
【语法精讲】
一、谓语动词
(一)动词的时态和语态
考点解读 时态的考查主要是一般现在时和一般过去时； 考查被动语态的用法； 主谓一致的考查
走进高考 1. （2021年新高考全国1卷语法填空）What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it ____61____ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. 2. （2021年浙江卷语法填空）It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, ___36___ （prove）irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public. ……. When the house was built, it was much smaller than it is today. Mary's niece wrote, "The little home ___40___ （paint）white. （2021年高考全国甲卷语法填空）The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It ___41___ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). ……. We ___46___ (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate.
要点一 各种时态与语态的构成
现在 过去 将来 过去将来
主动 被动 主动 被动 主动 被动 主动 被动
一般 do/does am/is/are done did was/were done shall/ will do shall/will be done should/ would do should/would be done
进行 am/is/ are doing am/is/are being done was/were doing was/were being done shall/will be doing shall/will be being done should/would be doing should/would be being done
完成 has/ have done has/have been done had done had been done shall/will have done shall/will have been done should/would have done should/would have been done
完成 进行 has/have been doing \ had been doing \ shall/will have been doing \ should/would have been doing \
要点二 各种时态的用法
考点一
一、一般现在时
1．表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。
◆ （2021年北京卷语法填空） As it ____13____ (connect) things，your brain tums them into a story,and you get a dream．
【解析】 connects 考查时态。句意：当它连接事物时，你的大脑将它们变成一个故事，然后你就得到了一个梦。由主句谓语动词tums可知，空处从句的谓语动词需用一般现在时态，主语是第三人称单数it，所以空处谓语动词需用单数。故填connects。
2．按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come, close等动词。
◆The shop closes at 11：00 p．m.every day.
这家商店每天晚上11点关门。
3．在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
◆(江苏卷)The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.
这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。
动词第三人称单数的变化规则
一般情况直接加 s work→works get→gets say→says read→reads
结尾为 s, x, sh, ch或 o，在词尾加 es discuss→discusses wash→washes fix→fixes teach→teaches go→goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”，变y为i再加 es carry→carries study→studies try→tries fly→flies cry→cries
二、一般过去时
1．表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等表示过去的时间状语连用。
◆(2018·北京卷)—Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here I haven’t seen you around.
——嗨，我是彼得。你是新来的吗？我没有在附近见过你。
—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just started on Monday.
——你好，彼得。我是鲍勃。我周一才开始住在这儿。
2．有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词：know, think, expect, want等。
◆(全国卷)Edward, you play so well. But I didn’t know you played the piano.
爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。
动词过去式的变化规则
一般情况在动词后加 ed work→worked play→played want→wanted
以 e结尾的动词后加 d hope→hopedlike→liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加 ed study→studiedtry→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加 ed stop→stoppedprefer→preferred admit→admittedpermit→permitted
三、一般将来时
1．“shall/will＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in＋一段时间等连用。其中shall通常用于第一人称，will通常用于各种人称。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。
◆(2016·北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.
学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。
◆(北京卷)—What time is it
——几点了？
—I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.
——我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。
2．“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
◆(陕西卷)Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer.
史密斯博士将在今年夏天和他的妻子与女儿们一起游览北京。
3．“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。
◆You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock.
到10点你必须得交上试卷。
◆A meeting is to be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
会议将于今天下午3点举行。
4．“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，可与并列连词when(＝and at this/that time)引导的分句连用。
◆Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird.
汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。
[既学既练1]——单句语法填空
1．(2019·陕西西安中学模拟)In a word, mass media will be (be) all the more important in the future and their function will enormously expand.
2．(2019·湖北重点中学高三联考)In Tsinghua, he met his wife Yang Jiang, who was to become a successful playwright and translator, and married (marry) her in 1935.
3．(2019·广东惠州高三调研)Bike sharing is a greener method of transportation and provides (provide) a more friendly experience.
考点二 进行时态
一、现在进行时
1．表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。
◆(江苏卷)We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
我们今天正面对一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们要如何运用它。
2．表示位置转移的动词(词组)，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。
◆(重庆卷)Food supplies in the flood stricken area are running out. We must act immediately before there’s none left.
洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前采取行动。
二、过去进行时
1．表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o’clock yesterday等连用。
◆(2018·北京卷)Susan had quit her well－paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年我去探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。
2．表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。
◆(2016·北京卷)Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.
突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。
三、将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
◆(天津卷)Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.
简不能参加今天下午三点的会议，因为那个时间段她正在教课。
进行时的变化规则
一般情况在词尾直接加 ing work→working study→studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加 ing write→writing take→taking face→facing
“辅音＋元音＋辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 ing cut→cutting begin→beginning swim→swimming run→running put→putting plan→planning stop→stopping
以 ie结尾的动词，变 ie为y再加 ing lie→lying die→dying
[既学既练2]——单句语法填空
1．(2017·北京卷)People have better access to health care than they used to, and they are living (live) longer as a result.
2．(陕西卷)—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon
—I’m sorry, but by then I will be flying (fly) to Beijing. How about five
3．(2019·云南昆明一中模拟)He was working (work) in a government aerospace laboratory when the computer was in a junior level and was a big machine that required huge amount of time to process.
考点三 完成时态
一、现在完成时
1．表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语：already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last(past) few days/years, up to now, till now, so far等。
◆(2018·北京卷)China’s high－speed railways have grown from 9，000 to 25，000 kilometers in the past few years.
在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从9 000公里增长到25 000公里。
2．表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常用的时间状语：since＋时间点；for＋时间段等。
◆(湖南卷)—I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me
——我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴家。你能为我弹钢琴吗？
—Sorry, I haven’t played the piano for years.
——抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。
3．在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。
◆Will you come to my office when you have finished your work
你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？
二、过去完成时
1．表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。
◆(2016·天津卷)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadn’t seen for years.
当沿着街道散步的时候，我遇见了多年未见的戴维。
◆(辽宁卷)By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.
当杰克从英格兰回到家中时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
2．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time＋从句等。
◆(北京卷)It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我所做的一切。
3．表示“愿望，打算”的动词(hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend等)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。
◆I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
昨天我本来打算去拜访你，但是来了一位不速之客。
常使用完成时的句型
(1)This/It/That is the first/...time＋that sb. has/have done sth.；
This/It/That was the first/...time＋that sb. had done sth.这是某人第几次做某事。
(2)It/This is/was the＋最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。
(3)It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb. did；
It was/had been＋一段时间＋since sb. had done sth.自从……以来多久了。
(4)hardly/scarcely...when.../no sooner...than...(一……就……)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
[既学既练3]——单句语法填空
1．(2016·北京卷)I have read (read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.
2．(北京卷)—Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house
—Not really. She had given (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
3．(2019·成都七中诊断)This is the first time I have come (come) to Chengdu and I am truly impressed by the lifestyle of people here.
考点四 完成进行时
考纲对完成进行时要求考生掌握的是现在完成进行时。
1．表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常用的时间状语：all this morning, this month, these few days, since和for引导的状语从句等。
◆(全国卷Ⅱ)The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 a．m.
从上午九点开始，经理就一直在告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。
2．所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
◆(2016·北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.
学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报的。
【既学既练】——单句语法填空
1．(2016·江苏卷)Dashan, who has been learning (learn) crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand up tradition.
2．(福建卷)—Where is Peter？I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and has been writing (write) his essay there ever since.
3．(安徽卷)In order to find the missing child, villagers have been doing (do) all they can over the past five hours.
要点三 被动语态的用法
一、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。
二、被动语态基本用法
被动语态的使用场合：1.不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者；2.需要突出或强调动作的承受者。
◆(2018·北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days.
一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。
◆(2018·天津卷)My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
这周我的洗衣机正在维修，所以我不得不手洗衣服。
(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belong to属于；take part in参加。
(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。
三、主动形式表示被动意义
1．当系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等＋形容词/名词构成系表结构时，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。
◆This kind of wool shirt feels soft.
这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
2．当sell, read, cut, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时，用主动形式表示被动含义。
◆Have you bought the book that sells well these days I think it is suitable for us teenagers. 你买最近销量很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。
【既学既练】—— 单选题
1．（2021年天津卷）Mark is a genius. By the time he graduated, he ________ jobs by a dozen computer companies.
A. has offered B. has been offered
C. had offered D. had been offered
2. （2021年天津卷） Good evening, everybody. Professor King ________ his lecture in a moment, but let me introduce him first.
A. delivered B. will be delivering
C. was delivering D. has been delivering
解题指导
准确确定动词时态的“四个依据”
依据一 时间状语
动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。
[例1] Silk (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 B．C.
[解析] had become 句意：到大约公元前 100 年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。题干中有表示过去的时间状语“about 100 B．C.”，且当时间状语由介词by(不迟于，不晚于)引导时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。
[例2] In the last few years, China (make)great achievements in environmental protection.
[解析] has made 题干中的时间状语是“In the last few years”，表示动作“从过去一直到现在”，故所填词应用现在完成时。
依据二 参照动词
当题干中没有时间状语，或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时，动词的时态由其参照动词来决定。
[例3] The real reason why prices (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
[解析] were 题干中没有时间状语，由参照动词“are”和“is”可以推断出所填动词陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。
[例4] Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he (be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
[解析] was going to be 题干中虽然有时间状语“in 1879”，但这并非所填动词的动作发生的时间。由“As a child”可知，所填词的参照时间是过去，而他成为一位著名的科学家不是在他“是个小孩子”时，而是以后的事，即将来，所以所填词应用过去将来时。
依据三 句意或语境
当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填动词的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。
[例5] —Is Peter coming
—No, he (change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
[解析] changed 题干虽有时间状语“at the last minute”和参照动词“is coming”，但它们都不能准确定位所填动词的动作发生的时间，因此所填词的时态由句意或语境来决定。句意：“彼得要来吗？”“不，当接到一个电话后，他在最后时刻改变了主意。”由此可知，所填词的动作发生在过去，陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。
[例6] (2016·天津卷)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I (not see) for years.
[解析] hadn’t seen 句意：走在街上的时候，我偶然遇到了戴维，我已经多年没见他了。解析句子结构可知，从句中缺少谓语动词；主语I与动词see之间是主动关系，故应使用主动语态，且“多年未见”这一动作发生在“偶然遇到”之前，即“过去的过去”，故使用过去完成时。
依据四 固定句式
英语有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。
1．It is the first/second/...time that sb. has/have done...
2．It was the first/second/...time that sb. had done...
3．Sb. was/were doing sth. when...did...
4．Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when...did...
5．Sb. be about to do sth. when...did...
6．It’s (high) time that sb. did sth./should do sth.
[例7] It is the first time that I (be) to Beijing.
[解析] have been 句意：这是我第一次去北京。提示词为be动词，考虑设空处在句中作谓语，并考虑时态和语态；再根据固定句式“It is the first time that sb. has/have done...”确定使用现在完成时。
【考点自测】
1. （2021·吉林松原市实验高级中学高三模考语法填空） These 3000-year-old symbols, jiaguwen, (carve) on turtle shells or bones of animals, and can give us insight into how ancient Chinese saw the world around them and into their great creativity.
2. （2021·江西萍乡市·高三二模语法填空） Breakdancing is a sport which can be played anytime and anywhere in urban and other environments. It has no previous appearance at the Summer Olympic Games, but (include) at the Summer Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires in 2018.
3. （2021·黑龙江大庆市·高三二模语法填空）What will you think of when hearing the word “kung fu” The answer for most people may be Shaolin monks, Bruce Lee or Kung Fu Panda. But for Laurence J. Brahm, an American documentary filmmaker, the first thing that (spring) to mind is the concept of non-violence.
4. （2021·西宁市教育科学研究院高三一模语法填空）China’s Chang’e 5 mission successfully delivered samples of moon rock and dust to Earth on December 17. It marks the first time in 44 years that moon rocks ． (bring) back to planet.
5.（2021·内蒙古包头市·高三二模短文改错）As you know, China, with a long history and great culture, have a sea of famous cities and different types of places of interesting for you to explore.
6. （2021·内蒙古赤峰市·高三二模语法填空）
Awakening of Insects, which （1）(signal) a rise in temperature and increased rainfall, falls on March 5 and ends on March 19 this year.
Awakening of Insects refers to the fact that animals sleeping in winter （2） (awaken) by spring thunder and that the earth begins to come back to life.
8. （2021·黑龙江大庆市·高三二模短文改错） Fortunately, the fence was lasted through 15 more minutes and the helicopter arrived in time. We were saving.
9. （2021·四川泸州市·高三三模语法填空） Recorded in a short video by a local resident, the rare appearance 1．(attract) attention online on the right day. ……
“Rising water levels during the flood season together with the fishing ban 48．(probable) contribute to this rare animal’s appearance, given that sandbanks 2．(cover) by water and more water plants are available for fish.
10（2021·四川遂宁市·遂宁中学高三三模语法填空）The Chinese lunar calendar divides the year into 24 solar terms. Clear and Bright (1) (be) the only one whose first day is also a traditional Chinese festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day. ……..
Clear and Bright serves as a time when Chinese people honor nature and the ancestors of the Chinese nation. The worship of nature and ancestors (2) (date) back to ancient times, and still matters a lot in modern society.
10. （2021·赤峰二中高三月考） “Each” and “every” are words which are close in meaning. In general, you use “each” when you are talking about one individual(单独的) object or person. "Every" （1）．(use) for a group of objects, or people that you group together.
11.（天津市河东区2021届高三第一次模拟考试）—Do you remember the first time we met
—Yes. It happened at the airport and we _______to leave for Tianjin.
A．had been waiting B．were waiting C．would wait D．waited
12．（天津市南开中学2020-2021学年高三上学期第四次月考）—Did you get to work on time
—Sure. The city center wasn't as crowded this morning as it usually________.
A．is B．was C．has been D．had been
13.（天津市红桥区2021届高三质量调查（一模））Mr. Smith________ these days. I think he should take a holiday before he burns out.
A．has been overworking B．overworked
C．has overworked D．was overworking高考语法考点1 动词时态和语态
【语法精讲】
一、谓语动词
(一)动词的时态和语态
考点解读 时态的考查主要是一般现在时和一般过去时； 考查被动语态的用法； 主谓一致的考查
走进高考 1. （2021年新高考全国1卷语法填空）What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it ____61____ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. 2. （2021年浙江卷语法填空）It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, ___36___ （prove）irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public. ……. When the house was built, it was much smaller than it is today. Mary's niece wrote, "The little home ___40___ （paint）white. （2021年高考全国甲卷语法填空）The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It ___41___ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). ……. We ___46___ (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. 1. 【解析】 was 考查一般过去时。句意：你不禁会想，对当时的人们来说，把这些石头都安置好有多难。分析句子可知，“how hard it 61 (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place”作wonder的宾语，it是从句的形式主语，不定式为真正主语，谓语动词用单数形式，安置台阶的石头为陈述过去的事情，应用一般过去时。 2. 【解析】 36. has proved/has proven 40. was painted 36. 考查动词。 分析句子成分可知，设空处作谓语动词，Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield Illinois作主语；结合句意及设空处后的时间状语从句since it opened to the public可知，此处指过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响，符合现在完成时概念，故设空处用现在完成时；现在完成时结构是has/have +过去分词；主语Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield Illinois是第三人称单数，所以助动词用has，提示词prove 的过去分词形式是proved或proven。故填 has proved/ has proven。 40. 考查被动语态。 设空处作谓语动词，The little home作主语。结合句意及常识可知，房子是“被漆”的，主语和谓语动词之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；根据上文的was built可知，此处为一般过去时态；一般过去时的被动语态结构是was/were+过去分词；主语The little home是单数第三人称，所以要用was，提示词paint的过去分词形式是painted。故填was painted。 3. 【解析】41.was built 46.hired 46.考查被动语态。 空格处为谓语，动词build和主语之间是被动关系，应用被动语态（be done），根据句意和时间状语the Tang dynasty可知，用一般过去时，谓语动词用过去式，主语it为第三人称单数，主谓一致，故填was built。 考查时态。 分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词，根据上下文可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，谓语动词用过去式。故填hired。
要点一 各种时态与语态的构成
现在 过去 将来 过去将来
主动 被动 主动 被动 主动 被动 主动 被动
一般 do/does am/is/are done did was/were done shall/ will do shall/will be done should/ would do should/would be done
进行 am/is/ are doing am/is/are being done was/were doing was/were being done shall/will be doing shall/will be being done should/would be doing should/would be being done
完成 has/ have done has/have been done had done had been done shall/will have done shall/will have been done should/would have done should/would have been done
完成 进行 has/have been doing \ had been doing \ shall/will have been doing \ should/would have been doing \
要点二 各种时态的用法
考点一
一、一般现在时
1．表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。
◆ （2021年北京卷语法填空） As it ____13____ (connect) things，your brain tums them into a story,and you get a dream．
【解析】 connects 考查时态。句意：当它连接事物时，你的大脑将它们变成一个故事，然后你就得到了一个梦。由主句谓语动词tums可知，空处从句的谓语动词需用一般现在时态，主语是第三人称单数it，所以空处谓语动词需用单数。故填connects。
2．按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come, close等动词。
◆The shop closes at 11：00 p．m.every day.
这家商店每天晚上11点关门。
3．在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
◆(江苏卷)The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.
这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。
动词第三人称单数的变化规则
一般情况直接加 s work→works get→gets say→says read→reads
结尾为 s, x, sh, ch或 o，在词尾加 es discuss→discusses wash→washes fix→fixes teach→teaches go→goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”，变y为i再加 es carry→carries study→studies try→tries fly→flies cry→cries
二、一般过去时
1．表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等表示过去的时间状语连用。
◆(2018·北京卷)—Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here I haven’t seen you around.
——嗨，我是彼得。你是新来的吗？我没有在附近见过你。
—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just started on Monday.
——你好，彼得。我是鲍勃。我周一才开始住在这儿。
2．有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词：know, think, expect, want等。
◆(全国卷)Edward, you play so well. But I didn’t know you played the piano.
爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。
动词过去式的变化规则
一般情况在动词后加 ed work→worked play→played want→wanted
以 e结尾的动词后加 d hope→hopedlike→liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加 ed study→studiedtry→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加 ed stop→stoppedprefer→preferred admit→admittedpermit→permitted
三、一般将来时
1．“shall/will＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in＋一段时间等连用。其中shall通常用于第一人称，will通常用于各种人称。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。
◆(2016·北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.
学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。
◆(北京卷)—What time is it
——几点了？
—I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.
——我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。
2．“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
◆(陕西卷)Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer.
史密斯博士将在今年夏天和他的妻子与女儿们一起游览北京。
3．“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。
◆You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock.
到10点你必须得交上试卷。
◆A meeting is to be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
会议将于今天下午3点举行。
4．“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，可与并列连词when(＝and at this/that time)引导的分句连用。
◆Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird.
汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。
[既学既练1]——单句语法填空
1．(2019·陕西西安中学模拟)In a word, mass media will be (be) all the more important in the future and their function will enormously expand.
2．(2019·湖北重点中学高三联考)In Tsinghua, he met his wife Yang Jiang, who was to become a successful playwright and translator, and married (marry) her in 1935.
3．(2019·广东惠州高三调研)Bike sharing is a greener method of transportation and provides (provide) a more friendly experience.
考点二 进行时态
一、现在进行时
1．表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。
◆(江苏卷)We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
我们今天正面对一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们要如何运用它。
2．表示位置转移的动词(词组)，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。
◆(重庆卷)Food supplies in the flood stricken area are running out. We must act immediately before there’s none left.
洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前采取行动。
二、过去进行时
1．表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o’clock yesterday等连用。
◆(2018·北京卷)Susan had quit her well－paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年我去探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。
2．表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。
◆(2016·北京卷)Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.
突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。
三、将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
◆(天津卷)Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.
简不能参加今天下午三点的会议，因为那个时间段她正在教课。
进行时的变化规则
一般情况在词尾直接加 ing work→working study→studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加 ing write→writing take→taking face→facing
“辅音＋元音＋辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 ing cut→cutting begin→beginning swim→swimming run→running put→putting plan→planning stop→stopping
以 ie结尾的动词，变 ie为y再加 ing lie→lying die→dying
[既学既练2]——单句语法填空
1．(2017·北京卷)People have better access to health care than they used to, and they are living (live) longer as a result.
2．(陕西卷)—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon
—I’m sorry, but by then I will be flying (fly) to Beijing. How about five
3．(2019·云南昆明一中模拟)He was working (work) in a government aerospace laboratory when the computer was in a junior level and was a big machine that required huge amount of time to process.
考点三 完成时态
一、现在完成时
1．表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语：already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last(past) few days/years, up to now, till now, so far等。
◆(2018·北京卷)China’s high－speed railways have grown from 9，000 to 25，000 kilometers in the past few years.
在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从9 000公里增长到25 000公里。
2．表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常用的时间状语：since＋时间点；for＋时间段等。
◆(湖南卷)—I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me
——我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴家。你能为我弹钢琴吗？
—Sorry, I haven’t played the piano for years.
——抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。
3．在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。
◆Will you come to my office when you have finished your work
你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？
二、过去完成时
1．表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。
◆(2016·天津卷)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadn’t seen for years.
当沿着街道散步的时候，我遇见了多年未见的戴维。
◆(辽宁卷)By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.
当杰克从英格兰回到家中时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
2．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time＋从句等。
◆(北京卷)It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我所做的一切。
3．表示“愿望，打算”的动词(hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend等)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。
◆I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
昨天我本来打算去拜访你，但是来了一位不速之客。
常使用完成时的句型
(1)This/It/That is the first/...time＋that sb. has/have done sth.；
This/It/That was the first/...time＋that sb. had done sth.这是某人第几次做某事。
(2)It/This is/was the＋最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。
(3)It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb. did；
It was/had been＋一段时间＋since sb. had done sth.自从……以来多久了。
(4)hardly/scarcely...when.../no sooner...than...(一……就……)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
[既学既练3]——单句语法填空
1．(2016·北京卷)I have read (read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.
2．(北京卷)—Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house
—Not really. She had given (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
3．(2019·成都七中诊断)This is the first time I have come (come) to Chengdu and I am truly impressed by the lifestyle of people here.
考点四 完成进行时
考纲对完成进行时要求考生掌握的是现在完成进行时。
1．表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常用的时间状语：all this morning, this month, these few days, since和for引导的状语从句等。
◆(全国卷Ⅱ)The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 a．m.
从上午九点开始，经理就一直在告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。
2．所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
◆(2016·北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.
学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报的。
【既学既练】——单句语法填空
1．(2016·江苏卷)Dashan, who has been learning (learn) crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand up tradition.
2．(福建卷)—Where is Peter？I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and has been writing (write) his essay there ever since.
3．(安徽卷)In order to find the missing child, villagers have been doing (do) all they can over the past five hours.
要点三 被动语态的用法
一、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。
二、被动语态基本用法
被动语态的使用场合：1.不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者；2.需要突出或强调动作的承受者。
◆(2018·北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days.
一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。
◆(2018·天津卷)My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
这周我的洗衣机正在维修，所以我不得不手洗衣服。
(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belong to属于；take part in参加。
(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。
三、主动形式表示被动意义
1．当系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等＋形容词/名词构成系表结构时，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。
◆This kind of wool shirt feels soft.
这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
2．当sell, read, cut, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时，用主动形式表示被动含义。
◆Have you bought the book that sells well these days I think it is suitable for us teenagers. 你买最近销量很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。
【既学既练】—— 单选题
1．（2021年天津卷）Mark is a genius. By the time he graduated, he ________ jobs by a dozen computer companies.
A. has offered B. has been offered
C. had offered D. had been offered
【解析】 D 考查过去完成时的被动语态。句意：马克是个天才。到他毕业的时候，已经有十几家电脑公司给他提供了工作机会。该句是复合句，含By the time引导的时间状语从句，主句动作先于从句动作，且主句主语he和谓语动词offer之间是被动关系，是过去完成时的被动语态。故选D。
8. （2021年天津卷） Good evening, everybody. Professor King ________ his lecture in a moment, but let me introduce him first.
A. delivered B. will be delivering
C. was delivering D. has been delivering
【解析】 B 考查将来进行时。句意：大家晚上好，金教授马上要发表演讲，但（开始之前）让我先介绍一下他。根据语境和标志词in a moment（立即，即将，一会儿）的提示，可知教授的演讲还未开始，用将来时态（一般将来时或将来进行时），仅有B符合题意，是将来进行时的结构，故选B。
解题指导
准确确定动词时态的“四个依据”
依据一 时间状语
动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。
[例1] Silk (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 B．C.
[分析] had become 句意：到大约公元前 100 年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。题干中有表示过去的时间状语“about 100 B．C.”，且当时间状语由介词by(不迟于，不晚于)引导时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。
[例2] In the last few years, China (make)great achievements in environmental protection.
[分析] has made 题干中的时间状语是“In the last few years”，表示动作“从过去一直到现在”，故所填词应用现在完成时。
依据二 参照动词
当题干中没有时间状语，或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时，动词的时态由其参照动词来决定。
[例3] The real reason why prices (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
[分析] were 题干中没有时间状语，由参照动词“are”和“is”可以推断出所填动词陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。
[例4] Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he (be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
[分析] was going to be 题干中虽然有时间状语“in 1879”，但这并非所填动词的动作发生的时间。由“As a child”可知，所填词的参照时间是过去，而他成为一位著名的科学家不是在他“是个小孩子”时，而是以后的事，即将来，所以所填词应用过去将来时。
依据三 句意或语境
当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填动词的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。
[例5] —Is Peter coming
—No, he (change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
[分析] changed 题干虽有时间状语“at the last minute”和参照动词“is coming”，但它们都不能准确定位所填动词的动作发生的时间，因此所填词的时态由句意或语境来决定。句意：“彼得要来吗？”“不，当接到一个电话后，他在最后时刻改变了主意。”由此可知，所填词的动作发生在过去，陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。
[例6] (2016·天津卷)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I (not see) for years.
[分析] hadn’t seen 句意：走在街上的时候，我偶然遇到了戴维，我已经多年没见他了。分析句子结构可知，从句中缺少谓语动词；主语I与动词see之间是主动关系，故应使用主动语态，且“多年未见”这一动作发生在“偶然遇到”之前，即“过去的过去”，故使用过去完成时。
依据四 固定句式
英语有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。
1．It is the first/second/...time that sb. has/have done...
2．It was the first/second/...time that sb. had done...
3．Sb. was/were doing sth. when...did...
4．Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when...did...
5．Sb. be about to do sth. when...did...
6．It’s (high) time that sb. did sth./should do sth.
[例7] It is the first time that I (be) to Beijing.
[分析] have been 句意：这是我第一次去北京。提示词为be动词，考虑设空处在句中作谓语，并考虑时态和语态；再根据固定句式“It is the first time that sb. has/have done...”确定使用现在完成时。
【考点自测】
1. （2021·吉林松原市实验高级中学高三模考语法填空） These 3000-year-old symbols, jiaguwen, (carve) on turtle shells or bones of animals, and can give us insight into how ancient Chinese saw the world around them and into their great creativity.
【解析】 were carved。 考查时态语态。 根据句意以及上文的“These 3000-year-old symbols”可知，这些文字是在3000年前雕刻，属于过去发生的事实要用一般过去时。主语These 3000-year-old symbols是复数，且与动词carve是被动关系。
2. （2021·江西萍乡市·高三二模语法填空） Breakdancing is a sport which can be played anytime and anywhere in urban and other environments. It has no previous appearance at the Summer Olympic Games, but (include) at the Summer Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires in 2018.
【解析】 was included
考查动词时态及语态。 根据空前的并列连词but可知，该空所给动词include应该和has no并列作谓语动词，主语是It，指代霹雳舞，被包括在2018年布宜诺斯艾利斯夏季青年奥林匹克运动会。应使用被动语态，一般过去时。
3. （2021·黑龙江大庆市·高三二模语法填空）What will you think of when hearing the word “kung fu” The answer for most people may be Shaolin monks, Bruce Lee or Kung Fu Panda. But for Laurence J. Brahm, an American documentary filmmaker, the first thing that (spring) to mind is the concept of non-violence.
【解析】 springs 考查一般现在时和主谓一致。 设空处为定语从句的谓语动词，此处在叙述一个客观事实，句子用一般现在时，且the first thing是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作主语，所以定语从句的谓语动词用动词的单数第三人称。
4. （2021·西宁市教育科学研究院高三一模语法填空）China’s Chang’e 5 mission successfully delivered samples of moon rock and dust to Earth on December 17. It marks the first time in 44 years that moon rocks ． (bring) back to planet.
【解析】 have been brought。 考查动词时态语态。 此处为“the first time that+完成时”句型，由marks可知，此处使用现在完成时，主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态，主语为moon rocks，助动词用have。故填have been brought。
5.（2021·内蒙古包头市·高三二模短文改错）As you know, China, with a long history and great culture, have a sea of famous cities and different types of places of interesting for you to explore.
【答案】have改为has
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：正如你所知道的，中国有着悠久的历史和伟大的文化，有许多著名的城市和不同类型的名胜供你探索。China作主语，谓语动词用单数。故将have改为has。
6. （2021·内蒙古赤峰市·高三二模语法填空）
Awakening of Insects, which （1）(signal) a rise in temperature and increased rainfall, falls on March 5 and ends on March 19 this year.
Awakening of Insects refers to the fact that animals sleeping in winter （2） (awaken) by spring thunder and that the earth begins to come back to life.
【解析】 （1） signals （2）are awakened
（1）考查主谓一致和一般现在时。 根据falls on March 5 and ends on March 19 this year可知，此处应用一般现在时。which代指Awakening of Insects，为第三人称单数。故填signals。
（2）考查一般现在时和被动语态。 此处描述客观事实，所以应用一般现在时。动词awaken意为“唤醒”，和主语animals构成被动关系。主语animals为复数。故填are awakened。
8. （2021·黑龙江大庆市·高三二模短文改错） Fortunately, the fence was lasted through 15 more minutes and the helicopter arrived in time. We were saving.
【答案】（1）删除was （2）saving改为saved
【解析】（1）考查语态。 连系动词last，意为“持续”，无被动形式。故删掉was。
（2）考查语态。 分析句子，主语we和动词save为动宾关系，所以save要用被动。故saving改为saved。
9. （2021·四川泸州市·高三三模语法填空） Recorded in a short video by a local resident, the rare appearance 1．(attract) attention online on the right day. ……
“Rising water levels during the flood season together with the fishing ban 48．(probable) contribute to this rare animal’s appearance, given that sandbanks 2．(cover) by water and more water plants are available for fish.
【解析】 1. attracted 2. are covered
1. 考查时态。 分析可知，所填动词应是句子谓语动词，结合时间状语“on the right day”可知，应是一般过去时。故填attracted。
2. 考查时态和语态。 分析可知，在that宾语从句“that sandbanks ____9 ____ (cover) by water and more water plants are available for fish”中，and连接两个并列句，因此所填动词应是前句的谓语。结合后句“are”可知，应是一般现在时，且动词“cover(覆盖)”与主语“sandbanks(沙洲)”之间为被动关系，应是一般现在时被动：am/is/are done，主语为第三人称复数，应用are done。故填are covered。
10（2021·四川遂宁市·遂宁中学高三三模语法填空）The Chinese lunar calendar divides the year into 24 solar terms. Clear and Bright (1) (be) the only one whose first day is also a traditional Chinese festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day. ……..
Clear and Bright serves as a time when Chinese people honor nature and the ancestors of the Chinese nation. The worship of nature and ancestors (2) (date) back to ancient times, and still matters a lot in modern society.
【解析】（1）is （2） dates
（1）考查动词时态。 描述客观事实用一般现在时，主语Clear and Bright 是第三人称单数，谓语动词也用单数。故填is。
(2) 考查动词时态和主谓一致。 date是谓语动词，根据下文的matters可知，用一般现在时，主语worship是单数，故谓语动词也用单数，故填dates。
10. （2021·赤峰二中高三月考）
“Each” and “every” are words which are close in meaning. In general, you use “each” when you are talking about one individual(单独的) object or person. "Every" （1）．(use) for a group of objects, or people that you group together.
【解析】is used
考查固定短语和时态。句意：“Every”用于一组物体，或一群人。结合句意表示“用于……”可知短语为be used for，此处陈述客观事实用一般现在时，主语为"Every"，谓语动词用单数。故填is used。
11.（天津市河东区2021届高三第一次模拟考试）—Do you remember the first time we met
—Yes. It happened at the airport and we _______to leave for Tianjin.
A．had been waiting B．were waiting C．would wait D．waited
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：——你还记得我们第一次见面吗？——是的。事情发生在机场，我们正等着去天津。表示过去在某一时间段或某一段时间内正在发生的动作或存在的状态，应用过去进行时，构成为：“主语+was/ were doing”，主语为we，应用were。故选B。
12．（天津市南开中学2020-2021学年高三上学期第四次月考）—Did you get to work on time
—Sure. The city center wasn't as crowded this morning as it usually________.
A．is B．was C．has been D．had been
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：——你按时上班了吗？——当然。今天早上市中心不像往常那么拥挤了。根据上文“as it usually”可知从句在描述经常习惯性的动作应用一般现在时，主语为it，谓语动词用单数。故选A。
13.（天津市红桥区2021届高三质量调查（一模））Mr. Smith________ these days. I think he should take a holiday before he burns out.
A．has been overworking B．overworked
C．has overworked D．was overworking
【答案】A
【详解】考查时态。句意：史密斯先生这些天一直在加班，我想他应该在精疲力尽之前去度个假。根据本句中时间状语these days和后文 before he burns out，可知，史密斯先生的忙碌的动作是从过去开始，延续到现在，还要继续持续，所以时态用现在完成进行时。选项A符合题意，故选A。
