中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
高考语法考点2 定语从句
【语法精讲】
考点解读 1. 关系代词的基本用法；2.关系副词的基本用法；3.“介词＋关系代词”的用法
走近高考 1.（2021年新高考全国2卷语法填空）I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )held presentations at schools to teach kids about plastic waste. I wanted to reach businesses too. I decided that if I learned of a company____39____ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.2. （2021年北京卷语法填空）When ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) you sleep,your brain sorts through everything ____12____ happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories. 3. [2021·浙江1 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )月]Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication ______ they deliberately sent a message to another group member.4.（2021年1月天津卷）William ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.A．from which B．in which C．with whom D．for whom答案：
考点一
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词 关系代词 先行词 句法功能
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
which 物 主语、宾语
that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
whose 人或物 定语
as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
关系代词that和which的用法区别 只用that的情况 先行词是all, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing等不定代词时
先行词被the only, the very, the same, all等修饰时
先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
先行词既有人又有物时
关系代词that和which的用法区别 只用which的情况 引导非限制性定语从句时
关系代词指物，且前有介词时
关系代词as和which的用法区别 as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )前、中、后，as常译为“正如……，正像……”。从句的谓语动词多为see, know, expect, say, mention, report等
which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )子时，只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系
【基础知识精讲】
知识点一 关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who，whom，whose引导的定语从句
①Some people who are s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uccessful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。21世纪教育网版权所有
②The man (who/whom) you met just now is called Jim.你刚才遇见的那个人叫吉姆。21教育网
③Children who are not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。21cnjy.com
【典例】
1. [2021·八省1月联考] ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )That day, along with the barber there was an assistant, _______ had recently joined the shop. www-2-1-cnjy-com
【答案】 who
【解析】考查定语从句。那天，除了 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )理发师还有一个助手，最近刚加入这个商店。此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词是an assistant在定语从句中作主语。故填who。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
2. [2019·上海卷]For ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )more information about our program, please visit our website, or contact our Undergraduate Chair, ________ information is listed above.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。为了进一步了解我们 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )项目的消息，请访问我们的网站或联系我们的Undergraduate Chair，它的信息在上面被列出。此处先行词是Undergraduate Chair，其和后面的information是所属关系，故填whose。21教育名师原创作品
3. [2021·四川省南充 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高中高三第二次月考]In the past four years, local education departments have trained about 40,000 football teachers, 8,000 of _______ have obtained coaching certificates.
【答案】whom
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。在过去的四 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )年里，当地教育部门培训了大约四万足球老师，其中八千老师已经获得辅导证书。逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词是teachers，指人，非限制性定语从句中介词of后要用关系代词whom，故填whom。21*cnjy*com
①who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。
②whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用of which代替，指人时可用of whom代替。
2．that，which引导的定语从句
①China Today attract ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
《今日中国》吸引了世界各地的读者，这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。
②When the time cam ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e to make the final decision for a course，I decided to apply for the one that reflected my interest.
当到了最后决定课程的时候，我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。
③All the people that come from the country work much harder.
所有来自农村的人都工作更努力。
④The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
⑤This is the book which you are looking for.
这正是你在找的那本书。
⑥He talked about the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )people and the place that he had visited in that country.
他谈到了他在那个国家所见到的人和所参观的地方。
【典例】
1.[2021·浙江1月]They’re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the only thing _______ looks like human language in that respect.
【答案】 that
【解析】考查定语从句。在这方面，它们是唯 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一看起来像人类语言的东西。此处先行词是thing被the only修饰，且在定语从句中作主语，故填that。
1.[2021·八省1月联考] ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )I'm grateful that the assistant responded in a way _______ made me rethink the power of my words.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。我很感激那位 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )店员的回应让我重新考虑我说话的威力。此处先行词是a way，在定语从句中作主语，故填that/which。2·1·c·n·j·y
3.[2020·海南卷]The hu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )midity（湿气）of large rainforests contributes to the formation of rainclouds _______ may travel to other countries in need of rain.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。巨大雨林的湿气导致雨云 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的形成，雨云可能会飘到需要雨的其他国家。此处rainclouds是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语。故填that/which.
(1)whom, which, that在从句中作宾语时可省略；但介词提前时不能省略，也不能用that；
(2)as用在限制性定语从句中时， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。
◆Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.
像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．(2018·天津卷)Kat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e, whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
2．(福建卷)China T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oday attracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
3．(江苏卷)The number of s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
考点二
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词 先行词 句法功能
when 时间名词 时间状语
where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation, point, activity, case, stage等) 地点状语
why the reason 原因状语
◆(天津卷)The days are go ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。
◆(福建卷)Students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.21·cn·jy·com
学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。
◆Do you know the reason why he didn’t attend the meeting yesterday 2-1-c-n-j-y
你知道他昨天没参加会议的原因吗？
知识点4．考点四 as，which引导的定语从句
①The number of smokers ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
正如报道的那样，吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。
②It is a truly delight ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ful place，which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.【出处：21教育名师】
这真是一个令人愉快的地方，它看上去和100年前的样子一样，有蜿蜒的街道和漂亮的村舍。
③Last term ou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.(定语从句)
Last term our maths te ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )acher set so difficult an examination problem that none of us worked it out.(结果状语从句)
上学期数学考试老师出了一道很难的数学题，没有一个人能解出来。
④I would like to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天用的那种工具。
I would like to use ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the same tool that you used yesterday.我想用你昨天用的那件工具。
way后定语从句的引导词
(1)当先行词是way时，若定语从句中不缺少 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )主语、宾语或表语，即way在从句中作状语时，则从句用in which或that引导，引导词也可省略。
(2)如果way作先行词，定语从句中缺 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )少主语、宾语或表语，则用which或that引导该从句。若先行词在定语从句中作宾语，which或that也可省略。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．(2018·江苏卷)Sel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f driving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
2．(陕西卷)As the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.
3. [2019·上海卷]Interes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tingly, it is on the same beach ______ they were born that the females lay their eggs.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。有趣的是，雌性产卵 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )在它们出生的同一个海滩上。此处the same beach是先行词，其在后面的定语从句they were born中作地点状语。故填where。
3. （2021年1月天津卷） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands ________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
A．where B．which C．that D．when
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在中国艺术节上 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子成分可知，stands 作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ，从句中不缺主宾表，故选关系副词，先行词stands 在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。故选A。
考点三
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
构成 句法功能 用法
the＋名词＋of＋关系代词(whom/which) 主语 可转化为“whose＋名词”结构
数词(形容词最高级)＋of＋关系代词 主语 数词还可以用some, many, most, each等不定代词替换
介词(短语)＋关系代词 状语 关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换
介词＋关系代词＋名词 状语 关系代词常用which 和whose
介词＋关系副词 状语 有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或to
知识点3．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
①Trading leat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )her shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.21·世纪*教育网
皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。
②The study sugges ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts that the cultures we grow up in influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.【版权所有：21教育】
研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看周围世界的基本过程。
③Recently I bou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ght an ancient vase, the price of which(＝whose price) was very reasonable.
最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。
④His head soon ap ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )peared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)
【典例3】
1.【2021·天津3月高 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )考】William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A．from which B．in which C．with whom D．for whom
2.（2021·天津红桥区·高三一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )模）Learning another language is like stepping out of a door, ______I can look back and see more clearly my own language.
A．By which B．through which C．which D．on which
3.（2021·天津滨海 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )新区·高三三模）The Zhuang is an ethnic group ________ the population is the largest of all ethnic groups in China.
A．of whom B．of which C．of who D．of that
【解析】B考查定语从句。 分析可 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )知，设空处为“介词+ 关系代词”引导定语从句，先行词为“an ethnic group”，作of的宾语，应用关系代词which。 www.21-cn-jy.com
4.（2021·天津河北区·高三二模）Hu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )man facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled.
A．on which B．by which C．to which D．from which
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词+关系代词引导的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )定语从句。句意：人类和动物面部表情的不同之处，在于某程度上人类面部表情可以受到控制。分析句子可知，空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the degree，关系代词which在句中指代先行词degree(程度)，表示“某种程度”应为“to some degree”，故介词to符合句意。
【方法指南】
1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。
2．该结构中介词的选用
(1)一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：
①先行词的意义；
②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；
③句子的意思。
(2)表示“整体和部分关系”，介词常用of。常见结构：
①在some，any，few，li ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ttle，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。21*cnjy*com
②the＋比较级或最高级前、后用of which/whom等。
(3)有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空1．T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he house, whose door often stays open until late at night, works as a home for the guards, some of whom are from the countryside.
2．—Thank you for your ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )assistance, without which I might have been in danger.
—That’s all right, anyone in my place would have done the same thing.
解题指导
“缺什么，补什么”，准确选用关系词
1．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句中用who。
2．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句中用whom。
3．如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句中用which。
4．如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/where; 如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。
5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。
6．如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom；如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。
【高考模拟】
1．（2021·天津市武清 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )区杨村第一中学高三开学考试）Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ________ effects the people are still suffering.
A．that B．whose
C．those D．what
2．（2021·天津市 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )天津中学高三月考）By 16：30, was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold out.
A．which B．when
C．what D．that
3．（2021·天津滨海新区·高三期末 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )）To improve learning efficiency, students must spend more time focusing on the skills__________ they are weak in.
A．what B．where C．when D．which
4．[ 2021·吉林省长春市普通 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高中高三质量检测]His most popular video, _______ shows him making a fantastic wooden arch bridge, rose to fame on the platform, gaining more than 42 million views.
5. [2021·云贵川桂 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )四省高三上学期联考]People first noticed coral bleaching events in the 1980s.The problem worsened in 2016, when an El Nino weather pattern, _______causes warmer waters in the Pacific Ocean, mixed with an already unseasonably warm ocean and killed off a third of the corals on the Great Barrier Reef.
6. [2021·云南师范大学附属中学高考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )适应性月考（三）]Yu the Great was an admired ruler in ancient China, ______ was famous for controlling floods, his governance of the Xia Dynasty, and his moral character.
7．【2021届江苏省南京市高三学情调研 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )】"He then handed Todd a large bag, inside 43． were clean shirts and shorts, plus a brand-new pair of New Balance sneakers. Todd was blown away."I was very happy." he told WATN-TV."Shocked, completely."
8．【2021届江苏省第一次百校 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )联考】Instead, as The Conversation notes, they hang out in the relative safety of trees,41． also happen to double as their storerooms.
9．【2021届江苏省扬州 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )市高三上学期期初调研】In June, China's last satellite of its Bei Dou Navigation Satellite System(BDS)was launched into orbit, marking the completion of the whole system. In ancient China, people used the Big Dipper,36．is known in Chinese as "beidou qixing," to navigate.
10．【江苏省无锡市第一中学2020— ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )2021学年高三上学期开学考试】A split could also stunt(扼杀) the future development of the app,49．popularity has been fuelled by ByteDance’s algorithms, honed(进化) in developing Douyin and Toutiao.
11．（2021·天津和平区·耀华中学 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )）Bella, who is always cheerful, creates a friendly work atmosphere in her office every day, ________ her colleagues find pleasant and relaxing.
A．where B．which
C．when D．that
12.（2021·天津市宝 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )坻区第一中学高三期末）In the past few years, he has collected a lot of ancient coins, __________date back to the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
A．most of them B．most of that
C．most of which D．most of whom
13．（2021·天津红桥区·高三二模）Ch ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ina Today attracts a worldwide readership, ________ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
A．who B．whom
C．that D．which
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
HYPERLINK "http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
" 21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
高考语法考点2 定语从句
【语法精讲】
考点解读 1. 关系代词的基本用法；2.关系副词的基本用法；3.“介词＋关系代词”的用法
走近高考 1.（2021年新高考全国2卷 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语法填空）I held presentations at schools to teach kids about plastic waste. I wanted to reach businesses too. I decided that if I learned of a company____39____ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.2. （2021年北京卷语法填空）When ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )you sleep,your brain sorts through everything ____12____ happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories. 3. [2021·浙江1月]Only h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )umans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication ______ they deliberately sent a message to another group member.4.（2021年1月天津 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )卷）William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.A．from which B．in which C．with whom D．for whom1.【解析】which/that 考查定 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语从句。 分析句子结构， ____4____ used a lot of plastic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从句，所以填which或that。 2.【解析】that考查定语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )从句。 分析句子结构可知，空处需用连接词引导定语从句，先行词是不定代词everything，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以此处需用关系代词that引导定语从句。 3.【解析】 where 考查定 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语从句。 此处a system of communication是先行词，其在定语从句中作地点状语（in the system）。故填where。 4.【解析】A 考查定 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语从句。 分析句子可知，past mistakes为现行词，_____ we can learn without repeating them.为定语从句，从句中谓语动词can learn可知，要从过去的错误中学习，learn from“从……中学习”，可知应用from which引导定语从句。
考点一
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词 关系代词 先行词 句法功能
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
which 物 主语、宾语
that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
whose 人或物 定语
as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
关系代词that和which的用法区别 只用that的情况 先行词是all, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing等不定代词时
先行词被the only, the very, the same, all等修饰时
先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
先行词既有人又有物时
关系代词that和which的用法区别 只用which的情况 引导非限制性定语从句时
关系代词指物，且前有介词时
关系代词as和which的用法区别 as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )前、中、后，as常译为“正如……，正像……”。从句的谓语动词多为see, know, expect, say, mention, report等
which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )子时，只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系
【基础知识精讲】
知识点一 关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who，whom，whose引导的定语从句
①Some people who a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。21教育网
②The man (who/whom) you met just now is called Jim.你刚才遇见的那个人叫吉姆。21·cn·jy·com
③Children who are no ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。www.21-cn-jy.com
【典例】
1. [2021·八省1月联考]That ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )day, along with the barber there was an assistant, _______ had recently joined the shop. 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
【答案】 who
【解析】考查定语从句。那 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )天，除了理发师还有一个助手，最近刚加入这个商店。此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词是an assistant在定语从句中作主语。故填who。21·世纪*教育网
2. [2019·上海卷 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )]For more information about our program, please visit our website, or contact our Undergraduate Chair, ________ information is listed above.www-2-1-cnjy-com
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。为了进一步了解我们项 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )目的消息，请访问我们的网站或联系我们的Undergraduate Chair，它的信息在上面被列出。此处先行词是Undergraduate Chair，其和后面的information是所属关系，故填whose。2-1-c-n-j-y
3. [2021·四川省南充高 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中高三第二次月考]In the past four years, local education departments have trained about 40,000 football teachers, 8,000 of _______ have obtained coaching certificates.21*cnjy*com
【答案】whom
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。在过去的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )四年里，当地教育部门培训了大约四万足球老师，其中八千老师已经获得辅导证书。逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词是teachers，指人，非限制性定语从句中介词of后要用关系代词whom，故填whom。【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
①who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。【出处：21教育名师】
②whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用of which代替，指人时可用of whom代替。
2．that，which引导的定语从句
①China Today ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) attracts a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.21教育名师原创作品
《今日中国》吸引了世界各地的读者，这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。
②When the tim ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e came to make the final decision for a course，I decided to apply for the one that reflected my interest.21*cnjy*com
当到了最后决定课程的时候，我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。
③All the people that come from the country work much harder.
所有来自农村的人都工作更努力。
④The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
⑤This is the book which you are looking for.
这正是你在找的那本书。
⑥He talked abou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t the people and the place that he had visited in that country.
他谈到了他在那个国家所见到的人和所参观的地方。
【典例】
1.[2021·浙江1月]The ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y’re the only thing _______ looks like human language in that respect.
【答案】 that
【解析】考查定语从句。在这方面，它们是唯 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一看起来像人类语言的东西。此处先行词是thing被the only修饰，且在定语从句中作主语，故填that。
1.[2021·八省1月联考]I'm ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) grateful that the assistant responded in a way _______ made me rethink the power of my words.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。我很感 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )激那位店员的回应让我重新考虑我说话的威力。此处先行词是a way，在定语从句中作主语，故填that/which。
3.[2020·海南卷]The ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )humidity（湿气）of large rainforests contributes to the formation of rainclouds _______ may travel to other countries in need of rain.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。巨大雨林的湿 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )气导致雨云的形成，雨云可能会飘到需要雨的其他国家。此处rainclouds是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语。故填that/which.
(1)whom, which, that在从句中作宾语时可省略；但介词提前时不能省略，也不能用that；
(2)as用在限制性定语从句中时，常用于 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。
◆Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.
像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．(2018·天津卷)Kate, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
2．(福建卷)China Today at ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
3．(江苏卷)The numbe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
考点二
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词 先行词 句法功能
when 时间名词 时间状语
where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation, point, activity, case, stage等) 地点状语
why the reason 原因状语
◆(天津卷)The days ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。
◆(福建卷)Students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.
学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。
◆Do you know the reason why he didn’t attend the meeting yesterday
你知道他昨天没参加会议的原因吗？
知识点4．考点四 as，which引导的定语从句
①The number of s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
正如报道的那样，吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。
②It is a truly delight ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ful place，which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
这真是一个令人愉快的地方，它看上去和100年前的样子一样，有蜿蜒的街道和漂亮的村舍。
③Last term our ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.(定语从句)
Last term ou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem that none of us worked it out.(结果状语从句)
上学期数学考试老师出了一道很难的数学题，没有一个人能解出来。
④I would lik ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天用的那种工具。
I would like to use th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e same tool that you used yesterday.我想用你昨天用的那件工具。
way后定语从句的引导词
(1)当先行词是way时，若 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，即way在从句中作状语时，则从句用in which或that引导，引导词也可省略。
(2)如果way作先行词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，定语从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语，则用which或that引导该从句。若先行词在定语从句中作宾语，which或that也可省略。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．(2018·江苏卷)Se ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lf driving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
2．(陕西卷)As the smal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.
3. [2019·上海卷]Inter ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )estingly, it is on the same beach ______ they were born that the females lay their eggs.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。有趣的是，雌性产卵 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )在它们出生的同一个海滩上。此处the same beach是先行词，其在后面的定语从句they were born中作地点状语。故填where。
3. （2021年1月天 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )津卷）At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands ________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
A．where B．which C．that D．when
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在中国 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子成分可知，stands 作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ，从句中不缺主宾表，故选关系副词，先行词stands 在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。故选A。
考点三
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
构成 句法功能 用法
the＋名词＋of＋关系代词(whom/which) 主语 可转化为“whose＋名词”结构
数词(形容词最高级)＋of＋关系代词 主语 数词还可以用some, many, most, each等不定代词替换
介词(短语)＋关系代词 状语 关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换
介词＋关系代词＋名词 状语 关系代词常用which 和whose
介词＋关系副词 状语 有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或to
知识点3．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
①Trading leat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )her shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.
皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。
②The study sug ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gests that the cultures we grow up in influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.
研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看周围世界的基本过程。
③Recently I bo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ught an ancient vase, the price of which(＝whose price) was very reasonable.
最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。
④His head soon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)
【典例3】
1.【2021·天津3月高考】Willi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )am Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A．from which B．in which C．with whom D．for whom
【解析】A考查定语从句。 分析句子可知 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，past mistakes为现行词，_____ we can learn without repeating them.为定语从句，从句中谓语动词can learn可知，要从过去的错误中学习，learn from“从……中学习”，可知应用from which引导定语从句。故选A。
2.（2021·天津红桥区·高三一模）Lea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rning another language is like stepping out of a door, ______I can look back and see more clearly my own language.
A．By which B．through which C．which D．on which
【解析】B 考查定语从句和 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )介词辨析。 分析可知，空格处引导定语从句，根据句意可知，通过这扇门，先行词door做through“通过”的宾语，指物，用冠词代词which，by表示方式，on“在……上面”不符合句意，故选B。
【变式】
1.（2021·天津滨海 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )新区·高三三模）The Zhuang is an ethnic group ________ the population is the largest of all ethnic groups in China.
A．of whom B．of which C．of who D．of that
【解析】B考查定语从句。 分析可知，设空 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )处为“介词+ 关系代词”引导定语从句，先行词为“an ethnic group”，作of的宾语，应用关系代词which。 21世纪教育网版权所有
2.（2021·天津河北区 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )·高三二模）Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled.
A．on which B．by which C．to which D．from which
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词+关系代词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )引导的定语从句。句意：人类和动物面部表情的不同之处，在于某程度上人类面部表情可以受到控制。分析句子可知，空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the degree，关系代词which在句中指代先行词degree(程度)，表示“某种程度”应为“to some degree”，故介词to符合句意。
【方法指南】
1．若介词放在关系代词之 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。
2．该结构中介词的选用
(1)一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：
①先行词的意义；
②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；
③句子的意思。
(2)表示“整体和部分关系”，介词常用of。常见结构：
①在some，any，f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ew，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。【版权所有：21教育】
②the＋比较级或最高级前、后用of which/whom等。
(3)有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空1．The ho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )use, whose door often stays open until late at night, works as a home for the guards, some of whom are from the countryside.
2．—Thank you for y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )our assistance, without which I might have been in danger.
—That’s all right, anyone in my place would have done the same thing.
解题指导
“缺什么，补什么”，准确选用关系词
1．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句中用who。
2．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句中用whom。
3．如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句中用which。
4．如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/where; 如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。
5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。
6．如果先行词指人，“介词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom；如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。
【高考模拟】
1．（2021·天津市武 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )清区杨村第一中学高三开学考试）Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ________ effects the people are still suffering.
A．that B．whose
C．those D．what
【解析】B考查定语从句。 本句考查非限制性定语从句的引导词，whose代替先行词floods在定语从句中作effects的定语。
2．（2021·天津市天津中学 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高三月考）By 16：30, was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold out.
A．which B．when
C．what D．that
【解析】A考查定语从句。 从句was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold缺少主语，所以在关系代词里选择，that不能引导非限制性定语从句， 用which引导定语从句，做主语。
3．（2021·天津滨海 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )新区·高三期末）To improve learning efficiency, students must spend more time focusing on the skills__________ they are weak in.
A．what B．where C．when D．which
【解析】 D考查定语从句关系词。分析句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )子结构可知，句子“they are weak in”是定语从句，修饰先行词the skills，先行词指事物，在从句中充当介词in后面的宾语成分，需用关系词which。
4．[ 2021·吉林省长春市普通高中高三 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )质量检测]His most popular video, _______ shows him making a fantastic wooden arch bridge, rose to fame on the platform, gaining more than 42 million views.2·1·c·n·j·y
【解析】which考查定语从句的关系词。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 此处先行词是his most popular video，指物，在从句中作主语，因此用which引导非限制性定语从句。
5. [2021·云贵川桂四省高三上学期 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )联考]People first noticed coral bleaching events in the 1980s.The problem worsened in 2016, when an El Nino weather pattern, _______causes warmer waters in the Pacific Ocean, mixed with an already unseasonably warm ocean and killed off a third of the corals on the Great Barrier Reef.
【解析】 which 考查定语从句。 此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为pattern，在从句中作主语，指物
6. [2021·云南师范大学附属中学高 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )考适应性月考（三）]Yu the Great was an admired ruler in ancient China, ______ was famous for controlling floods, his governance of the Xia Dynasty, and his moral character.
【解析】who考查定语从句。大 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Yu the Great，且先行词在从句中作主语，指人，应用关系代词who，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故填who。
7．【2021届江苏省南 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )京市高三学情调研】"He then handed Todd a large bag, inside 43． were clean shirts and shorts, plus a brand-new pair of New Balance sneakers. Todd was blown away."I was very happy." he told WATN-TV."Shocked, completely."
【解析】which考查定语从句关 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )系词。 分析句子结构，“inside ____ were clean shirts and shorts…”是定语从句，先行词a large bag，指物，因此用“介词inside+which”引导定语从句。故填which。
8．【2021届江苏省第一次 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )百校联考】Instead, as The Conversation notes, they hang out in the relative safety of trees,41． also happen to double as their storerooms.21cnjy.com
【解析】 which 考查 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )定语从句。 此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词trees，且先行词在从句中作主语，指物，故用关系代词which。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故填which。
9．【2021届江苏省扬州市高三上学期期 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )初调研】In June, China's last satellite of its Bei Dou Navigation Satellite System(BDS)was launched into orbit, marking the completion of the whole system. In ancient China, people used the Big Dipper,36．is known in Chinese as "beidou qixing," to navigate.
【解析】 which考查非限制性 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )定语从句。句意：在中国古代，人们用北斗七星来导航。空格前的句子以逗号结尾，且空格所在的句子对前面句进行补充说明，则空格所在的句子是一个非限制性定语从句，从句缺少主语，先行词是the Big Dipper，指物，故填关系代词which。
10．【江苏省无锡市第一中学2020—202 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )1学年高三上学期开学考试】A split could also stunt(扼杀) the future development of the app,49．popularity has been fuelled by ByteDance’s algorithms, honed(进化) in developing Douyin and Toutiao.
【解析】 whose 考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )查定语从句。分析句子可知，句中包含定语从句，先行词是app，在定语从句中作popularity的定语，故填关系代词whose。
11．（2021·天津和平 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )区·耀华中学）Bella, who is always cheerful, creates a friendly work atmosphere in her office every day, ________ her colleagues find pleasant and relaxing.
A．where B．which
C．when D．that
【解析】B考查定语从句。 句中先行词为atmosphere，在非限定性定语从句中作动词find的宾语，所以用关系代词which引导。
12.（2021·天津市宝坻区第一中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学高三期末）In the past few years, he has collected a lot of ancient coins, __________date back to the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
A．most of them B．most of that
C．most of which D．most of whom
【解析】C考查非限定性定语从句。 先行词为ancient coins，指物，用关系代词which在非限定性定语从句中作of的宾语 。
13．（2021·天津红桥区·高三 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )二模）China Today attracts a worldwide readership, ________ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
A．who B．whom
C．that D．which
【解析】D 考查非限制性定语从 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句。 .根据句式结构来看出现了逗号，说明这是一个非限制性定语从句。首先that不能引导非限制性定语从句，who在引导非限制性定语从句的时候通常在从句中做主语和宾语，指人，而whom也指人，却只能做宾语。which引导非限制性定语从句通常在从句中做主语或者宾语。关系词代指前面的中国日报，在定语从句中做主语。故选D。
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