2022届高考英语书面表达 概要写作之说明文要点提取课件 (22张ppt)

(共22张PPT)
1
Summary writing :
How to abstract topic sentences in exposition
A primary problem
in summary writing
2
how to indentify
topic sentences
reading
writing
Ⅰ.Problem
3
确定
目标
养成
习惯
the definition of exposition :
(1) introduce a real object ( a dictionary, a book… )
实体事物说明
(2) explain an abstract thing (a research，a problem… )
抽象事理说明
Step1. Identify the style 识别文体
Ⅱ.Strategies
4
确定
目标
做SWOT分析
制定行动计划
养成
习惯
Step 2: Construct the texxxxxxxxxxtual patterns 建构篇章模式 ()()
1. 问题—解决模式（problem—solution pattern）:
提供情景---提出问题---对问题的反应---评价/结果
2. 概括—具体模式 ( general—specific pattern ):
概括陈述---具体陈述1--具体陈述2---具体陈述3---具体陈述N---概括陈述
3. 提问—回答模式（question—answer pattern）:
设置一个用提问方式表达的问题---寻求答案
Ⅱ.Strategies
5
Topic paragraph （主旨段）:
raise a problem/ phenomenon/research result
Supporting paragraphs（支撑段）:
analyze the problem/phenomenon/result
( concluding paragraph（总结段）:
conclude/ suggest/ provide measures )
cause 1
cause 2 effect
cause…
演绎型（deductive type）
( the English thinking pattern）
Strategies
Ⅱ.Strategies
effect 1
cause effect 2
effect …
6
Topic sentence for a passage:
Step 3: Ppresuppose the positions of topic sentences 预设主题句位置
Ⅱ.Strategies
Topic sentence for a paragraph:
(1) in the beginning paragraph;
(2) behind “but/ however”
(1) in the beginning/ middle/
end of a paragraph
(2) behind “but/ however”
7
确定
目标
做SWOT分析
制定行动计划
养成
习惯
Example 1：
①Rapid police response is seen by police officers and the public as offering great benefits.②The more obvious ones are the abilities of police to apply first aid life saving techniques quickly, and the greater possibility of arresting people who may have participated in a crime. ③It aids in identifying those who witnessed an emergency or crime as well as in collecting evidence. ④The fame of a police department too is raised if rapid response is consistent and this promotes the prevention of crime.
Ⅱ.Strategies
Find the topic sentences in the following paragraphs
Example 1：
①Rapid police response is seen by police officers and the public as offering great benefits.②The more obvious ones are the abilities of police to apply first aid life saving techniques quickly, and the greater possibility of arresting people who may have participated in a crime. ③It aids in identifying those who witnessed an emergency or crime as well as in collecting evidence. ④The fame of a police department too is raised if rapid response is consistent and this promotes the prevention of crime.
8
确定
目标
做SWOT分析
制定行动计划
养成
习惯
Example 2：
①Karaoke,which was invented by a Japanese, is one of the greatest wonders of modern technology. ②Needless to say, Karaoke is a good way of rest. ③You can learn a new song easily. ④It’s also a good way to make your friends happy. ⑤Nearly every body has a chance to be a singing star. ⑥However, everything has two sides, so does Karaoke. ⑦It’s noisy to your neighbors. ⑧Besides, if you sing badly, they will feel uncomfortable. ⑨In fact, you are sure to make a sound pollution.
Ⅱ.Strategies
Find the topic sentences in the following paragraphs
Example 2：
①Karaoke,which was invented by a Japanese, is one of the greatest wonders of modern technology. ②Needless to say, Karaoke is a good way of rest. ③You can learn a new song easily. ④It’s also a good way to make your friends happy. ⑤Nearly every body has a chance to be a singing star. ⑥However, everything has two sides, so does Karaoke. ⑦It’s noisy to your neighbors. ⑧Besides, if you sing badly, they will feel uncomfortable. ⑨In fact, you are sure to make a sound pollution.
9
确定
目标
做SWOT分析
制定行动计划
养成
习惯
Example 1：
①Americans might be embarrassed because their Japanese friends are so formal with them. ②Japanese might feel insulted because American friends greet them casually.③Still, the forms of greeting in both countries only show respect for others. ④It just happens that Americans and Japanese have a different way of looking at human relationships and thus have a different way showing respect.
Ⅱ.Strategies
Find the topic sentences in the following paragraphs
Example 3：
①Americans might be embarrassed because their Japanese friends are so formal with them. ②Japanese might feel insulted because American friends greet them casually.③Still, the forms of greeting in both countries only show respect for others. ④It just happens that Americans and Japanese have a different way of looking at human relationships and thus have a different way showing respect.
10
确定
目标
做SWOT分析
制定行动计划
养成
习惯
Step 4. Clarify the logic using transitions
and confirm mtopic sentences
利用衔接词，理清句间逻辑，确定主题句
并列/递进关系（additive conjunction）：
also, moreover, furthermore , meanwhile, additionally…
转折关系（adversative）：
but , however , yet , nevertheless , in contrast …
因果关系（causal conjunction）：
because , so , thus , therefore, hence, consequence …
解释关系（explanation）：
or rather; that is to say; which means…
Ⅱ.Strategies
Major points
Minor points
VS
11
确定
目标
做SWOT分析
制定行动计划
养成
习惯
Example 4：
①Deer and elk (麋鹿) populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. ②These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. ③In the absence of wolves, coyote (郊狼) populations also grew quickly. ④The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes, and completely drove away the park's beavers (海狸).
Ⅱ.Strategies
Find the topic sentences in the following paragraphs
Example 4
①Deer and elk (麋鹿) populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. ②These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. ③In the absence of wolves, coyote (郊狼) populations also grew quickly. ④The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes, and completely drove away the park's beavers (海狸).
Summary: with wolves' absence , Deer, elk and coyote populations have a rapid increase , which consequently damage the plant and animal diversity in the park.
并列关系
12
确定
目标
做SWOT分析
制定行动计划
养成
习惯
Example 5：
①You might think that whether you choose a blue shirt or a yellow one to wear to work or college makes no difference to your day and those around you. ②However, an increasing number of experts argue that the colors we choose affect our mood, our career prospects and even our health.
Ⅱ.Strategies
Find the topic sentences in the following paragraphs
Example 5：
①You might think that whether you choose a blue shirt or a yellow one to wear to work or college makes no difference to your day and those around you. ②However, an increasing number of experts argue that the colors we choose affect our mood, our career prospects and even our health.
Summary: In contrast to the long-held view, it is proposed that our clothing color impacts us a lot in diverse aspects.
转折关系
13
确定
目标
做SWOT分析
制定行动计划
养成
习惯
Example 6：
①I tend to agree that young children can be negatively affected by too much time spent on the computer every day. ②This is partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture of a young child, regardless of what they are using the computer for.
Ⅱ.Strategies
Find the topic sentences in the following paragraphs
Example 6：
①I tend to agree that young children can be negatively affected by too much time spent on the computer every day. ②This is partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture of a young child, regardless of what they are using the computer for.
Summary: Excessive time spent on the computer brings bad effects to young children.
因果关系
14
确定
目标
做SWOT分析
制定行动计划
养成
习惯
Example 7：
①When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn't sit quietly. ②Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.
Ⅱ.Strategies
Find the topic sentences in the following paragraphs
Summary: Actually, a leafy plant won’t be blind to any attack .
Example 7：
①When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn't sit quietly. ②Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.
解释关系
Identify the style
clarify the structure
find the topic sentence
take advantage of transition
Tip 1：
Delete the repeated …
Tip 2：
tips
Tip 3：
Tip 4：
Delete the too general…
clarify the logical relationship
Delete examples
Delete the information
behind the dash”
Group discussion:
Read the passage and find out the key points .
Ⅲ. Practice
1. ① “A photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically with a smart phone or webcam and uploaded to a social media website” is the definition of “selfie” in the Oxford English Dictionary. ②In fact, it wasn’t even in the dictionary until August of last year.③ It earned its place there because people are now so obsessed with (对……痴迷) selfies—we take them when we try on a new hat, play with our pets or when we meet a friend whom we haven’t seen for quite a while.
What phenomenon is raised
1. ① “A photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically with a smart phone or webcam and uploaded to a social media website” is the definition of “selfie” in the Oxford English Dictionary. ②In fact, it wasn’t even in the dictionary until August of last year.③ It earned its place there because people are now so obsessed with (对……痴迷) selfies—we take them when we try on a new hat, play with our pets or when we meet a friend whom we haven’t seen for quite a while.
Ⅲ. Practice
2. ①But is there any scientific explanation for this obsession ②Well, you should probably ask James Kilner, a neuroscientist (神经系统科学家) at University College London.
2. ①But is there any scientific explanation for this obsession ②Well, you should probably ask James Kilner, a neuroscientist (神经系统科学家) at University College London.
Ⅲ. Practice
3. ①Through our lifetime we become experts at recognizing and interpreting other people’s faces and facial expressions. ②In contrast, according to Kilner, we have a very poor understanding of our own faces since we have little experience of looking at them—we just feel them most of the time.
3. ①Through our lifetime we become experts at recognizing and interpreting other people’s faces and facial expressions. ②In contrast, according to Kilner, we have a very poor understanding of our own faces since we have little experience of looking at them—we just feel them most of the time.
4. ①This has been proved in previous studies, according to the BBC.
5. ①Kilner found that most people chose the more attractive picture. ②This suggests that we tend to think of ourselves as better-looking than we actually are. ③To further test how we actually perceive our own faces, Kilner carried out another study. ④He showed people different versions of their own portrait — the original, one that had been edited to look less attractive and one that was made more attractive—and asked them to pick the version which they thought looked most like them. ⑤They chose the more attractive version.
4. ①This has been proved in previous studies, according to the BBC.
5. ①Kilner found that most people chose the more attractive picture. ②This suggests that we tend to think of ourselves as better-looking than we actually are. ③To further test how we actually perceive our own faces, Kilner carried out another study. ④He showed people different versions of their own portrait — the original, one that had been edited to look less attractive and one that was made more attractive—and asked them to pick the version which they thought looked most like them. ⑤They chose the more attractive version.
Ⅲ. Practice
6. ①Selfies give us the power to create a photograph — by taking it from various angles, with different poses, using filters (滤色镜) and so on — that better matches our expectations with our actual faces.
7. ①“You suddenly have control in a way that you don’t have in non-virtual(非虚拟的) interactions,” Kilner told the Canada-based CTV News. ②Selfies allow you “to keep taking pictures until you manage to take one you’re happy with”, he explained.
6. ①Selfies give us the power to create a photograph — by taking it from various angles, with different poses, using filters (滤色镜) and so on — that better matches our expectations with our actual faces.
7. ①“You suddenly have control in a way that you don’t have in non-virtual(非虚拟的) interactions,” Kilner told the Canada-based CTV News. ②Selfies allow you “to keep taking pictures until you manage to take one you’re happy with”, he explained.
Ⅲ. Practice
people are now so obsessed with selfies
2. But is there any scientific explanation for this obsession
3. we have a very poor understanding of our own faces since we have
little experience of looking at them
5. we tend to think of ourselves as better-looking than we
actually are.
6. Selfies give us the power to create a photograph
present a phenomenon
analyze the reasons
reason 1
reason 2
reason 3
raise a phenomenon
analyze the reasons
Reason 1
Reason 2
Reason 3
①With an increasing number of people addicted to taking photos of themselves, a newly-made word, selfie, becomes a hit. ②Admittedly, the lack of experience of watching self-facial expression can scientifically account for the flourish of selfie.③Furthermore, people instinctively tend to choose charming portrait and beautify themselves by the selfie technique.④Thirdly, selfie allows people to have more chances to control their images and keep a psychological balance between the virtual world and the real world.
Ⅲ. Practice
raise a phenomenon
analyze the reasons
Episode 2
With the strategies of abstracting key points, finish the summary writing of the two passages , centering on its structure,
and language.
Ⅳ. Arrangement