(共26张PPT)
Section Ⅱ Discovering Useful Structures
1. 在语境中观察感知直接引语和间接引语的功能与意义。
2. 通过自主探究,总结直接引语和间接引语的转换规则,体会英语语言的特色。
3. 通过多种形式和多层次的练习,能够用直接引语和间接引语进行口头和书面的表达。
直接引语和间接引语
一、概念
直接引语:直接引用别人的原话,并在原话前后加引号。
例:He said, “It is too late.”
间接引语:用自己的话转述他人的话,多数情况下以宾语从句的形式呈现。
例:He said that it was too late.
二、直接引语和间接引语的转换规则
1. 人称的变化
【观察思考】
She said, “I am hungry.”
→She said she was hungry.
Mum said to me, “You can clean your bedroom tomorrow.”
→Mum told me that I could clean my bedroom the next day.
Mr Smith said, “He is a good worker.”
→Mr Smith said that he was a good worker.
【探究总结】
(1)直接引语中的第一人称(如I、 me、 my、 mine、 we、 us、 our、 ours)变为间接引语时应与主句中的 保持一致。
(2)直接引语中的第二人称(you、 your、 yours)变为间接引语时,应与主句中的 保持一致,若主句中无宾语,可根据上下文确定一个宾语。
(3)直接引语中的第三人称(he、 him、 his、 she、 her、 hers、 it、 its、 they、 them、 their、 theirs)变为间接引语时,人称不变。
答案: (1)主语 (2)宾语
人称变化规则
一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新。
【应用实践】
句型转换。
①He said, “I like it very much.”
→He said that liked it very much.
②He said to me, “You told me this story.”
→He told me that had told that story.
③He said to me, “She’s left her book in your room.”
→He told me that had left book in my room.
答案:①he ②I him ③she her
2. 时态的变化
【观察思考】
“I am very glad to visit your school,” she said.
→She said that she was very glad to visit our school.
People said, “We were shocked by the news photo of a dead polar bear.”
→People said that they had been shocked by the news photo of a dead polar bear.
Tom said, “I’ll do it after class.”
→Tom said that he would do it after class.
The boy said, “I’m learning English.”
→The boy said that he was learning English.
Mother said, “I have not washed your shirt.”
→Mother said that she had not washed my shirt.
The boy said, “I had finished my homework before watching TV.”
→The boy said that he had finished his homework before watching TV.
【探究总结】
(1)如果主句是一般过去时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句在时态方面要做相应的变化。具体变化如下表:
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 ①______
一般过去时 ②______
一般将来时 ③______
现在进行时 ④______
现在完成时 ⑤______
过去完成时 ⑥______
(2)下面几种情况,直接引语变间接引语时,时态不发生变化:
①直接引语如果是科学真理、名言警句或谚语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。
②直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。
③如果主句是一般现在时或将来时,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态通常不变。
答案:(1)①一般过去时 ②过去完成时
③过去将来时 ④过去进行时 ⑤过去完成时
⑥过去完成时
【应用实践】
句型转换。
①Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.”
→Tom said that they ______ ______ to the pop music.
②The expert said, “We human beings can save the polar bears from extinction.”
→The expert said that we human beings ______ ______ the polar bears from extinction.
③She often says, “All men and women are equal under the law.”
→She often says that all men and women equal under the law.
④“I took the little bird home,” she said.
→She said that she ______ ______ the little bird home.
⑤Mr Li said, “I’ll leave for Shanghai.”
→Mr Li said that he ______ ______ for Shanghai.
答案:①were listening ②could save ③are
④had taken ⑤would leave
3. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
【观察思考】
The lawyer said, “I will come this morning.”
→The lawyer said that she/he would go that morning.
He said, “These books are mine.”
→He said that those books were his.
She said, “It is nine o’clock now.”
→She said that it was nine o’clock then.
Bob said, “My sister was here three days ago.”
→Bob said that his sister had been here three days before/earlier.
David said, “I haven’t seen her today.”
→David said that he hadn’t seen her that day.
She said, “I went there yesterday.”
→She said that she had gone there the day before.
She said, “I’ll go there tomorrow.”
→She said that she would go there the next/following day.
The captain said, “They will arrive the day after tomorrow.”
→The captain said that they would arrive in two days’ time.
She said, “I came here to see the doctor the day before yesterday.”
→She said that she had gone there to see the doctor two days before/earlier.
【探究总结】
用词 直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this ①______
these ②______
时间状语 now ③______
ago ④______
today ⑤______
yesterday ⑥______
tomorrow ⑦______
the day after tomorrow ⑧______
the day before yesterday ⑨______
tonight that night
last night the night before
next week the next/following week
this morning that morning
地点状语 here ⑩______
方向性动词 come ______
bring take
答案:①that ②those ③then
④before/earlier ⑤that day ⑥the day before
⑦the next/following day ⑧in two days’ time
⑨two days before/earlier ⑩there go
【应用实践】
句型转换。
①Mr Li said, “This is my seat.”
→Mr Li said that was his seat.
②Miss Zhao said, “These problems are easy.”
→Miss Zhao said that problems were easy.
③She said, “I haven’t finished my work today.”
→She said that she hadn’t finished her work ______ ______.
④Tom said, “I will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.”
→Tom said that he would visit the Great Wall ______ ______ ______.
⑤Bob said, “My wife returned 40 minutes ago.”
→Bob said that his wife had returned 40 minutes .
⑥She said to me, “I’ll bring the boys here to help you this afternoon.”
→She told me that she would the boys to help me ______ ______.
答案:①that ②those ③that day
④the next/following day ⑤before/earlier
⑥take there that afternoon
4. 句式变化
【观察思考】
Tom said to me, “I have been to Japan twice.”
→Tom told me that he had been to Japan twice.
He said, “Do you know the reason for global warming ”
→He asked if/whether we knew the reason for global warming.
“Why has Earth got warmer and warmer ” he asked.
→He asked why Earth had got warmer and warmer.
【探究总结】
(1)如果直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时,常变成由连接词
引导的宾语从句,该词在从句中不作成分,在口语中可以省略。主句谓语said to常改为told。
(2)直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或附加疑问句时,间接引语中常用 或 引导。主句谓语said常改为 。
(3)直接引语是特殊疑问句时,变为间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词引导,并将疑问语序变为 语序。其余成分的变化遵循直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
答案:(1)that (2)if whether asked (3)陈述
【应用实践】
句型转换。
①He said, “I will be doing my homework then.”
→He said he would be doing his homework then.
②“Did you see her last week ” he said.
→He asked I had seen her the week before.
③“Where have you been these days ” he asked.
→He asked me I had been those days.
答案:①that ②if/whether ③where
三、祈使句变间接引语
1. 基本变化规则
【观察思考】
She said to us, “Please have a rest.”
→She asked us to have a rest.
The old man said, “Don’t smoke in the hall.”
→The old man told me not to smoke in the hall.
【探究总结】
引述祈使句多采用“动词+宾语+带 的不定式”结构,如果祈使句为否定句,在不定式的前面加 或 never。
答案:to not
【应用实践】
句型转换。
①“Do be careful with your handwriting,” he said.
→He told me ______ ______ careful ______ ______ handwriting.
②“Don’t take off your coats,” she said to the children.
→She told the children ______ ______ take off ______ coats.
③Father said, “Don’t stay up late, Lily.”
→Father told Lily ______ ______ stay up late.
答案:①to be with my ②not to their
③not to
2. 谓语动词的变化
【观察思考】
Father said to me, “Open the window.”
→Father told me to open the window.
“Never come here again!” the officer said to the villagers.
→The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.
“Let’s go out for a walk,” he said to us.
→He advised us to go out for a walk.
“Please pass me that book,” she said to John.
→She asked John to pass her that book.
【探究总结】
(1)如果直接引语中的祈使句表示命令,变为间接引语时,引述动词需用 、 、command等。
(2)如果直接引语中的祈使句表示建议、劝告,变为间接引语时,引述动词需用 。
(3)如果直接引语中的祈使句表示请求,变为间接引语时,引述动词需用 、beg、request等。
(4)如果直接引语中的祈使句中有please或will you please,变为间接引语时,需将其去掉。
答案:(1)tell order (2)advise (3)ask
巧记祈使句变间接引语
去掉引号要加to;ask、order须记住,
直引若是否定式;not加在to前部。
【应用实践】
句型转换。
①The officer said, “Go away.”
→The officer us away.
②“Go and wash your face, Tom,” mother said.
→Mother Tom and his face.
③“Let me go out to play for a while, mum,” Tom said.
→Tom his mum go out to play for a while.
④“Don’t touch my book, please,” Wei Fang said to him.
→Wei Fang touch
book.
⑤Mother said to me, “Eat more vegetables.”
→Mother me more vegetables.
⑥Mother said to me, “Come back before 10:00.”
→Mother me back before 10:00.
答案:①ordered to go ②told to go wash
③asked to let him ④asked him not to her
⑤advised to eat ⑥told to go(共49张PPT)
UNIT 3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
本单元的主题语境是“人与自然”主题下的环境保护。整个单元探讨了地球温度上升对气候造成的影响和对人类提出的要求,化石燃料的使用所引起的空气污染问题,过度开发导致的水体污染问题及补救措施,并向读者介绍了居家节能和绿色办学的理念。本单元各板块的活动主题如下:
语篇类型 1. 叙议结合文本:“CLIMATE CHANGE REQUIRES THE WORLD’S ATTENTION”。 2. 应用文:报告“REDUCING WATER POLLUTION IN THE LI RIVER”。 3. 其他类型:图片、图表、音频、视频等
语言知识 主题词汇 气体排放:emission release methane carbon dioxide carbon dioxide fossil fuel worldwide dozens of
生态环境:melt starve seal ecology habitable sustain sustainable footprint basin penguin tropical sensitive jungle smog garbage restore conservation waterway
问题解决:comprehensive seize broadcast harmonious moderate submit annual originate enterprise disposal
方针政策:policy restrict restriction reform undergo implement on behalf of regulation inspection fine campaign tolerate agenda
变化趋势:graph trend frequently chaos nuclear volume
语法 直接引语和间接引语
语篇 报告的语篇结构和语言特色
语用 提到常识:
Everyone knows that ... There is no doubt that ...
Most people think that ... We all know that ...
As is known to all, ... It is obvious that ...
文化知识
1. 了解气候变暖给地球带来的变化,以及人类对自然应有的态度;
2. 通过现实生活中的环境问题,看到人类为了可持续发展的未来而做出的努力
语言技能 1. 在听的过程中注意对重要内容做笔记,便于做出准确的总结;
2. 能够掌握谈论常识的几种表达;
3. 能够通过简图的形式理解语篇大意;
4. 能够写一篇关于环境问题的报告;
5. 能够根据图片和介绍文字预测视频内容
学习策略 1. 通过绘图快速有效地想出办法、规划流程、显示因果、解释新概念;
2. 通过对重要内容所做的笔记做出准确的总结
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking (1)
1. 通过阅读,了解气候变暖给地球带来的变化,以及人类对自然应有的态度,并理解emission、 ecology、 restriction等抽象名词的含义。
2. 学会利用文中的图表与图片推断文章主旨大意的阅读技能。
3. 通过画简图,加深对抽象概念的理解,掌握解决抽象问题的学习策略。
Ⅰ. 在括号里写出黑体部分在句中的含义
1. There is a growing trend( ) for people to work at home instead of in an office.
2. China has adopted new stricter emission( ) standards for cars.
3. In the ecology( ) lab, communities of species can be studied experimentally under controlled conditions.
4. There are currency restrictions( ) on the sums allowed for foreign travel.
5. Since the policy( ) of the reform and opening up, China has changed dramatically.
6. As we use up our fossil fuel( ) supplies, we might be able to use garbage as an energy source.
7. He was released( ) from prison after serving a sentence of five years.
8. He found that in recent years the carbon dioxide( ) in the atmosphere kept increasing.
9. One slice of bread was not going to sustain( ) me for long.
10. The website gives a comprehensive( ) list of the rules of the game.
11. In summer, young girls reapply suncream frequently( ) to avoid being sunburnt.
12. The ways of how to protect ourselves from COVID-19 were broadcast( ) on TV.
13. Before he could run away, she seized( ) him by the collar.
14. They would starve( ) if food was difficult to find.
15. When heated, ice will melt( ) into water.
答案: 1. 趋势 2. 排放 3. 生态 4. 限制;法规
5. 政策 6. 化石燃料 7. 释放 8. 二氧化碳
9. 维持 10. 全部的;详尽的 11. 频繁地;经常
12. 播送 13. 抓住 14. 挨饿 15. 融化
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示补全短语
1. have an impact 对……有影响
2. be in 陷入;被困于
3. lead 导致;通向
4. take 采取行动
5. result 引起;导致
6. every opportunity to do 抓住每个机会做……
7. take responsibility 为……负责
答案:1. on 2. trapped 3. to 4. actions
5. in 6. seize 7. for
Ⅲ. 根据汉语提示及构词法知识写出正确单词
词根 词缀 单词
1. _________ vi. & vt. (使)挨饿; 饿死 v.+-(a)tion starvation n. 饥饿;饿死
2. vt. 限制;限定;束缚 3. n. 限制规定;限制法规;约束
4. n. 生态; 生态学 n.+-ist ecologist n. 生态学家
5. vt. 维持;遭受;承受住 v.+-able 6. adj. 可持续的;合理利用的
frequent adj. 频繁的 adj.+-ly 7. adv. 频繁地;经常
答案:1. starve 2. restrict 3. restriction 4. ecology
5. sustain 6. sustainable 7. frequently
Ⅳ. 完成句子并背诵
1. 这一令人惊恐的案例反映了气温上升对地球生态造成的影响。
This alarming case showed how the increase in temperature _____
_____ _____ _____ Earth’s ecology.
2. 这一热量以更大的波长被释放回大气层。
The heat is _____ _____ _____ space at longer wave lengths.
3. 当人类由于燃烧化石燃料产生了大量额外的温室气体,更多的热能被困在大气层中,导致地表温度迅速上升。
When people produce huge ______ ______ extra greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels, more heat energy ______ ______ ______ the atmosphere and causes Earth’s surface temperature to rise quickly.
4. 如果我们不采取适当的行动,这种变暖的趋势可能会持续下去。
If we do not ______ ______ ______, this warming trend will probably continue.
答案: 1. had an impact on
2. released back into
3. amounts of is trapped in
4. take appropriate actions
5. seize every opportunity
5. 我们有责任抓住每一个机会,教育每个人了解全球变暖,包括其成因和影响。
It is our responsibility to ______ ______ ______ to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts.
Ⅴ. 背景知识阅读
Consequences of Global Warming
The latest scientific data show that Earth’s climate is changing rapidly. Global temperature has increased by about one degree Fahrenheit during the last century, and will likely rise even more rapidly in the coming decades.
What’s the cause A thickening layer of carbon dioxide mostly from power plants and automobiles traps heat in the atmosphere.
Here are some consequences of global warming:
Climate pattern change
Heat waves will be more severe and happen more often. Higher temperature could increase the probability of drought and wildfire. Moreover, it could increase the energy of the climatic system and lead to more serious rainfall at some times in some areas.
Health effects
More severe heat waves could result in more heat-related deaths. Global warming is expected to increase the potential geographic
(地理的) range and viruses of tropical diseases as well. Diseases
carried by mosquitoes will widen their range.
Warming water
Sea levels will rise,flooding coastal areas. Warmer water in the
ocean pumps more energy into tropical storms, making them more
serious and potentially more destructive. Rising global temperature
will speed the melting of glaciers(冰川) and ice caps, and cause
rivers and lakes to rise.
Ecosystem(生态系统) destroyed
The increase in global temperature is expected to destroy
ecosystems and result in loss of some species.
Activity 1: 学习理解
Step 1: Glance at the title, the graph and the picture and then answer the following questions.
1. What do you guess made the polar bear dead
2. What do you think we should do to help solve the problem
答案:1. Earth becomes warmer, and ice melts, making it hard for it to find enough food to eat.
2. We should reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Step 2: Read the third paragraph carefully and fill in the table.
Greenhouse effect (1)________ greenhouse effect Referring to heat from the sun warming Earth’s surface as (2)______ radiation and released back at (3)______ wave lengths Making Earth (4)______ life
(5)________ greenhouse effect Burning (6)______ Earth’s surface temperature (7)______ quickly
答案:(1)Natural (2)short-wave (3)longer
(4)sustain (5)Man-made (6)fossil fuels
(7)rising
借助画图法理解文章内容
图表最大的优点是形象、直观。所以在我们阅读文章,尤其是一些比较抽象或复杂的文章时,可以利用画图法将文章内容、逻辑关系展现出来,让人一目了然。
根据文章的体裁,我们可以从不同的角度去注意材料的细节。如记叙文多以人物为中心,以时间或空间为线索,按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事;议论文则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素,通过解释、举例来阐述观点。我们可以根据文章的特点,详读细节,以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索,找出关键词语,运用“画图列表法”,勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。
Step 3: Read the text again and choose the best answers.
1. Why was the polar bear found on the island of Svalbard “skin and bones”
A. Because most of it was eaten by seals.
B. Because the climate was hot, drying it to be skin and bones.
C. Because it appeared to have starved to death.
D. Because Earth’s ecology was worse and worse.
2. How do we know there is evidence that the rise in temperature has led to increasing damage
A.We can see it everywhere every day.
B. It is frequently broadcast in news reports.
C. Polar bears died.
D. Not mentioned in the text.
3. Who has the responsibility to help reduce global warming
A. Governments. B. No one.
C. Individuals. D. Both A and C.
4. What is the structure of the text
A. paragraph 1 paragraph 5
B. paragraph 1—paragraph 2—paragraph 3—
paragraph 4—paragraph 5
C. paragraph 1
D. paragraph 5
Activity 2: 应用实践
Role-play with your partner to talk about global warming according to the questions in Exercise 4 on page 27, one as a reporter and the other a climate scientist.
_____________________________________________________
答案: 略
Activity 3: 迁移创新
Write an e-mail to your friend Li Hua to talk about what we should do to help reduce the progress of global warming.
_____________________________________________________
答案: 略
答案: 1~4 CBDA
Reading and Thinking (2)
1. 通过观察例句,探究归纳以下词汇和句式的含义和用法:starve, release, trend, result in, restrict, seize, There is little doubt that ..., not only ... but also ...,并在语境中灵活运用。
2. 运用所学主题词汇及相关句式对课文进行概要写作。
1. starve
【观察思考】
An expert who has studied polar bears for many years said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died. (教材第26页)一位长期研究北极熊的专家说,从尸体的姿势看,这只北极熊像是饿死的。
The poor dog looked like it had been starved.
这条可怜的狗看起来一直在挨饿。
The little girl selling matches starved to death.
卖火柴的小女孩饿死了。
【探究总结】
(1)starve vi. & vt. ;
①starve death饿死
②sb/sth be starved of/for sth某人/某物缺乏所需要的某物
(2)starvation n. 饥饿;挨饿;饿死
答案:(1)(使)挨饿;饿死 ①to
【应用实践】
完成句子。
①The plant ______ ______ ______(缺乏) water and died.
②The explorers ______ ______ ______(饿死) in the desert.
答案: ①was starved of/for ②starved to death
2. release
【观察思考】
The heat is released back into space at longer wave lengths. (教材第27页)
这一热量以更大的波长被释放回大气层。
He was released from the hospital yesterday.
他昨天获准出院了。
The doctor gave me a treatment that could bring a release from pain. 医生对我进行了能够缓解疼痛的治疗。
The film is on general release.
这部电影正在公开上映。
【探究总结】
(1)release vt. 排放;释放;发布
①be released 被释放进……
②be released 从……被释放
(2)release n. 排放;释放;发布
①release 释放(缓解)……
②be (general) release (公开)上映/发布
答案:(1)①into ②from (2)①from ②on
【应用实践】
完成句子。
①这些熊最终被放回野生环境中。
The bears are eventually ______ ______ the wild.
②那个男孩终于被解除隔离了。
The boy was finally ______ ______ isolation.
③很多学生把大学看成是一种解脱,可以不用承担工作的义务。
Many students regard university as a ______ ______ the obligation to work.
3. trend
【观察思考】
Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions, this warming trend will probably continue and there will be a higher price to pay. (教材第27页)
气候学家已发出警告:如果我们不采取适当的行动,这种变暖的趋势可能会持续下去,而我们将为此付出更大的代价。
④这部电影自从公开上映后很受欢迎。
The movie has been very popular since it was ______ ______ ______.
答案:①released into ②released from
③release from ④on general release
Larger companies are setting the trend for better benefits.
较大的公司在开创新风,提供更好的福利。
This striped dress is on trend.
这款条纹连衣裙正流行。
【探究总结】
(1)trend n. ; ; 动向
(2)常见搭配:
① the trend 开创潮流,开创新风
② trend 流行的
答案: (1)趋势 趋向 (2)①set ②on
【应用实践】
完成句子。
①The famous star ______ ______ ______ (开创潮流) for little black dresses.
②Culottes(裙裤) are still ______ ______(流行) this year, which every lady wants to have.
答案: ①set the trend
②on trend
4. result in
【观察思考】
Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. (教材第27页)
温室气体的持续排放将导致全球气候进一步变暖,并带来持久的变化。
The accident that resulted in the death of two passengers resulted from careless driving.
导致两名乘客死亡的那次事故是由粗心驾驶造成的。
【探究总结】
(1)result in
(2)result from
(3)as a result 因此;结果
(4)as a result of 因为;由于
答案: (1)导致 (2)由……造成;起因于
【应用实践】
单句语法填空。
①If the supply of vitamins and minerals in the diet is inadequate, this will result changes in body chemistry.
②Most cases of diabetes result the unhealthy lifestyle.
③As result, people will eat more food to try to make up for what’s missing.
④Jenny nearly missed the flight as a result doing too much shopping.
答案: ①in ②from ③a ④of
5. restrict
【观察思考】
We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. (教材第27页)
作为个人,我们可以通过限制生活方式产生的二氧化碳量来减少我们的“碳足迹”。
Speed is restricted to 30 mph in towns.
在城里车速不得超过每小时30英里。
He is restricting himself to (drinking) two glasses of wine every day.
他限制自己每天只喝两杯葡萄酒。
We need more restrictions on industrial polluters.
我们需要对工业污染源采取更多限制措施。
【探究总结】
(1)restrict vt. ; ; 束缚
①be restricted 仅限于;限制到……
②restrict sb (doing) sth 限制某人只做某事
(2) n. 限制规定;限制法规;约束
restriction 对……的限制
答案:(1)限制 限定 ①to ②to
(2)restriction on
【应用实践】
完成句子。
①Class sizes will (限制在) 20 students in the future.
②To reduce his own carbon footprint, his father ______ ______ ______ ______ (限制自己开车) only twice a week.
6. seize
【观察思考】
It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. (教材第27页)
我们有责任抓住每一个机会,教育每个人了解全球变暖,包括其成因和影响,因为这是影响这个星球上我们所有人的最严重的问题。
答案: ①be restricted to
②restricts himself to driving
Maggie seized the letter from her classmate.
玛吉从同学手中抢过信。
【探究总结】
(1)seize vt. ; ; 控制
(2)常见搭配:
①seize every/an opportunity 抓住机会做……
②seize sth sb 从某人处抢夺某物
答案: (1)抓住 夺取
(2)①to do ②from
【应用实践】
完成句子。
①We students should ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ (抓住每一个学习机会).
②The little boy seized some candies his sister and ran away.
答案:①seize every opportunity to study
②from
7. There is little doubt that ...
【观察思考】
There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer (see the graph). (教材第26页)
毫无疑问,地球正变得越来越温暖(如图)。
There was little doubt that Shakespeare was one of the best writers in the Renaissance.
毫无疑问,莎士比亚是文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家之一。
【探究总结】
(1)There is/was little doubt that ...是固定句型,意为“毫无疑问……”,that引导 ,用来进一步补充说明doubt的具体内容;little亦可换成no。
(2)There is little/no doubt that ...
主句为否定句时,doubt后使用连词 。
There is some doubt whether ...
主句为肯定句时,doubt 后使用连词 。
答案:(1)同位语从句 (2)that whether
【应用实践】
完成句子。
①毫无疑问,人们迟早会找到治疗这种疾病的方法。
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ soon or later a cure for this disease will be found.
②他是否能及时赶到值得怀疑。
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ he will come in time.
答案:①There is no/little doubt that
②There is some doubt whether
8. not only ... but also ...
【观察思考】
... an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. (教材第27页)
……全球极端天气和自然灾害增多,不仅造成严重破坏,而且使人丧命。
He works not only on weekdays but on Sundays.
他不但工作日工作,而且星期日也工作。
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.
不但学生们在欣赏这部影片,他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。
Not only does she work hard but also she has a high sense of responsibility.
她不但努力工作,而且还有高度的责任感。
【探究总结】
(1)not only ... but also ... ,可以连接两个并列的句子,强调后者。
(2)此结构中but和also有时可以省略其中的一个。
(3)连接两个主语时,其谓语与靠近它的主语保持一致。
(4)连接两个分句时,前一分句用 倒装,后一分句则不用倒装。
答案:(1)不但……而且…… (4)部分
【应用实践】
(1)单句语法填空。
Not only Tom but also his parents (be) coming to visit the museum tomorrow.
(2)完成句子。
参观这次剪纸展览,我们不但能欣赏到民间艺术作品,而且还能学到很多。
Visiting this paper-cutting exhibition, we will enjoy the folk art works, .
(3)句式升级。
This opportunity will not only make you happy, but also satisfy your interest in Peking Opera. (改为倒装句)
→ , but also it will satisfy your interest in Peking Opera.
答案: (1)are (2)not only but also learn a lot
(3)Not only will this opportunity make you happy
课文概要写作
请根据课文内容写一篇内容概要。(尽可能多地使用本部分的词汇和句式)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer. It is believed that it’s caused by the greenhouse effect, which can not only make Earth sustain life, but also cause serious damage and cost human lives. So climate scientists have warned we should take appropriate actions to slow down the process of global warming. And it is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about it.Section Ⅱ Discovering Useful Structures
[基础测评]
Ⅰ. 将间接引语补充完整(每空一词)
1. “Mum, please help me find my shirt,” he said.
→He ________ ________ mother ________ help ________ find ________ shirt.
2. “Use your knife to cut the boots open,” the officer said to his guard.
→The officer ________ the guard ________ ________ ________ knife to cut the boots open.
3. “Will you sleep and get up early ”father said.
→Father ________ the children ________ ________ and get up early.
4. He said, “Let’s go to the cinema.”
→He ________ us ________ ________ ________ the cinema.
5. “Don’t cry any longer,” mother said to her.
→Mother ________ her ________ ________ cry any longer.
答案：1. asked his to him his
2. ordered to use his 3. asked to sleep
4. advised to go to 5. told not to
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. Our teacher told us ________ ________ ________ ________(地球是圆的).
2. Jim said ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ (他正在做作业).
3. She asked me ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ (喜不喜欢看电视).
4. Jenny asked Tom ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(他的新车花了多少钱).
5. Mother asked Tom ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ (不要弄出任何动静).
答案：
1. that Earth is round
2. that he was doing his homework
3. if/whether I liked watching TV
4. how much his new car cost
5. not to make any noise
Ⅲ. 句型转换
1. Dick said, “I will come here to help you this afternoon.”
→Dick said that ________ ________ ________ ________ to help me ________ ________ .
2. He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”
→He said that light ________ much faster than sound.
3. My history teacher taught us, “The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.”
→My history teacher taught us that the People’s Republic of China ________ ________ ________ ________.
4. She said, “Is your father an engineer ”
→She asked me ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
5. The teacher said to Li Ming, “Have you finished your homework ”
→The teacher asked Li Ming ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
6. “When did you go to bed last night ” father said.
→Father asked me ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______.
7. He said, “How did you find it, mother ”
→He asked his mother ________ ________ ________ _______ it.
8. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”
→He ________ Jim that he ________ sit ________.
9. “Stop making so much noise, children,” he said.
→He ________ the children ________ ________ making so much noise.
10. “Don’t tell him the news,” she said.
→She told me ________ ________ ________ him the news.
答案：1. he would go there that afternoon
2. travels 3. was founded in 1949
4. if/whether my father was an engineer
5. if/whether he had finished his homework
6. when I had gone to bed the night before
7. how she had found 8. told could there
9. told to stop 10. not to tell
[提升测评]
Ⅳ. 语法填空
With the development of industry, air pollution is getting increasingly serious. Air pollution is 1. (actual) caused by many factors. About half of the pollution results 2. vehicles. There are more cars and buses on the roads, 3. give off poisonous gases. 25% of air pollution 4. (cause) by factories and 15% by smokers. Besides these, there are also some other
5. (factor) which can cause air pollution.
Therefore, in order to breathe fresh air, we must take some measures 6. (fight) against air pollution. For example, we can take buses instead of 7. (drive) private cars, or try to plant 8. (many) trees. As students, we should walk 9. ride our bikes to school because we could reduce our carbon footprint by restricting
10. amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyle produces.
答案：1. actually 2. from 3. which 4. is caused
5. factors 6. to fight 7. driving 8. more
9. or 10. the
Ⅴ. 阅读理解
If you live in Shanghai, you might have to take a “lesson” in sorting garbage, as the city introduced new garbage-sorting regulations(条例).
It’s now required that people should sort garbage into four categories, namely recyclable, harmful, dry and wet waste. However, if people fail to sort their garbage properly, they can be fined up to 200 yuan.
More cities are introducing similar regulations, following the practice in Shanghai. By the end of 2020, garbage-sorting systems had been built in 46 major Chinese cities, including Beijing and Shenzhen, reported People’s Daily.
According to a study by the Policy Research Centre for Environment and Economy, under the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, over 90 percent of the public believe that garbage sorting is important for the protection of the environment.
However, garbage sorting is still a big problem in China. Only 30 percent of participants said they think they are adequately sorting their trash, the study noted.
According to Xinhua News Agency, it’s partly because many people lack the willingness to sort their own waste. In the past, some previous garbage regulations didn’t give clear fines for people who failed to sort garbage.
“It’s a must to have a legal guarantee to promote garbage sorting,” a professor from Tsinghua University told China Daily. A researcher of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, told China Daily that the importance of the new regulations in Shanghai is to change the past voluntary action into compulsory action for everyone.
Aside from China, many other foreign countries have also introduced garbage-sorting regulations. In Japan, waste sorting has become a basic survival skill, reported Xinhua. There is a fixed time for disposal(处理) of each kind of garbage and littering can result in high fines and even jail time.
In Germany too, people are asked to sort waste into specific categories, reported Huff Post. For example, in Berlin, people have yellow bins for plastic and metals and blue bins for paper and cardboard.
1. What do we know about garbage sorting in Shanghai
A. People should put their garbage into two categories.
B. It sets an example for many other cities in China.
C. People will be fined 200 yuan each time they break the regulations.
D. Shanghai is the first city to introduce garbage-sorting regulations in China.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中“More cities are introducing similar regulations, following the practice in Shanghai.”可知,中国更多的城市正在效仿上海垃圾分类的做法,出台类似的规定,故选B。D项容易选错,根据倒数第三段中“... the importance of the new regulations in Shanghai is to change the past voluntary action into compulsory action for everyone.”可知,以前也有对于垃圾分类的规定,但是属于自愿行为,由此可见,上海不是第一个引进垃圾分类的城市。
答案：B
2. What is the current situation of garbage sorting in China
A. Some people can properly sort their garbage.
B. Few people know the importance of garbage sorting.
C. People have been sorting their garbage adequately.
D. China’s garbage-sorting problem is the most serious in the world.
解析：细节理解题。根据第五段中“Only 30 percent of participants said they think they are adequately sorting their trash, the study noted.”可知,一部分人可以正确地进行垃圾分类。故选A。
答案：A
3. What does the passage mainly talk about
A. Why garbage sorting is important.
B. How other countries sort garbage.
C. Garbage sorting has started in China.
D. The world’s garbage problem is becoming worse.
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知,本文主要讲了中国已经开始实行垃圾分类管理了。故选C。
答案：C
PAGE(共20张PPT)
Section Ⅳ Reading for Writing
写一篇关于环境问题的作文
1. 通过阅读范文,总结归纳关于环境问题的文章的框架结构及常用的词汇、句式。
2. 根据情境需要,运用所掌握的关于环境问题的词汇、句式和语篇知识写一篇有关环境问题的文章。
下面是一篇关于环境污染问题的文章,仔细阅读,试着总结一下此类文章的结构并欣赏其语言特点。
回顾本单元及以前学过的关于环境问题的文章,总结一下相关的常用表达。
1. 词汇
环境问题:
原因:
采取的措施:
2. 句型
描述现象:
分析问题:
解决措施:
答案:
1. 词汇
环境问题:be seriously polluted, air/water/noise pollution
原因:waste water, cut down the trees, pour dirty water, throw away rubbish everywhere, plastic bags
采取的措施:pay attention to, recycle paper and books, reduce pollution and waste, plant more trees, pick up rubbish, save energy, make full use of, low-carbon life, make contributions to protecting the environment, environment-friendly, arouse/raise people’s awareness of environmental protection
2. 句型
描述现象:①The problem of air pollution becomes even more serious.
②With the number of cars increasing fast in our city, our environment is getting worse and worse.
③Now we are living in the world of pollution. There are many kinds of pollution around us, such as water pollution and air pollution ...
④One of the most serious problems is the serious pollution of air, water and soil.
⑤Many kinds of fishes have been dead because of the serious water pollution.
分析问题:①There is no doubt that Earth is becoming warmer, and it is human activity that has caused global warming.
②Many people didn’t know its importance.
③The polluted air does great harm to people’s health. The polluted water causes diseases and death.
④The flood washed away our farmland.
⑤With the development of our society, energy in the world becomes more and more limited, so it is quite important for us to save energy and to protect our environment.
解决措施:①My suggestion is that we should ride bikes more often instead of driving cars. By riding a bike, we can not only exercise our body but also protect our environment.
②We must cover these hills with green trees.
③We can turn off the light as well as other appliances when we are not using them.
④Everyone can make a great contribution to our environment.
⑤We should try our best to keep the environment clean.
⑥Turn off the shower while we are washing hair. In these ways, we can save energy and reduce pollution.
⑦We have only one Earth. So it is necessary to protect our natural environment. We must take steps immediately to protect our Earth.
全球变暖已经成为全人类普遍关注的问题之一。请你写一篇英语短文谈谈你对这一问题的看法,内容包括以下要点:
1. 全球变暖对地球环境造成了很大影响;
2. 引起全球变暖的原因;
3. 我们需要采取的措施。
注意:
1. 词数80 左右(开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数);
2. 可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
No one can deny that the world we live in is becoming increasingly intolerable because of the effects of global warming.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In a word, there is a long way to go before we can take a comfortable world for granted again.
答案:
No one can deny that the world we live in is becoming increasingly intolerable because of the effects of global warming.
There are quantities of causes for this problem. On the one hand, human-related emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is causing significant global warming. On the other hand, the lack of knowledge about the importance of protecting the environment has a bad effect on the solving of the problem.
It is urgent that immediate and effective measures should be taken. First, more trees need to be planted to help improve and beautify the environment. Besides, stricter laws concerning global warming have to be put into effect.
In a word, there is a long way to go before we can take a comfortable world for granted again.
写完之后,同伴之间或者小组成员之间互换批改,找出习作中的不足或错误,然后再结合别人的反馈进行修改完善。批改的时候可以参考下表。
项目 角度 具体评价(结合习作
写出具体内容)
文章结构 是否结构清晰、思路流畅,符合关于环境问题的文章的常用结构
主题词汇 是否充分有效运用了【素材积累】中的主题词汇(在右栏写出所用到的词汇)
主题句型 是否充分有效运用了【素材积累】中的主题句型(在右栏写出所用到的句型)
知识错误 单词拼写、语法错误等
其他不足
整体评价 ☆☆☆☆☆
假如你是李明,请给报社写一封关于拯救老虎的信,要点如下:
1. 老虎的现状(比如目前数量日趋减少等);
2. 问题出现的原因(比如人为、环境等因素);
3. 应采取的措施。
注意:
1. 书信必须包括所有要点,可适当增加细节;
2. 词数80左右(开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数)。
Dear Editor,
I’m a student of Senior One in a middle school. I’m writing to you because I want to save the endangered tigers. It is said that there are only about 400 wild tigers left in our country.
Yours,
Li Ming
答案:
Dear Editor,
I’m a student of Senior One in a middle school. I’m writing to you because I want to save the endangered tigers. It is said that there are only about 400 wild tigers left in our country.
As is known to us all, tigers are protected animals. However, some people kill them in order to make money. Besides, too many trees have been cut down, destroying their habitats. Therefore, I hold the
viewpoint that the government should take necessary measures and pass laws to protect tigers and punish the hunters.
I do hope we all try our best to make our Earth pleasant and peaceful, not only for us human beings but also for wildlife.
Yours,
Li Ming Reading and Thinking (1)
阅读理解
第一节
A
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage,forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse”, a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping centre in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic”, Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
1. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for
A. Beautifying the city he lives in.
B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句可知,Benjamin想通过自己的作品来引起人们对塑料污染的关注。故选C项。
答案：C
2. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art.
D. To find a substitute for them.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段第一句可知,全球仅有9%的塑料垃圾可以回收利用,塑料垃圾回收难度大,而对塑料吸管的介绍更加说明了这一点。
答案：A
3. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers
A. Calming. B. Disturbing.
C. Refreshing. D. Challenging.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句可知, “Truckload of Plastic”让观众感觉这些垃圾会从一辆卡车上一次性倾倒下来,再结合第一段尾句和最后一段可推知,这件作品会引起观众的不安,从而让他们关注塑料污染。
答案：B
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
解析：标题归纳题。文章主要讲述加拿大摄影师Benjamin通过自己的塑料艺术品让人们意识到塑料给海洋带来的污染,故选D项。
答案：D
B
Due to climate changes, Arctic ice is breaking up earlier in the spring, and its area is decreasing. This is creating problems for polar bears that make their homes off northern Alaska and in Hudson Bay.
Polar bears off Alaska normally hunt and raise their young on ice sheets that float on the ocean. But as the ice has melted, the polar bears have been forced to spend more time on land. There, they have begun to frequent beaches, feeding on the remains of whales caught by native hunters. For polar bears, this food is less nutritious than seals that they normally catch on ice sheets. The shrinking(减少) ice has also forced more polar bears into the ocean. In the past, they only had to swim short distances between ice sheets. But as the ice has shrunk, polar bears have been forced to swim longer and longer distances in the open ocean. This poses a severe danger during rough weather,and an increasing number of drowned polar bears have been observed.
In Hudson Bay, the ice breaks up three weeks earlier in the spring now than it did 20 years ago. Polar bears in Hudson Bay fast(禁食) during the summer, waiting for ice to form in the fall to hunt. Every year, the summer gets longer, and the bears get skinnier. Over the past 25 years, the average weight of the female bears has dropped to 68 kg. This loss affects their ability to reproduce, and already the number of births has dropped by 15 percent. Unless the bears can learn to survive these climate changes, these giants of the ice may one day disappear.
5. What is Arctic ice doing earlier each year
A. It’s freezing. B. It’s hardening.
C. It’s melting. D. It’s expanding.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第一句中的“Arctic ice is breaking up earlier in the spring”可知,北极冰川每年春天较早时候就在融化。
答案：C
6. What is TRUE of polar bears that are spending more time on land in Alaska
A. Their young are dying.
B. Their diet is changing.
C. Their health is improving.
D. Their families are growing.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段可知,北极熊正常情况下主要吃在冰原上捕捉到的海豹,但现在由于冰的减少,它们只能以当地猎人捕捉的鲸鱼的残留物为食了。
答案：B
7. What does the author imply about female polar bears in Hudson Bay
A. They are having fewer young now.
B. They suffer from various sicknesses.
C. They don’t need stronger protection.
D. They can’t find enough good males.
解析：细节理解题。从最后一段倒数第二句可知北极熊的出生率已经下降了15%。
答案：A
8. In which publication would you most likely find this passage
A. Medical News. B. Society Today.
C. Wildlife Journal. D. Design Magazine.
解析：推理判断题。通读全文可以发现,文章叙述的是全球气候的变化给北极熊带来的负面影响,而北极熊属于野生动物,所以推断这篇文章最有可能摘自《野生动物杂志》。
答案：C
第二节 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Reforestation
Around the world there is an increase in the demand for reforestation. This is because the consumption of the forests has affected not only the animals living in the area but also the people. And reforestation is about the rebuilding of the forests that have been severely destroyed. It can offer a lot of benefits when the recreation is successful.
9. This includes collecting seedlings(幼苗) that are native in the area to make sure that there is natural reconstruction of the area. Some additional trees which are not native in the area also need to be planted. 10. The importance of having multiple species of trees is considered to make sure that the needs of other species that will live and grow in the area are met.
Destroying a forest is easy but rebuilding it is really hard. 11. _____
The plan must include accurate spacing between plants. This is to ensure that they won’t cover each other while they grow. 12.
The forest greatly helps with the reduction of the air pollution. Trees are responsible for the production of oxygen and absorption of carbon dioxide. 13. It is there for a reason just like everyone else on this planet.
There cannot be a better way to restore the balance of nature than to increase the forest area. We must remember that the forest is a natural habitat for a wide variety of animals and plants. In this manner, there is no substitute for reforestation.
A. And global warming will speed up the destruction of forests.
B. Keep in mind that you can’t just plant the seedlings anywhere.
C. Recreations won’t work until all these details have been considered.
D. So a good plan is needed to make the reforestation a successful one.
E. The forest also protects us from typhoons and other natural disasters.
F. There are many things to be done when it comes to this type of effort.
G. It is important to make sure that they are suited to the climate and the type of soil.
9. 解析：空格处为本段的主题句。根据下文“This includes collecting seedlings ... Some additional trees which are not native in the area also need to be planted.”可知,本段主要讲的是针对重新植树造林需要做的一些事情。F项可概括本段大意,故选F。
答案：F
10. 解析：根据上下文可知此处所填内容应与种植非天然生长于此的植物有关。G项中谈到与气候和土壤相适应,与此相关。可知选G项。
答案：G
11. 解析：根据下文“The plan must include accurate spacing between plants.”可知上文提到plan,故选D。
答案：D
12. 解析：根据上文“The plan must include accurate spacing between plants. This is to ensure that they won’t cover each other while they grow.”可知,要记住,不能随意将幼苗种在任何地方。故选B。
答案：B
13. 解析：根据上文“The forest greatly helps with the reduction of air pollution.”可知,本段主要讲重新植树造林的重要性,并结合选项中的also可知选E。
答案：E
Reading and Thinking (2)
[基础测评]
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. Chinese culture is fueling international fashion (trend).
2. People in that country are dying of (starve) because of the plague of locusts(蝗灾).
3. Firefighters took two hours to (release) the driver from the wreckage(残骸).
4. (restrict) on trade were lifted.
5. Some researchers believe that there is little doubt a cure for AIDS will be found.
6. (sustain) development is the common target of human beings.
7. People (frequent) use sunflowers as symbols of strength.
8. The interview (broadcast) all over the world yesterday.
9. The government now hopes (seize) the initiative(主动权) on education.
10. A contemporary (ecology) once said: Man lives on Earth as a guest of green plants.
答案：1. trends 2. starvation 3. release 4. Restrictions
5. that 6. Sustainable 7. frequently 8. was broadcast/broadcast
9. to seize 10. ecologist
Ⅱ. 用适当的介词填空
1. (全国卷Ⅲ)In fact, tradition also refers the things that have been developing and that are still being created.
2. Dandelions release their seeds the air, making them flying with wind.
3. So far COVID-19 has resulted the death of tens of thousands of people.
4. (全国卷Ⅰ)According recent studies,the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.
5. (北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped the mountains for two days.
答案：1. to 2. into 3. in 4. to 5. in
Ⅲ. 语法填空
There is little doubt 1. Earth is getting warmer and warmer. In 2013, scientists found a dead body 2. a polar bear, which appeared 3. (starve) and died. This alarming case showed how the increase in temperature had 4. impact on Earth’s ecology.
A climate process 5. (call) the “greenhouse effect” keeps Earth warm and habitable. 6. , it can also cause Earth’s surface temperature to rise quickly. Climate scientists 7. (warn) that if we don’t take action, this warming trend will continue and there will be a 8. (high) price to pay. It is suggested that every individual 9. (seize) every opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas 10. (emission).
答案：1. that 2. of 3. to have starved 4. an
5. called 6. However 7. have warned
8. higher 9. (should) seize 10. emissions
[提升测评]
Ⅳ. 阅读理解
Sea turtles are one of several species that have temperature-dependent sex determination. The number of female babies increases when nests are made in warmer sands.
A recent study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, The California State University and World Wildlife Fund for Nature Australia examined two genetically distinct populations of green sea turtles living in the Great Barrier Reef. The study found that a group of about 200,000 turtles living in the northern part of the reef was almost entirely female.
While the southern population was 65 to 69 percent female, females in the northern group accounted for 99.1 percent of young turtles and 86.8 percent of adults.
After combining their results with temperature data, the scientists in charge of the study found that the northern green turtles have been producing mainly females for more than two decades and that the complete feminization(雌性化) of this population is possible in the near future.
The temperature at which the turtles will produce male or female babies can be passed on to the turtles’ children. Most sea turtle populations are now producing offspring above the most suitable temperature, making it clear that climate change causes a serious threat to the survival of these populations.
The chief executive of World Wildlife Fund Australia, Dermot O’Gorman, said this is another sign of the impact of climate change, following recent research that shows that coral bleaching(珊瑚白化) events are occurring far more frequently than in the past.
“We’ve had two years where we’ve had mass bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef,” he told Guardian Australia. “That’s a very visible sign of the impact of climate change. But this is a quiet change. We can’t see the impact it’s having on a turtle population until a study like this shows some long-term trends.”
The lead author of the paper, Dr Michael Jensen, said the findings represent a major environmental conservation issue.
O’Gorman said more urgent action on climate change is clearly needed, adding that some conservationists have already taken practical measures, such as using shade cloth on turtle nesting beaches to lower the sand temperature, and reducing bycatch(误捕) in the fishing industry.
“Shade cloth can be used in certain places, but there’s a limit to the scale you can do that,”he said. “Now every large male who can reproduce is going to be even more important.”
1. According to the research on Great Barrier Reef’s green sea turtles, .
A. about 65 to 69 percent of northern turtles are female
B. 86.8 percent of southern turtles have grown up to adults
C. the feminization of green sea turtles could become worse
D. adult green sea turtles can change their sex in warmer places
解析：细节理解题。由第四段可知,北部的绿海龟在近20年的时间里孵化的后代一直以雌性为主,而且,在不久的将来,这个种群可能会完全雌性化。说明雌性化现象会更为糟糕。故选C。
答案：C
2. Why did O’Gorman mention coral bleaching
A. To suggest that climate change poses more risks to coral than turtles.
B. To compare the living environments of turtles and coral.
C. To urge people to take practical measures to fight climate change.
D. To stress this discovery about green sea turtles is very valuable.
解析：推理判断题。由第七段可知,珊瑚白化是看得见的气候变化的影响,而绿海龟性别的雌性化却不是那么明显可见,直到做了这项研究才注意到气候变化对它们的影响。用珊瑚白化来凸显对海龟的这一发现的重要性。故选D。
答案：D
3. Conservationists are taking action to .
A. keep the sea turtles’ nests cool
B. stop the illegal fishing of green sea turtles
C. expand the size of the green sea turtles’ nesting places
D. build special nests for turtles to produce offspring
解析：细节理解题。由倒数第二段中“such as using shade cloth on turtle nesting beaches to lower the sand temperature”可知,生态环境保护者们正采取措施给海龟巢降温。故选A。
答案：A
4. What would be the best title for the passage
A. How Climate Change Affects Ocean Creatures
B. Invisible Change Caused by Global Warming Exposed
C. Necessity of Protecting Green Sea Turtles and Their Habitat
D. Global Green Sea Turtle Populations in Greater Danger
解析：主旨大意题。整篇文章讲述了龟巢的温度较高使得生活在澳大利亚大堡礁附近的绿海龟雌性化,并且这种变化不像珊瑚白化那样直接可见。故选B。
答案：B
Ⅴ. 完形填空
Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa. They bring with them lots of waste. The
1 might damage the beauty of the place. The glaciers(冰川) are disappearing, changing the 2 of Kilimanjaro.
Hearing these stories, I’m 3 about the place—other destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences.
However, I soon 4 that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of 5 among tons of rubbish. I find a clean mountain, with toilets at camps and along the paths. The environmental challenges are 6 but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be 7 .
The best of a Kilimanjaro experience, in my opinion, isn’t reaching the top. Mountains are 8 as spiritual places by many cultures. This
9 is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as climbers go through five ecosystems(生态系统) in the space of a few kilometres. At the base is a rainforest. It ends abruptly at 3,000 metres, 10 lands of low growing plants. Further up, the weather 11 —low clouds envelop the mountainsides, which are covered with thick grass. I 12 twelve
shades of green from where I stand. Above 4,000 metres is the highland
13 : gravel(砾石), stones and rocks. Finally you climb into an arctic-like zone with 14 snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear.
Does Kilimanjaro 15 its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace I found the opposite to be true.
1. A. stories B. buildings C. crowds D. reporters
解析：人群可能会破坏这个地方的美。story故事;building建筑物;crowd人群;reporter记者。由“40,000 people”可知,这是一个庞大的人群。故选C。
答案：C
2. A. position B. age C. face D. name
解析：冰川正在消失,改变着乞力马扎罗山的地貌。position位置;age年龄;face外貌;name名字。冰川是乞力马扎罗山的地貌之一,所以冰山融化会改变它的地貌。故选C。
答案：C
3. A. silent B. skeptical C. serious D. crazy
解析：听到这些故事,“我”对这个地方产生了怀疑——其他旅游地被描述为“更纯粹的”自然体验。由下文可知,作者亲自来到了乞力马扎罗山,想解开这个疑惑。silent 沉默的;skeptical怀疑的;serious严肃的;crazy疯狂的。be skeptical about“对……怀疑”符合句意。故选B。
答案：B
4. A. discover B. argue C. decide D. advocate
解析：然而,“我”很快发现,自从关于营地周围有成吨的垃圾的那些令人不安的报道出现以来,情况发生了很大的变化。discover发现;argue争论;decide决定;advocate提倡。由“much has changed”可知,作者发现了很大的变化。故选A。
答案：A
5. A. equipment B. grass C. camps D. stones
解析：equipment设备;grass草地;camp营地;stone石头。由下文“with toilets at camps”可知,此处应填camps。故选C。
答案：C
6. A. new B. special C. significant D. necessary
解析：环境挑战是巨大的,但坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局所做的努力似乎正在得到回报。根据前文可知,很多登山者来到乞力马扎罗山以及冰川可能会消失,这对于环境来说是一个巨大的挑战。new新的;special特殊的;significant相当大的;necessary必要的。故选C。
答案：C
7. A. paying off B. spreading out
C. blowing up D. fading away
解析：pay off还清,得到回报;spread out伸展;blow up爆炸;fade away逐渐消退。由“but”可知,前后表示转折关系,说明坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局所做的努力似乎正在得到回报。故选A。
答案：A
8. A. studied B. observed C. explored D. regarded
解析：山被许多文化视为精神之地。study学习;observe观察;explore探索;regard认为。be regarded as“被视为……”,符合句意。故选D。
答案：D
9. A. view B. quality C. reason D. purpose
解析：这里特指上句提到的“山被视为精神之地”这一观点。view观点;quality质量;reason原因;purpose目的。故选A。
答案：A
10. A. holding on to B. going back to
C. living up to D. giving way to
解析：热带雨林在海拔3 000米处突然到了尽头,让位于大片的低矮植物。hold on to抓住;go back to回到;live up to履行;give way to向……让步。故选D。
答案：D
11. A. changes B. clears C. improves D. permits
解析：再往上走,天气变了——低云笼罩着被厚厚的草地覆盖的山腰。由“low clouds”可知,生态系统不同,天气也是不同的,是变化的。change改变;clear放晴;improve提高;permit允许。故选A。
答案：A
12. A. match B. imagine C. count D. add
解析：“我”从站的地方数出了12种绿色。match匹配;imagine想象;count数;add增加。由“twelve shades of green”可知,作者数出了12种绿色。故选C。
答案：C
13. A. village B. desert C. road D. lake
解析：海拔4 000米以上是高山荒漠:砾石、石头和岩石。village村庄;desert荒漠;road公路;lake湖泊。由“gravel, stones and rocks”可知,海拔4 000米以上是高山荒漠。故选B。
答案：B
14. A. permanent B. little C. fresh D. artificial
解析：由“arctic-like zone”可知,这是一个类似北极的地带,所以有永久的积雪。permanent永久的;little小的;fresh新鲜的;artificial人造的。故选A。
答案：A
15. A. enjoy B. deserve C. save D. acquire
解析：乞力马扎罗山是一座拥挤的山,挤满了游客,破坏了宁静的气氛,它应得这样的名声吗 这里作者在质疑乞力马扎罗山是不是应该被称为一座挤满了破坏宁静氛围的游客的拥挤的山峰。以此为后面的回答做好铺垫。enjoy享受;deserve应得;save挽救;acquire获得。故选B。
答案：B
PAGESection Ⅴ Assessing Your Progress & Video Time
[基础测评]
Ⅰ. 根据语境及汉语提示写出正确单词
1. Thousands of people will (饿死) if food doesn’t reach the city on time.
2. We are being cautious about (发布) one of the photos.
3. The recruitment prevented the downward (趋势) in the unemployment rate of the area.
4. The host (抓住) my hand and shook it heartily.
5. Their (和谐的) relationship resulted from their similar goals.
6. Teachers must be (敏感的) to their students’ needs.
7. We sincerely hope that you will soon be (恢复) to health.
8. The (规章制度) are made to protect women’s and children’s rights and interests.
9. The government has launched a (运动) against smoking.
10. I don’t know how you have (忍受) that noise.
答案：1. starve 2. releasing 3. trend 4. seized
5. harmonious 6. sensitive 7. restored
8. regulations 9. campaign 10. tolerated
Ⅱ. 用方框中所给短语的正确形式填空
on behalf of, dozens of, have an impact on, amounts of, be trapped in, result in, seize every opportunity, in response to, be responsible for, bring about
1. The destruction of forests has environmental damage.
2. doctors and nurses have been working day and night for months.
3. Distraction when driving often disastrous accidents.
4. everyone here I want to thank you for your help.
5. It was some time before the door opened his knocks.
6. One thousand people the damaged building, most of whom were saved in the end.
7. The dry weather is agriculture, which is likely to cause some food prices to rise.
8. A teacher the conduct of pupils in the classroom.
9. There are stories about his generosity, the massive ________________
money he gave to charities.
10. The Canadian girl has to practise her Chinese.
答案：1. brought about 2. Dozens of 3. results in
4. On behalf of 5. in response to
6. were trapped in 7. having an impact on
8. is responsible for 9. amounts of
10. seized every opportunity
Ⅲ. 句式仿写
1. There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.
句式:There is little/no doubt that ...
仿写:毫无疑问,爱好深刻地影响着人们的生活。
___________________________________________________________
2. It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet.
句式:It is our responsibility to do ...
仿写:教育孩子们诚实、慷慨是我们的责任。
___________________________________________________________
3. As is known to all, smog is harmful to everyone.
句式:As is known to all ...
仿写:众所周知,语言能反映出其背后的文化与习俗。
___________________________________________________________
4. It is obvious that we should plant more trees to fight against sandstorms.
句式:It is obvious that ...
仿写:旧方法显然不能满足新的要求。
___________________________________________________________
5. It is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come.
句式:It is believed that ...
仿写:人们相信,总有一天我们将能充分利用太阳能。
___________________________________________________________答案：
1. There is no doubt that hobbies have a great influence on people’s life.
2. It is our responsibility to educate the children about being honest and generous.
3. As is known to all, languages do reflect the culture and custom behind them.
4. It is obvious that the old method cannot meet new requirements.
5. It is believed that we shall make full use of the sun’s energy some day.
Ⅳ. 微写作
利用本单元所学词汇、句型翻译句子并连句成篇。
1. 地球有变得越来越暖的趋势。
2. 许多人难以忍受炎热的夏天。
3. 毫无疑问,我们应该立即采取措施限制车辆。
4. 减少温室气体的排放是我们的责任。
提示:黑体部分用本单元词汇和句式表达,并使用恰当的连接词连句成篇。
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
答案：
There is a trend that Earth is getting warmer and warmer. And dozens of people can’t tolerate the hot summer. There is no doubt that we should take immediate measures to restrict vehicles because it is our responsibility to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
[提升测评]
Ⅴ. 阅读理解
A
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about
A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B. The increasing variety of California big trees.
C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.
解析：段落大意题。在第二段中,作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度,没有任何地区幸免或不受影响,故选A。
答案：A
2. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees
A. Ecological studies of forests.
B. Banning woodcutting.
C. Limiting housing development.
D. Fire control measures.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources.”可知,对野火的控制在控制了森林大火的同时,使得加利福尼亚州的森林里挤满了小树,它们与大树争夺资源,这对大树产生了不利的影响。故选D。
答案：D
3. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre
A. Inadequate snowmelt. B. A longer dry season.
C. A warmer climate. D. Dampness of the air.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段“... the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures ... and earlier snowmelt ...”可知,造成加利福尼亚州水资源短缺的最大因素是气温的上升,以及较早的融雪。故选C。
答案：C
4. What would be the best title for the passage
A. California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone
B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests
D. Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知,自20世纪30年代以来,加利福尼亚州已经失去了一半的大树,文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加利福尼亚州森林的大树都去哪儿了”这一话题展开。故选A。
答案：A
B
By the end of the century,if not sooner,the world’s oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物) called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms,these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots,leading to changes in the ocean’s appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die,they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth,since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz,a scientist in MIT’s Centre for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃, it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener.“Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing,”she said,“but the type of phytoplankton is changing.”
5. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about
A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
解析：段落大意题。根据第一段可知,到本世纪末,由于气候变暖,世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。根据第二段可知,这种现象的核心是一种叫作浮游植物的微小海洋微生物。在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等,这取决于浮游植物的类型和密度。由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜色变化的原因。故选B。
答案：B
6. What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Sensitive. B. Beneficial.
C. Significant. D. Unnoticeable.
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.”可知,气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征,并会影响浮游植物的生长。由此可判断浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。故选A。
答案：A
7. What can we learn from the passage
A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.
B. Dutkiewicz’s model aims to project phytoplankton changes.
C. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate.
D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中“The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener.”可知,浮游植物多了,水域会变得更绿。故选D。
答案：D
8. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.
B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.
C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans.
D. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton.
解析：主旨大意题。第一段提出文章的主旨:到本世纪末,由于气候变暖,世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。故选C。
答案：C
C
A City in the Jungle
In the summer of 1848,in Guatemala, a man called Ambrosio Tut went out into the jungle, as he did almost every day.Tut was a gum collector,looking for gum in the jungle. 9. One day, he got to the top of one tree and something caught his eye. He looked out across the trees and saw the tops of some old buildings.
10. He ran to tell the local governor excitedly, and together they walked into the jungle.There they found Tikal, the city that the Mayans had built many hundreds of years before. The two men saw pyramids(金字塔), squares and houses.
For a long time before that day, local people had known that somewhere in the jungle there was an old Mayan city. 11. ______ Between 200 and 900 AD, the city of Tikal had been the centre of Mayan civilisation(文明) in the area, but then the Mayans left it—nobody knows why!After 1000 AD, the jungle began to cover it. 12.
Seven years before Tut found Tikal, two British explorers had gone to Guatemala and had written a report about Mayan treasures in the jungle—but they hadn’t mentioned Tikal. Even earlier than this, local Indians had told people about a great city hidden in the trees, but no one had listened to them. 13. Now the lost city had been found again, and people went there immediately to see it.
A. But no one had seen it for centuries.
B. To do this, he had to climb the trees.
C. And then people forgot that it was there.
D. So they lost the chance to find the treasure.
E. Tut found many other treasures after that.
F. More and more scientists began to study the Mayan city.
G. Tut didn’t really know what he had seen but he knew it was something special.
9. 解析：根据文中的“Tut was a gum collector, looking for gum in the jungle.”及“he got to the top of one tree”可知,Tut是树胶采集者,当他爬到树上寻找树胶时发现了蒂卡尔。故选B。
答案：B
10. 解析：根据下文中的“He ran to tell ...walked into the jungle.”可知,Tut不知道他看到的是什么建筑,但他知道那肯定不一般,所以他兴奋地跑去找当地的长官同他前往那里一探究竟。故选G。
答案：G
11. 解析：根据文中的“For a long time before that day ... there was an old Mayan city.”及“After 1000 AD, the jungle began to cover it.”可知,当地人知道丛林里有一座玛雅古城,但几百年来都没有人见过它。故选A。
答案：A
12. 解析：根据上文中的“the jungle began to cover it”可知,森林覆盖住了这座玛雅古城,所以人们渐渐地忘记了它的存在。故选C。
答案：C
13. 解析：根据上文中的“Even earlier than this ... had listened to them.”可知,当地印第安人曾告诉人们丛林里有一座伟大的城市,但人们都不相信,因而失去了发现蒂卡尔这个宝藏的机会。故选D。
答案：D
Ⅵ. 完形填空
The ice sheets in the poles and glaciers on the high mountains are melting and the world is in danger of 1 . While you are surprised by the special catastrophe, you know that it is just a made-up story and that there will be a hero to save the world. But what if the ice sheets are really
2 Can anyone save us
According to a scientific study last Monday, Arctic ice will completely 3 in the summers by the end of this century unless carbon dioxide emissions are greatly 4 .
“The big melting has begun,”said Jennifer Morgan, from the Climate Change Campaign for the World Wildlife Fund(WWF). Arctic temperatures are rising at twice the global 5 and could rise seven degrees centigrade by 2100.
The melting will cause sea level to rise by one metre, 6 many coastal populations to move.
“The polar bear is one 7 of the animals that could become extinct by the end of this century,”the WWF said. 8 , on the positive side, rising sea level will open up new areas for fishing and oil and gas exploration.
“Industrial countries are 9 an uncontrolled experiment to study the effects of 10 change. The Arctic is their first victim,” Morgan said.
Russia 11 the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement to cut production of six greenhouse gases. But the US, the biggest polluter, 12 to do so. In 2002, 104 countries, 13 China, accepted the agreement.
The new 14 was sponsored by a group of industrial countries, including the US and Canada, 15 produce almost 30 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions.
1. A. snowing B. flooding C. watering D. raining
解析：极地的冰原和高山的冰川融化了,世界面临着被洪水淹没的危险。flood淹没。
答案：B
2. A. smelling B. smoking C. cooking D. melting
解析：然而,假如冰原真的融化了,那该怎么办呢 谁能救我们呢 melt融化,第一句话中已出现。
答案：D
3. A. renew B. manage C. await D. disappear
解析：北极的冰将在本世纪末的夏季完全消失。renew再生;manage设法;await等待;disappear消失。
答案：D
4. A. increased B. reduced C. died D. raised
解析：如果二氧化碳排放量不能大幅度下降的话。从unless看出,此处是否定的假设。increase增加;reduce减少;die死亡;raise提高。
答案：B
5. A. special B. normal C. average D. abstract
解析：北极的温度正在以全球平均气温两倍的速度快速升温,到2100年,北极有可能上升7℃。special特殊的;normal正常的;average平均的,平均值;abstract抽象的。
答案：C
6. A. forcing B. encouraging C. pushing D. demanding
解析：许多沿海居民将被迫迁移。force sb to do sth 逼迫某人做某事。
答案：A
7. A. pattern B. model C. style D. example
解析：pattern样式;model模型;style风格;example例子,实例。北极熊就是有可能在本世纪末灭绝的其中一例。
答案：D
8. A. However B. And C. So D. Or
解析：从“on the positive side”看出,此处是转折关系。
答案：A
9. A. carrying forward B. carrying out
C. carrying on D. carrying about
解析：工业化国家正在进行一项不受控制的试验。carry forward发扬,推进;carry out开展,实施;carry on继续开展;carry about随身携带。
答案：B
10. A. sky B. weather C. climate D. atmosphere
解析：以研究气候变化带来的影响。此处指长期的天气现象,即气候。
答案：C
11. A. accepted B. received C. got D. pushed
解析：俄罗斯接受了《京都议定书》。accept表示主观接受;receive表示客观收到,未必愿意接受;get得到;push推。
答案：A
12. A. agreed B. refused C. decided D. wanted
解析：而世界上最大的污染源美国却拒绝接受该协议。从But看出,美国和俄罗斯的行为是相反的。
答案：B
13. A. as well B. except C. without D. including
解析：2002年包括中国在内的104个国家接受了《京都议定书》。B项和C项是同等的意义,故排除。including包括,置于被修饰词之前;as well也,一般置于句末。
答案：D
14. A. study B. learning C. knowledge D. understanding
解析：新的气候变化研究由一些工业化国家发起,包括美国和加拿大。此处的study是名词,表示“研究”,而learn, know, understand都是动词,不能作主语。
答案：A
15. A. where B. when C. how D. which
解析：全球近30%的二氧化碳排放量来源于美国、加拿大等工业化国家。先行词为countries,在定语从句中作主语,用which引导一个非限制性定语从句。
答案：D
PAGE(共9张PPT)
Section Ⅲ Listening and Speaking
1. 通过听关于专家对于大气污染的访谈,了解smog一词的由来及英国历史上的空气污染事件和英国政府所采取的措施,提高概括信息的听力技能。
2. 通过讨论活动,掌握谈论常识的几种表达。
Ⅰ. 在括号里写出黑体部分在句中的含义
1. Smog( ) is harmful to everyone.
2. The game, although called “Chinese checkers”, did not originate ( ) in China.
3. What can we do to help address the problem( )
4. Fossil fuels( ) such as coal, oil and gas will service our needs.
5. The car crash claimed( ) three lives.
答案:1. 烟雾 2. 起源;发源 3. 解决问题
4. 化石燃料 5. 夺走,夺去(生命)
Ⅱ. 用下列句型完成句子
1. (大家都知道) air pollution is harmful to our health.
2. (我们都知道) we should take immediate measures to reduce air pollution.
3. (大部分人认为) tree planting contributes to the decrease of air pollution.
Everyone knows that ... There is no doubt that ...
Most people think that ... We all know that ...
As is known to all, ... It is obvious that ...
4. (众所周知), the government should react to pollution as quickly as possible.
5. (显然) greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced.
6. (毫无疑问) global warming can’t be prevented only by a single country, but needs cooperation of all countries.
答案:
1. Everyone knows that 2. We all know that
3. Most people think that 4. As is known to all
5. It is obvious that 6. There is no doubt that
Ⅲ. 背景知识阅读
Many large cities are not free from pollution. Our cities have many factories making food, clothing and other things. Every year these factories pour millions of tons of smog into the air. Power plants and houses that burn coal add greatly to air pollution. Besides, there are more cars in cities now. Once in the street, they will release poisonous gas.
Our country is trying hard to prevent and control air pollution. As long as every citizen also realises its importance and makes joint efforts, the day will come soon when people will take in only clean air. Then, the sunlight will no longer be blackened by smoke and soot.
Pre-listening: Look and say.
Look at the pictures on page 30 of the textbook and answer the following questions.
1. What are the first three pictures showing
2. Is your country faced with the same situation
3. What changes can the EV in the picture below bring to us
答案:
1. They are showing that factories release heavy smoke, which restricts visibility.
2. Yes.
3. The EV uses clean energy, so it won’t produce harmful exhaust, thus not polluting the air but bringing us better environment.
While-listening: Listen and write.
Listen to the interview and finish Exercise 2 on page 30 and Exercise 3 on page 31 of the textbook.
Post-listening: Speak and play.
1. (应用实践)Suppose you are an expert on air pollution. Make a short speech on what measures the government should take.
如何概括听力中的信息
技巧1:边听边记录听力的重点内容;
技巧2:尽量用自己的语言准确概括。
2. (迁移创新)From your own point of view, what should we do in our daily life to reduce air pollution
