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备战2022年上海高考英语二轮复习精品讲义第4讲 词汇D+ABC阅读理解专题 教师版
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进门小练笔1.面对越来越严重的恐怖袭击，许多国家决意联手铲除恐怖组织。（determine）（宝山一模）Faced with the mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re and more serious terrorist attacks, many countries are determined to root out terrorist organizations hand-in-hand.2.尽管成本高昂，这些机器人缓解了该工厂人手不足的压力。（despite）（浦东二模）Despite the high co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )st, these robots (have) relieved the factory’s pressure of lacking workers/personnel/staff. 3. 尽管前途未卜，为了不让人生留有遗憾，他习惯尽力做好每一件事。（Despite）（奉贤一模）Despite the unpr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )edictable future, he is accustomed to trying his best to do everything well to leave no regrets in life.4.任何为实现梦想而付诸行动的人都应受到尊敬。(deserve)（松江一模）Whoever/ Anyone who ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )takes action to realize his dream deserves our respect5.利用好图书馆无疑会对你的学习有益。(doubt)（崇明二模）There is no doub ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t that taking advantage of the library will benefit your study. (1+1+1)或No doubt/Without do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ubt, taking advantage of the library will benefit your study. (1+1+1)或Taking advanta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ge of the library, without doubt, is good for your study. (1+1+1)课堂导入1.话题导读素材源：英国卫报（原文有删改） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )VocabularyDirections: Comple ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )te the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.voice B. arrange ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ments C. affecting D. negatively E. benefit F. prospect G. perspective H. cheated I. adequately J. neighboring K. conductBus crisis avertedLocal operators ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) will get more from tourists travelling in the country!After severa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l months of negotiations, the Government has agreed with the Belize Bus Association to limit the number of foreign-owned buses that can ____1__ business in Belize. The local bus operators will start to ____2___ from more business opportunities because a change is coming in the form of a Statutory Instrument. This was a big deal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to the local operators because they are of the firm belief that they were being ___3___ out of a possible revenue-earning source. They believe that these foreign-owned companies from ___4____countries should not be given the opportunity to provide transportation services in Belize that locals are also able to ___5_____ provide.After multiple meet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ings over the last few months, the Government began to see things from their _____6_____, but when the impending changes became public knowledge, the tourism sector began to ____7____concerns.Attorney Genera ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l Senator Michael Peyrefitte discussed those concerns with the press this week.He explained ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), “Immediately after the decision we made on August 7th there was starting to be some kickback from the Mexicans from the Guatemalans, it was already ____8____the local tourism industry. We felt that it was important that we would not change our mind based on the agreement we had on August 7th. Among the concerns ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) raised by the tourism industry stakeholders was the level of service that the local operators will provide to tourists visiting Belize via these foreign-owned buses. Some of these visitors, from all over the world, have planned their trips for over a year in advance, and they’ve made ____9_____with the foreign-owned buses to be transported to Belize. The tourism stakeholders wanted to be certain that the experience of these visiting travelers wouldn’t be ___10____ impacted by a lower quality of transportation services, should this change be implemented.So, to ensure that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) these concerns were adequately tabled and ventilated, the Government decided to postpone the implementation of a statutory instrument that would have made the foreign bus restrictions law. 【词汇讲解】avertv.to prevent something bad from happening防止，避免例：to avert a crisis/conflict/strike/famine避免危机／冲突／罢工／饥荒to avert disaster/economic collapse防止灾难／经济崩溃revenuen.the income that a government or company receives regularly（政府的）税收，岁入；（公司的）收益例：Taxes provide most of the government's revenue.政府收入的大部分来自税收。Government revenues fell dramatically.政府财政收入大幅下降。multiple adj.very many of the same type, or of different types多个的；多种的例：The young man died of multiple burns.那个年轻人因多处烧伤死亡。We made multiple copies of the report.我们把报告复印了多份。conductv..to organize and perform a particular activity组织；实施；进行；处理例：How you choose to conduct your private life is your own business!你选择怎么过你的私生活是你自己的事！n.behaviour行为，举止；表现；为人例：The club has a strict code (= set of rules) of conduct.该俱乐部有严格的行为准则。impactv.a powerful eff ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person（尤指新事物的）巨大影响，强大作用例：The anti-smoking campa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ign had had/made quite an impact on young people.禁烟运动对年轻人影响很大。ventilatev. to cause fresh air to enter and move around a closed space使通风；使空气流通例：I work in a very well-/poorly-ventilated building.我工作的大楼通风非常好／差。v.to express an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )opinion or mention a subject so that it can be discussed by others说出；提到；发表例：She used the meeting to ventilate all her grievances.postponev.to delay an even ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t and plan or decide that it should happen at a later date or time推迟，延缓，使延期例：They decided to postpone their holiday until next year.他们决定将假期推迟到来年。8. implementv. to start using a plan or system实施，贯彻例：The changes to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the national health system will be implemented next year.国民医疗保健制度的改革将于明年实施。n.a tool that works ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface工具，器具例：garden/household/agricultural implements园艺用具／家用工具／农具【参考答案】1-5KEHJI 6-10 GACBD【答案详解】该题需要动词原形，且根据意思是做生意，所以选择K。该题需要一个动词原形，且根据意思当地公交车司机将要从更多的生意机会中盈利，所以选择E。该题需要一个动词过去分词，根据固定搭配,cheat sb out of诈骗欺骗某人，所以选择H。该题需要一个词来修饰countries, 根据文意应该是邻国，所以选择J。该题需要一个副词，根据意思外国经营的公交车不能在当地人能充分提供服务的地方提供公交服务，所以选择I。该题需要一个名词性，固定搭配,from one’s perspective, 从某人角度看问题，所以选择G。该题需要需要一个动词原形，根据意思是旅游部门开始表明他们的担心，所以填voice是动词表达的意思，所以选择A。该题需要填ving, 根据意思是开始影响当地旅游业，所以选择C。该题需要一个名词，根据意思是已经和国外经营的公交车做好约定了，所以选择B。该题需要副词，根据意思stakeholders希望旅游者不会因为低标准的交通服务收到不好影响，所以选择D。精讲精练【知识梳理1】考纲词汇D damage vt. 损害 Smoking ~s your health. n. 损害（U）赔偿金（-s） danger n. 危险in / out of ~ dash n. . make a ~ for 向…猛冲 dawn n. 黎明 at ~ from ~ to dusk deaf adj. turn a ~ ear to sth 对…置若罔闻 deal n. ~ with a. how to ~with = what to do with debate vi. ~ (with sb) about / on sth n. have a ~ with sb decay v. (使)腐烂，衰败 Sugar ~s your teeth. deceive vt. 欺骗 (=cheat) sb into doing sth decide v. 决定~ to do decision n 决定 make a ~ come to / arrive at / make / reach a ~ declare vt. 宣布 宣称~ the meeting open / closed = ~ the start of…, decline v. 拒绝~ an offer / to answer deep adj. 深深的 be ~ in thought decrease vi. 减少~ in number, ~ to defeat vt. 打败~ sb / the enemy / defend vt. 保卫 a. ~ / keep the goal define vt. 把…..定义为~ sth. as degree n. 学位a. graduate with a B S ~ delay vt. 耽搁，延误 ~ sth / sb / doing sth delicate adj精美的，脆弱的. protect ~ silk from damage delight vt. 使高兴 be ~ed at your success deliver vt. 递送. ~ a letter demand vt. 要求a. ~ sth (of / from sb) ~ deny vt. 否认~ sth / sb sth depend vi 依赖 依靠. ~ on sb / sth to do sth / for sth deposit vt. 存款 a current / fixed ~ 活期/定期存款 depression n. 沮丧a. in a state of ~ 处于忧郁的状态 describe vt.描绘 ~ sth / sb as desert vt. 遗弃 ~ a house deserve vt. 值得~ sth / to do sth / doing (=to be done) design n. 设计by ~ = on purpose vt. a. ~ a bridge desire n.渴望 have little ~ for wealth / to get rich despair n. 绝望 give up in ~ desperate adj.绝望的 a. become ~ at the future despite prep. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )不管，不顾~ (=in spite of) sth / doing / the fact that / what sb do sth. destroy vt. 破坏摧毁~ the house detail n. 细节 go into ~(s) determine v. 决定~ sth / to do / on / against / that, determined adj. 决定的be ~ to do / that develop v. 发展as science ~s, devote vt. 奉献，致力于 dev ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ote one’s time / energy / life / care / effort / oneself to (doing) sth,die v. 死于~ of cance ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r / cold and hunger / grief, ~ from polluted air / the effects of acid rain diet n.节食 be / go on a ~differ vi.与…不同 A ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )~s from B in colour. = A is different from B in color. difficulty n. 困难 have ~ (in) doing sth, come to / meet with a ~ digest vt. 消化 理解~ food / the important points in the book dine vi. 吃饭~ on fish and eggs, ~ out dip vi. 浸泡 ~ into sth (liquid) direct vt. 带领~ sb to the station disadvantage n 不利，缺点at a ~ 处于不利地位, disagree vi. 不同意 ~ with sb about / on sth disagreeable adj. 不同意的be ~ to 不合意 disappoint vt. 使失望be ~ed at / about one’s falure disapprove v. 不赞同~ (of) sth / doing sth disconcert vt. 使困惑 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )~ one’s opponents, (sb) be ~ed / (sth) make sb ~eddiscourage v. 使失去信心Don’t be ~d.= Don’t lose heart. discuss vt. 讨论~ sth with sb = talk sth over with sb dislike vt. 厌恶I dislike being spoken to like that. dismiss v. 解散~ the meeting, disobey vt. 违 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )背 ~sb / sth ~one’s parents / one’s wish / order / the rule disorder n. 混乱suffer from mental ~ display n. 展示on ~ = on show dissolve vi.（使）溶解Salt ~s in water. distance n. 距离，远方 in the ~ distinguish vt.辨别 ~ A from B = ~ (between) A and B distrust vt. 不信任 ~ sb / one’s eyes disturb vt.打搅，干扰. Sorry to ~ (=bother) you. divide vt.分成 ~ sth into two / in half / into halves divorce v离婚 He ~ed his wife / was ~ed from his wife domestic adj. 家庭的 国内的 be worried about ~ troubles / problems dominant adj占优势的,主要的 One hand is ~. donate vt. 捐血~ blood dot n. 点a white shirt with red ~s double adj. 双的a ~ room / bed doubt n & vt (肯) 怀疑 ~ whether /when /what etc download vt. 下载No ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )w that my computer is connected to the Internet, I can ~ software.draft n. 草稿 make a ~ for a speech, drain vt.排干，耗光 ~ sb of sth draw vt. 吸引~ one’s attention to sth, dream v. 梦想 ~ of / about doing sthdress vt.穿衣服 too young to ~ himself, be ~ed in red (clothes) drill vt.. 钻孔drill a hole / one’s teeth drip vi. 滴水Water is ~ping from the roof. drive v. 驱赶~ sb mad, ~ sb out of business把…逼得做不成生意, drop vt. 掉下 ~ the book down to me, ~ me at the next stop drown vt & vi 淹没Chances are that he was ~ed. drum n. 打beat the ~ due to 由于[表语] His success was entirely due to hard work. due adj.应得的 He got his ~ reward. dusk n. 黄昏at ~ 91. duty n. 责任 on / off ~ 【知识梳理2】题型特点与命题方式:所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问。)语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。常见的提问方式有：1. According to the passage, who/ what/ which/ when/ where/ while/ how / how many/how much/how long/how soon/how often.... 2. According to the passage, which of the following is (NOT) true / correct 3. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned 4. All of the following are true EXCEPT ＿＿＿.5. The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT ＿＿＿.6. What is the reason for …according to the passage 7. Which of the following is (not ) the result of … 8. Which is the right order of the events given in the passage 解题思路与应试技巧:通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：1、对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。2、词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。3、语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。4、正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：1、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。2、与原句的内容极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动，或过于绝对化。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。6、符合常识，但不是文章内容;【细节题的类型】 1、直接信息题对此类题型，考生可以首先从 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。【例题1】Just plug Richard ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Solo 00 into your iPhone once or twice a day, for fifteen minutes, and keep your iPhone charged up. At your desk, or at dinner, plug RichardSolo into iPhone to instantly transfer charge. No more battery worries. RichardSolo will charge iPhone to full 1.5 times, and it is good for 3-5 years of recharges. Q：How long does it take the battery to charge up an iPhone A. 15 minutes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). B. 30 minutes. C. 1.5 hours. D. 3 hours.【例题2】Edmonds began his care ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er in business, with jobs in public relations and communications. He joined the world of politics as news secretary for his congressman (国会议员) from Baltimore During Bill Clinton’s presidency, he wrote speeches for Health and Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala and worked in a number of job in the White House and in governmental departments President Clinton then appointed（任命）him to the office of directory of speechwriting Following the 2000 elections Edmonds returned to Morgan State University as the school’s special assistant to the president for 2001-2002Q：Edmonds entered the world of politics first as ________.A. news secretary for a congressmanB. a speechwriter for President ClintonC. news secretary in the White HouseD. a speechwriter for Secretary Donna Shalala 2、间接信息题做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。【例题】But the Fusses weren’t the only folks in Alto and the neighboring town of Lowell to receive unexpected ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) legacy ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) from the Hatches. Dozens of other families were touched ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) by the Hatches generosity ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ). In some cases, it was a few thousand dollars; in other, it was more than $100 000.It surprised ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) nearly everyone that the Hatches had so much money, more than $3 million—they were am elderly couple who lived in an old house on what was left of the family farm.Q：Which of the following is true of the Hatches A. They had their children during the Great Depression.B. They left the family farm to live in an old house.C. They gave away their possessions to their neighbors.D. They helped their neighbors to find jobs. 3、数字计算题数字计算题也是近几高考中常考的内容， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。【例题】Foreign drivers will h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave a pay on－the－spot fines of up to ￡900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month．If they do not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )have enough cash or a working credit card， their vehicles will clamped（扣留）until they pay law takes effect ，because the money would be returned if the driver went to court and was found not guilty ， In practice， very few foreign drives are likely to return to Britain to deal with their eases．Q：The foreign drive ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rs who break the traffic law and do not pay on the spot are likely to be fined up to _______.￡60 B. ￡300 C.￡900 D. ￡980 4、排列顺序题这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。【例题】Gerner manages ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )school facilities(设施) for Clark County, Nevada, a district roughly the size of Massachusetts. By , 143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded public-education system. Gerner needs 73 new schools to house them. Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes(样品); they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009. The district will then assess how well the schools perform, and three winners will copy those designs in 50 to 70 new buildings.Q：Which order of steps is followed in carrying out the project A. Assessment — Prototype — Design — Construction.B. Assessment — Design — Prototype — Construction.C. Design — Assessment — Prototype — Construction.D. Design — Prototype — Assessment — Construction. 5、图表图画题在有图表图画的阅读理解中， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。【例题】Q：The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008, ________.A. the percent ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )age of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 pointsB. the percentage of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the White families with a computer remained unchangedC. the number of the B ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lack families with a computer was on the decreaseD. the number ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase【知识梳理3】1. 以定义或者解释为线索猜测词义。阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子。 以to be , mean, refer to , that is , stand for, namely, in other words等为线索猜测词义。 [例] Ventilatio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n, as you know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering. 以"be defined as "(被定义为),"be known as "(被称为),"be called "(被称为),"be termed "(被定义为)等结构为线索猜测生词词义.[例] A person or thing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )beyond comparison, a model of excellence, is known as a paragon. 以定语从句或同位语为线索猜测词义[例1] Millions ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of animals die each year on Us roads, the Highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in the Us today.[例2] Nearby is the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )race course, where the town’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th. 以标点符号为线索猜测词义。作者有时利用标点符号，如括号、冒号、破折号等为一些生词直接提供定义或解释，这些符号无疑为读者理解或猜测生词词义提供了很好的线索。 [例1] Tornad ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oes (violent and destructive whirl wind normally occur on hot, humid (a little wet )day, but not necessarily in the summer.
[例2] You can take a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ny of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning.2. 以同义词、近义词为线索猜测词义有时作者为了使他的意思表达得更清楚明白 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，通常用一个同义词或近义词来解释另一个比较难的词或关键词，这些同义词或近义词为读者推断生词词义提供了线索。另外，有时作者在表达同一概念时喜欢用两个或更多的同义词或近义词，其中必定有读者所熟悉的词，根据已知的词语，就不难推断出生词的词义。 or 有时可作为识别同义词或近义词的信号词。 [例] The new ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year. like (像....一样），as....as（如同....一样），the same as (与...相同）等也可以作为识别生词的同义词或近义词的信号词，以这些词为线索，有时也可以推断出生词的词义。 [例] Mother was tall, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fat and middle-aged. The principle of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.3. 以反义词和对比关系为线索猜测词义。有时作者运用对比的手法来表现事 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )物之间的差异。在进行对比的过程中，作者必然会用一些互为反义的词语使不同事物的特点更为突出。通过上下文的逻辑关系，从对两种事物或现象进行对比的描述中，读者可以根据其中一个熟悉的词推断出另一个生词的词义。有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见等信息词。有: but, yet, however, while, whereas, otherwise, in spite of , despite, even though, although, though, unlike, instead (of), rather than, nevertheless, on the other hand, still, by contrast, on the contrary, in the end, compared to , for one thing, for another等。[例1] In the past the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil. [例2] One idea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.A. Quite righ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t. B. Time enough. C. Most unlike. D. Just the opposite.4. 以列举的句子为线索猜测词义为了阐明某一种重要观念或讲清某一抽象概念，作 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )者往往采取举例的方式对这一观点或概念进行具体的说明何解释，从而使读者理解得更具体。那么文中的例子自然也就成了读者理解文章生词的线索。表示列举关系的信号词有 like, for example, for instance, such as, especially, include, consist of, specially 等。 [例1] Defined m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ost broadly, folklore includes all the customs, belief and tradition that people have handed down from generation to generation. [例2] Some shi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ps carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies(军用物资),while others carried only passengers.5. 以重述为线索猜测词义有时作者在阐述某个概念或某一事情时，为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )了把它讲述得更清楚，他可能采取另一种方式重述一下前面的内容。这种重述往往比前面表达更为简单易懂的词语。后面这种简单易懂的词语无疑为前面较难的词语提供了猜测的线索。因此，读者在阅读的过程中如遇到生词时，不要停下来，不妨看一下该生词后面是否有另一种阐述或解释。表达重述，作者也经常使用一些信号词，这些信号词有 in other words, that is to say, or that is（或是）, i.e.(即，换言之), to be precise（确切的讲）等。 [例]Before the m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ain business of a conference begins the chairman usually makes a short preliminary(i.e. introductory) speech, or make a few preliminary remarks. In other words, he says a few things by way of introduction.6. 以因果关系为线索猜测词义因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的、能提供生词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词义信息的逻辑关系。一定的原因会导致一定的结果：某一结果是由某种原因所引起的。作者在叙述原因的过程中，必然会把词或句子置于一种因果关系的逻辑之中，这无疑为读者推断生词词义提供了很好的线索。作者通常会用一些信号词表示句子之间的因果关系，这些信号词有 since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so that, so... that, such...that 等。 [例]Since I cou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ld not afford to purchase the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye couldn’t tell the difference.7. 上下文线索猜测词义任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键。
[例] If he think ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s he can invite me out, he is all wet. I don’t like to be with him. A. drunk B. sweating C. happy D. mistaken8. 根据构词法猜测词义
阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。[例1] Exhibition offici ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )als said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.【知识梳理4】这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题经常使用的提问方式有：1. We can guess the writer of the letter may be a ______.2. We can infer from the text that _______.3. From the story we can guess ______.4. The writer writes this text to ______.5. The writer believes that ______.6. The writer suggests that ______.7. It can be inferred/ concluded that___________.8. Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage 9. The passage implies, but doesn't directly state that___________.10. What's the author's attitude toward___________ 11. The writer probably feels that___________.12. The author uses the examples of... to show that___________.【解题思路】①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础;②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就是论事，断章取义，以偏概全。③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，猜测未来。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点;④要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。【常见考题类型】1. 细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。【例题】A visitor visit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s an island where two tribes live. One tribe always tells the truth and the other always lies. The truth tellers live on the western side of the island, and those who lie live on the eastern side. The visitor wants to determine whether the native beside him is a truth teller or not by asking only one question. He asks the native, “Go and ask the native in the distance which side of the island he lives on.” When the messenger returns, he says, "He said he lives on the western side of the island." Is the messenger a truth teller or not How can the visitor be sure Q1：According ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to the messenger's answer, the visitor can conclude that__________ A. The messenger live ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s on the western side of the island because he tells the truth. B. the messe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nger lives on the eastern side of the island because his answer may be a lie.C. it's hard to d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )etermine whether the messenger is a truth teller or not.D. the messenger pro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bably lives in the western side of the island because his answer may be true.Q2：The nativ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e in the distance says he lives on the western side of the island. According to his answer, which conclusion of the following is wrong A. He may live on the eastern side of the island. B. He may live on the western side of the island.C. He may be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )telling the truth. D. He can't be telling the truth.2. 因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要正确把握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。【例题】When the young ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day, I was very happy. She was at least fifteen years younger than I. One day she signed me to come near. When I walked over, she asked, “Are you single " “Why, yes." I answered, smiling at her happily. “So is my mother." she said, “Would you like to meet her " Q1：The writer t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )alked about the waitress' age because he thought___________.A. she was young. B. it a pleasure to make friends with herC. she was beaut ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iful. D. it strange for her to fall in love with him. Q2：The waitres ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s said hello to the writer every day because___________.A. she lived near his ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) house. B. he often went to visit her mother.C. she wanted to be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) friendly with him. D. she loved him very much.3. 人物性格、态度及观点判定题阅读测试中有些是考查考生对作者的主导 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定要留意：1)由表及里的正确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。2)特殊留意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。要特殊留意作者在文章中的措词，尤其是表达感彩的形容词。3)能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。【例题】A well-known old ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) man was being interviewed and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his 99th birthday, “That's right," said the old man. “Ninety-nine years old, and I haven't an enemy in the world. They're all dead."“Well sir," ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )said the interviewer, “I hope very much to have the honor of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday."The old man looks at t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he young man closely, and said, “I can't see why you shouldn't. You look fit and healthy to me!"Q：What kind of man would you say the old man was A. He was silly. B. He was unpleasant. C. He was very proud and sure of his health.D. He was very impolite to young people.4. 猜测想象推理题有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述)，从而作出比较科学的、合情合理的猜测。【例题】We are in th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e computer age. We often see computers at work. They are especially useful in automatic control, date processing(数据处理) and solving complicated problems. And they are finding their way into the home. The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day. More and cleverer computers will continue to appear. They will run faster, have more functions and work more skillfully. They will take over more tasks from us, helping to change the face of our world. Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us.However…Q：Which of the follow ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing statements is most likely to be talked about in the third paragraph A. Computers will soon stop developing.B. Computers are as clever as man.C. Many people like computers very much.D.I don't think computers will replace us completely.5. 写作意图推测题此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。【知识梳理5】主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。【设题类型】1、概括文章大意;2、选出最佳题目(标题);3、概括人物特点。【设问形式】1、标题类常见的标题型题干：1) The best title / headline for this passage might be_____________.2) The text (passage) could be entitled ______________.3) What is the best title for the passage 4) Which of the follow ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing would be suitable as a title for the passage 2、大意类常见的主题型题干：1) This passage chiefly deals with ____________.2) What’s the topic of the article 3) What is the subject discussed in the text 4) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned 【解题思路与应试技巧】做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。【主旨大意题的类型】【标题】文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句子。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语;涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小;精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。当堂检测市北高三12月月考(A) France, which pr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting. Such measures hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The Fren ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ch measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contrast to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people”. The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general, it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.1. According to the first paragraph，what would happen in France A. Physical beauty would be redefined.B. New runways would be constructed.C. Websites about dieting would thrive.D. The fashion industry would decline.2. The phrase “impinging on”(Line 2，Para.2) is closest in meaning toA. highlighting the value ofB. indicating the state ofC. losing faith inD. doing harm to3. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW forA. pursuing perfect physical conditionsB. caring too much about model’s character.C. showing little concern for health factorsD. setting a high age threshold for models.4. Which of the following may be the best title of the text A. A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body IdealsB. A Dilemma for the Starving models in FranceC. Just Another Round of Struggle for BeautyD. The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry【答案】ADCA【分析】1.这是一道细节题，根据F ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rance定位到第一段第一句，主干成分为France has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty。此外第二段第二句They suggest beauty should not be define by looks…故而A physical beauty would be redefined为同义替换，即为正确答案。2．此题为词义题。定位到 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )第二段第二句They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. 根据end up 可以看出beauty should not be defined by looks 和that end up impinging on health为顺承关系，所以“改变人们对美不仅仅是外表的定义”可以结束对健康的危害。故而可以推知doing harm to是正确答案。3．细节题。一个设计师很可 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )能因为什么原因被CFW拒绝，根据关键词可回到文中定位至倒数第二段，首句说丹麦的时尚界就有关模特的龄，健康及其他特性的内容达成一致意见，切一项新法案也明确规定，他们已经意识到时尚界对于人们尤其是轻人的身体健康所带来的影响，并且该对此负责，接着下一句就说，这一法规的执行方式就是拒绝一些设计师，因为可以推断设计师很可能因为不考虑身体健康因素而被CFW拒绝。4．主旨题。本文从首段就开始阐述法国 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的观点，即时尚界已经失去了定义女性身体之美的权利，且议会也禁止网站通过宣传过度节食来强调过度消瘦。二段继续说明美丽不能只看外表更不能以牺牲健康为代价。三段说女性不该让他人来评判自己的美丽。以及后面的段落中也一直在不断说明一点，即健康很重要，不能只看外表。所以文章最佳标题应该是D，对时尚界完美身材的质疑。 (B)七宝高三期中Measles(麻疹), ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the USA, compared with 9 for all of last year.The numbers might s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected. This is called “herd immunity”, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn’t work.But herd immunity ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.That’s exactly what is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County, California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-old caused an outbreak last year.The resistance to v ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )accine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.Making thing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(决定不参加) of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption（豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.Now, several states a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one does enough to limit exemptions.Parents ought to b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal opinions Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide, but they’ll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.1．The first two paragraphs suggest that ____________.A．a small number of measles cases can start a dangerous trendB．the outbreak of measles attracts the public attention C．anti-vaccine movement has its medical reasonsD．information about measles spreads quickly2．Herd immunity works well when ____________.A．exemptions are allowedB．several vaccines are used togetherC．the whole neighborhood is involved in D．new regulations are added to the state laws3．What is the main reason for the comeback of measles A．The overuse of vaccine.B．The lack of medical care.C．The features of measles itself.D．The vaccine opt-outs of some people.4．What is the purpose of the passage A．To introduce the idea of exemption.B．To discuss methods to cure measles.C．To stress the importance of vaccination.D．To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.【答案】ACDC温故知新延安高三周练A new commodi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ty brings about a highly profitable, fast-growing industry, urging antitrust (反垄断）regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look unstoppable.Such situati ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ons have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants’ success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.But there is cause ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) for concern. The internet has made data abundant, all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a “God’s eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond.This nature of da ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ta makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required—and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.The first is tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t antitrust authorities need to move form the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms' data assets(资产）when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of，the regulators should raise red flags.The second principle ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) is to loosen the control that providers of on-line services have over data and give more to thos ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e who supply panies could be forced to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make form it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users’ consent.Restarting an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )titrust for the information age will not be easy. But if governments don't want a data economy by a few giants, they must act soon.1. Why is there a call to break up giants A. They have controlled the data marketB.They collect enormous private data C. They no longer provide free servicesD.They dismissed some new-born giants2. What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate A.Data giants’ technology is very expensiveB.Google’s idea is popular among data firmsC.Data can strengthen giants, controlling positionD.Data can be turned into new services or products3. By paying attenti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on to firms’ data assets, antitrust regulators could .A.kill a new threat B. avoid the size trapC.favor bigger firms D. charge higher prices4. What is the purpose of loosening the giants’ control of data A.Big companies could relieve data security pressure.B.Governments could relieve their financial pressure.C.Consumers could better protect their privacy.D.Small companies could get more opportunities.【答案】 1—4 ACBC【分析】1. 细节理解题。根据第第二段“Such s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ituations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up.”，such 指代第一段的内容，urging antitrust (反垄断）regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. 可知，敦促反垄断管理者介入来调查控制数据市场的大公司，可以判断答案选A。2. 推理判断题。 根据第三段“But r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ecently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power.”，互联网公司对数据的掌控使得它们拥有了很大的权力，说明数据会加强大公司的统治地位。可以判断出答案选C。3. 推理判断题。 根据第 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )五段“The first is that antitrust authorities need to move form the industrial age into ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms' data assets(资产）when assessing the impact of deals.”，以前介入的标准是看公司的规模，而现在是把数据库的范围考虑在内。可以判断答案选B。4. 推理判断题。根据倒数第 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )二段“Companies could be forced to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it. Governments... with users’ consent.” 可知，由于大公司垄断数据信息，不利于小公司更好地服务消费者，也不利于政府开展工作。弱化这种垄断将会给小公司带去更多的发展机会。可以判断答案选D。建平11月周练Everyone gathered aro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )und and Paddy read out loud, slowly, his tone growing sadder and sadder. The little headline said: BOXER RECEIVES LIFF SENTENCE.Frank Cleary, aged ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 26, professional boxer, was today found guilty of the murder of Albert Gumming, aged 32, laborer, last July. The jury reached its decision after only ten minutes, recommending the most severe punishment to the court. It was, said the Judge, a simple case. Cumming and Cleary had quarreled violently at the Harbour Hotel on July 23rd and police saw Cleary kicking at the head of the unconscious Gumming. When arrested, Cleary was drunk but clear-thinking．Cleary was sentenc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed to life imprisonment with hard labour. Asked if he had anything to say, Cleary answered, "Just don’t tell my mother."" It happened ov ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er three years ago," Paddy said helplessly. No one answered him or moved, for no one knew what to do. "Just don’t tell my mother," said Fee numbly. "And no one did! Oh, God! My poor, poor Frank!"Paddy wiped ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the tears from his face and said. "Fee, pack your things. We’ll go to see him."She half-rose b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )efore sinking back, her eyes in her small white face stared as if dead. "I can’t go," she said without a hint of pain, yet making everyone feel that the pain was there. "It would kill him to see me. I know him so well—his pride, his ambition. Let him bear the shame alone, it’s what he wants. We’ve got to help him keep his secret. What good will it do him to see us "Paddy was stil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l weeping, not for Frank, but for the life which had gone from Fee’s face, for the dying in her eyes. Frank had always brought bitterness and misfortune, always stood between Fee and himself. He was the cause of her withdrawal from his heart and the hearts of his children. Every time it looked as if there might be happiness for Fee, Frank look it away. But Paddy’s love for her was as deep and impossible to wipe out as hers was for Frank.So he said, "Well, F ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ee, we won’t go. But we must make sure he is taken care of. How about if I write to Father Jones and ask him to look out for Frank "There was no exci ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tement in the eyes, but a faint pink stole into her cheeks." Yes, Paddy, do that. Only make sure he knows not to tell Frank we found out. Perhaps it would ease Frank to think for certain that we don’t know."1. Paddy cried because he thought ______．A．Frank did kill someone and deserved the punishmentB．Frank should have told Fee what had happenedC．what had happened to Frank was killing FeeD．Frank had always been a man of bad moral character2. The underl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ined sentence "She half-rose before sinking back…" in Paragraph 6 shows that .A．Fee was so heart-broken that she could hardly stand upB．Fee didn’t want to upset Paddy by visiting FrankC．Fee couldn’t leave her family to go to see FrankD．Fee struggled between wanting to see Frank and respecting his wish3. What can be inferred from the passage A. The jury an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d the judge agreed on the Boxer’s Sentence of Life Imprisonment.B. The police found Gumming unconscious, heavily struck by Frank.C. The family didn’t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) find out what had happened to Frank until 3 years later.D. Frank didn’t want ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )his family to know the sentence to him, most probably out of his pride.4. What is Frank and Paddy’s probable relationship with Fee A. Frank is Fee’s son and Paddy is Fee’s brother.B. Frank is Fee’s son and Paddy is Fee’s husband.C. Frank is Fee’s brother and Paddy is Fee’s lover.D. Frank is Fee’s lover and Paddy is Fee’s husband.【答案】C D D B【解析】1. 从文章倒数第三段Paddy ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )was still weeping, not for Frank, but for the life which had gone from Fee’s face, for the dying in her eyes.可以知晓Paddy哭泣的原因不是因为Frank获刑而是因为这件事会伤害到Fee，故选C2. 由划线句后面的话语可推知Fee处于想见Frank同时又怕伤害到他的矛盾之中，故选D3. 推断题。由Fee的话"It w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ould kill him to see me. I know him so well—his pride, his ambition. Let him bear the shame alone, it’s what he wants. We’ve got to help him keep his secret. What good will it do him to see us "可推知Frank自尊心很强，选D4. 由第四段" It ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )happened over three years ago," Paddy said helplessly. No one answered him or moved, for no one knew what to do. "Just don’t tell my mother," said Fee numbly. "And no one did! Oh, God! My poor, poor Frank!"以及倒数第三段Frank had always brought bitterness and misfortune, always stood between Fee and himself. He was the cause of her withdrawal from his heart and the hearts of his children. 可推知Frank是Fee的儿子，而Paddy是Fee的丈夫。故选B
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进门小练笔1.面对越来越严重的恐怖袭击，许多国家决意联手铲除恐怖组织。（determine）（宝山一模）2.尽管成本高昂，这些机器人缓解了该工厂人手不足的压力。（despite）（浦东二模）3.我校正不遗余力地满足学生对课外活动的需求。(demand)（普陀二模）4.任何为实现梦想而付诸行动的人都应受到尊敬。(deserve)（松江一模）5.利用好图书馆无疑会对你的学习有益。(doubt)（崇明二模）课堂导入1.话题导读素材源：英国卫报（原文有删改） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )VocabularyDirections: ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.voice B. arran ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gements C. affecting D. negatively E. benefit F. prospect G. perspective H. cheated I. adequately J. neighboring K. conductBus crisis avertedLocal operators wil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l get more from tourists travelling in the country!After several months ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of negotiations, the Government has agreed with the Belize Bus Association to limit the number of foreign-owned buses that can ____1__ business in Belize. The local bus operators will start to ____2___ from more business opportunities because a change is coming in the form of a Statutory Instrument. This was a big deal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to the local operators because they are of the firm belief that they were being ___3___ out of a possible revenue-earning source. They believe that these foreign-owned companies from ___4____countries should not be given the opportunity to provide transportation services in Belize that locals are also able to ___5_____ provide.After multiple ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) meetings over the last few months, the Government began to see things from their _____6_____, but when the impending changes became public knowledge, the tourism sector began to ____7____concerns.Attorney General S ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )enator Michael Peyrefitte discussed those concerns with the press this week.He explained, “Immedi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ately after the decision we made on August 7th there was starting to be some kickback from the Mexicans from the Guatemalans, it was already ____8____the local tourism industry. We felt that it was important that we would not change our mind based on the agreement we had on August 7th. Among the co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ncerns raised by the tourism industry stakeholders was the level of service that the local operators will provide to tourists visiting Belize via these foreign-owned buses. Some of these visitors, from all over the world, have planned their trips for over a year in advance, and they’ve made ____9_____with the foreign-owned buses to be transported to Belize. The tourism stakeholders wanted to be certain that the experience of these visiting travelers wouldn’t be ___10____ impacted by a lower quality of transportation services, should this change be implemented.So, to ensure that th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ese concerns were adequately tabled and ventilated, the Government decided to postpone the implementation of a statutory instrument that would have made the foreign bus restrictions law. 【词汇讲解】avertv.to prevent something bad from happening防止，避免例：to avert a crisis/conflict/strike/famine避免危机／冲突／罢工／饥荒to avert disaster/economic collapse防止灾难／经济崩溃revenuen.the income that a government or company receives regularly（政府的）税收，岁入；（公司的）收益例：Taxes provide most of the government's revenue.政府收入的大部分来自税收。Government revenues fell dramatically.政府财政收入大幅下降。multiple adj.very many of the same type, or of different types多个的；多种的例：The young man died of multiple burns.那个年轻人因多处烧伤死亡。We made multiple copies of the report.我们把报告复印了多份。conductv..to organize and perform a particular activity组织；实施；进行；处理例：How you choose to conduct your private life is your own business!你选择怎么过你的私生活是你自己的事！n.behaviour行为，举止；表现；为人例：The club has a strict code (= set of rules) of conduct.该俱乐部有严格的行为准则。impactv.a powerful e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ffect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person（尤指新事物的）巨大影响，强大作用例：The anti-smoking ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )campaign had had/made quite an impact on young people.禁烟运动对年轻人影响很大。ventilatev. to cause fresh air to enter and move around a closed space使通风；使空气流通例：I work in a very well-/poorly-ventilated building.我工作的大楼通风非常好／差。v.to express an opinion ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or mention a subject so that it can be discussed by others说出；提到；发表例：She used the meeting to ventilate all her grievances.postponev.to delay an event a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd plan or decide that it should happen at a later date or time推迟，延缓，使延期例：They decided to postpone their holiday until next year.他们决定将假期推迟到来年。8. implementv. to start using a plan or system实施，贯彻例：The changes to the na ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tional health system will be implemented next year.国民医疗保健制度的改革将于明年实施。n.a tool that works by b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eing moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface工具，器具例：garden/household/agricultural implements园艺用具／家用工具／农具精讲精练【知识梳理1】考纲词汇D damage vt. 损害 Smoking ~s your health. n. 损害（U）赔偿金（-s） danger n. 危险in / out of ~ dash n. . make a ~ for 向…猛冲 dawn n. 黎明 at ~ from ~ to dusk deaf adj. turn a ~ ear to sth 对…置若罔闻 deal n. ~ with a. how to ~with = what to do with debate vi. ~ (with sb) about / on sth n. have a ~ with sb decay v. (使)腐烂，衰败 Sugar ~s your teeth. deceive vt. 欺骗 (=cheat) sb into doing sth decide v. 决定~ to do decision n 决定 make a ~ come to / arrive at / make / reach a ~ declare vt. 宣布 宣称~ the meeting open / closed = ~ the start of…, decline v. 拒绝~ an offer / to answer deep adj. 深深的 be ~ in thought decrease vi. 减少~ in number, ~ to defeat vt. 打败~ sb / the enemy / defend vt. 保卫 a. ~ / keep the goal define vt. 把…..定义为~ sth. as degree n. 学位a. graduate with a B S ~ delay vt. 耽搁，延误 ~ sth / sb / doing sth delicate adj精美的，脆弱的. protect ~ silk from damage delight vt. 使高兴 be ~ed at your success deliver vt. 递送. ~ a letter demand vt. 要求a. ~ sth (of / from sb) ~ deny vt. 否认~ sth / sb sth depend vi 依赖 依靠. ~ on sb / sth to do sth / for sth deposit vt. 存款 a current / fixed ~ 活期/定期存款 depression n. 沮丧a. in a state of ~ 处于忧郁的状态 describe vt.描绘 ~ sth / sb as desert vt. 遗弃 ~ a house deserve vt. 值得~ sth / to do sth / doing (=to be done) design n. 设计by ~ = on purpose vt. a. ~ a bridge desire n.渴望 have little ~ for wealth / to get rich despair n. 绝望 give up in ~ desperate adj.绝望的 a. become ~ at the future despite prep. 不管，不顾~ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) (=in spite of) sth / doing / the fact that / what sb do sth. destroy vt. 破坏摧毁~ the house detail n. 细节 go into ~(s) determine v. 决定~ sth / to do / on / against / that, determined adj. 决定的be ~ to do / that develop v. 发展as science ~s, devote vt. 奉献，致力于 dev ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ote one’s time / energy / life / care / effort / oneself to (doing) sth,die v. 死于~ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of cancer / cold and hunger / grief, ~ from polluted air / the effects of acid rain diet n.节食 be / go on a ~differ vi.与…不同 A ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ~s from B in colour. = A is different from B in color. difficulty n. 困难 have ~ (in) doing sth, come to / meet with a ~ digest vt. 消化 理解~ food / the important points in the book dine vi. 吃饭~ on fish and eggs, ~ out dip vi. 浸泡 ~ into sth (liquid) direct vt. 带领~ sb to the station disadvantage n 不利，缺点at a ~ 处于不利地位, disagree vi. 不同意 ~ with sb about / on sth disagreeable adj. 不同意的be ~ to 不合意 disappoint vt. 使失望be ~ed at / about one’s falure disapprove v. 不赞同~ (of) sth / doing sth disconcert vt. 使困惑~ one’s opponents, (sb) be ~ed / (sth) make sb ~eddiscourage v. 使失去信心Don’t be ~d.= Don’t lose heart. discuss vt. 讨论~ sth with sb = talk sth over with sb dislike vt. 厌恶I dislike being spoken to like that. dismiss v. 解散~ the meeting, disobey vt. 违背 ~ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sb / sth ~one’s parents / one’s wish / order / the rule disorder n. 混乱suffer from mental ~ display n. 展示on ~ = on show dissolve vi.（使）溶解Salt ~s in water. distance n. 距离，远方 in the ~ distinguish vt.辨别 ~ A from B = ~ (between) A and B distrust vt. 不信任 ~ sb / one’s eyes disturb vt.打搅，干扰. Sorry to ~ (=bother) you. divide vt.分成 ~ sth into two / in half / into halves divorce v离婚 He ~ed his wife / was ~ed from his wife domestic adj. 家庭的 国内的 be worried about ~ troubles / problems dominant adj占优势的,主要的 One hand is ~. donate vt. 捐血~ blood dot n. 点a white shirt with red ~s double adj. 双的a ~ room / bed doubt n & vt (肯) 怀疑 ~ whether /when /what etc download vt. 下载N ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ow that my computer is connected to the Internet, I can ~ software.draft n. 草稿 make a ~ for a speech, drain vt.排干，耗光 ~ sb of sth draw vt. 吸引~ one’s attention to sth, dream v. 梦想 ~ of / about doing sthdress vt.穿衣服 too young to ~ himself, be ~ed in red (clothes) drill vt.. 钻孔drill a hole / one’s teeth drip vi. 滴水Water is ~ping from the roof. drive v. 驱赶~ sb mad, ~ sb out of business把…逼得做不成生意, drop vt. 掉下 ~ the book down to me, ~ me at the next stop drown vt & vi 淹没Chances are that he was ~ed. drum n. 打beat the ~ due to 由于[表语] His success was entirely due to hard work. due adj.应得的 He got his ~ reward. dusk n. 黄昏at ~ 91. duty n. 责任 on / off ~ 【知识梳理2】题型特点与命题方式:所谓细节题，是指原文提到 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问。)语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。常见的提问方式有：1. According to the passage, who/ what/ which/ when/ where/ while/ how / how many/how much/how long/how soon/how often.... 2. According to the passage, which of the following is (NOT) true / correct 3. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned 4. All of the following are true EXCEPT ＿＿＿.5. The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT ＿＿＿.6. What is the reason for …according to the passage 7. Which of the following is (not ) the result of … 8. Which is the right order of the events given in the passage 解题思路与应试技巧:通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：1、对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。2、词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。3、语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。4、正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：1、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。2、与原句的内容极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动，或过于绝对化。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。6、符合常识，但不是文章内容;【细节题的类型】 1、直接信息题对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。【例题1】Just plug RichardSolo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 00 into your iPhone once or twice a day, for fifteen minutes, and keep your iPhone charged up. At your desk, or at dinner, plug RichardSolo into iPhone to instantly transfer charge. No more battery worries. RichardSolo will charge iPhone to full 1.5 times, and it is good for 3-5 years of recharges. Q：How long does it take the battery to charge up an iPhone A. 15 minutes. B. 30 minutes. C. 1.5 hours. D. 3 hours.【例题2】Edmonds began his care ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er in business, with jobs in public relations and communications. He joined the world of politics as news secretary for his congressman (国会议员) from Baltimore During Bill Clinton’s presidency, he wrote speeches for Health and Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala and worked in a number of job in the White House and in governmental departments President Clinton then appointed（任命）him to the office of directory of speechwriting Following the 2000 elections Edmonds returned to Morgan State University as the school’s special assistant to the president for 2001-2002Q：Edmonds entered the world of politics first as ________.A. news secretary for a congressmanB. a speechwriter for President ClintonC. news secretary in the White HouseD. a speechwriter for Secretary Donna Shalala 2、间接信息题做这类题目时，考生需要对原文 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。【例题】But the Fusses weren’t the only folks in Alto and the neighboring town of Lowell to receive unexpected ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) legacy ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) from the Hatches. Dozens of other families were touched ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) by the Hatches generosity ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ). In some cases, it was a few thousand dollars; in other, it was more than $100 000.It surprised n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )early everyone that the Hatches had so much money, more than $3 million—they were am elderly couple who lived in an old house on what was left of the family farm.Q：Which of the following is true of the Hatches A. They had their children during the Great Depression.B. They left the family farm to live in an old house.C. They gave away their possessions to their neighbors.D. They helped their neighbors to find jobs. 3、数字计算题数字计算题也是近几高考中常考的内容， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。【例题】Foreign drivers will ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )have a pay on－the－spot fines of up to ￡900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month．If they do not hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e enough cash or a working credit card， their vehicles will clamped（扣留）until they pay law takes effect ，because the money would be returned if the driver went to court and was found not guilty ， In practice， very few foreign drives are likely to return to Britain to deal with their eases．Q：The foreign driver ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s who break the traffic law and do not pay on the spot are likely to be fined up to _______.￡60 B. ￡300 C.￡900 D. ￡980 4、排列顺序题这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。【例题】Gerner manages school ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )facilities(设施) for Clark County, Nevada, a district roughly the size of Massachusetts. By , 143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded public-education system. Gerner needs 73 new schools to house them. Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes(样品); they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009. The district will then assess how well the schools perform, and three winners will copy those designs in 50 to 70 new buildings.Q：Which order of steps is followed in carrying out the project A. Assessment — Prototype — Design — Construction.B. Assessment — Design — Prototype — Construction.C. Design — Assessment — Prototype — Construction.D. Design — Prototype — Assessment — Construction. 5、图表图画题在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。【例题】Q：The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008, ________.A. the percentage of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he Spanish families with a computer rose 35 pointsB. the percentage of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the White families with a computer remained unchangedC. the number of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he Black families with a computer was on the decreaseD. the number of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase【知识梳理3】1. 以定义或者解释为线索猜测词义。阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子。 以to be , mean, refer to , that is , stand for, namely, in other words等为线索猜测词义。 [例] Ventila ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tion, as you know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering. 以"be defined as "(被定义为),"be known as "(被称为),"be called "(被称为),"be termed "(被定义为)等结构为线索猜测生词词义.[例] A person or ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) thing beyond comparison, a model of excellence, is known as a paragon. 以定语从句或同位语为线索猜测词义[例1] Millions ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of animals die each year on Us roads, the Highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in the Us today.[例2] Nearby is th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e race course, where the town’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th. 以标点符号为线索猜测词义。作者有时利用标点符号，如括号、冒号、破折号等为一些生词直接提供定义或解释，这些符号无疑为读者理解或猜测生词词义提供了很好的线索。 [例1] Tornadoes (viol ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ent and destructive whirl wind normally occur on hot, humid (a little wet )day, but not necessarily in the summer.
[例2] You can take ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning.2. 以同义词、近义词为线索猜测词义有时作者为了使他的意思表达得 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )更清楚明白，通常用一个同义词或近义词来解释另一个比较难的词或关键词，这些同义词或近义词为读者推断生词词义提供了线索。另外，有时作者在表达同一概念时喜欢用两个或更多的同义词或近义词，其中必定有读者所熟悉的词，根据已知的词语，就不难推断出生词的词义。 or 有时可作为识别同义词或近义词的信号词。 [例] The new ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year. like (像....一样），as....as（如同....一样），the same as (与...相同）等也可以作为识别生词的同义词或近义词的信号词，以这些词为线索，有时也可以推断出生词的词义。 [例] Mother w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as tall, fat and middle-aged. The principle of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.3. 以反义词和对比关系为线索猜测词义。有时作者运用对比的手法来表现事物之间的差异 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。在进行对比的过程中，作者必然会用一些互为反义的词语使不同事物的特点更为突出。通过上下文的逻辑关系，从对两种事物或现象进行对比的描述中，读者可以根据其中一个熟悉的词推断出另一个生词的词义。有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见等信息词。有: but, yet, however, while, whereas, otherwise, in spite of , despite, even though, although, though, unlike, instead (of), rather than, nevertheless, on the other hand, still, by contrast, on the contrary, in the end, compared to , for one thing, for another等。[例1] In the past t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil. [例2] One idea about ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.A. Quite right. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. Time enough. C. Most unlike. D. Just the opposite.4. 以列举的句子为线索猜测词义为了阐明某一种重要观念或 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )讲清某一抽象概念，作者往往采取举例的方式对这一观点或概念进行具体的说明何解释，从而使读者理解得更具体。那么文中的例子自然也就成了读者理解文章生词的线索。表示列举关系的信号词有 like, for example, for instance, such as, especially, include, consist of, specially 等。 [例1] Defined most ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) broadly, folklore includes all the customs, belief and tradition that people have handed down from generation to generation. [例2] Some ships ca ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies(军用物资),while others carried only passengers.5. 以重述为线索猜测词义有时作者在阐述某个概念或某一事情时，为了 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )把它讲述得更清楚，他可能采取另一种方式重述一下前面的内容。这种重述往往比前面表达更为简单易懂的词语。后面这种简单易懂的词语无疑为前面较难的词语提供了猜测的线索。因此，读者在阅读的过程中如遇到生词时，不要停下来，不妨看一下该生词后面是否有另一种阐述或解释。表达重述，作者也经常使用一些信号词，这些信号词有 in other words, that is to say, or that is（或是）, i.e.(即，换言之), to be precise（确切的讲）等。 [例]Before the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) main business of a conference begins the chairman usually makes a short preliminary(i.e. introductory) speech, or make a few preliminary remarks. In other words, he says a few things by way of introduction.6. 以因果关系为线索猜测词义因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的、能提 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。一定的原因会导致一定的结果：某一结果是由某种原因所引起的。作者在叙述原因的过程中，必然会把词或句子置于一种因果关系的逻辑之中，这无疑为读者推断生词词义提供了很好的线索。作者通常会用一些信号词表示句子之间的因果关系，这些信号词有 since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so that, so... that, such...that 等。 [例]Since I could ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )not afford to purchase the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye couldn’t tell the difference.7. 上下文线索猜测词义任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键。
[例] If he th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )inks he can invite me out, he is all wet. I don’t like to be with him. A. drunk B. sweating C. happy D. mistaken8. 根据构词法猜测词义
阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。[例1] Exhibition of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ficials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.【知识梳理4】这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题经常使用的提问方式有：1. We can guess the writer of the letter may be a ______.2. We can infer from the text that _______.3. From the story we can guess ______.4. The writer writes this text to ______.5. The writer believes that ______.6. The writer suggests that ______.7. It can be inferred/ concluded that___________.8. Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage 9. The passage implies, but doesn't directly state that___________.10. What's the author's attitude toward___________ 11. The writer probably feels that___________.12. The author uses the examples of... to show that___________.【解题思路】①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础;②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就是论事，断章取义，以偏概全。③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，猜测未来。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点;④要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。【常见考题类型】1. 细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。【例题】A visitor visit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s an island where two tribes live. One tribe always tells the truth and the other always lies. The truth tellers live on the western side of the island, and those who lie live on the eastern side. The visitor wants to determine whether the native beside him is a truth teller or not by asking only one question. He asks the native, “Go and ask the native in the distance which side of the island he lives on.” When the messenger returns, he says, "He said he lives on the western side of the island." Is the messenger a truth teller or not How can the visitor be sure Q1：According t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o the messenger's answer, the visitor can conclude that__________ A. The messe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nger lives on the western side of the island because he tells the truth. B. the messenger ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lives on the eastern side of the island because his answer may be a lie.C. it's hard to de ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )termine whether the messenger is a truth teller or not.D. the messenger p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )robably lives in the western side of the island because his answer may be true.Q2：The native ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) in the distance says he lives on the western side of the island. According to his answer, which conclusion of the following is wrong A. He may live on the eastern side of the island. B. He may live on the western side of the island.C. He may be telling ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the truth. D. He can't be telling the truth.2. 因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要正确把握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。【例题】When the young wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )itress near my house started saying hello to me every day, I was very happy. She was at least fifteen years younger than I. One day she signed me to come near. When I walked over, she asked, “Are you single " “Why, yes." I answered, smiling at her happily. “So is my mother." she said, “Would you like to meet her " Q1：The writer t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )alked about the waitress' age because he thought___________.A. she was youn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g. B. it a pleasure to make friends with herC. she was b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eautiful. D. it strange for her to fall in love with him. Q2：The waitr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ess said hello to the writer every day because___________.A. she lived near h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is house. B. he often went to visit her mother.C. she wanted to be f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )riendly with him. D. she loved him very much.3. 人物性格、态度及观点判定题阅读测试中有些是考查考生对作 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定要留意：1)由表及里的正确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。2)特殊留意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。要特殊留意作者在文章中的措词，尤其是表达感彩的形容词。3)能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。【例题】A well-known ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) old man was being interviewed and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his 99th birthday, “That's right," said the old man. “Ninety-nine years old, and I haven't an enemy in the world. They're all dead."“Well sir," said the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )interviewer, “I hope very much to have the honor of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday."The old man looks a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t the young man closely, and said, “I can't see why you shouldn't. You look fit and healthy to me!"Q：What kind of man would you say the old man was A. He was silly. B. He was unpleasant. C. He was very proud and sure of his health.D. He was very impolite to young people.4. 猜测想象推理题有些内容文章中没有明确说明 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述)，从而作出比较科学的、合情合理的猜测。【例题】We are in the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )computer age. We often see computers at work. They are especially useful in automatic control, date processing(数据处理) and solving complicated problems. And they are finding their way into the home. The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day. More and cleverer computers will continue to appear. They will run faster, have more functions and work more skillfully. They will take over more tasks from us, helping to change the face of our world. Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us.However…Q：Which of the followi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng statements is most likely to be talked about in the third paragraph A. Computers will soon stop developing.B. Computers are as clever as man.C. Many people like computers very much.D.I don't think computers will replace us completely.5. 写作意图推测题此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。【知识梳理5】主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。【设题类型】1、概括文章大意;2、选出最佳题目(标题);3、概括人物特点。【设问形式】1、标题类常见的标题型题干：1) The best title / headline for this passage might be_____________.2) The text (passage) could be entitled ______________.3) What is the best title for the passage 4) Which of the fol ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lowing would be suitable as a title for the passage 2、大意类常见的主题型题干：1) This passage chiefly deals with ____________.2) What’s the topic of the article 3) What is the subject discussed in the text 4) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned 【解题思路与应试技巧】做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。【主旨大意题的类型】【标题】文章标题可以是单词，短语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，也可以是句子。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语;涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小;精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。当堂检测市北高三12月月考(A) France, which pri ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )des itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting. Such measures ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The French me ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )asures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contra ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )st to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people”. The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general, it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.1. According to the first paragraph，what would happen in France A. Physical beauty would be redefined.B. New runways would be constructed.C. Websites about dieting would thrive.D. The fashion industry would decline.2. The phrase “impinging on”(Line 2，Para.2) is closest in meaning toA. highlighting the value ofB. indicating the state ofC. losing faith inD. doing harm to3. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW forA. pursuing perfect physical conditionsB. caring too much about model’s character.C. showing little concern for health factorsD. setting a high age threshold for models.4. Which of the following may be the best title of the text A. A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body IdealsB. A Dilemma for the Starving models in FranceC. Just Another Round of Struggle for BeautyD. The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry (B)七宝高三期中Measles(麻疹), whic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the USA, compared with 9 for all of last year.The numbers might ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected. This is called “herd immunity”, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn’t work.But herd immunity ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.That’s exactly what is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County, California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-old caused an outbreak last year.The resistan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ce to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.Making thing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(决定不参加) of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption（豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.Now, several states ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one does enough to limit exemptions.Parents ought to be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal opinions Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide, but they’ll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.1．The first two paragraphs suggest that ____________.A．a small number of measles cases can start a dangerous trendB．the outbreak of measles attracts the public attention C．anti-vaccine movement has its medical reasonsD．information about measles spreads quickly2．Herd immunity works well when ____________.A．exemptions are allowedB．several vaccines are used togetherC．the whole neighborhood is involved in D．new regulations are added to the state laws3．What is the main reason for the comeback of measles A．The overuse of vaccine.B．The lack of medical care.C．The features of measles itself.D．The vaccine opt-outs of some people.4．What is the purpose of the passage A．To introduce the idea of exemption.B．To discuss methods to cure measles.C．To stress the importance of vaccination.D．To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.温故知新延安高三周练A new commodity ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )brings about a highly profitable, fast-growing industry, urging antitrust (反垄断）regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look unstoppable.Such situations ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants’ success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.But there is cause ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) for concern. The internet has made data abundant, all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a “God’s eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond.This nature ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required—and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.The first is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that antitrust authorities need to move form the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms' data assets(资产）when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of，the regulators should raise red flags.The second principl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e is to loosen the control that providers of on-line services have over data and give more to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) those who supply panies could be forced to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make form it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users’ consent.Restarting antitrust f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or the information age will not be easy. But if governments don't want a data economy by a few giants, they must act soon.1. Why is there a call to break up giants A. They have controlled the data marketB.They collect enormous private data C. They no longer provide free servicesD.They dismissed some new-born giants2. What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate A.Data giants’ technology is very expensiveB.Google’s idea is popular among data firmsC.Data can strengthen giants, controlling positionD.Data can be turned into new services or products3. By paying atten ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tion to firms’ data assets, antitrust regulators could .A.kill a new threat B. avoid the size trapC.favor bigger firms D. charge higher prices4. What is the purpose of loosening the giants’ control of data A.Big companies could relieve data security pressure.B.Governments could relieve their financial pressure.C.Consumers could better protect their privacy.D.Small companies could get more opportunities.
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